Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening Religious revival that sprouted in the 1730s and 1740s beginning with liberization of religion; for Calvinism, some people preached that some people are not predestined and can be saved through good works. Other people like Arminus began preaching about the individual free will. George Whitfield English preacher wthat created a different apporacj to enageical preaching which changed colonial spiritual life forever; known for his talent as an orator and his ability to touch his audiences hearts; while touring the colonies, Whitfield began preaching about Gods omnipotence and power compared to the helplessness of humans. Jonathan Edwards Massachuessets pastor that emphasized our dependence on Gods grace and our salvation through good works; he created a vivid image of what hell would look like and his straightforward and reasoned sermons created a warm response from his audience.

New Lights New lights were supporters for Awakening who are accredited for revitalizing American spirituality; known for their straightforward, motivational spirituality and sermons, some were Congressionalists while others were Presbyterians as well as Bapitists; led to the creation of new light higher learning centers (i.e. Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, etc.) Old Lights Old lights were orthodox clergymen who did not accept the new antics of the Great Awakening; did not appreciate the antics and emotionalism used to spark piety; still held Old World doctrines. Age of Reason/Enlightenment occurred in the 17th and 18th century that began in Europe and moved to the American colonies; its ideas were based off of reason and reform as well as opposition or skepticism on previously accepted facts; promoted intellectual interchange. John Peter Zenger A newspaper printer in New York who published a piece on the corrupt royal governor; he was later sued for sedituous libel and the jury was asked to rule not on whether or not he published the truth, but rather, the mere fact of printing such facts; his case would help steer the Americas into freedom of press.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The tremendous growth of population created an average age within the colonies of 16 years with population doubling, leaving British subjects with a ratio of 3 colonists per 1 British subject. This allowed a rebellious spirit to grow amongst the colonists without British interference. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England?

Large amounts of immigrants that came to the colonies were not English, rather, a hodgepodge of ethnic backgrounds, Scottish, German, Irish, and Dutch. This is significant because most of these immigrants had no loyalty to the British crown and some like the Scottish and Irish actually resented the crow. The Scots-Irish were Scottish lowlanders that resented the British for uprooting them from their homes because of their religion. Only 50% of the immigrants had any remote ties to the crown, creating a breeding ground for resistance to the crown. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. The degree of social mobility was relatively high compared to the mobility allowed in mother England. Although through the course of the years, the colonies became increasingly Europeanified, it still remained one of the most liberal places to live at the time. There were social classes based off of rank and wealth, but with the continual income of indentured servants, society still accepted these people into the higher ranks of society if they proved themselves to be capable. There was separation between social classes especially those that required the aid of others who had to wear a letter P on their chest and the aristocrats of the colonies, but this separation was malleable as people constantly moved upwards in society into the higher class if they found the chance to do so. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The history of wandering for the Scots-Irish made it a habit for them to create impermanent settlements everywhere they went. Although they fled religious persecution when they came to the colonies, they still moved from place to place within the colonies. Furthermore, their history of trouble with the established Church both in England and Ireland, made them antagonize the British due to the Anglican Church. They created Presbyterian churches wherever they went, but refused the idea of church and state as one entity. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. One of the most important occupations in the colonies involved agriculture, especially involving tobacco and grain. In the fertile lands of the South and the Middle colonies, agriculture was comparably simple to the agriculture in other countries. Fishing was another important occupation with the shipment of dried cod from New England to England that also stimulated the shipbuilding trade. The growth of agriculture in the colonies also fed the need for slaves from the triangle trade. Another occupation was lumber, 1/3 of British ships were American. Finally, all of these trades fed the growth of colonial naval stores. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America?

