CONTENTS

MODALS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3 1-REQUESTS ................................................................................................................... 4 1-1 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT " I"...............................................4 1-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT " YOU " ......................................4 1-3 POLITEREQUESTS with"WOULD YOU MIND" ......................................5 1-4 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES .................................................8 2- NECESSITY and PROHIBITION................................................................................. 10 2-1 NECESSITY : MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO .................................. 10 2-2 PROHIBITION : MUSTN'T ........................................................................ 12 2-3 LACK of NECESSITY in THE PAST ......................................................... 12 3-ADVISABILITY ................................................................................................................15 3-1 SHOULD. OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER .......................................................15 3-2 SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT............................ 16 3-3 SHOULD/OUGHT TO BE DOING SHOULDN'T/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING ................................................17 3-4 SHOULD HAVE DONE, OUGHT TO HAVE DONE...................................17 3-5 SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING SHOULDN'T/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING................................17 4- EXPECTATIONS : BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO.................................................... 19 5- ABILITY : CAN and BE ABLE TO................................................................................... 21

PAGE 6-MAKING SUGGESTIONS .............................................................................................25 6-1 LET'S DO SOMETHING ........................................................................25 6-2 WHY DON'T/DOESN'T + SUBJECT ....? .............................................25 6-3 SHALLWE/I ............................................................................................25 6-4 COULD ....................................................................................................26 7- EXPRESSING DEGREES of CERTAINTY ............................................................... 27

7-1 PRESENT TIME ..................................................................................... 27 7-2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS of MODALS .................................29 7-3 PAST TIME ..............................................................................................29 7-4 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS of MODALS ........................................31 7-5 FUTURE TIME .......................................................................................31 8-PREFERENCE : WOULD RATHER/WOULD PREFER ............................................34

9- HABITUAL PAST : USED TO and WOULD ...............................................................38

EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS ......................................................................40 TEST YOUR SELF 1 .......................................................................................41 TEST YOURSELF 2 ....................................................................................... 51 TEST YOUR VOCABULARY .......................................................................61

MODAL AUXILIARIES

INTRODUCTION
ngilizce'de modal yardmc fiilleri: can. could, will, would, shall. should, ought to, had better, may, might ve mst gibi szcklerdir.Zaman sistemleri ile ifade edemediimiz durumlar modals lar ile ifade ederiz. Modal yardmc fiilleri, genellikle konumacnn duygularn yanstr. Yani, gereklilik, zorunluluk, olaslk gibi kipleri ifade ederler. rnein, birine sigaray brakmas gerektiini sylemek istiyorsak, bunu ngilizce'de yle ifade ederiz : You should stop smoking. (Sigaray brakman gerekir.) (Bugn iten erken kabilirsin.) Ya da, birine bir konuda izin verdiimizi ifade etmek istiyorsak : You may / can leave work early today. Bir modal, kullanlan zneye gre deiiklik gstermez. He/We/I/They should leave early. Bir modal, kendinden sonra yaln fiil alr. He can sing well./We may come late./They must phone us. "ought to" bu kuraln dndadr. I ought to phone my parents./He ought to study hard. Bir modal ile belirttiimiz duyguyu, genellikle, benzer bir baka yap ile de ifade edebiliriz. He can sing very well./He is able to sing very well. We must walk faster./We have to walk faster. a) MODAL AUXILIARIES can do it. I could do it. You may do it. He might do it. She will do it. U would do it. + shall do it. We should do it. You ought to do it They had do it. better must do it b) SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS be able to do have to do have got to do used to do be to do

Bir modal'dan sonra gelen fiil yaln gelir. You must speak slowly. Sadece "ought" , kendinden sonra gelen fiili "to do" biiminde alr. He ought to eat less. We ought to walk faster.

Bir modal'n cmleye katt anlam bir baka ifade ile de verebiliriz. He can speak three languages. He is able to speak three languages.

be supposed

to

do

Bir modal, birden fazla anlam ifade edebilir. imdi modal yardmc fiillerinin bu anlamlarn inceleyelim.

l- REQUESTS
Birinden bir ey rica ederken kullanabileceimiz, eitli fade biimleri vardr. Bunlardan yaygn olarak kullanabileceimiz iki yap, zne olarak "I" ya da "you" kullanarak oluturabileceimiz ifadelerdir. Can I borrow your dictionary for a moment? (Szln bir sre iin alabilir miyim ?) . Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment ? (Szln bir sre iin bana verebilir inisin ?)

1-1 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "I"

MAY I COULD I CAN I May I (please) borrow your book ? Could I borrow your book (please) ? Can I borrow your book ? "May I" ve "Could I" nazik bir isteme ifadesidir, (formal) "Can I" daha samimi ortamlarda izin islerken kullanlr, (informal)

TYPICAL RESPONSES : Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course/Of course, you may./ Sure. (informal) Brother: Sister: Brother: Sister: Brother: Sister: Will you be using your bike tomorrow ? I don't think so. Why ? Can I borrow it for the afternoon ? What happeed to yours ? Mine has a flat tyre. Of course, you can.

(in a train compartment) Woman: May I have a look at your magazine? Man:Yes, certainly. Here you are. (Buyrunuz.) (On the phone) Man: Could / May I speak to Mr Jones, please? Secretary: Sorry, he is busy on the other line at the moment. Can you wait for a moment ? Man: Okay, I'll call again later.

1-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU"

WOULD YOU COULD YOU WILL YOU CAN YOU Would you give me some information, please ? Could you help me, please ? Could you please tell me the way to the station ? Will you lend me your book (please) ? Will you (please) lend ne your book ? Can you lend me your dictionary ? Can you open the door, please ? "would", "could" ve "will", resmi ortamlarda kullanabileceimiz yaplardr. "can" daha samimi ortamlarda kullanlr

TYPICAL RESPONSES : Yes, I'd (I would) be happy to. Yes, certainly. I'd be glad to. Sure. (informal)

Eer olumsuz yant vereceksek, yine nazik bir ekilde nedenini aklamamz gerekir

(At a breakfast table) Son: Mum, can you pass me the butler? Mother: Sure, here you are. (At a Travel Agent's) Customer: Would you give us some information about your package tours? Travel Agent: Certainly, Madam. I'd be happy to. (On the street) Stranger: Could you please direct me to the Alien's Department? You: Sorry, I don't know where it is either. (At work) Jane: Could you give me a lift home after work, Jack? Jack: Sorry, Id be glad to, but my mother will be waiting for me at the doctor's, and I am going to pick her up right after work. *** "I'd be happy to, I'd be glad to" yantlarn, "I" znesi ile sorulmu sorularda kullanamayz. May I take your dictionary for a moment. Of course, here you are. (Yes, of course you may.) Sorry, I'm using it myself. or

Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment ? Yes, of course. Here you are. Yes, I'd be happy to. (I'd be happy to lend you my dictionary. - Memnuniyetle veririm.) I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself.

or

1.3 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND"

ASKING PERMISSION Would you mind if I smoked here? Would you mind if I opened the window? Would you mind if I came a bit late tomorrow? TYPICAL RESPONSES No. Not at all. Please do. No. Of course not. Go ahead. No, that would be fine. ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind speaking a bit more quietly? Would you mind posting these letters for me? TYPICAL RESPONSES No, of course not. I'd be happy to. Not at all. I'd be glad to.

"Would you mind if I + Simple Past Tense" Burada Past Tense kullanlmasna ramen anlam Present ya da Future'dur.

"Would you mind + doing

"Would you mind if I did?" , "............ yapmamn sizce bir sakncas var m / .......... yapmam sizi rahatsz eder mi? anlamna gelir. Byle bir soruya yant verirken dikkatli olmamz gerekir. Eer "Yes" ile yant verirsek, "Evet, rahatsz eder." anlamna gelir ki bu da pek nazik bir yant olmaz. Bu nedenle karmzdaki kiiye izin vereceksek, yantmz "No" ile balamaldr. Would you mind if I opened the window ? No, of course not. Please do. (Hayr, tabii ki yok. Aabilirsiniz.) Would you mind if I went to bed early tonight ? Not at all. Go ahead. Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow ? Of course not. Go ahead. (Tabii ki hayr. Giyebilirsin.)

Eer bu istekleri reddedeceksek, yine nazik bir ifade biimi kullanmamz gerekir. Reddederken kullanabileceimiz yantlar ok eitlidir ve konuya baldr. Would you mind if I opened the window ? Well. I'd rather you didn't. It's a bit cold in here. (Amamanz tercih ederim. Buras biraz souk.) Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow ? Well actually. I was thinking of wearing it myself. (Aslnda, onu yarn ben giymeyi dnyordum.) Would you mind if I had a look at your paper ? Well, I'm reading it myself, actually. Would you mind if I smoked here ? Well, I'd rather you didn't. The smoke makes me cough.

