Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and ScotsHighlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening: spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730's and 1740s; brought colonial unity George Whitfield: itinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies Jonathan Edwards: brilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great Awakening New Lights: Congregationalists who spread the Great Awakening revivals throughout the colonies Old Lights: Baptists who stuck with traditional ways and were wary of these revivals Age of Reason/Enlightenment: period of time in Europe beginning in the 1700s of fascination with science, philosophy, and reason. Important philosophes at the time included Voltaire and Rousseau. John Peter Zenger: colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press; the case established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies?

The great population growth in America resulted in an American to English ratio of one to three. This allowed a position for a shift of power to occur.

A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England?

America soon became a melting point for countless types of Europeans. This had a many outlets to the different types of loyalties that people had. The fact that not all the colonists were not English made those who were not English have no sense of loyalty to the British crown.

The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies.

America was a land of equality. No aristocracy claimed total dominion nor was America plagued with countless homeless and broken. It was not uncommon for a random immigrant to rise into great ranks of wealth. This was much different in England where such a step would be impossible. Such example of those who could rise to riches were indentured servants who later paid off their debts. Others, such as convicts and slaves, had little chance to reach far in prosperity in America.

Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics?

The Scots-Irish were people who preferred to be mainly independent. It is no wonder because of all the corruption and worn out soil in Ireland that the people moved to America. Even then, the Irish did not populate mixed congregations in the colonies. They, instead, became pioneers in going to the west. Their religious persistent with Presbyterianism made them opponents of both the English and American churches.

Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act

5.

Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies.

The greatest vocation one could have in America was to be part of the Church as a cleric. Others occupations included physicians and lawyers. Physicians were poorly trained and not as highly valued as the clergy. Lawyers were also frowned upon as they were only seen as those who made unnecessary comments. Many Americans were farmers, and they were vital as they created either cash crops or vital food for the colonies. Being a sea man was also valued because of the fishing he brought as well as the goods he would be required to import and export.

Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America?

There were very few roads in any kind of repair. Decent roads stopped just outside the towns and cities. Land travel was mostly by foot or by horse. Farmers with produce could use carts, usually for short distances. The majority of commercial traffic was by boat and barge. Few large settlements were very far from rivers. This was true until the coming of railroads.

Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain?

The conflict between France and Great Britain, which began in February 1793, constantly threatened to drag the United States into war over the right of America to trade with the belligerents. Most Americans agreed that it was in their interest to stay out of the war, if this could be done honorably

The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? People began to complain over the constant droning of the priests and their seemingly pointless messages. There were also spiritual fears brought about by Calvinism such as predestination. Soon pastors such as John Edwards began emphasizing the value of God's grace and the foolishness of

salvation by works. The Great Awakening was the first mass movement by the American people which ignited new trill for Christianity and resulted in the development of churches, pastors, and missionaries.

Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times?

The private system of education in which our forefathers were educated included home, school, church, voluntary associations such as library companies and philosophical societies, circulating libraries, apprenticeships, and private study.

A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.

Americans definitely distinguished themselves in the arts during the Colonial Period. It was some of the first art to come out of the new found country. Artists such as John Smibert, Peter Pelham, and Joseph Blackburn helped establish this.

Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?

The Zenger Trial is important for several reasons. It established a political and historical precedent that printers were not to be accused of libel by governmental officials, especially governors of the colonies, simply for political disagreements. The trial was also an example of how arbitrary government might ignore the liberties and rights of the citizens if left unchecked. The case also was used as an example of the need for an independent judicial branch which served for good behavior, not at the pleasure of the governor or executive, during the writing of the Constitution. The Bill of Rights and the protection of the freedom of the press can also be traced to the trial. It also was used in arguing for the need of a grand jury so that the government would be prevented from simply using the courts to trying enemies of the administration in power. The Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution are also examples of the importance of the Zenger Trial.

The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America?

The constitution wasn't signed until 1788, and before the turn of the 18th century, it was quite a mess. Various cities had an oligarchy, meaning a religious leader was in charge, making everyone abide by their rules, although it was often less on the religious side and more on the tyrannical. People were hung, flogged, exiled. African Americans were slaves, sold as property and had no rights. Women had it the worst, since they were mostly confined to their husband's house and were essentially treated as property as well.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain: The Father of New France, who established a fateful alliance with the Huron Indians. William Pitt: The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. Pontiac: Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused British to attempt to limit colonial frontier expansion. Albany Plan of Union: 1754; Delegates from seven colonies meet in New York; Ben Franklin proposed a yearly congress of delegates to address issues of common defense against Indians and the French, trade

and customs duties. Was not approved. Unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly inspired to success by eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry. Proclamation of 1763: British government forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachians; angered American colonists and helped cause American Revolution Pontiacs Rebellion: After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Paxton Boys: Paxton Boys led an armed march in Philadelphia in 1764. They were against the Quaker oligarchy's leniency toward the Indians. They marched to let out their anger and frustration geared towards provincial government. Though the marched to Philadelphia they were stopped outside the city because they were promised that the legislature would provide a hearing with all of their complaints. Five Nations of the Iroquois: Group of several Indian tribes that formed defensive alliance; traded with French but especially British while avoiding close relations with both groups; sided with British in French and Indian War. Salutary Neglect: a term regarding the English colonies; idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, as long as they remained loyal to England French and Indian War: Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. The Battle of Quebec 1759: Fortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies?