Traveling in early America was almost impossible. Roads were often either simple dirt roads and sparsely spread throughout the colonies or flooded with danger like pot holes or mud that caused accidents like flipped carriages. Aside from the roads, bridges were often poorly constructed and dangerous. The most dependable type of travel remained river travel despite its slow speed. Taverns were built along main routs of travel for travelers and a postal system was created (although it was extremely slow), but travel was still dangerous. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? The denominations in America affected the colonial allegiance to England. Although the established religion was the Church of England, Angelicans, only a small portion of the colonial population belonged to this church. Rather other denominations such as Puritan Church and the Congressional Church. This diluted the relationship between the crown and the colonists and the denominations preserved the religious toleration of the Americas into the American Revolution. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The difference between the religion of the Great Awakening and traditional religious is a new type of liberalism that was introduced. Calvinists began saying that good works can save all humans while Arminians began preaching the concept of individual free will. This difference created a fervor of piety that was nonexistent prior to the Great Awakening. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? A young person, at least for males, could expect at least primary education in New England through established primary and secondary schools. In the spread out Southern colonies, there was not many established schools, rather, most education for wealthy families came primarily from privately hired tutors. College was primarily for men who were preparing for the ministry. Because of this focus on religion, many Southerners sent their children to English institutions to get a philosophical education. Many of the elementary schools were either privately supported or tax supported.

A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.

America did not distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period. For the most part, the art between the New World and the Old World was basically indistinguishable, especially, since many of the colonists were educated in England, many of their influences also came from England. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? the colonists and the denominations preserved the religious toleration of the Americas into the American Revolution. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The difference between the religion of the Great Awakening and traditional religious is a new type of liberalism that was introduced. Calvinists began saying that good works can save all humans while Arminians began preaching the concept of individual free will. This difference created a fervor of piety that was nonexistent prior to the Great Awakening. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? A young person, at least for males, could expect at least primary education in New England through established primary and secondary schools. In the spread out Southern colonies, there was not many established schools, rather, most education for wealthy families came primarily from privately hired tutors. College was primarily for men who were preparing for the ministry. Because of this focus on religion, many Southerners sent their children to English institutions to get a philosophical education. Many of the elementary schools were either privately supported or tax supported.

A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. America did not distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period. For the most part, the art between the New World and the Old World was basically indistinguishable, especially, since many of the colonists were educated in England, many of their influences also came from England. Pioneer Presses

Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? The jury verdict in the Zenger case was important because it allowed the foundation of freedom of press to be established. The Zenger case, won my Alexander Hamilton, created the basis of free press for the future constitution as well as to set precedent for future cases. It created an open environment of discussion that would be important on the eve of the revolution.

The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Colonial America was overall democratic compared to the standards of the time. The widespread diversity of religious sects and ethnic groups created a degree of religious and ethnic toleration seen today and all hardworking individuals had a level of social mobility that allowed them to move between social classes. Most of the colonies had some form of self government, but not all of them were 100% democratic.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Father of New France; explorer that planted the first seedlings of Canada by

establishing Quebec next to the St. Lawrence River; created good relations with the neighoring Huron Indians (Iroquois) which allowed New France to be established with little interruption -1608. William Pitt Great Commoner; talented orator who represented his people, British leader who made useful decisions for the British like focusing on Montreal and Quebec and helped revitalize the British forces by choosing youthful military leader and stopped focus on the French West Indies to save strength. Pontiac Otawa chief; 1763 lead a bunch of French fur traders and tribes to try to drive out the colonists out of Ohio; drove out most of the British posts on the west of the Appalachians, but the British crushed this rebellion or attack through biological warfare using blankets; killed at the hands of a rival chieftan

Albany Plan of Union British summoned an intercolonial congress; met to achieve better colonial unity to rally up the efforts to defeat the French; Franklin was a leader at this congress, proposed a type of home rule/self-represented gov.; colonists agreed, British did not; resulted in everyone agreeing the need for agreement, but there still had disagreement with minute details. Proclamation of 1763 As a measure of protection for the colonists against the Native Americans, the British prohibited settlement to the West of the Apalachains (to prevent another Pontiacs Rebellion); Americans saw this as the British denying them of their birth right and their reward after the French and Indian War, so Americans ignored this.

Pontiacs Rebellion Pontiac and some of his tribes along with some French fur traders tried to take back Ohio Country and succeeded in taking most of the posts on the West of the Apalachains, but the British then retaliated with the force of biological weapons; resulted in the death of 2,000 soldiers/settlers.