"Would you mind doing?" , "............ yapmanzn sizce bir sakncas var m / .......... yapmak sizi rahatsz

eder mi ?" anlamn verir. u iki cmle arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. Would you mind if I opened the window? (Cam amamn sizce bir sakncas var m?) No, please do. (Cam aacak olan kii "ben") Would you mind opening the window ? (Cam amanzn sizce bir sakncas var m ?) Not at all. I'd be glad to. (Cam aacak olan kii "siz") Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out? No, of course not. I'd be happy to.

Eer kiinin ricasn yerine getiremeyeceksek, yine nazik bir ekilde gerekesini belirtmemiz gerekir. Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out? Well, I'm afraid I can't. I'm not going past the post office.

Would you mind lending me your dictionary ? I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself at the moment. "Would you mind ..............?" biiminde verilen bir cmleyi tamamlarken, cmlenin devamndaki anlama dikkat etmemiz gerekir.

EXAMPLES: Ex. l"I have to catch a plane early in the morning tomorrow. Would you mind (give) ......... me a lift in your car? " cmlesini,"............ if I did" yapsyla tamamlayamayz. nk karmzdaki kiinin bir ey yapmasn istiyoruz. O halde bu cmleyi ".............. doing" eklinde tamamlayabiliriz. Would you mind giving me a lift in your car? "I had promised to come to the cinema with you but now, I have some other very important jobs to do. Would you mind (change) ..............my mind and (not come) ...............with you?

Ex.

2-

Bu rnekte ise "konumac kendisi bir ey yaparsa, karsndaki rahatsz olur mu?" anlam olduu iin,".............if I did" yapsn kullanabiliriz. Would you mind if I changed my mind and didn't come with you? Ex. 3Baz durumlarda ise her iki kalb da kullanabiliriz ama anlam deiir. (Yani, eylemi yapacak kii deiir.) I want to listen to the news. Would you mind (turn on) ............. the television ? (Televizyonu konumac m aacak, yoksa karsndaki kiinin mi amasn istiyor, net deil.) Would you mind if I turned on the television? turning on the television ? EXERCISE 1 : Fill in the blanks with either "if I + the Simple Past or with the "-ing" form of the verb. In some cases, both are possible, with a different meaning. 1A: Excuse me. Would you mind (move) ...................... your coat from this seat as I've reserved it?

B: Oh sorry, I didn't realise it was reserved. 2A: Would you mind (open) ......................up the package so that I can have a look at the product? B: Actually. I have one here which you can look at. A: Would you mind (skip) ..................... football practice tonight, Sir, as I went hiking with my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them? B: No, not this once, but don't forget that being a member of our school team is a privilege. A: Would you mind (use) ...................... your computer to e-mail my boss in Australia? B: Not at all. Go ahead. A: While we are quiet, would you mind (dust) ...................... the shelves? B: Not at all. I will be happier when I have something to do. A: Would you mind (make) ...................... another photocopy of that book as I can hardly read this one? B: No, of course not. A: Would you mind (get) ...................... that vase down from the top shelf for me to look at? B: Certainly Madam. Which one? A: I want to cut some advertisements out of the magazine, but I can't find my scissors. Would you mind (borrow) ...................... yours? B: Not at all. Here you are. Would you mind (make) ...................... me a toast tonight, Mum, instead of dinner? I want to go to football practice.

3-

456-

78-

9-

10- A: I'm not ready to make my presentation yet. Would you mind (show)...................... our guests around the factory for fifteen minutes? I will be ready by then. B: That's no problem.

Exercise 1 1. moving 2.if I opened/opening 3.if I skipped 4.if I used 5. dusting 6.making/if I made 7.getting 8.if I borrowed 9.making 10.showing

1-4

POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES

Emir cmleleri de, ricada bulunurken kullanabileceimiz yaplardan biridir. zellikle, "please" ile yumuatarak, "emir" havasndan karp, "rica" anlam verebiliriz. Shut the door, please. Please, try to speak a bit more quietly. Be on time, please. Emir cmleleri, ikinci tekil ya da ikinci oul ahslara hitaben yaplr ve direk, fiilin yaln haliyle balar. Help me to lay the table, please.

 Please, turn off the lights. Try to come on time, please. Please, let me know immediately if you get any news. Olumsuz emir cmleleri "don't" ile balar. Don't make so much noise, children. Don't be late, please. Don't forget to call me, please. Emir cmleleri, zellikle, yn tarif ederken ok kullanlr. Stranger: You: Can you tell me the way to the post office? Go along this street. Turn right at the traffic lights, and then take the second turning on your left. It's there on the right.

EXERCISE 2 : Ask polite questions in the situations given below. Use any appropriate modal,
(may, can, could, would, etc.) 1Your classmates are going on a skiing holiday and you want to join them. You ask your father for permission: You are working on the customer service desk. A customer wants to buy an item, but he needs to take it to the cashier. You point to the cashier, saying: ................................................................................................................................................. Your cousin has attended a university course, which interests you. You want her to describe the course in detail, so you say: ................................................................................................ ................................................. A member of your team at work offers to bring you back something from town at lunch time. You want a cheese sandwich and say: ............................................................................................. .................................................... You are struggling into a bank with a pram and cannot open the door. The security guard doesn't seem to have noticed, so you grab his attention saying: .................................................................................................................................................

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

You are walking in the rain with a friend. You are lost, but you have a map in your bag. You cannot get your map out and hold your umbrella at the same time, so in order to open your bag, you ask your friend: ...

7-

You have an appointment with Mr. Smith at 11.30, but you don't know where his office is in the building, so you approach the reception and say:

.. 8You are in France, talking to a colleague who is struggling to explain his project in English. You speak fluent French and want him to explain the project again in his own language so that you will understand him: 9You telephone your bank because you want to speak to the Small Business Advisor. The operator answers and you say: 10- You are buying a tablecloth, but you are not a hundred percent sure that it will fit. In order to ensure that the shop will give you your money back in the event that it is too small, you say: 11- You are thinking of buying a car, but want to drive it first, so you say to the salesman: 12- You want to go swimming with your friend, Tom. You ask your mother: 13- You have finished an essay. Thinking that some fresh air and exercise will do you good, you offer to help your mother in the garden: 14- You are taking a colleague to a restaurant and want to sit in the smoking section, as long as he doesn't object. You say: 15- You're having dinner in a restaurant. You like mustard on your steak and ask the waiter:

Exercise 2) Sample answers: 1. May I go on a skiing holiday with my classmates, Dad? 2. Would you pay the cashier over there, please? 3.Can you tell me more about" the course you took at university? 4. Would you mind bringing me a cheese sandwich? 5.Could you open the door for me?/Would you mind opening the door for me? 6. Can you hold my umbrella for a moment, please? 7.Could you direct me to Mr. Smith's office? 8.Could (Would) you explain that again in French? 9.May I speak to the Small Business Advisor, please?/Would you put me through to the Small Business Advisor, please? 10. May I return it for a full refund if it is too small? 11.May I take it for a test drive?/Would you

mind if I tried it out? 12.Can I/May I go swimming with Tom, Mum? 13. Would you like some help in the garden. Mum? 14.Would you mind if we sat in the smoking section?/If you don't mind, can we sit in the smoking section? 15.Could you bring me some mustard, please?/Can I have some mustard, please?

