Elva Tang Period 1 Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening Religious revival that exploded in the 1730s and 1740s and swept through the colonies, first ignited in Northampton, Massachusetts George Whitfield English parson who used a different style of evangelical preaching in America and ignited a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies, spread his message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence Jonathan Edwards Intellectual pastor who first ignited the Great Awakening, firmly proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on Gods grace New Lights Ministers who defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion, new light centers of higher learning such as Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth founded

Elva Tang Period 1 Old Lights Old clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics of the revivalists, lost their overall authority Age of Reason/Enlightenment A cultural movement of intellectuals which initiated in Europe and later spread to the American colonies, deviate from the irrational, especially in religion, focus more on education John Peter Zenger A newspaper printer involved in a celebrated legal case in 1734-1735, reflected the tumultuous give-and-take politics in the middle colonies, criticized corrupt royal governor and eventually began the journey for freedom of press, pointed the way to open public discussion GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The increase in population set the stage for a shift in the balance of power between the colonies and Britain for the future. Before, the ratio had been twenty Englishmen for every one American colonist, but by 1775 the ratio changed to three to one. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? The large number of Dutch influenced the environment and architecture of Pennsylvania with their German street signs and splendid stone barns which gave evidence of industry and prosperity. Because of the Dutchs dominance, the Scots-Irish were forced to push out onto the frontier where they defiantly occupied unoccupied lands and fought with both Indians and white owners. These various immigrant groups mixed and intermarried and laid the foundation for a new multicultural American national identity. The Structure of Colonial Society

Elva Tang Period 1 Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. The social ladder in the colonies was very open because colonists came to America for opportunities that they did not have in England. But, the gap between the prosperous gentry and the poor widened due to the extremely rich plantation owners and the growing lower class due to the nonstop stream of indentured servants, though many of them ultimately became prosperous. The black slaves recieved no equality from whites and didnt even dream of climbing the ladder of success and opportunity. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish had a history of migrating from one country to the next due to the spread of commercial farming that forced many of them from the land and subjected others to outrageous rent increases from landowning lairds, or lords. The Presbyterian Scots were also persecuted by British authorities and had to pay taxes to support the hated Anglican Church. As a result, they moved to Pennsylvania in order to seek religious toleration and commonwealth, but they were restless and could not stay put for long. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Agriculture was the leading industry in the colonies and involved about 90% of the people. Tobacco was the staple crop in Maryland and Virginia while the middle colonies produced more grain. The fishing industry was rewarding as well and stimulated shipbuilding which in turn stimulated coastwise and overseas commerce. The triangular trade was also infamously profitable where the constant rotation of rum to slaves to molasses often made handsome profits. Manufacturing was another important occupation in which many items were manufactured in quantity, timber being one of the most common. Another highly valued occupation was the colonial naval store because of Britains desire to gain and retain a mastery of the seas. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? Traveling was incredibly difficult in the early Americas because the few roads that connected the major cities were extremely deficient and often clouded with dust in the summer and mud in the winter. Stagecoach travelers braved more dangers such as treestrewn roads, unstable bridges, overturned carriages, and runaway horses. People also relied on the natural waterways to travel, which were slow and undependable but cheap and

Elva Tang Period 1 pleasant. Taverns emerged along the main roads of travel and they often attracted travelers with a variety of amusements such as bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, and gambling equipment. This was a place where all social classes could socialize and was also another spark of democracy. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Although the Anglican Church became the official faith in many colonies, many others strongly opposed it. Its establishment in America was meant to serve as a major prop of kingly authority, so by opposing the church the colonists were opposing the king. The religious toleration in America led to the creation of the Presbyterian and Congregational churches which, though not made official, created a wide rift between the American colonists and Great Britain. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The religion in the Great Awakening focused more on emotions rather than just purely education and erudition. This was important because it set off many schisms between churches and increased their competitiveness. It also encouraged a fresh wave of missionary work among the Indians and black slaves who attended the open mass revivals. Many centers of higher learning were built such as Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth. The Awakening was most significant because it was the first spontaneous mass movement of Americans. It broke down sectional boundaries and added to the growing sense that Americans were a single people despite their various ethnicities and were united by shared experiences.

Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Primary and secondary schools varied widely in the quality of instruction and in the length of time that their doors remained open each year since children were mostly occupied with farm work. Most of the education placed emphasis on religion and on the classical languages such as Greek and Latin. The focus was on doctrine and ideas rather than on experiment and reason since independent thinking was discouraged. College education was initially geared toward preparing men for the ministry.