Paxton Boys

Revolutionary and young people of Scots-Irish origin who lead demonstrations and marches ; lead a demonstration in 1763 against the Quakers leniency towards the Indians after the French and Indian War, Andrew Jackson being one of them as well as many future presidents. Five Nations of the Iroquois The most powerful tribes in the Ohio Valley: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga,a and Oneida; made a close relationship with either the English and the French and traded with them to maintain their power in the Ohio Valley/ Great Lakes area. Salutary Neglect British absence in American affairs; although the colonists still recognized themselves as British, they still were different in that they were more American and developed different methods of government and different concepts unheard of in England like religious toleration; inadvertantly lead to the Decalration of Independence French and Indian War War between the French+Native Americans and the British+Colonists; began with the conflict at Ohio Valley and ended with the Battle of Quebec and the Treaty of Paris in 1763; French had an advantage of the guerilla-fighting Indians while the British had the disadvantage of inexperienced The Battle of Quebec 1759 British forces lead by John Wolfe, the British sent a detachment of troops to a poorly guarded side of Quebec in the middle on the night and eventually, both commanders died, but the French eventually surrendured; lead to the Treaty of Paris, the French were pushed out of North America, but left the important French population in Canada, made Britain a major power in North America and an important naval power.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France began with better relations with the Native Americans than the New England colonies. Unlike much of British North America, New France was established as a Catholic country with an autocratic rule, under direct control of the French king. Unlike the British

colonies, the French colony did not enjoy the privilege of elections or assemblies or trials by juries. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? As the French spread out into North America, they discovered their love for fur trading (at least the profit) and the abundance of beavers throughout this new land. Some French ventured into North America in search of land and opportunity to please their king, while other French ventured into this new land in hopes of saving some of these savages or Indians through conversion (namely the French Jesuits). These missionaries also served the purpose of geographers and explorers to help attract more people into this unchartered area. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. The wars between France and Britain in the colonies always arose and then continued with both scrambling to find the best and the most Native American allies as possible. Since neither believed that America was worth the price to send real troops in, the wars were fought in a guerilla style with torchings and primitive violence. However, in the wars in Europe, France always allied itself with Spain while Britain flew solo. Only to have Britain succeed in the war, ending with French surrender and loss and British win and gain. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? As competition rose between the English and the French to secure the lands above the Ohio Valley, George Washington was sent to secure this claim for the Ohio valley, but along the way, he was stopped by some French troops. The Virginians fired and killed the French leader causing the French to retreat. Shortly after, the French returned with more troops at Fort Necessity sparking the French and Indian War. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? America was conquered by Germany means that the New World was shaped by Germany. Because of the French loss at the hands of Frederick the Great, the French did not have enough energy to actively participate in the French & Indian War and the British who were allied to Germany, in turn conquered America, indirectly making the Germans the people who conquered America. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock

What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? In the early years of the French and Indian War, the British suffered serious losses at the guerilla warfare of the Native Americans. The colonists and the British were faced with the issue of an inexperienced and ill-disciplined army. The British army also suffered shortages of ammunition, food, and clothing, leaving the British army naked in the cold and brutal American winter. The British also had a series of unfortunate military decisions like splitting up their forces instead of focusing on Montreal and Quebec. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? The British victory in the French and Indian War pushed the French out of North America and made Britain a world power both in North America and the naval world. Although the French were thrown out, the French people remained leaving a fertile population that would become a large minority in Canada. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? The French and Indian War harmed the relationship between the colonies and England. As the arrogant British officials entered the colonies, the Americans viewed themselves as equals, but the snobbish British attitudes told the Americans otherwise. The colonists were hurt by this and began to feel feelings of resentment. The members of the Old World saw the colonists as heathens and treated them as so. Many colonists, although British, still did not wholeheartedly submit to the British terms of certain taxes because they felt distanced from the British cause. This lead to fraud and smuggling, only adding to the British debt. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? After the French defeat, many of the French who had not left the colonies felt deep resentment towards this defeat as well as the Native Americans leading to rebellions lie Pontiacs rebellion which in turn lead to Proclamation of 1763. This proclamation prevented the colonists from moving westward, but because of this restriction, colonists were intrigued to move westward. With the lack of the French as a boundary, the colonists moved westwards with little obstacle besides the Native Americans. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war.