2- NECESSITY and PROHIBITION 2-1 NECESSITY : MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO a) FORM
Must, have to ve have got to*, gereklilik ya da zorunluluk ifade eden yaplardr. Students must study hard in order to pass exams. Students have to study hard in order to pass exams. Students have got to study hard in order to pass exams. "have to" nun soru biimi, "do" kullanlarak oluturulur. Do you have to leave now? Yes. I do. ( Yes, I have to leave now.) Does your brother have to work so hard? Yes, he does. ( Yes, he has to work so hard.) "must" ve "have got to" nun soru biiminde ise, kendileri znenin nne geer . Must you leave now? Yes, I must. ( Yes, I must leave now.) Have you got to leave now? Yes, I have. (Yes, I have got to leave now.) "Must" ve "have to" nun olumsuz biimi, "don't have to", "don't need to" ya da "needn't" dr. Do you have to get up early tomorrow? No, it is my day off. I don't have to/don't need to /needn't get up early. Does your brother have to get up early tomorrow? No, it is his day off. He doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't get up early. Must a student study four hours a day? It depends on the student. Some students don't have to/don't need to/needn't study so much. '

Must you get a tutor? No, I can understand by myself. I don't have to/don't need to /needn't get a tutor. NOTE : "Must" n olumsuzu olarak, ilk anda akla "mustn't" geliyor, Ancak "mustn't", zorunluluuortadan kaldran deil, yasaklama getiren bir yapdr. "Must I stay in bed for a swift recovery?" (abuk iyilemek iin yatmal mym?) diyen birine, "No, you mustn't." dersek, "Hayr, yatmamalsn." demi oluruz ki, bu da bizim ifade etmek istediimiz dnce deildir. nk, bu soruyu soran birine "Hayr, yatman gerekmez." demek istemiizdir. " Bunu da "needn't", "don't need to" ya da "don't have to" ile ifade edebiliriz. No, you don't have to/don't need to/needn't stay in bed, but don't go out. "Mustn't" ancak, "yapmamalsn" anlamnda kullanabiliriz. Yani, " Bunu yapmamalsn, nk yasak" ya da "Bunu yapmamalsn; eer yaparsan, sonu kt olacak." gibi dnceleri ifade edebiliriz. You mustn't smoke so much. You'll make yourself ill. We mustn't sit here on the grass. The notice says it is forbidden.
* "Have got to", daha ok konuma dilinde kullanlan bir yapdr. Yaz dilinde pek kullanlmaz.

"Have got to" nun olumsuz biimi ise "haven't got to" dur. Have you got to meet your friend at the bus-stop? No, I haven't got to meet him, He knows the way, and he can come by himself. "Must", "have to" ve "have got to" nun past biimi "had to" dur. It was very busy at work yesterday. I had to work until late. When I was a child, there weren't so many toys. We had to make our own toys. Did you have to get up early last year? No, classes started at noon last year, so I didn't have to get up early. Did you have to wear a uniform when you were in high school? Yes, I did. (Yes, I had to wear a uniform.) There weren't so many electric appliances in the past, so women had to spend very long hours doing the housework. "Must" ve "have to", zaman olarak "present" ya da "future" eylemleri bildirebilir. I must go now. (Present) / I must work hard next week. (Future) She has to leave now. (Present) / She has to get up early tomorrow. (Future) "Must" n present ya da future dnda baka bir kullanm yoktur. "Have to" kalbn, dier tese'lerle de kullanabiliriz. I have to study now. (Present) I will have to study hard next year. (Future) I had to study hard last year. (Simple Past) I have had to study hard for some time. (Present Perfect) I had had to study very hard for some time and so I became ill. (Past Perfect) b) Use of "must" and "have to"

"must" ve "have to" , her ikisi de gereklilik, zorunluluk bildirmesine karn."must" daha ok, konumacnn kendi iinden gelen bir zorunluluu, "have to" ise d etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluu yanstr. Ancak, gnlk yaamda, zorunluluklar arasnda bu ayrm yapmak ok zordur. Yani zorunluluu kii kendi iinde mi hissediyor, yoksa baz koullar onu bir eyler yapmaya m zorluyor? Bu ayrm, tek tek cmlelerde yapamayz. Ancak, konumann ak ierisinde zorunluluun kayna netlik kazanabilir. I must pass the university exam. I have to pass the university exam. Tek tek ele aldmzda, bu iki cmle arasnda pek fark yoktur. Ancak, bu cmlelerin devamnda, konumann ak yle olmaldr. I must pass the university exam. I have no other choice. If I can't pass it, I won't get a good career and I will be unhappy. I have to pass the university exam. My parents have spent so much money on me. If not, I'll make them unhappy. "Must" konumacnn kendi otoritesini ifade ederken de kullanlr. (A doctor to his patient) You must stop smoking. Your lungs are getting worse. (Mother to her child) You must make your bed when you get up. (Mother to her son) You must brush your teeth before you go to bed. Ancak, kendisinden istenen bu ileri ifade ederken, kiinin "have to" kullanmas daha uygundur. (the patient) (the child) (the son) I have to stop smoking. The doctor says my lungs are getting worse. I have to make my bed when I get up. I have to brush my teeth before I go to bed.

2-2

PROHIBITION : MUSTN'T

a) Yasaklama ifade eder : You mustn't cross the street when the light is red. You mustn't speak loudly in a hospital. You mustn't tell anyone my secret. b) ok gl bir t ifade eder : You mustn't work so hard. You'll be ill. You mustn't treat him so strictly. He will get depressed. She mustn't come home alone at that time of night. The streets aren't safe, you know.

2-3 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST

Zorunluluu ya da gereklilii ortadan kaldran yaplar arasnda (needn't, don't need to and don't have to) , anlam present ya da future iken bir fark yoktur. She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't study hard. She is already good at English, (present)

She won't have to/won't need to/needn't work so hard when she pays off the instalments on her car. (future) Ancak bu yaplarn past biimleri olan "didn't have to", "didn't need to" ve "needn't have done", farkl anlamlar ifade ederler. a) Didn't have to and didn't need to "Gemite bir eylemi yapmam gerekmedi/yapmak zorunda kalmadm, istiyorsak "didn't have to" ya da "didn't need to" kullarnz. anlamn vermek

I didn't have to/didn't need to wait long for my friends. They came only ten minutes late. (The meaning is: I didn't wait long.) (ok beklemek zorunda kalmadm. /ok beklemem gerekmedi.) She didn't have to/didn't need to go shopping after work. Her husband had already done the shopping, (so she didn't do it.) b) Needn't have done Gemite bir eylemi yapmamz gerekmedii halde yapmsak, "needn't' have done" kullanrz. Yani "yapmam gerekmezdi, ama yaptm." anlamm ifade eder. You needn't have washed the dishes by hand. I was going to put them in the dish washer. (But you washed them by hand and you wasted your time and energy.) There is plenty of food at home. You needn't have gone shopping. (It was unnecessary for you to go shopping.) (Alveri yapman gerekmezdi.) u iki rnei karlatralm: My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I bought an elegant dress and spent a lot of money. Later, I learnt that she cancelled her wedding, so I needn't have bought that dress. (It was unnecessary for me to buy that dress.) (The result is: I bought the dress and wasted my money.) My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I decided to buy one, but before I could buy a dress, she phoned again to say that she had cancelled her wedding, so I didn't need to buy/didn't have to buy a dress. (The result is: I didn't buy the dress.) rneklerde de grld gibi, "needn't have done", "iin gerekli olduunu zannediyordum, bu yzden yaptm. Daha sonra gerekmediini rendim. Aslnda yapmam gerekmezmi." anlamn; "didn't need to" ya da "didn't have to" ise, "ii yapmak gerekmediini biliyordum, bu yzden yapmadm. Yapmam gerekmedi /yapmak zorunda kalmadm." anlamn ifade ediyor. We were going to have a test the next day, so I studied hard that night until after midnight, but when I went to school that morning, I learnt that our teacher wasn't coming. I needn't have studied so hard.

We were going to have a test the next morning, but that day, our teacher suddenly became ill and was taken to hospital, and our test was cancelled, so I didn't need to study/didn't have to study for the test that day.

EXERCISE 3

: Use "mustn't" or "don't have to/don't need to/needn't" in the following.

1- Experts say that we ..................sunbathe between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are the strongest and thus harmful for the skin. 2- I've changed my mind. I'm going to stay at home and watch the football match on TV on Saturday night, so you .................. record it for me. Thank you for offering to tape it, though. 3- You ..............keep bleach in the bottom cupboards. The baby might be able to reach it. 4- Making appointments for the salesmen is not in your responsibility, so you .................. stop your work to do that. If you have something more important to do, then carry on with that. 5- The organisers of the craft training provide all the materials, so you .................. bring anything. 6- Dad .................. eat anything this morning because he is having his operation this afternoon and his stomach ..................... be full. 7- My company will pay all my expenses on the trip, so I .................. take much money with me. 8- You .................. wear proper walking shoes. We'll only be walking on good paths and pavements. 9- You .................. lake her comments as negative. It sounds to me as if she was trying to be helpful. 10- You .................. wear high-heeled shoes for very long hours, or you'll ruin your feet. 11- You .................. drive your car to work every day. We can pick you up on the way. 12- You .................. point at people. It's extremely rude. 13- If you have written the report on the computer, then you .................. get it printed. We're going to send it to our customer through the Internet, anyway. 14-You .................. go out in the cold without your hat and scarf. You'll be ill. 15- You .................. speak English. If you prefer, you can speak French. I can understand French perfectly.

