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+

Attraction

Attractive force FA

0
Repulsion

Interatomic separation r r0 Repulsive force FR

Net force FN

FIGURE 2.8 (a) The dependence of repulsive, attractive, and net forces on interatomic separation for two isolated atoms. (b) The dependence of repulsive, attractive, and net potential energies on interatomic separation for two isolated atoms.

Force F

(a) + Repulsive energy ER


Potential energy E Repulsion

Interatomic separation r 0
Attraction

Net energy EN E0

Attractive energy EA (b)

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