TURF MANAGEMENT

by MAJ SHAMSHER SINGH OIC REPTA SUKNA

PREVIEW
PHASE I TURF MGT KNOWLEDGE

PHASE II TURF SPECIFIC OPERATIONS

FACTORS THAT AFFECT QUALITY OF TURF

HEREDITARY FACTORS.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS..

TURF MANAGEMENT VISUAL QUALITY

UNIFORMITY DENSITY TEXTURE SMOOTHNESS COLOUR EVEN APPEARANCE. SHOOT COUNT. FUNCTION OF THE WIDTH OF INDIVIDUAL LEAF. QUALITY OF LEAF ENDS. LOSS OF COLOUR INDICATES . . . . . NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASE INSECT ATTACK EXCESSIVE WATER ENVIRONMENTAL STREES ETC.

FUNCTIONAL QUALITY

RIGIDITY
ELASTICITY RESILIENCE YIELD

ROOTING
RECUPERATIVE CAPACITY.

WEAR RESISTANCE OF TURF. TENDENCY OF TURF LEAVES TO SPRING BACK. CAPACITY OF A TURF TO ABSORB SHOCK. MEASURES OF CLIPPING REMOVED WITH MOWING. ROOT GROWTH DURING SEASONS. RECOVER FROM DAMAGE

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
SOIL STRUCTURE. SOIL pH. SOIL MOISTURE. SOIL FERTILITY. CLIMATE / WEATHER ASPECTS.

AN IDEAL STRUCTURE PROVIDES

GOOD MOVEMENT OF SURFACE WATER. GOOD MOVEMENT OF GRAVITATIONAL WATER. RETENTION OF SOME WATER WITH IN THE STRUCTURE. ACCESS FOR FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEMS TO MAKE MAXIMUM USE OF NUTRIENTS AND WATER IN THE SOIL. GOOD GASEOUS EXCHANGE.

MOISTURE CONTENT
WILTING POINT WHEN SOIL BECOMES SO DRY THAT PLANT CANNOT EXTRACT ANY MORE WATER, WILTING POINT HAS BEEN REACHED. A NUMBER OF MOISTURE STATES CAN BE RECOGNISED BROWN STEM OF GRASS NEAR GRND ALGAE DRY AND YELLOW LEAF

SOIL FERTILITY
TURF GRASSES REQUIRE 16 ELEMENTS. OBTAINED FROM AIR AND WATER
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN.

ESSENTIAL

OBTAINED FROM SOIL.

NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM IRON CALCIUM MAGNESIUM MOLYBDENUM SULPHUR MANGANESE COPPER BORON ZINC CHLORINE

APPROX 75% TO 85% OF PLANTS IS WATER. THE REMAINING 15% TO 25% IS COMPOSED OF THE 16 ELEMENTS.

TURF MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

CULTURAL CONTROL.
AERATION TOP DRESSING FERTILISING IRRIGATION MOWING

CHEMICAL CONTROL
HERBICIDES. FUNGICIDES INSECTICIDES

COURSE HUSBANDRY
COURSE ETIQUETTE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CLOSURE OF COURSE.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
SEVERE IN TRANSITIONAL ZONE BETWEEN WARM AND COOL CLIMATE REGION. FLOODING- DECOMPOSITION OF TURF IN LARGE IRREGULAR AREA. SHADE :- SHORTENS ROOTS, SHOOT DENSITY DECREASES. TREE ROOT : FIGHT FOR RESOURCES IN THE ROOT ZONE. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT :- LEADS TO DESTRUCTION OF CHLOROPLAST.

SPECIFIC OPERATIONS
MOWING.
GREENS. FAIRWAYS. TEES. ROUGHS.

RAKING OF BUNKERS.

MOWING

MOWING
MOWING, CLIPING, CUTTING, WHATEVER THE NAME USED, THE OBJECTIVE IS THE SAME TO DEVELOP AND MAINTAN A SUITABLE SURFACE TO PLAY THE GAME OF GOLF.