Exercise 3 1.mustn't 2.don't have to 3.mustn't 4.don't have to 5.don't have to 6.mustn't/mustn't 7.don't need to 8.do't need to 9.mustn't 10.mustn't 11.don't have to 12.mustn't 13.don't need to 14.mustn't 15.don't have to EXERCISE 4 : Use "needn't/don't have to/don't need to" , "mustn't" or "must/have to" in the following. In some cases both must and have to are possible, but in some, one is more appropriate.

1- When you are standing in the queue at the bank, you .................. stand too close to the person who is being served as they may require privacy. 2- You .................. wash this spinach. Look, it says on the package that it's packed after it's been washed. 3- You .................. wear your best clothes while gardening. You'll ruin them. 4- We .................. get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. It will take some time to park the car. 5- At the office, I ................. fill out a time sheet, but the salesmen .................. because they don't work set hours. 6- The thing she likes about being a teacher is that she .................. work during the school holidays and she can spend them with her daughter. 7- We .................. take the car to the garage and ask them about the rust; otherwise, the car will lose its value. 8I don't think Bodrum will be crowded in March, so we .................. book our hotel accommodation. 9- We .................. sell all our family belongings. My aunt has lent us the money to keep .the farm running. 10- All members of parliament.................. declare earnings from other sources. This is to prevent any conflict of interest between their private and public office. 11- I will buy you a computer, but first of all, you .................. promise that you won't spend too much time playing computer games. 12- You .................. pass your driving test before you can drive on your own.

Exercise 4 1. mustnt 2.needn't 3.mustn't 4.must 5.have to/don't have to 6.doesn't have to 7.must (have to) 8.don't have to 9.don't have to 10.have to 11.must (have to) 12.have to

EXERCISE 5
1-

: Use "needn't have done" or "didn't need to/didn't have to" in the following.

I found some old wrapping paper, so I (buy) ........................ some to wrap Katie's present and saved some money.

2- They have just phoned from the repair shop To say that my bicycle is ready, so I (borrow) .................. Jack's to ride to work tomorrow. It was very kind of him to lend it to me, though. 3- You (bring) ........................ your tape measure with you here as I have the precise measurements for the carpet. I wish I had told you this on the phone.

4-

The apples from our orchard are very sweet, so while making this marmalade, I (add) ........................ any sugar to it. It's just sweet enough without any.

5- I was just about to water the garden when it. started raining, so in the end. I (water) ........................ the garden after all. 67I cooked a special meal for my daughter and son-in-law, but my son-in-law got ill at the last minute and they didn't come. I (cook) ........................ a special dinner that evening. You (hire) ........................skis. I would have lent you mine if you'd mentioned it to me. After Christmas, we planted it in the garden. 9Last night, I missed my favourite programme because I was preparing my presentation, and now the customer isn't coming today. I (miss) ........................ my programme. 10- You (type) ........................ the envelopes. We have special window envelopes for sales letters in the stationery cupboard. Next time you can save yourself the trouble. 8- This year we bought a Christmas Tree with roots, so we (throw) ........................ it away.

Exercise 5 1.didn't have to buy 2.needn't have borrowed 3.needn't have brought 4.didn't need to add 5.didn't need to water 6.needn't have cooked 7.needn't have hired 8.didn't have to throw 9.needn't have missed 10.needn't have typed

3-

ADVISABILITY

3-1 Should, Ought to, Had better a) Should, ought to ve had better t bildiren yaplardr. You should read a lot of books to improve your knowledge. You should treat other people politely. A student ought to study regularly in order to be successful. You ought to stay in bed until you feel better. We had better hurry, or we'll miss the bus. I had better study hard tonight, or I'll fail the test. "Should" ve "ought to" ayn anlama sahiptir. ".... yapmam gerekir." anlamn verir. "Had better" ise ".... yapmam gerekir/yapsam iyi olur. Eer yapmazsam, kt eyler olabilir." anlamn verir. I should/ought to study for my geography exam, but I don't feel like studying tonight. I think I'll study for it tomorrow. ("Should" ya da "ought to" kullandmz zaman, yapmamz gereken ii erteleme olanamz vardr.) I had better study for my geography exam tonight. If not. I'll fail the exam tomorrow. ("Had better" ise, yapmamz gereken ii yapmadmz takdirde kt eyler olacan vurgular.)

I should/ought to go home early tonight. I have a lot of work to do. I'd better go home early tonight. Otherwise, my father will get angry with me. b) "Should" ve " ought to", bir eyin nasl olmas gerektiini ifade ederken de kullanlr. You have misspelt this word. It should be "courageous". You have brought a rather small box. It should be bigger. 3-2 Should not, Ought not to, Had better not Bu yaplan, yaplmamas gereken eyleri tlerken kullanrz. You shouldn't go to bed so late. A boy of your age should sleep at least eight hours a day. She ought not to (oughtn't to) treat him so unkindly. He'd better not work so hard, or he'll make himself ill. You shouldn't go out alone after dark. We'd better not tell her the bad news, or she'll get depressed. NOTE: "Shouldn't (oughtn't) ile "needn't" arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. You shouldn't work so hard, or you'll lose your health. (Bu kadar ok almaman gerekir, yoksa saln yitireceksin.) You needn't work so hard. You are a good student already. (Bu kadar ok alman gerekmez. Sen zaten iyi bir rencisin.) "Shouldn't do", Trke'ye "yapmaman gerekir" biiminde evrilir ve "Bunu yapman senin iin kt sonular dourabilir" anlamn verir. "Needn't do" Trke'ye "yapman gerekmez" biiminde evrilir ve "yapsan da olur, yapnasan da. Ama bu ii fazladan yapyorsun." anlamn verir, yani gereklilik olmadn vurgular.

NOTE:

"Must" da, "should" gibi t verirken kullanlr, ancak "must" daha gl bir ifadedir. You shouldn't smoke. It's bad for you. You mustn't smoke. You are coughing a lot, and will be ill if you go on smoking. He should work harder in order to be successful. He must work harder, or he'll fail.

"Should", "ought to" ve "had better"n present ve future biimi ayndr. I should leave now. (present) I should visit my parents next week, (future) I ought not to be so permissive to my son. (present) I ought not to go to work, tomorrow. I don't feel well enough, (future). We had better leave now, or we'll miss the beginning of the wedding (present).

We had better visit our parents next week, or they won't be happy. (future).

3-3 Should be doing, Ought to be doing, Shouldn't be doing, Oughtn't to be doing

inde bulunduumuz ana ilikin bir tte bulunmak istiyorsak, bu yaplar kullanrz. Why is he sleeping now? He should be studying for his test. Why are the children still awake at this late hour? They should be sleeping. Look! Those children are playing in the street, but it is dangerous. They shouldn't be playing there. They should be playing in the play ground. I'm watching TV with you now, but in fact, I should be studying in my room.

3-4 Should have done, Ought to have done

"Should" ve "ought to" nun past biimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done" dr. I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work. I should have set my alarm clock. He didn't study hard enough, so he failed the test. He should have studied harder to pass it. The authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up. They should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down. rneklerde de grdnz gibi "should have done", "Gemite bir eylemi yapmadm ve sonu kt oldu. Onu yapmam gerekirdi." anlamn veriyor. "Shouldn't have done" ise, "Gemite bir ey yaptm, ve sonu kt oldu. Onu yapmamam gerekirdi. anlamn veriyor. I talked to him very unkindly, so I hurt him. I shouldn't have talked to him so unkindly. Although I was ill, I went to work, and my cold got worse. I shouldn't have gone to work. He ignored my warnings, and drove the car too fast. As a result, he had an accident. He shouldn't have ignored my warnings. or He shouldn't have driven the car so fast.

3-5

Should have been doing, Ought to have been doing Shouldn't have been doing, Oughtn't to have been doing

Gemite bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilikin konuurken, bu yaplan kullanrz. While I was coming home yesterday, I saw some children. They were playing in the street. They shouldn't have been playing there. They should have been playing in the playground. Yesterday, Peter was sleeping between 10 and 12, but in fact, he shouldn't have been sleeping. He should have been attending his classes between those hours.

EXERCISE 6

: Use shouldn't or needn't in the following.

1- She ................... criticise the children so harshly. They'll get discouraged. 2- You ................... get depressed so easily by the problems you encounter in life, or you'll soon find that it is not worth living. 3- You ................... reply straight away. The closing date for applications is in three weeks' time. 4- You ................... eat biscuits without using a plate. It's not a nice habit. 5- You ................... use new paper for everything you photocopy. You can use this old paper when one side of the paper is not required. 6- On market days, there is a bus every half hour from the town to our village, so we ................... drive our own car. 7- You ................... bother going to the meeting hall as the chairman has postponed our annual general meeting. 8- She ................... allow her children to watch so much violence on TV. It may have negative effects on their psychology. 9- You ................... whisk that cream by hand. We've got an electric whisk in the cupboard. 10- You ................... sit out in the sun without using sun cream. You'll get burnt.