5.

2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Prime minister of Great Britain during the start of the revolution; tried to help calm the colonists by lessening the Twonshend Acts and usinf the Tea Act, but instead created opposition; resigned at Yorktown after the British defeat George Grenville Prime minister who ordered the British Navy to begin to enforce the Navigation Laws; made the Sugar Act of 1764, first law to raise tax for the crown in colonies; approved Quartering Act and the Stamp Tax; viewed these taxes as part of the American duty to the crown, but the colonists resented these acts Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania written by Michel Crevecoer; letter that explains what Crevecour believes are the qualities of America and a description of what he believes is the difference between America and Europe; namely the social mobility seen in the colonies and the lack of serious economic disparities. Gaspee Incident Colonists saw a British ship and ordered the crew to step ashore and proceeded to set the ship on fire; result of the colonists believing that there was a British conspiracy against the colonists. Charles Townshend Champagne Charley; brilliant orator who convinced parliament in 1767 to pass the Townhend Duties; known to be able to deliver a good speech while drunk, his duties would include a light tax on glass, paint, paper, lead, and tea; would lead to the Boston Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Mercantilism

the idea that power was the equivalence of wealth and that the wealth of a country can be measured with the amount of gold or silver it has in its possesion; in order to have this mass of gold or silver, the countrys imports have to be less than its exports; British lived by this rule. "Virtual" representation The idea that each individual member of Parliament represented the interest of all the people whether they were British Englanders or colonists; they spoke for the general good instead of the specific area of people, made it hard for everyones interests to be recognized Sons of Liberty Radical political organization made in 1765 by Sam Adams and Paul Revere; sought for colonial independence and began to form the Comitte of Corespondence after the repeal of the Stamp Act; held riots and protests and were responsible for the Boston Tea Party; helped promote opposition to British policies Admiralty courts British Courts made to try cases against the British acts like smuggling or violation of the Navigation Acts; sometimes included criminal trials, these courts were heard by judges, but no jury Committees of Correspondence made by Samuel Adams, a system where colonial leaders and the people could be informed of current events and information on the oppostion and warn about incoming British troops; created structure and unity to the American Colonies, there was one committee in Boston and 80+ others in other areas. First Continental Congress Convention, consultative body which met to solve colonial grievances; all but one of the colonies attended (Georgia); leaders of this convention would include Sam Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry; created the Association and the Declaration of Rights. Loyalists (Tories) supporters of the British Crown; mostly rich people who did not support the Rebellion or the Continental Congress; opposed the British taxes, but did not seek separation from the crown; loyalists felt a personal connection with the king and did not want to become independent of their home country GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore?

The American Revolution began when the first settlers arrived because of the ecletic mix of people that began to settle in the New World. The idea of republicanism and the repulsion against corruption helped guide the New World into a mixture of new ideas. Social status was nonexistent in this new life and everything that was injustice in the Old World could be changed in this new land of endless possibilities. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. The idea of mercantilism was that wealth was the equivalence of power which could be measured with the amount of gold or silver a country has in its possession. In order to get this gold/silver, a country had to export more than it imported which is where the colonies came into play. Colonies gave the raw materials to Mother England which England in turn changed it into manufactured goods to sell back to the colonies. This guaranteed avenue for exports would make the British government wealthy on mercantilist standards. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Parliament enacted the theory of mercantilism into policy through the Navigation Laws, however, the Navigation Laws were loosely enforced and took very little effect. Colonists were burdened with certain restrictions like taxes and dependency on British creditors. The colonists felt that this was degrading and useless for the colonies especially by causing inflation, but in reality, the colonists reaped many benefits form these laws. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The mercantilist theory gave the colonies a set avenue for revenue and a monopoly in certain industries. The colonies were given money to conduct business with London and were paid bounties. They were also protected by the British navy and army without paying a single cent. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? Colonists were completely dependent on British creditors which restricted the different avenues of profit that could have helped the colonists. British creditors were restricted from printing too much paper money which forced the colonists to begin print paper money themselves which caused inflation and dire financial need. This lead to the colonists to become displeased with the British government. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies?