MOWING
IMPORTANCE
MOWING IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE BE IT THE GREENS, FAIRWAYS OR ROUGH AREAS . BESIDES BEING HEALTHY FOR THE GRASS TO BE MOWED REGULARLY, IT ALSO IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF PLAY AND APPEARANCE OF THE GOLF COURSE. IT MAKES THE GOLF COURSE LOOK NEATER AND MANICURED.

MOWING OF GREENS

MOWING OF GREENS
PERHAPS THE SINGLE MOST CRUCIAL AND MOST IMPORTANT OPERATION ON THE GOLF COURSE IS THE MAINTENANCE AND MOWING OF GREENS. ALL PERSONS ASSIGNED WITH THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THIS TASK SHOULD BE EVER MINDFULL OF THIS FACT.

WHAT ARE GREEN EXPECTATIONS ?

GREENS
EXPECTATIONS
GREENS SHOULD BE TRUE. GREENS SHOULD BE FAST. GREENS SHOULD BE SOFT. THERE SHOULD BE NO STEEP SLOPES. THERE SHOULD BE NO BALD PATCHES. THERE SHOULD BE NO PITCH MARKS. THERE SHOULD BE NO WEEDS. THERE SHOULD BE NO SCALPING. THERE SHOULD BE NO WATER COLLECTING DEPRESSIONS.

MOWING OF GREENS
CORRECT MOWING PRACTICE
ENCOURAGES RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF NEWLY PLANTED / EXISTING GRASS. PROMOTES DENSITY OF ESTABLISHED GRASS.

CHECKS WEED GROWTH.

NOTE :60% EXPENDITURE OF GOLF A COURSE IS ON LABOUR COST AND 75% OF ABOVE 60% IS ON GRASS CUTTING AND ITS MAINTENANCE. REMEMBER THAT HIGH HUMIDITY, HIGH TEMPERATURE, HIGH SOIL MOISTURE & LOW OXYGEN STOPS ROOT GROWTH.

HOW DO YOU MOW GREENS ?

MOWING OF GREENS
REMEMBER GRASS IS NOT HAPPY WITH LOW MOWING. VISUALLY INSPECT THE GREEN FOR DEBRIS AND CLEAN THE GREEN. REPAIR PITCH MARKS BEFORE COMMENCMENT OF MOWING. REMOVE FLAG STICK BEFORE CUTTING COMMENCES. FIRST LINE OF CUT SHOLD BE OVER THE CENTRE OF THE CUP. MOW IN STRAIGHT PARALLEL LINES. AFTER THE GREEN IS FULLY CUT , COMPLETE THE PERIMETER CUT TO ENSURE DEFINITION OF THE PUTTING SURFACE. WAVER FINAL PERIMETER CUT TO AVOID TRACKING. GREENS MOWING FREQUENCY (AS A GENERAL RULE).
SPRING & SUMMER : CUT DAILY NOT MORE THAN 5 MM. WINTER : ONCE / TWICE WEEKLY 6 MM OR MORE. BEFORE COMPETETIONS. WEAR AND TEAR. WEATHER. GROUND CONDITIONS.

GREEN MOWING TIMINGS.

MOWING OF GREENS

USE PROPER MOWERS ONLY. CUTTING DIRECTIONS ( ALL 8 DIRECTIONS ). ENSURE NO CLIPPINGS FALL ON THE PUTTING SURFACE. DISPOSAL OF CLIPPINGS. KEEP VISUAL CHECK ON MACHINERY FOR DAMAGE / LEAKS. SPEED OF GREEN DEPENDS UPON MOWING. CHECK GREENS FOR WET / DRY SPOTS OR DAMAGE. OVER LAP ( 2OVER LAP WILL CREATE 20% EXTRA WORK ). TURN BEYOND THE EDGE OF THE GREEN. AVOID SCALPING AT ALL COSTS. SHOW COURTESY TO GOLFERS WHILE CUTTING IS IN PROGRESS.
AVOID PERIMETER DAMAGE

FULL SUN

SHADE

Thou shall not turn on collars

Thou shall not mow wet

I am sick..
Raise the height of cut Use smooth rollers Better to not mow at all!