Exercise 6 1.shouldn't 2.shouldn't 3-needn't 4.shouldn't 5.needn't 6.needn't 7.needn't 8.shouldn't 9.needn't 10.shouldn't

EXERCISE 7
123456-

: Use a form of "should" in the following. (Present or Future, Present Progressive, Simple Past or Past Progressive.) Some sentences may need a negative form.
Everyone who can afford it (give) ....................... money to charity. Oh, no! You (put) ....................... milk in his coffee. He drinks his coffee black, but now that you have, I can have this, and we can prepare another one for him. I (clean) ....................... windows this afternoon. I haven't done them for over a month. This refrigerator was inexpensive, but it doesn't have a freezer compartment. I think we (buy).......................one with a freezer. It would be nice to be able to buy frozen food. People in general feel that the government (provide) ....................... better services for pensioners. When you buy something on a market in Mexico, you (settle) ....................... for the first price they quote. You (bargain) ....................... with them. Usually, they'll give you a better price. I admit that it was a residential area and I (drive) ....................... so fast, but 1 was in a hurry. He (stay) ....................... up playing computer games last night. No wonder he's still asleep at noon.

78-

9- Before you turn up a hem on trousers, you (tack) ....................... them loosely and try them on. 10- I think we (send) ....................... the proposal before today. We (take) ....................... so long to put the details together. 11- She got fired because she was caught telephoning her friend when she (work)....................... 12- Actually, I (work) ....................... today because it's my day off, but one of the teachers has taken ill, and now I'm substituting for her. 13- I (eat) ....................... that second helping of apple pie. I would feel much better without it. 14- You (assume) ....................... that everybody will agree with your proposal. Some of the committee members may disagree with you. 15- You (make) ....................... so much fuss of me all the time. I'm old enough to look after myself, Mum. 16- They (set) ....................... sail in this foggy weather. No wonder the two ferries collided. 17- I (drink) ....................... so many cups of coffee today. Now I can't sleep. 18- I went to see the professor and. according to him, we (concentrate) ....................... on the social consequences of the welfare state in our essays. 19- Why are you still in the office? You (leave) ....................... for the meeting in Manchester by now. 20- Oh, no Lucy! You (eat) ....................... the sandwiches I made for you, which are still on your plate, instead of that bar of chocolate in your hand.

Exercise 7 1.should give 2.shouldn't have put 3.should clean 4.should have bought 5.should provide 6.shouldn't settle/should bargain 7.shouldn't have been driving 8.shouldn't have stayed 9.should tack 10.should have sent/shouldn't have taken 11.should have been working 12.shouldn't be working 13.shouldn't have eaten 14.shouldn't assume 15.shouldn't make 16.shouldn't have set 17.shouldn't have drunk 18.should concentrate 19.should have left 20.should be eating

4- EXPECTATIONS : BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO

a) "Be to" ve "be supposed to", bir tarifeye, programa gre olmas gereken olaylar ifade ederken kullanlr. "Be to", "be supposed to" ya gre daha gl bir ifade biimidir. The film is to start at 11.30. The film is supposed to start at 11.30. (Film 11.30'da balayacak/Filmin 11.30'da balamas gerekir.) (I expect the film to start at 11.30. That is the schedule.) The train is to arrive here in an hour. The train is supposed to arrive here in an hour. (I expect the train to arrive here in an hour. That is the schedule.) The board of directors is to meet tomorrow. The board of directors is supposed to meet tomorrow. (I expect them to meet tomorrow. That is the arrangement.)

b)

"Be to" ve "be supposed to", birinin bir bakasndan beklentilerini ifade ederken de kullanlr. You are supposed to be on time for class. If you are late, the teacher gets angry. (The teacher expects you to be on time for class.) (Derse vaktinde gelmen gerekir.)

"Be supposed to", bu kullanmyla "should" ile yakn bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak "be supposed to"da gereklilik daima d bir etkenden kaynaklanmaktadr. "Should" da ise gereklilik kiinin kendisinden de kaynaklanabilir. I am supposed to go home before it gets dark. My mother gets afraid if I'm late. (My mother expects me to go home before it gets dark.) (Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.) I should go home before it gets dark. It is not very safe in our neighbourhood at that time and I feel afraid. (I consider that it is better to go home before It gets dark.) (Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.) He is supposed to attend the conference on computing. His boss wants him to attend and learn the developments in computing. He should attend the conference on computing. He can get more information about his branch there and can learn the recent developments. We aren't supposed to sit on the grass. The notice says, "Keep off the grass." (imenlere oturmamamz gerekir.) We shouldn't sit on the grass. We damage it. (imenlere oturmamamz gerekir. Onlara zarar veriyoruz.) "Be to" ise "must" ile yakn bir anlama sahiptir. Her ikisi de "be supposed to" ve "should" a gre daha gl bir ifade biimidir. "Be to", d etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluu, "must" ise kiinin kendisinden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluu ifade eder. I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered me to go in early and prepare everything for the meeting before the members turn up. (Yarn ie erken gitmeliyim.) I must go to work early tomorrow. I want to prepare everything for the meeting before the members turn up, and I want to be ready when they come. (Yarn ie erken gitmeliyim.) "Be not to", yine aralarndaki ayn farkla, "mustn't"a yakn bir anlam tar. (The policeman to the driver) - You aren't to drive at 120 k.p.h. Look! The traffic sign says "90", and I'm afraid I have to give you a ticket now. (Wife to husband) - You mustn't drive so fast. If something happens unexpectedly, you can't stop the car quickly enough and we might nave an accident. c) "Be supposed to" nun past biimi "was/were supposed to" dur. "Should have done" ile yakn bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak, yine bir bakasnn gemite bizden beklentisini ifade eder. I was supposed to go to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so my boss got angry with me. (Result: I went to work late.) (Dn ie erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ......)

I should have gone to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so I hadn't yet been able to finish the preparations when the members came. (Result: I went to work late.) (Dn ie erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ....) You weren't supposed to drink so much alcohol. Your doctor had told you to abstain from it. (Result: You didn't listen to your doctor's advice and drank a lot of alcohol.) (Bu kadar ok alkol almaman gerekirdi.) You shouldn't have drunk so much alcohol. Now, you feel terrible, and won't be able to go to work today. (Result: You drank a lot of alcohol and it wasn't a good idea.) (Bu kadar ok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)

EXERCISE 8
1-

: Make sentences using the present or past forms of "be supposed to/be not
supposed to", using the verbs given in parentheses.

In the exam, instead of filling in the official answer sheet, you just circled the right choice. The teacher says: (fill in) ________You were supposed to fill in the official answer sheet._________________________ You are doing an exam and you are circling the correct answer, but there is an official answer sheet to fill in. The teacher says: (fill in) ________You are supposed to fill in the official answer sheet.________________________ You get to work and discover that the secretary went home and didn't turn the answer machine on the night before. You say to her: (turn) You............................................................................................................................................... You asked your husband to collect some parsley from the greengrocer's, but he forgot. You say: (collect) You.................................................................................................................................................... You had agreed to call a customer before you left work for your boss in case they hadn't received their order, but you forgot. Your boss says: (phone /leave) (Make two sentences: one positive, one negative) You .............................................................................................................................. You .............................................................................................................................. You remember that today is the day your rent is due, but you haven't paid the landlord yet. You say: (pay) ............................................................................................................................................................ Your colleague is in the office because he hasn't gone to an appointment with a customer. She says: (be) (Make two sentences: one positive, one negative) I ................................................................................................................................... I ................................................................................................................................... Your colleague is making a personal phone call from the office, which isn't allowed, so you say: (make) You ..............................................................................................................................

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

9-

Your friend at university promised to bring a course book for you to borrow. You rang him and reminded him, but he still forgot it. You say to him: (bring) You ..............................................................................................................................

10- You want to go sledging with your friends, but you have been absent from school because of a cold. Your father reminds you to recover from your illness completely before going outside in the snow, (stay) You ..............................................................................................................................

5-

ABILITY :

CAN and BE ABLE TO

He can speak two foreign languages fluently. He is able to speak two foreign languages fluently. My son doesn't attend school yet, but he can/is able to read and write already.

5-1 Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken "can" ya da "be able to" kullanrz.