New France was a fur trade economy. Settlers were mostly male and the colony was funded by the French Government who paid for the shipment of men to the colony. The British colonies established themselves by settling the land, planting crops and building towns and villages. Men and women came over and brought children with them. The French had good relationships with Native Americans whereas the British seemed to establish destructive relationships. French were Catholic, British were Protestant.

New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France?

The excess of beavers led to the establishment of popular fur trade. They set up trading posts all over America. The government also paid for their shipment there.

The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain.

From 1688-1763, they had 4 wars in Europe (All were "World Wars"). The countries continuously struggled for domination in Europe and New World. The English faced France and Indian allies in the French and Indian War. They also failed to capture French colonies in Canada.

George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?

When he was sent to negotiate boundaries with the French. they of course refuse to give up their fort. They got into a fight about forty miles from Fort Duguesne, the Battle of Jumonville Glen. The French commander was killed and his men retreated. They later return with reinforcement, and surround Washington at Fort Necessity. Washington was force to surrender, ironically on the fourth of July in 1754. He was permitted to march his men away.

Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany?

While there was a war going on in Germany they were fighting the French and the French wasted all their strength there so they didn't throw an adequate fore into the New World.

Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War?

The British weren't very close with the Indians, who played a very important role during the war. The french, however, had many Indian allies. But, England did gain the trust of the Iroquois. Also, the french colonies were under one united government, as the British were broken into 13 separate governments. During the war, unity was key.

Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War?

The significance of the British victory was that it established England as a great power in Europe. England gained colonial dominance and had the strongest navy. Their territory in New World was expanded. However, they accumulated a lot of debt, as well as resentment of colonists.

Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? At the end of the war, Britain had much debt from expensive prices of war. A lot of the money had gone towards protecting the colonies. The British decided that after defending the colonies, it was time for them to start paying for it. They assessed taxes on the colonies without having American representatives in Britain. With this, began the disputes between the colonies and Britain. This led to tensions and contempt, and eventually revolution.

Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? Frontiersmen began traveling towards the Appalachian Mountains and over other mountains. However, an Indian chief, Pontiac, led a violent rebellion to push Britain out of America, but Britain successfully subdued the rebellion. As a result, Britain issued the Proclamation of 1763, dictating that Americans

were not allowed to colonize beyond the mountains. The prospect of discovering new lands put a vision into the American people to march forward.

Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North : British Prime Minister who created Tea Act and led Britain through American Revolution George Grenville : English politician whose policy of taxing the American colonies, initiated by his Revenue Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, started the train of events leading to the American Revolution.

Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania: series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson and published under the name "A Farmer. The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts. The success of his letters earned Dickinson considerable fame. Gaspee Incident: HMS Gaspe, a British customs schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations. A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted, and torched the ship. Charles Townshend: member of House of Commons who passed Townshend acts on glass, lead, tea, paper, paint, and tea. Baron Von Steuben: Prussian who trained American army and turned them into a dependable force

Mercantilism: wealth is power and can be measured by amount of silver or gold in treasury. need to export more than import "Virtual" representation : stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crownin-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects Sons of Liberty : group of male colonists who protested taxes; not afraid to use violence; founded by Sam Adams Admiralty courts : In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury. Committees of Correspondence: groups of colonists began writing letters to each other to form ways of resisting British rule; shows communication between the colonies; formed by Sam Adams and advocated by Sons of Liberty First Continental Congress: A meeting of representatives from nearly every colony( not Georgia) to discuss grievances with Britain. Loyalists (Tories): Colonists who remained loyal to the British cause when conflicts arose.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1.Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The author says that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore, because at that point they had become citizens of a new country, and would have to eventually defend it.

Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilism, which has been defined as a form of state capitalism, was meant to help the entire empire, and although the colonists sometimes felt themselves victims of mercantile practice, the intention of the mercantile laws, which took the form of various navigation acts, was to bolster British trade and therefore the British economy at the expense of other nations. Mercantilism was the theory of limited wealth in the world in forms of gold and silver, so to keep the wealth within the nation, Britain wished to only trade with its own colonies and restrict imports of foreign goods.

3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? They inflicted Navigation laws, Sugar Act, and Molasses Act on the colonies. This was to restrict activity between colonies and the French West Indies.

The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The mercantilist system provided several benefits for the colonists. Some British preferred to have ships from the colonies instead of other British competitors. The colonists, especially those in Virginia, had a strong monopoly of tobacco in the colonies. Protection was also freely provided to the colonist due to the presence of the British red coats.