Elva Tang Period 1 A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. During the colonial period, Americans were still in sync with European tastes. The simplicity of pioneering life had not yet created many patrons to support colonial artists. John Trumbull, Benjamin West, and John Copley, all aspiring painters, were even discouraged from being artists as children and had to pursue their dreams in England. However, Benjamin Franklin had an immense influence in shaping the American character. His literature emphasized virtues such as thrift, industry, morality, and common sense while giving witty advice to the young and old. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? The jury verdict was important because it was a great achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy. It sparked the first kinds of open public discussion required by the diverse society of America. Though it was not immediately accepted by other judges and juries, over time it helped establish the doctrine that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Every colony had a two-house legislative body that consisted of the upper house, which was chosen by voters in the self-governing colonies, and the lower house, which was elected by the people. Though there were elections, only those who owned enough property qualified as voters, and in several colonies, the back-country elements were seriously underrepresented. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams.

Elva Tang Period 1 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. But a Revolutionary Spirit had begun. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him title Father of New France, entered into friendly relations with Huron Indians and fought the Iroquois tribes William Pitt Popularly known as the Great Commoner, drew much of his strength from the common people and was a splendid orator who passionately believed in his cause, in his country, and in himself, became a foremost leader in the London government and won the French and Indian War Pontiac Ottawa chief who instigated Pontiacs Rebellion to try to drive out British from Ohio Country Albany Plan of Union Plan to unite Americans and to keep Iroquois tribe loyal to the British so could have a strong defense against France, but colonists disliked it because it did not seem to give enough independence while British officials believed it gave too much Proclamation of 1763 Issued by the London government, flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments, used to work out Indian problem fairly and to prevent another bloody eruption. Pontiacs Rebellion

Elva Tang Period 1 led by Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 who, in a violent campaign, attempted to drive out the British from the Ohio Country. Besieged Detroit in spring and killed two thousand soldiers and settlers.

Paxton Boys Pennsylvania frontiersmen upon Indian settlement during Pontiac uprising, slaughtered Indians while drunk Five Nations of the Iroquois Union of Native Americans, homeland was in upper New York, had rough relations with Britain Salutary Neglect Period of time when mother country neglect its colonies, lead to seeds of independence and revolution for the future French and Indian War Began badly for the colonists and British but ended in a strong British victory, French and Indians against British and colonists The Battle of Quebec 1759 Won by James Wolfe, one of most significant engagements in British and American history because France lost its colonial powers and Great Britain emerged as dominant power in North America GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France different from New England in that the king had direct control over the colonists and there were no representative assemblies or trial by juries. Unlike the English, the French colonist farmers had little economic motive to move and the Huguenots were not allowed to reside in New France.

Elva Tang Period 1 New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? The beaver was New Frances valuable resource because many Europeans valued beaverpelt hats for their warmth and luxurious appearance. The French hunted in the woods and waterways of North America to capture the beavers in order to adorn the heads of Europeans back home. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. King Williams War and Queen Annes pitted the British colonists against the French with both allying with whatever Indian tribes they could. Spain had allied with France as well, but were both beaten terribly by the British as revealed in the Treaty of Utrecht when Britain received French colonies and limited trading rights in Spanish America which resulted in increased tension between Spain and Britain. This led to the War of Jenkinss Ear which spread to the buffer colony Georgia where James Oglethorpe fought his Spanish enemies. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? George Washington was sent as a lieutenant colonel in order to secure the Virginians claims and fired the first shots of the new war, resulting in the death of the French leader. The French returned and surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity. Though he was forced to surrender, he was able to march his men away with the full honors of war. Meanwhile, the British authorizes in Nova Scotia feared a rebellion among the French Acadians and uprooted them in 1755, leading to unhappy French deportees and even more friction between the British and the French.

Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? Because there were wars occurring in Europe with Germany against the French, Austrian, and Russian armies, the French were so preoccupied that they were unable to send an adequate force into the New World. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War?