Olumsuz cmlede can't ve am/is/are not able to kullanlr. He can run very long distances, but he can't run very fast. He is able to run very long distances, but he isn't able to run very fast. I can speak English, but I can't speak French. I'm able to speak English, but I'm not able to speak French. "Be able to" dier tense'lere gre ekimlenebilir. He is able to speak very good English. (Present) He has been able to speak English for ten years. (Present Perfect) He was able to speak good English when he was a child. (Simple Past) He will be able to speak English even better when he stays in England for some time. (Future) He should be able to speak English well, because he has been living in England for six years. (With other modals) He had been able to speak English for five years when he went to England. (Past Perfect)

5-2 "Can" yaplmas mmkn olan olaylar ifade ederken de kullanlr.

I'm very busy now, so I can't help you. (It's not possible for me to help you now.) I'll finish my work in an hour, so I can help you then. (It's possible for me to help you after I finish my work.) I have very little money on me now, so I can't lend you any. (It's not possible for me to lend you any money now.) I'll go to the bank in the afternoon, and I'll withdraw some money from my bank account. Then I can lend you some. (It will be possible for me to lend you some money after I've withdrawn some from the bank.)

5-3 "Can", birine bir ey yapmas iin izin verilirken de kullanlr. Bu kullanmyla, " can", "may"
ile ayn anlam verir. (The shop owner to the customer)

- You can/may leave your purchases here until you finish your shopping. Then you can come and get them. (Mother to her daughter) - Because tomorrow is a holiday, you can/may stay up late tonight. (Father to his son) - You can /may go on your date in my car if you wish. (The teacher to the students) - Those who finish answering the questions can/may leave the classroom.

5-4 "Can" in past biimi "could", "be able to" nun past biimi ise "was/were able to" dur.
I could run very fast when I was a child. I was able to run very fast when I was a child. Some students in my previous class could/were able to speak English almost fluently, but they weren't so good at grammar. "Could", gemiteki yeteneklerimizi ya da gemite birine izin verme gibi durumlar ifade ederken kullanlr. Mozart could play the piano when he was only four, (ability in the past) My grandfather was very strong. He could lift enormous boxes on his own. (ability in the past) It was raining heavily. We could go out only when it stopped raining. (permission in the past) (It became possible for us to go out only when the rain stopped.) Because there was a holiday the next day, the children could stay up late. (permission in the past) (It became possible for them to stay up late because there was a holiday the next day.)

"Was/were able to" da. gemiteki yeteneklerimizi ya da gemiteki izin verme durumlarn ifade ederken kullanlr. Ancak, "gemite zor bir durumun stesinden gelme " anlam (manage to do), sadece "was/were able to" ile ifade edilir. "Could" bu anlamda kullanlmaz. (ability in the past) He was a good student when he was in high school. He could/was able to get very high grades in every subject. I had a good voice when I was younger. I could/was able to sing very well, especially folk songs. (permission in the past) When their maths teacher didn't come, the students could/were able to leave school earlier than usual. (one specific event in the past: only "was/were able to") The math exam was very difficult yesterday, but I was able to get a high grade, anyway.

(I managed to get a high grade although the exam was difficult.) I overslept yesterday, and missed the bus, but I was able to get to work on time by taxi. (I managed to get to work on time by taxi.) Last month, there was a huge fire in our street. Luckily, the fire brigade came just in time to extinguish it, so everybody was able to escape unhurt. rneklerde grdnz gibi, "was able to", "gemite belli bir olayn (a specific event) stesinden gelme" anlamn ifade ediyor. imdi u iki rnei karlatralm. When I was a child, I could/was able to run very fast. I could/was able to beat anyone who raced with me. (ability in the past) Once, I raced with a school friend of mine. She was also a fast runner. It was a hard race for me, but I was able to beat her in the end. (one specific event in the past) Olumsuz ifadelerde, her durum iin de (ability, giving permission or one specific event in the past ), "couldn't" ya da "wasn't/weren't able to" kullanabiliriz. "Couldn't" daha ok kullanlr. I couldn't/wasn't able to use a computer just three months ago, but now I can. The students didn't want to have a test that day, but they couldn't/weren't able to persuade the teacher to cancel it.

EXERCISE 9

: Use "could" or "was/were able to" in the following. (Bu cmlelerin hepsinde

"was/were able to" kullanmak mmkndr. Ancak sizden istenen, "gemite yetenek ya da izin" bildiren durumlar iin "could", "zor bir durumun stesinden gelme" ifade eden cmleler iin ise "was/were able to" kullanmanzdr.) 1- My old flat was behind Bromsgrove Rovers' football stadium and on match days, we (hear)......................... the cheers of the crowd. 2- The river burst its bank and flooded the village. Luckily, the emergency team (rescue) ......................... all the residents. 3- When my father was young, the owner of a pool asked him to be a lifeguard during the summer holidays because he (swim) ......................... so well. 4- My brother was a brilliant guitar player at school and, although I wasn't as good as he was, I (play) .................... a few folk tunes quite well. 5- We used to live in the mountains, so in winter, we (go) ......................... skiing whenever we liked. 6- The staircase to our flat is very narrow and we bought quite a wide washing machine, so my husband and the delivery driver (lift) ......................... it up the stairs after struggling for quite some time. 7- In the 1800s. you (sail) ......................... the length of the Mississippi in a steam boat. 8- One of the engines on the aeroplane failed, bul fortunately, the pilot (land) ....................... it safely. 9- When I was at university, I (study) ......................... until 2 a.m., but now, when I work late, I fall asleep. 10- The train was already leaving when we arrived at the station, but we ran and ...................... (jump) aboard.

EXERCISE 10 :

Use any form of "can" or "be able to". (Simple Present, Present Perfect, Simple Past, Past Perfect or Future) In some cases, both are possible, but in some, only "be able to" is possible.

1-

My brother (whistle) ......................... any popular tune that you ask him to, but strangely, he (not, sing) ......................... a note. 2- Nowadays, there aren't many people who (use) ......................... sign language effectively, so she is in great demand. 3- The credit department was reluctant to approve his loan, but with the help of a recommendation from his bank manager, he (get) ......................... it accepted. 4- When we lived in the countryside, we (play) ......................... outside whenever we liked, but we (not, go) ......................... to the cinema or swimming pool very often. 5- I (not, hang) ......................... the washing out yesterday because the wind was so strong. 6- Because of the impact of the crash, the driver had been stuck in his car, but by the time the police arrived, he (get) ......................... out of the car with his own effort. 7- My son (not, hear) ......................... properly ever since he got a blow to his left ear in a fight. 8- He must (afford) ......................... a new car. He's been saving up for over two years. 9- I was so nervous that I didn't think I had the courage to be successful at the school high jump competition, but I tried my best and (clear) ......................... the bar by the slimmest of margins. 10- Sarah (speak) ......................... Spanish better than she (speak) ......................... Russian, but she gets more work translating Russian. 11- What I like about our new apartment is that it has a large balcony, so when the weather warms up in a couple of months, we (sit) ......................... outside to eat breakfast. 12- Although I (see) ......................... that a lot of people were interested in the charity at my presentation, I (not, persuade) ......................... anyone to volunteer for it. 13- Okay, as tomorrow is a holiday, you (watch) ......................... television until 11 p.m., but no later. 14- If my father (not,find) ............................ a job soon, I'm afraid we (not, go) .............................. on holiday this summer because we'll have used up all our savings by then. 15- My brother (not, go) ......................... near the river since he was attacked by a crocodile.

6-

MAKING SUGGESTIONS

neri getirirken eitli yaplar kullanabiliriz.

6-1

LET'S + DO SOMETHING
It's a nice day today. Let's go out and have a walk. A: I have a test tomorrow, but I don't understand some of the grammar patterns. B: Let's study together. (Birlikte alalm.)

Let's kalbnn olumsuz biimi "Let's not" dr. It's a nice day today. Let's not stay home. Let's go out for a walk. (Evde oturmayalm. Yrye kalm.)

"Let's" ve "Let's not", sonuna "shall we?" ya da "okay?" eklenerek soru biimine dntrlebilir. A: Let's go to the cinema after class, shall we? (Dersten sonra sinemaya gidelim, olur mu?) B: I'm afraid I can't. I have to go home right after class. My mother will be waiting for me. A: Let's buy her a silver ring for her birthday, okay? B: Good idea! She likes wearing silver jewellery.

6-2 WHY DON'T / DOESN'T + SUBJECT......?

"Why don't .....?" yaps, soru biiminde olmasna karn, gerek bir soru deildir. neri getirir. I'm getting sleepy. Why don't you go to bed? (Neden yatmyorsun?) I think I will. Bill has a terrible toothache. Why doesn't he go to his dentist? I think he is afraid of visiting the dentist.