MOWING OF FAIRWAYS

FAIRWAYS
EXPECTATIONS
SHOULD BE EVENLY CUT. SHOULD BE SOFT. I st CUT AND 2nd CUT SHOULD BE CLEARLY VISIBLE. HAZARDS IF ANY SHOULD BE VISIBLE. COURSE MARKING SHOULD BE DONE PROPERLY. FAIRWAYS SHOULD REWARD SKILLFUL SHOTS.

MOWING OF FAIRWAYS

THIS PRACTICE WILL BE CARRIED OUT SO AS TO MAINTAIN THE FAIRWAYS IN A CLOSELY CLIPPED STATE AT ALL TIMES. OPERATORS TO CHECK AND CLEAR THE AREA OF STONES, FALLEN BRANCHES AND OTHER DEBRIS BEORE COMMENCEMENT OF CUTTING. DURING MONSOON HAVE PREFFERED LIE TO AVOID DAMAGE TO COURSE. MOW STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN 0R SIDEWAYS TO GET A STRIPPED PATTERN. MAINTAIN LINE DEFINITION BETWEEN FAIRWAY AND 1st CUT. MANEOUVRE EQUIPMENT TO AVOID DAMAGE TO TURF AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM. KEEP VISUAL CHECK OF MACHINERY AT ALL TIMES. DISPOSAL OF CLPPINGS. FAIRWAY HEIGHT 10 TO 12 mm ( SEMI ROUGH 20 to 50 mm, ROUGHS 50 to 100 mm ). FREQUENCY DEPENDS UPON : WEATHER. SEASON. TYPE OF GRASS. SOIL FERTILITY. MOISTURE LEVEL. PARK LAND : LINKS :-

THRICE WEEKLY WEEKLY

MOWING TEES,COLLARS & APRONS

TEES
EXPECTATIONS

TEES SHOULD BE LEVEL.

DIRECTION OF TEE SHOULD BE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO LINE OF PLAY. GROUND SHOULD BE SOFT. SHOULD HAVE GOOD GRASS. TEES SHOULD NOT BE HIGH AS THEY BECOME A MAINTENANCE NIGHTMARE.

MOWING
TEES / COLLARS

REMOVE TEE MARKERS BEFORE MOWING TO AVOID DAMAGE.

AFTER MOWING ENSURE TEE MARKERS ARE SET AT RIGHT ANGLES TO DIRECTION OF PLAY. COLLARS / APRONS SHOULD BE CUT AS PART OF TEE MOWING OPERATION. MAINTAIN COLLAR HEIGHT AT 5 mm MORE THAN THE GREEN AND APRON HEIGHT AT 5 mm MORE THAN COLLAR. COLLARS / APRONS TO BE MOWED WITH CARE AND NO CLIPPINGS SHOULD BE LEFT ON THE SURFACE. COLLAR WIDTH SHOULD BE THE WIDTH OF THE MOWER.

VISUAL CHECK OF MACHINERY AT ALL TIMES.

MOWING
TEES / COLLARS

MOW TO HAVE A CLOSELY CLIPPED SURFACE.

RECOMMENDED ON AS REQUIRED BASIS. AVOID RIDE ON MOWERS. DISPOSAL OF CLIPPINGS. MAINTAIN TWO PERPENDICULAR DIRECTIONS. LINE DEFINITION TEE & SURROUNDING AREA. CONNECTING TRAILS WILL FORM PART OF TEE MOWING OPERATION.

CHANGING
CUP HOLES & TEE MARKERS

CHANGING
CUP HOLES AND TEE MARKERS
CUP CHANGING FREQUENCY. CUP TO BE MINIMUM 5 PACES OR MORE FROM EDGE OF GREEN IF THE SHOT IS OVER A HAZARD.

DISTANCE FROM OLD TO NEW CUP (4.5 METERS MINIMUM). USE AUGER & BOARD.
ENSURE CORRECT DEPTH AND CLEAN LIP. MINIMUM FLAT RADIUS OF 1 METER AROUND CUP.