Elva Tang Period 1 Edward Braddock led heavy artillery and had to laboriously hack a path through the dense forest which led them to move painfully slow in order to capture Fort Duquesne. A few miles from the fort, Braddock encountered a small French and Indian army, but faced mortal defeat. This led the Indians to take a wider warpath and they wreaked havoc in British colonies while George Washington desperately tried to defend them. The British then launched a full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756 and the undeclared war in America had finally become a world conflict. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? William Pitt dispatched a powerful expedition against Louisbourg in 1758 and the fortress finally fell and Britain rejoiced greatly because it was their first significant victory of the entire war. The Battle of Quebec was one of the most significant engagements in British and American history because when it fell, the French flag was up for the last time in Canada and the French power was thrown completely off North America. As a result, Great Britain emerged as a dominant power in North America, while still maintaining the status as the leading naval power of the world. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? Britains colonists emerged with increased confidence in their military strength, but at the same time faced increasing friction with their arrogant British officers. The officers refused to recognize any American militia above the rank of captain and looked upon them with contempt, which was a humiliation to George Washington. However, the energetic and hard-working Americans believed they were better than the British and felt that they deserved credit for risking their lives to secure Britains New World Empire. Yet some colonists even demanded the rights and privileges of Englishmen without the duties and responsibilities of Englishmen, further creating a rift between the mother country and the colonies. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? The French defeat led to a larger range of exploration for the British and a new spirit of independence. At the same time, the Treaty of Paris dealt a harsh blow to the Iroquois, Creeks, and other tribes. The removal of the French and some Spanish took away from

Elva Tang Period 1 the Indians their weapon of allowing the Europeans to fight off each other, so in the future they would have to negotiate exclusively with the British.

Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Corpulent prime minister of King George III who persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties, buttax on tea was kept which angered the colonists George Grenville Prime Minister of Britain who aroused resentment of American colonists by passing various acts Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Series of essays written by Pennsylvania lawyer John Dickinson which were used to unite colonists against the Townshend Acts Gaspee Incident Event that led up to the American Revolution in which a British customs official had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations ran into shallow water on June 9, 1772

Elva Tang Period 1 Charles Townshend Brilliant orator in Parliament, even while drunk, persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts which took advantage of the dubious distinction between internal and external taxes Baron Von Steuben German organizational genius who whipped American soldiers into shape, initially spoke no English but soon taught the soldiers how to hold their own against British troops Mercantilism Theory that countrys power is wealth and wealth is amount of gold and silver, colonies benefitial to Britain because provided raw materials and guarenteed market of exports, export more than imports "Virtual" representation Claim that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans who had never voted for a member of Parliament. Was scoffed at by colonists who instead denied the authority of Parliament Sons of Liberty Groups of ardent spirits who took the law into their own hands by crying liberty, property, and no stamps while enforcing the nonimportation agreements against violators and ransacking the houses of unpopular officials Admiralty courts Courts issuing jurisdiction over all maritime contracts and offences Committees of Correspondence Chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keep alive opposition to British policy. Used to exchange ideas and information with other colonies and were supremely significant in stimulating and disseminating sentiment in favor of united action. Evolved directly into the first American congress First Continental Congress To meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. Twelve of thirteen colonies sent representatives. Not legislative but a consultative body Loyalists (Tories)

Elva Tang Period 1 Stayed loyal to the British government and during the Boston Tea Party, complained that the destruction of private property violated the law and threatened anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The New World nurtured new ideas about the nature of society, citizen, and government. The immigrants in the New World were free to make a world that was theirs, unlike how they were unable to in the rigid structured society and culture of the Old World. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilism is the theory that a countrys power is measured by its wealth, and wealth is measured by the amount of gold and silver it has. The country needs to export more than it imports, so having colonies means that it could supply raw material to the mother country and provide a guaranteed market for exports. Mercantilism justified Britains control of the colonies. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? The Navigation Laws of 1650 were passed to counter rival Dutch shippers. The laws enforced that all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could be transported in only British vessels. Also European goods destined for America first had to go to Britain to collect tariffs. American merchants must ship certain enumerated products exclusively to Britain. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The British paid the colonial producers of ship parts, the Virginia tobacco planters enjoyed a monopoly in the British market, and the colonists benefited from the protection of the British army and navy without cost. There was also wholesale smuggling of American products to other countries in the colonies which led to the some of the first American fortunes like that of John Hancock. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the

Elva Tang Period 1 British government? Mercantilism made Americans feel a dependency on British agents and creditors, and that it restricted economic growth in the colonies. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The colonists felt that their liberties that they had come to assume as a matter of right were threatened after the Navigation Laws were passed. The Sugar and Stamp Acts seemed to jeopardize the basic rights of the colonists as English men. The colonists were skeptical as to why British soldiers were still stationed in America after the French and Indian War had ended, and the passing of the Stamp Act ignited the flame. Americans felt the were taxed unfairly because there were no Americans in Parliament representing them, thus the saying No taxation without representation. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York City twenty-seven distinguished delegates from nine colonies. A more effective resistance was the nonimportation agreements against British goods. It surprisingly united Americans for the first time in common action. This allowed many Americans to participate in colonial protests. A more radical resistance were from the Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty who cried liberty, property, and no stamps while ransacking the houses of unpopular officials and confiscating their money. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The new Townshend revenues were meant to pay for the salaries of the royal governors and judges in America, but the colonists saw this as another attempt from the British government to enchain them. As a result, British officials were sent to Boston in 1768, and on March 5, 1770, a crowd of sixty some townspeople began taunting the redcoats to whom eleven citizens ended up wounded or killed. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work?