5.What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The Sugar Act, Stamp Act and Townshend Duties placed unfair taxes on the colonies by the Britain to pay for war time debts.

The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6.Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The Colonies were frustrated by more than relatively mild taxes. There were the taxes, that they had to be paid in British coin, no voice in the matter and the fact that all trade went through London instead of directly to trading partner.

Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7.In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

The colonists resisted the Stamp Act by sending 27 delegates from 9 colonies to New York City for a meeting. The group drew up a petition and sent it to England, where it was ignored. The colonies began boycotting British goods, which was not ignored. The group, calling themselves Sons of Liberty, and wore homespun clothing rather than British wool. They also tarred and feathered tax collectors. In 1766 after one year, the British Parliament repealed the taxes.

The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties?

The Townshend Acts taxed paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea imported by the colonies. The colonists did not agree with these taxes and the result was a colonial boycott against British products. Trade between England and America fell off by 50 percent as a result of the boycott. The British merchants complained to Parliament who repealed the Townshend Duties except the tax on tea. The tea tax was kept in honor of the Declaratory Act. Parliament passed that act to declare that they did have the right to tax the colonies regardless of the American claim of internal or external taxation. The colonists would claim that the Declaratory Act was unconstitutional because the colonies did not have representation in Parliament. Great Britain claimed the colonies were virtually represented. Thus, the debate over whether the colonies did have representation in Parliament would not be settled until the Revolution.

The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work?

The Committees of Correspondence were formed throughout the colonies as a means of coordinating action against Great Britain. Many were formed by the legislatures of the respective colonies, others by extra-governmental associations such as the Sons of Liberty in the various colonies. In any case, the members of these organizations represented the leading men of each colony. It took some time, and finally an act as dramatic as the Boston Port Bill, to coordinate the colonies in action against Great Britain.

Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance?

The Boston Tea Party was a protest of the lowering of the cost of the British tea by the government and the East India tea company. The smugglers in the colonies found the Dutch tea that they sold was higher in price than the British tea, so they staged the Boston Tea Party and others in harbors in the. The cost of tea also went as far back as the Navigation Acts and the restricting of trade to and from the colonies passed from 1650-1733. Tea was also taxed in 1767 in the Townsend Acts.

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts?

The Intolerable Acts were a reaction to the Boston Tea Party, when Britain finally had enough of the colonists rebelliousness. A series of acts were issued that outraged colonists even further. The Boston Port Act closed the port of Boston to all shipping. The British would not allow the port to reopen until the people of Boston paid for the tea. The Massachusetts Government Act revoked the colonys charter and they were no longer to hold town meetings, unless the colonys British governor approved. The upper house of the Massachusetts legislature had until then been elected each year by the lower house. Under the Massachusetts Government Act, the British government would appoint members of the upper house. The Quartering Act said the colonists had to provide places for British soldiers to live while they were stationed in the colonies. The Impartial Administration of Justice Act removed British officials from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts courts. These officials were responsible for carrying out British laws and suppressing riots. If any charges were brought against them, they could be removed from Massachusetts for trial. The British were basically saying they didn't think the people of Massachusetts could run a fair trial.

Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress?

The congress had three objectives: to compose a statement of colonial rights, to identify British parliaments violation of those rights, and to provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore those rights. The members agreed to boycott British goods and passed resolutions asserting colonial rights. They also agreed to meet again in May 1775, if the British did not change their policies.

Imperial Strength and Weakness

Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?

The British fought a war far from home. Military orders, troops, and supplies sometimes took months to reach their destinations. The geographic vastness of the colonies proved a hindrance to the British effort. Despite occupying every major city, the British remained as at a disadvantage. The war was expensive and the British population debated its necessity. However, Britain's military was the best in the world. Their soldiers were well equipped, well disciplined, well paid, and well fed. The British navy dominated the seas. Funds were much more easily raised by the Empire than by the Continental Congress. Some of those funds were used to hire Hessian mercenaries to fight the Americans. Most Indian tribes sided with Britain, who promised protection of tribal lands.

American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?

Americans had a grand cause: fighting for their rights, their independence and their liberty. This cause is much more just than waging a war to deny independence. American military and political leaders were inexperienced, but proved surprisingly competent. The alliance with the French gave Americans courage and a tangible threat that tipped the scales in America's favor. But, The Americans had tremendous difficulty raising enough funds to purchase basic supplies for their troops, including shoes and blankets. They were inexperienced and with limited supplies, and were fighting against one of Europes greatest powers.

A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution?

Some African Americans saw the Revolution not only as a fight for justice, but also their own liberty and freedom from slavery. Others responded to the Dunmore's Proclamation, and fought for their freedom as Black Loyalists. During the American Revolutionary War, African Americans served both the Continental Army and the British Army. It is estimated that 5,000 African Americans served as soldiers for the Continental army, while more than 20,000 fought for the British cause.