The colonists were so upset over these taxes and policies called the Intolerable Acts because they still infringed upon the colonists rights. The Quartering Act infringed upon the personal and private property of the colonists while the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act raised money for a crown that did not even solely represent them, the colonists. Many of these taxes and policies required an increased presence of the crown through tax collecters and soldiers, making a big change from the salutary rule that the colonies were accustomed to and thus infringed upon their right. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The colonists formed the Stamp Act Congress with 29 distinguished delegates that created a list of 27 grievances against the king and asked Parliament to repeal the intolerable legislation. This congress brought together colonists from different colonies and showed that the grievances were not only present in their own colonies but also in ALL of the colonies. While the congress did help people voice their ideas, the most effective way that the colonists used to resist the Stamp Act was with nonimportation agreements against British goods. Many people began signing petitions, holding rallies, and agreed to boycott British goods. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties because the colonists saw this as taxation without representation. Since the Townshend Acts paid for the resented royal employees in the colonies, the colonists refused to pay such duties. After their recent success in throwing out the Stamp Act, the colonists felt rebellious and confident and non-importation acts was soon put into place as well as protests and riots like the Boston Massacre. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? Samuel Adams set up the Committees of Correspondence in Boston first and then proceeded to set some up in 80 +towns with the single goal of spreading resistance by sending letters about the opposition. These committees helped unite the colonies and create a way for colonies to share news and grievances. It helped lead to unified action. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The cause of the Boston Tea Party was the Tea Tax and the combination of all of the grievances of the colonies, mostly the Intolerable Acts. When Hutchinson forcibly unloaded the ships on the docks of Boston, the radicals saw this as a way for the British to try to break

colonial resistance with cheaper tea. They responded with the Boston Tea Party which would eventually move towards the American Revolution once the Intolerable Acts would be passed. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The Intolerable Acts were intolerable because they were basically punishment for the colonies, namely Boston. Soldiers who killed colonists were not subject to trial and the Boston Port would be closed until the colonists paid for the damage to the teastained port. Once the Quebec Act was passed, the anger again rose as Protestant land was being enclosed by more and more Catholic Land which again produced opppostioon. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The Goal of the First Continental Congress was to find ways to address colonial grievances All of the colonies except for Georgia came to form this consultative meeting to try to fix the problems that the British created. The product of this convention was the Declaration of Rights and the creation of the Association which created a non-imp. Agreement for ALL of the colonies. This declaration would be ignored, but as for the non-imp. Agreements, the British responded with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The British possessed a well-trained professional army that was reinforced by Hessians, hired German mercenaries as well as more man power, however, they had several weaknesses at the outset of the war. Unlike the colonists, they were not accustomed to guerrilla warfare or to the harsh terrain of America. The Hessians also lacked a reason to fight and felt no personal connection to the cause, whereas for the colonists, this was a cause close to heart. Many British soldiers did not want to kill their own kinsmen. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The American strengths was a common cause that they all wanted and their dedication towards their independence. Americans also had the advantage of playing defense with the aid of many Europeans, especially from the French Lafayette. However, the colonists were still untrained and lacked experience or organization. Jealousy between colonies arose and caused more disorganization to pair with their monetary problems. The colonists had serious inflation problems as British money stopped circulating in the colonies.