6-3 SHALL WE /I ....?

"Shall", zne olarak sadece "we" ve "I" ile kullanlr. What shall we do tonight? Let's go to the cinema. No, let's not. It seems to be a warm night, and I don't want to be inside. Okay then. Why don't we go to the seaside and walk along the coast? That sounds like a good idea. We should all contribute to the picnic. Okay. Shall I bring some pastries? My mother can make delicious pastries. That would be fine. "Shall I/we ........?" sorusu Trke'ye "........ yapaym m/yapalm m?" biiminde evrilir. Shall I help you? (Sana yardm edeyim mi?) Shall we take a rope and a ball with us when we go on the picnic? (Piknie giderken yanmza ip ve top alalm m?)

6-4 COULD
a) "Could" da, neri getirirken kullanabileceimiz yaplardan biridir. I want to take my son somewhere tomorrow, but I can't think of anywhere interesting. Got any suggestions? Well, you could take him to the theatre or cinema or you could go to a park. To take him to the zoo would be very exciting too, I think. I don't know how I can improve my English. Well, there are several ways. You could, for example, attend a course, or you could study it from books by yourself, or if you can afford it, you can spend a few months in England.

 What shall we do tomorrow? We could meet friends and go to the cinema. (Arkadalarla buluup sinemaya gidebiliriz.) b) "Could"un past biimi "could have done"dr. "Gemite bir eyi yapabilirdin ama yapmadn." anlamn verir. Yesterday, he was broke and had to walk home from school. In fact, he could have borrowed some money from his friends, but he didn't want them to know that he didn't have any money. (Aslnda arkadalarndan dn para alabilirdi ama...) Yesterday, it was my day off. I could have gone somewhere, but I felt rather lazy, and spent the whole day at home. (Bir yerlere gidebilirdim ama...) "Couldn't have done" ise, "gemite bir eyi isteseydin de yapamazdn" anlamn verir. Yesterday, I wanted to visit my friend, but then, I changed my mind and stayed home. Later, I found out that she wasn't at home that day, so I couldn't have visited her even if I had wanted to. (steseydim de onu ziyaret edemezdim.) Last month, I went to Ankara with friends. I had planned to stay at my sister's house for the night, but I couldn't leave my friends, and we spent the night at a hotel together. Later, when I returned to Istanbul, I phoned my sister and told her about my visit there, and I found out that she wasn't in Ankara during my stay there, so I couldn't have stayed at her house even if I had wanted to. Why didn't you show up for our date yesterday? I wanted to, but our district manager came just as I was leaving work. Well, at least you could have phoned and told me that you weren't coming. I couldn't have phoned you, because the manager took me to the building site, and there is no telephone, you know. (......... telefon edip gelmeyeceini syleyebilirdin.) (......... telefon edemezdim, nk orada telefon yok.) c) "Could have done" ile "was/were able to, could do" arasndaki aynna dikkat ediniz. I could have sent them a cheque. (But I didn't send them a cheque.) (Onlara ek gnderebilirdim ama gndermedim.) I was able to send them a cheque. (I sent them a cheque.) (Onlara bir ek gnderebildim.) When I had a cheque-book, I could pay by cheque. (ek defterim varken, ekle deme yapabiliyordum.)

7-

EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

Eer bir konuda kesin olarak gerei bilmiyorsak, o konuda tahminlerde bulunuruz. Bu tahminlerimizi, derecelerine gre, "must, may, might, could" gibi modal yardmc fiilleriyle ifade ederiz. imdi zamanlarna gre bu yaplan inceleyelim.

7-1 PRESENT TIME

a) Positive Statements:

Eer bir gerei kesin olarak biliyorsak, modal kullanmaya gerek yoktur. Why is Peter at home today? Why didn't he go to work? He is ill. (I know that he is ill.) Gerei kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama gl bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "must" kullanrz. Why is Peter at home today? Well, he must be ill. (Hasta olmal.) (I saw him last night, and he wasn't feeling very well, so I'm sure that he is ill today.) The baby is crying. Why? She must be hungry. (A olmal.) She hasn't eaten anything for three hours. How does he know so much about everything? Well, he must read a lot. (ok okuyor olmal.) Gerei kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ve gsz bir tahminde (ya da tahminlerde) bulunuyorsak, yani aklmza gelen olaslklar ifade etmek istiyorsak, "may, might, could" kullanrz. Why is Peter at home today? Well, I don't know. He may/might/could be ill. (Hasta olabilir.) (There may be some other possibilities, but I don't know. Perhaps/ Possibly/Maybe * he is ill. He is probably ill. It's likely that he is ill.) "May", "might" ve "could" ayn anlama sahiptir ve Trke'ye ".......... olabilir" biiminde evrilir. Why is the baby crying? I don't know. There may be several reasons. She may be hungry, or she might need a nappy change or she could need burping. Why is Peter at home today? He is ill. (100% sure) Why is Peter at home today? He must be ill. (95% sure) Why is Peter at home today? He may/might/could be ill. (About 50% sure)

"Maybe" bitiik yazlnca bir zarftr. Cmlenin banda kullanlr: "Maybe he is ill. (Belki de hastadr.) "May be", "modal+verb" kullanmdr: He may be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)

b)

Negative Statements

Eer gerei kesin olarak biliyorsak, durumu modal kullanmadan ifade ederiz.

 Why isn't Peter eating anything? He isn't hungry. (I know that he is not hungry.) Gerei kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama baz temellere dayanarak gl bir tahminde bulunmak istiyorsak "can't" ya da "couldn't" * kullanrz. Bu yaplar Trke'ye "........ olamaz, imkansz"biiminde evirebiliriz. Your brother says he is very hungry. No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a huge meal just half an hour ago. (It's impossible that he is hungry.) (Hayr, a olamaz. A olmas imkansz.) Your brother says he is broke. No, he can't/couldn't be broke. I gave him ten million liras just an hour ago. (It's impossible that he has no money.) Yine gl bir tahmini ("can't" ve "couldn't" a gre daha clz), aklmza gelen en mantkl tahmini ifade etmek iin "must not **" kullanrz. Bu kullanmyla "must not" genellikle ksaltlmaz. Your brother isn't eating his lunch. Well, he must not be hungry. (A olmamal. Herhalde a deil.) (Normally, he eats everything on his plate. If he isn't eating now, I'm almost sure that he isn't hungry. I can't think of any other reasons.) Look! Peter is eating only salad. He hasn't even touched his fish. Well, he must not like fish.(Bal sevmiyor olmal. Herhalde bal sevmiyor.) Jane always gets low grades in history. She must not study hard enough. (Yeterince almyor olmal. Herhalde yeterince almyor.) Tahminimiz gsz ise, sadece aklmza gelen olaslklar ifade ediyorsak "may not" ya "might not" kullanrz. Why is Peter eating only salad? He hasn't even touched his fish. I don't know. He may not/might not like fish. (Bal sevmiyor olabilir. Belki de bal sevmiyordur.) (Maybe/Perhaps he doesn't like fish.) Why does she always get low grades in history? I don't know. She may not study hard enough. (Perhaps she doesn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince almyor olabilir.) I'm going to see the manager. Phone him first. He may/might not be in his room. (Odasnda olmayabilir.) He isn't in his room. (100% sure) He can't/couldn't be in his room. (99% sure) He must not be in his room. (95% sure) He may not/might not be in his room, (about 50% sure)
* Could gsz bir tahmin, couldn't ise ok gl bir tahmin bildirir. ** Tahminde bulunurken kullanlan yaplardan "must not" sadece American English'de kullanlr. British English'de "must not" yerine "can't/couldn't" kullanlr.