Elva Tang Period 1 The chief function of the Committees of Correspondense was to spread the spirit of resistance through letters and thus keeping alive opposition to British policy. Intercolonial committees were the next step and within a short amount of time, every colony had established a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and information with other colonies. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The Boston Tea Party was initially caused by the anger of the colonists that the British East India Company gained complete monopoly of the American tea business. Americans saw it as a trick into the principle of the abhorred tax. Hutchinson infuriated the radicals when he ordered the tea ships to not clear Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes. As a result, on December 16, 1773, about a hundred Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the docked ships and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the Atlantic. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The most drastic of all the Intolerable Acts was the Boston Port Act which closed the teastained harbor until all the damages were paid and order could be ensured. Many of the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts were taken away and restrictions were placed on town meetings. The Quebec Act was also considered intolerable although its intentions were not because it sustained unrepresentative assemblies and denials of jury trials. It alarmed land speculators who were distressed to see the huge trans-Allegheny area taken away from them and also aroused anti-Catholics. The Americans saw this as a reaction towards the British Tea Party. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The goal of the First Continental Congress was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. After prolonged argument the Congress drew up the Declaration of Rights as well as solemn appeals to other British American colonies. The most significant action was the creation of The Association that called for a complete boycott of British goods which included nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.

Elva Tang Period 1 Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? A British strength was that it had the worlds strongest navy and a well-trained army. They outnumbered the colonists by a lot, and even more with the help of the Germans. However, it had many enemies including France and Ireland. The British soldiers were not as motivated to fight, because unlike the Americans they did not have a strong cause other than that they were paid as soldiers. Also, British soldiers had to suffer many difficulties within its own army and with Americas geography. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The Americans were lucky to have strong leadership in George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. They also received foreign aid from France in addition to the numerous European officers who volunteered themselves in the war, one being French nobleman Marquis de Lafayette. However, the rebels were terribly organized for war and had lacked unity from the start. The colonial militia men were a joke compared to the professionally trained solders of the British army and navy. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African Americans fought and died for the American cause, though they were initially barred from militia service. They served as cooks, guides, spies, drivers, and road builders. Many also served on the British side. In November 1775, the royal governor of Virginia issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day.

Elva Tang Period 1 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10,1775 with all thirteen colonies represented. Adopted measures to raise money and create an army and navy. Decided that George Washington would lead the army. Hessians German soldiers mainly from the German principality of Hesse. Proved to be good soldiers in a mechanical sense but many were more interested in booty than in duty and some finally deserted to remain in America. Thomas Paine/Common Sense one of most influential pamphlets ever written. Best seller that sold a total of 120,000 copies. Flatly branded the shillyshallying of colonists as contrary to common sense. Supported the separation of Britain from America George Washington Chosen by Congress to lead Continental Army, lost more battles than won but had gifted powers of strong leadership and strength in character, had patience, courage, selfdsicliplie, and a sense of justice, great moral than military mind and symbol, chosen for political reasons because he was a Virginian, rich, and an aristocrat Marquis de Layfette French General who blocked troops led by Cornwallis at Yorktown while armies of Washington prepared to battle the British Baron Von Steuban Prussian drillmaster who shaped up the American army John Burgoyne British General who led fateful invasion that resulted in the British loss at Saratoga.

Elva Tang Period 1 Benedict Arnold Originally an American General who was vital in winning important battles, but eventually turned traitorous due to ambition, greed, and suffering from a feeling that his services were not fully appreciated. Treaty of Paris, 1783 British formally recognized the independence of the United States and granted generous boundaries. Battle of Trenton December 26, 1776 Washington surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas celebration after crossing the ice-clogged Delaware River Battles of Lexington and Concord The shot fired at Lexington rapidly widened into a global conflagration in which Spain entered the fray against Britain along with Holland Battle of Saratoga While Burgoyne was trying to make his way through New York, a host of American militiamen led by American general Horatio Gates attacked him, British forced to surrender at Saratoga on October 17, 1777, revived faltering colonial cause and made foreign aid from France more possible Battle of Yorktown Decisive attack on British general Cornwallis by George Washington and Admiral de Grasse. Articles of Confederation An agreement among the thirteen founding states that established the United States as a confederation of sovereign states and served as the first constitution GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?