A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African Americans were a major role in the Revolution. They were promised freedom and because of this, they fought for freedom and died for America. A large majority of the American force were African Americans and they were a significant part of many major American battles. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress all thirteen states attended; no movement towards independence, only to continue fighting so that the King and Parliament would consider addressing their grievances; made George Washington the leader Hessians Hired German mercenaries with no attachment to the British crown, skilled and experienced but did not have a fighting spirit; did not care about whether or not the British won, but rather cared only about money; fought for the British, especially prevalent in the Battle of Trenton Thomas Paine/Common Sense helped rally up the spirit of rebellion; called for the separation of America and Britain, pointed out the logical fallacy of the small island of Britain controlling the wide expanse of the American colonies, pushed the blame of the colonial grievances on the king. George Washington

Virginian man; wealthy by inheritance and by marriage; military general who lead a siege to Boston by the 2nd Continental Congress, tall stature, many qualities of leadership and military aptitude; showed patience, courage, discipline, and dedication, future president of the U.S. Marquis de Layfette rich teenage general who helped the colonies during the revolution; helped fund the colonies with his own personal wealth while also strategizing for the colonists; helped get the monetary aid from France, would later play a major part in the French Rev . Baron Von Steuban Prussian general who helped shape the colonial soldiers; turned untrainted recruits to experienced militarymen; helped push the colonists to a win against the British and was one of the two (Lafayerre) foreign aids that were crucial to the American win. John Burgoyne British general who wanted to capture the Hudson River valley to help block the colonies from supplies and food; worked with General Howe to capture the valley, but failed as they were met by New England men and were trapped at Saratoga. Benedict Arnold American general that helped keep the British from getting to Ticogeranda, but later on in the war became a traitor and sold the American strategy at West Point; he was declared a traitor, but before that, he helped facilitate many American successes. Treaty of Paris, 1783 Britain recognized the independence of the American colonies and created the American boundaries from the Atlantic to the Missipi to Spanish florida; Americans also received fishing rights in Newfoundland, but they must repay the debt they owe to the British and agree to not persecute the Loyalists and give them back their land. Battle of Trenton George Washington led his trops across the icy Delaware on the Christmas night on 1776 and surprised the drunk Hessaisn and captured Trentons; took 900 prisoners and got a lot of supplies to help fuel the American forces Battles of Lexington and Concord battles that began the revolution; British Thomas Gage told troops to go to Concord to stop the colonists from arming themselves and to capture ringleader, Sam Adams and John Hancock; lead to shots being fired and colonists attacking the British, the British retreated back to Boston. Battle of Saratoga After the American loss at Ticonderoga at the hands of Burgoyne, Burgoyne needed supplies and returned to Bennington to try to steal some of the American supplies, but New Englanders beat him to it and surrounded his army at Saratoga; turning point of the war, after this, French gave monetary aid to the colonists.

Battle of Yorktown Towards the end of the revoltuion, American morale was getting worse and worse; this win helped push the American fighting spirit; Washington and Admiral de Grasse and Rochambeau cornered the British troops and Cornwallis as the British underestimated the naval ability of the colonists; Cornwallis surrended-> lead to the end of the war a yr ltr. Articles of Confederation published in 1777 during the revolution, it created the U.S.; gave certain powers to the central government and kept most of the power for the states; this country was not well constructed so the Constitution replaced this rough draft in 1789 GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? After a long string of movements in New England, the other colonies began feeling as if this movement was solely for New England, but since George Washington, a Virginian, was named a leader, this appeased their worries. George Washington was also a man of wealth which would prevent people from calling him a fortune seeker, George Washington was also a very talented military man with qualities of leadership including his tall stature. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? After Bunker Hill, the 2nd Continental Congress drafted the Olive Branch Petition stating their loyalty to the British crown and asked the king to stop these hostilities; the king then formally declared the colonists to be in rebellion. This act stopped all ideas of reconciliation since he saw the colonists as rebellions and not as fellow- English men. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. The fighting did not go well for Americans before July 1776. Prior to 1776, the British had many brutal victories by torching entire towns, but the Americans were faced with a lack of resources during this bitter winter. With the ally of Canada, the British had serious wins at the beginning of the war, but after 1776, the rebellion had two serious wins which boosted the morale of the colonial soldiers. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Common Sense was important because it was one of the first pamphlets that helped support a republic over a monarchy and planted the first seeds of revolution. It suggested the idea

