Академический Документы
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Technological Design
Anthropometrics
Anthropometrics; Anthropometrics is the data which concerns the dimensions of human beings. Designers need to makes sure that the products they design are the right size for the user and therefore comfortable to use. Designers have access to books of drawings like these which state measurements of human beings of all sizes. Examples at work
Human Factors
Human Factors;
Human factors involves the study of all aspects of the way humans relate to the world around them, with the aim of improving operational performance, safety, through life costs and/or adoption through improvement in the experience of the end user.
The science of understanding the properties of human capability (Human Factors Science).
Examples at work
Did you know that the U.S. military is responsible for the majority of data on Human Factors! It was a result out of WWII aircraft design and engineering.
Ergonomics
Ergonomics;
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with designing according to the human needs, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. The field is also called human engineering, and human factors engineering. Ergonomic research is primarily performed by ergonomists, who study human capabilities in relationship to their work demands. Information derived from ergonomists contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people
Examples at work..
A poorly designed work station can produce long term medical conditions.
Designers must be aware of human factors, anthropometrics and ergonomics to ensure their product or service is safe and socially responsible. (designing public places is especially sensitive to these conditions)
The Result
If a product designer were to work off the same fantasy body shapes that fashion designers do, a typical toilet would look like this. None of us would willingly climb a stepladder every time we need to use our toilet - how silly would that be? And yet, why is it that we continue to try and fit into clothes that were not designed for our bodies to begin with, or shoes that are uncomfortable and damage our feet? This is most peculiar.
Where can we find information on body sizes, shapes, standard furniture sizes, etc.? Human Factor Texts Resource Manuals Internet Making your own anthropometric data
Henry Dreyfuss, one of Americas first Industrial Designers was instrumental in using human dimensions to Improve the products people interact with on a daily basis.
Did you know that John Deere hired Dreyfuss to Modernize the look of the tractor.
Population Variance
We again use the concept of "population." This is important in anthropometrics as there are differences in size and body segment proportions due to age, gender, and ethnicity. So, to properly select the data to use, we must know something about our population composition, and we must know what percentage of the population we wish to accommodate. The anthropometric range will be much different if we are designing products for male, professional basketball players than if we are designing for the general public.