CHANGING
CUP HOLES AND TEE MARKERS
RELOCATE TEE MARKERS ON UNUSED SECTION OF TEE TO PROVIDE SIX FORWARD, SIX CENTRE AND SIX BACK POSITIONS. TEE MARKERS SHOULD BE SET AT RIGHT ANGLES TO CENTRE LINE AND MINIMUM SIX FEET APART.
TEE MARKERS TO BE MOVED DEPENDING UPON DAMAGE TO TURF. MORE OFTEN ON PAR 3 TEES.

MOWING OF ROUGHS

MOWING OF ROUGHS
THE ROUGHS ARE ALL OTHER AREAS OF THE GOLF COURSE APART FROM THE FAIRWAYS, TEES AND GREENS AND REQUIRE CONTINUAL MOWING TO ALLOW FOR A PLAYABLE CONDITION AND PROVIDE AN AESTHETICALLY PLEASING ENVIRONMENT.

MOWING OF ROUGHS
. ROUGH AREAS WILL BE MOWED AT FREQUENT INTERVALS DEPENDING UPON WEATHER. MAXIMUM MACHINERY SHOULD BE USED. BRUSH CUTTER TO BE USED WHERE BIGGER EQUIPMENT CANNOT REACH.

ROUGHS WILL BE MAINTAINED AT A CONSTANT HEIGHT BETWEEN 50 TO 100 mm.

AVOID DISCHARGE OF CLIPPINGS ON TO FAIRWAYS, GREENS, BUNKERS AND WATER BODIES. SPREAD CLIPPINGS EVENLY AND NOT IN PILES. VISUAL CHECK OF MACHINERY AT ALL TIMES.

RAKING BUNKERS

RAKING BUNKERS
BUNKERS ARE HAZARDS BUT ARE NOT MEANT TO BE UNFAIR THEREFORE, THEY WILL BE RAKED DAILY TO GIVE A SMOOTH AND CONSISTENT SURFACE. BUNKERS SHOULD HAVE :CONSISTENCY OF SAND. EVEN DEPTH OF SAND. CLEAN LIP.

RAKING BUNKERS
REMOVE DEBRIS, LEAVES, STONES AND PAPER ETC BEFORE RAKING. BUNKERS SHOULD BE RAKED DAILY. SURFACE TO HAVE NO JUMPS AND HOLLOWS. CREATE EVEN RAKING PATTERN. VARY EXIT POINT AFTER RAKING.

A NEATLY RAKED BUNKER WILL ENHANCE THE LOOK OF THE GOLF COURSE AND ALLOW FOR A MORE PLEASING GAME.

HOW TO KILL INSECTS

ADULTICIDES
TERMITES EARTHWORM RED / BLACK ANTS CHLORPYRIPHOS 20% ( 250 ml / 25 ltr ). ENDOSULPHAN 35, 20% ( 250 ml / 25 ltr ). BHC POWDER / CHLORPYRIPHOS / MALATHION

( BROAD SPECTRUM INSECTICIDES)

INSECTS SMALLER THAN A FLY MOSQUITO / FLY / DEPTH, BLACK FLY DELTAMETHRIN 2.5% WP ( 400gm / 10ltr ) CYFLUTHRIN 10% WP ( 125 gm / 10 ltr ) on 500sqm. MALATHION 50% EC ( 100 ml / 10ltr ) 250 sq mtr. BAYTEX ( GRANULES ) 5Kg / Hectare, water 10 cm IN BAYTEX-1000, 25ml / 10ltr OVER 500 sq mtr.

WEEDS
SEED GESTATION PERIOD 1 TO 3 YEARS. WEEDS ARE PARASITES BOTH SEASONAL AND PERINIAL. WEED REMOVAL IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS WEEDS HAVE 1000 TO 10,000 SEEDS PER PLANT. USE ROUND UP, BASALIN, 2-4D, MIRA-71, GLYPHOSATE SL TO KILL WEED.