that in no world did the small control the large, or in other words, it was impossible for the tiny island of England to control the vast Americas. He even painted the king as the Royal Brute of Great Britain. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a democratic republic so that the power can flow from the people, not a form of a corrupt government. He sought this type of government to ensure a type of equality where the interests of the people were addressed and one where people sacrificed small things for the greater good of society. Paine wanted a republican government to prevent the creation of a social hierarchy similar to that of England, rather, he sought a government of equally presented people. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The Declaration of Independence says that America was its own state, separate from England because of the injustices made against the colonists. It states that each man is created equal and possesses not only the rights of Englishmen, but also natural rights not given to them in Mother England. It guarantees natural rights and the promise of freedom and a new world. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? Loyalists, also called Tories, were colonists who were loyal to the king and fought against the Patriots. Loyalists were mostly people from a wealthy background with an education, especially common in the older generation. Some like the Dutch, German, and French believed that religious toleration would be better under the British and thus became loyalists. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? After the war, loyalists were not subject to enslavement, but were forced to give up property, to be placed into exile, to be arrested, or to lose their legal rights. Due to this, many loyalists decided to return to Britain or travel to Canada. However, most of them still stayed in America and reestablish themselves. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? During the war, loyalists were separated from patriots in society and they were imprisoned and treated harshly as traitors. Some began to leave America, others were driven out, but still others remained to become volunteers for the British forces as spies or soldiers. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?

The Americans won the battle of Saratoga because of their dedication and cunning. While the British stopped to regroup at Ticogeranda, the Americans moved on and gathered naval forces to fight the British, resulting in a victory that closed the fall into winter. In the winter, Burgoyne was dragged down by his heavy load and General Howe retreated to the warm capital. Washington seized the opportunity and the Americans rested and fought back resulting in a win. This battle was significant because it revived the colonial fighting spirit. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French helped America win its independence to get back at Britain and to possibly get back its past position in economics and power. The French feared the possibility of the joining of the colonies and the British, pushing the French again out of the continent without power. The French helped the Americans as payback to the British, to push themselves forward in the world of politics and power. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Foreign Aid was so important to the American cause because Americans lacked the resources that the British had. The British had much more materials and resources than the poor colonists and foreign aid was what kept the Americans funded with food and weapons. Without this aid, the British would have won the war. Because of the foreign aid, the British were forced to change their strategy and could not continue to blockade the American ports with the powerful French navy. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. An American Patriot would not have been happy about the state of the war. The Americans were faced with staggering defeats and surrenders of places like Charleston and the loss of most of Georgia to British control. However, later on, a Patriot may become happy upon hearing the news of wins of the Fighting Quaker, Nathaniel Greene. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? The frontier fighting was important in the outcome of the war despite its ineffectiveness in harming the army, it helped dampen the amount of resources the British had. Frontier fighting in the scarcely populated Illinois left the British at its weakest point leading to some damage to the troops and frontier fighting in the sea with the colonial navy helped destroy British merchant shipping. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown

15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? Yorktown was important because it boosted American morale at its lowest point. People were beginning to lose faith in the American cause prior to Yorktown and were beginning to falter economically and emotionally, but after Yorktown, thanks to Admiral de Grasse, the Americans once again had a fighting spirit against the british. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? The Americans gained the recognition from Britain as an independent country with boundaries spreading from the Mississippi to Florida to the Great Lakes. The Americans were even given the fisheries in Newfoundland. However, it conceded the confiscated Loyalists property. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Americans got the favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris since it did not hold basically any debt besides that already owed to the British and received a considerable amount of land. America was 100% independent from then on with only two terms to agree to: 1. Pay the British back 2. Not persecute the Loyalists. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The French interpretation of the Revolution seemed the most true and valid to me because the French had the least bias. The British was still infuriated by their recent loss and were vying for the American approval and ally after the revolution making their interpretation invalid. Whereas the Americans were overly enthusiastic by their win and would not give an unbias view.