Elva Tang Period 1 George Washington was chosen because of political reasons. Americans were beginning to distrust the large New England army being collected around Boston, so prudence suggested a commander from Virginia, the largest and most populous of the colonies. Because he was rich both by inheritance and by marriage, he could not be accused of being a fortune seeker and counted on to check the excesses of the masses. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? George III refused the Olive Brach Petition which professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities. He proclaimed the colonies in rebellion and out-and-out treason. He also hired thousands of German troops to help crush the colonists. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. The fighting did not go well before July of 1776 because for the most part, the American cause was not clear whether or not independence was what they were fighting for. As shown in the abortive conquest of Canada, the colonists showed that they were not merely fighting defensively for a redress of grievances. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Common Sense proved the point that nowhere does a smaller body control the larger, so there was no reason for England to be controlling the colonies. His pamphlet became a whirlwind best seller and played a major role in convincing many Americans to want independence from Britain. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a democratic republic because a republic is where power flowed from the people themselves, not from a corrupt and despotic monarch. He argued that all government officials should derive their authority from popular consent Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 5. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The Declaration of Independence argued that the king had flouted the natural rights of humankind, and listed all the misdeed of George III, including taxation without consent,

Elva Tang Period 1 dispensing with trial by jury, abolishing valued laws, establishing a military dictatorship, maintaining standing armies in peacetime, cutting off trade, burning towns, hiring mercenaries, and inciting hostility among the Indians. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 6. What kinds of people were Loyalists? The Loyalists were colonists who were loyal to the king and fought against the American Patriots. They were also called Tories. They numbered around 16% of American people, and families often split over the issue of independence. They included the kings officers and other beneficiaries of the crown who knew which side their daily bread came from. Most of the Loyalists came from where the Anglican Church was strongest, such as New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. They were least numerous in New England. Makers of America: The Loyalists 7. What happened to Loyalists after the war? After the war Loyalists were arrested, exiled, confiscated of property, and lost legal rights. As a result, about eighty thousand Loyalists fled to Britain and Canada. But, many stayed in America where they had to reestablish themselves in a society that viewed them as traitors. The Loyalist Exodus 8. What happened to Loyalists during the war? During the war, hundreds of Loyalists were imprisoned, and a few noncombatants were hanged. About eighty thousand loyal supporters of George III were driven out or fled, but several hundred thousand were permitted to stay. Their estates were confiscated and sold. Fifty thousand bore arms for the British Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? The Americans won the battle of Saratoga under Washingtons leadership. He crossed the ice-clogged Delaware River on Christmas and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas celebration. This led to a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French helped America win independence because of its rivalry with the British. After

Elva Tang Period 1 the American victory at Saratoga, the French realized that the Americans might have a change in winning the war. Benjamin Franklin was widely accepted and adored in France. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Foreign aid was so important to the American cause because it was the only way they could have won the war. They used Britains weaknesses against them, which was its enemies. After France got involved with the war, Spain and other countries allied with the Americans against the British which was a major factor in winning the war. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. He would not have been happy because the American morale was staggering so much. Arnold turned traitor, and Georgia was ruthlessly overrun. Charleston fell in 1780, which involved the capture of five thousand men and four hundred cannons. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Frontier fighting was important as shown in Clarks success in the Ohio River which forced the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River to the United States at the Paris Peace Conference. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? The war at Yorktown was a great American and French victory where they cornered Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown. It was officially the last battle of the war, but George III stubbornly decided to continue fighting after Yorktown. However, it marked the American victory of the revolution. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris?

Elva Tang Period 1 America gained the recognition of the independence of the United States, land stretching to the Mississippi on the west to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. They had to concede that loyalists were not to be further persecuted and that Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. The Americans got very favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris because they essentially won the war. They got land, and independence while the French although helping immensely and being the reason for the victory, got nothing more than the sweet feeling of revenge against the British. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The interpretation by Bernard Bailyn that the revolution stemmed from ideological and psychological factors, that early-eighteenth-century English political theorists grew extraordinarily suspicious of any attempts to tighten the imperial reins on the colonies. I think this is true because the revolution happened after the Enlightenment where ideological forms of government were preached, and the colonists reacted with increased British control with assumption that the government were taking away natural rights.

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