7-2

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

Tahminde bulunurken kullandmz modal yardmc fiillerini, iinde bulunduumuz anda devam etmekte olduunu zannettiimiz eylemleri ifade etmek iin de kullanrz. Where is your brother? He is studying in his room. (I know that he is studying in his room.) Where is your brother? I'm not sure, but he must be studying in his room. He has an exam tomorrow. (I'm almost sure that he is studying in his room.) (Odasnda ders alyor olmal.) Look! Isn't that Elif going up Bahariye Street? Where may/might/could she be going? I don't know. She may be going to the cinema, or she might/may/could be going shopping. (I think she is going shopping or to the cinema.) (Sinemaya ya da alverie gidiyor olabilir.) Don't make so much noise. Your brother is studying in the next room. No, he can't/couldn't be studying in the next room. I saw him in the street playing with other children just a quarter of an hour ago. (It's impossible that he is studying in his room.) (Odasnda ders alyor olamaz. Ders alyor olmas imkansz.) Do you hear some noise from the baby's room? Yes, I sure do. She must not be sleeping. (I'm almost sure that she isn't sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmal.) I think your brother is studying in his room. Well, I don't know. He may not/might not be studying. There is music coming from his room. (Perhaps/Maybe he isn't studying.) (Ders almyor olabilir.) must may/might/could + can't/couldn't must not may not/might not be doing

7-3 PAST TIME

Gemie ilikin tahminlerimizi ifade ederken, ayn modal yardmc fiillerinin "perfect" biimlerini kullanrz. must may /might/ could + can't/couldn't must not may not/might not I can't find my grammar book. Well, you must have left it in the classroom. (I'm almost sure that you left it in the classroom.) (Snfta unutmu olmalsn. Herhalde snfta unuttun.) have done

 I can't find my grammar book. I don't know where I left it. I may/might/could have left it in the classroom or I may/might/could have left it on the bus. (It's possible that I left it in the classroom or on the bus.) (Snfta unutmu olabilirim ya da otobste unutmu olabilirim.) I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day. but I didn't talk to her. She was in a crowded group. No, you can't/couldn't have seen her there. She has been out of town for two weeks. She left for London two weeks ago. (It's impossible that you saw her there.) (Onu grm olamazsn. Onu grm olman imkansz.) Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterday's test. Well, she must not have studied hard enough. (I'm almost sure that she didn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince almam olmal. Herhalde yeterince almad.) Why did Jane get a low grade on the last test? She is a good student, you know. Well, I don't know. She might not/may not have studied hard enough. (Perhaps/Maybe she didn't study hard enough.) (It's likely that she didn't study hard enough.) (She probably didn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince almam olabilir.) NOTE: 1"Could have done" ve "couldn't have done" kalplarnn u iki kullanm arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. a) I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at home. (Sinemaya gidebilirdim ama evde kalmay tercih ettim.) (The result is: I didn't go to the cinema.) b) Last week, my husband was going to have a match with his friends, but he didn't go. Later we found out that the match had been cancelled, so he couldn't have gone even if he had wanted to. (steseydi bile gidemezdi.) (The result is: He didn't go to the match.) 2a) When I phoned her, she wasn't at home. She could have gone to the cinema, because she had told me that there was a good film on at the Sreyya cinema and that she wanted to see it. (Sinemaya gitmi olabilir.) (The result is: Perhaps she was at the cinema when I phoned her.) b) He couldn't have gone to the match yesterday, because his leg has been in plaster since the previous match. (Dnk maa gitmi olamaz, nk .........) (The result is: It's impossible that he went to the match yesterday. Bu iki anlam arasndaki farla ancak "context"den, yani parann ya da konumann btnnden karabiliriz.

7-4 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

Gemite bir noktada devam etmekte olduunu tahmin ettiimiz eylemleri ifade etmek istiyorsak, modal yardmc fiillerinin "perfect progressive" biimlerini kullanrz. must may/might/could + have been doing can't/couldn't must not may not/might not Peter had a car accident last Saturday. He said that a child had suddenly pushed himself in front of his car, and that he had swerved to the left so as not to hit the child, but couldn't avoid running into another car. Then, he must have been driving fast at the time of the accident. (Kaza srasnda hzl sryordu herhalde.) When I got home late last night, the light in my brother's room was still on. I didn't go to see what he was doing, but he may/ might /could have been reading a book or listening to music. (Perhaps/Maybe he was reading a book or listening to music.) (Belki de kitap okuyor ya da mzik dinliyordu.) He can't/couldn't have been driving very fast at the time of the accident, because I know that he doesn't like speeding. (It's impossible that he was driving fast at the time of the accident.) (Kaza srasnda hzl sryor olamazd. Hzl sryor olmas imkansz.) While I was preparing to go to bed last night, I heard some noises from my son's room. He must not have been sleeping. (I'm almost sure that he wasn't sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmalyd. Herhalde uyumuyordu.) Mother says my brother was studying in his room all yesterday afternoon, but he may not/ might not have been studying, because I heard the sound of a stereo coming from his room. (Perhaps/Maybe he wasn't studying.) (Ders almyor olabilirdi. Belki de ders almyordu.)

7-5 FUTURE TIME

Gelecee ilikin olaylardan szediyorsak, "will, should/ought to, may /might /could" kullanabiliriz. "Must" gelecee ilikin tahminde bulunurken kullanlmaz. Ancak, iinde bulunduumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacana ilikin belirtiler varsa, 'must be doing' kullanabiliriz. Linda must be giving a huge party for her birthday next week. I saw her buying lots of food and drinks at the market today. Eer bir olayn olacandan kesin olarak eminsek, "will" kullanrz. He will pass his driving test. He is very good at driving. Gl bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "should/ought to" kullanrz.

 He took plenty of driving lessons, and he drives the car very well. He should/ought to pass the test. (Yeterince direksiyon dersi ald. Snav gemesi gerekir. Herhalde geer.) He took some driving lessons, and isn't so bad at driving. He may/ might /could pass his driving test tomorrow, but who knows. Anything can happen in a test. (Yarnki direksiyon snavn geebilir.) EXERCISE 11: Write a form of "must" in the following. "Must do", "must be doing", "must have done", "must have been doing". 123456789Look! It seems as if it is painful for John to walk. His feet ( be) hike. After his hike with friends, John had difficulty walking. His feet (be) must have been sore. How far is it now to the village? We (get) ......................... close as I can see some chimneys in the distance. Ray doesn't speak to Tom at all now. He (hate) ......................... him for cheating in the race. A: Johnny has asked for cheese sandwiches every day since the beginning of the term. B: Well, I shouldn't worry. Cheese is quite healthy and he (like) ......................... it a lot. A: What is that odd smell? B: Oh, my neighbour (boil) ......................... cabbage again. If they hit the rocks, then they (sail) ......................... too close to the coast. The Wilsons have about fifty cows. If the field is empty now, they (milk) ......................... the cows in the sheds. Are you sure they haven't received my invoice? I sent it special delivery on Thursday, so it (arrive) ......................... by now. Perhaps it has been sent to the wrong department. 10- Did they win the lottery last month? Then they (live) ......................... a life of luxury now. 11- They didn't seem disappointed when I told them we didn't want to buy their house. Someone else (make) ......................... them a reasonable offer. 12- The owners looked very disappointed that we hadn't decided to buy their house. They (assume) ......................... that we liked it. 13- Mum and Dad (show) ......................... Aunt Jade our wedding photos. Look, the album is on the coffee table. 14- You (listen) ......................... to Professor Scholtz very carefully if you detected a trace of a Turkish accent. Her mother is Turkish actually. 15- Billy (be) ......................... under a lot of stress at the moment as his mother is so ill in hospital. 16- Mrs. Green's new tenant (work) ......................... in Birmingham too, as I pass her on the main road some mornings. 17- This year she was going to go somewhere else instead of visiting her mother-in-law in Turkey, but she sent me a postcard from Istanbul. She ( decide) ......................... to go there after all. must be sore after his long

18- There is a horrible drilling noise coming from next door. He (fit) ......................... some more bookshelves. 19- She (finish) ............... the essay she was writing as I've just seen her heading towards the gym. 20- He (serve) ...................... a customer when I rang because I know he is always in the shop at that hour.

EXERCISE 12 : Use any form of must, may/might/could, can't/couldn't, must not, may
not/might not. 1- A: There is a red car in the car park with its lights on. Is it yours? B: It (not, be) ......................... mine as mine has a warning buzzer which indicates when the lights have been left on. A: It (belong) ......................... to Samantha then. She drives a red Ford, but I'm not sure if she is here today. 2- A: We want to get some fresh air and exercise at the weekend. B: What are you going to do? A: We are not sure. We (go) ................. hiking or we (cycle) ................ along the coast. 3- A: What are the cleaners doing at the moment? B: Well, they (wash) ......................... up or they (clean) ......................... the windows, but they definitely (not, vacuum) ......................... because I can't hear that dreadful sound of the vacuum cleaner. 4- A: Where's Paul? B: I don't know, but he (not, leave) ......................... to go to the customer because I haven't given him the proposal which we prepared for them yet. 5We (use) ....................... a lot of electricity these days. Our bill has just arrived and it is over 200 pounds. 6- A: Jeremy got all the answers right. B: That's impossible! He (copy) ......................... off another student. A: Well, he (study) ......................... for once. B: Yes, but you (agree) ......................... that it is not very likely. 7- A: I can't find the file for ABC Ltd. B: I'm not surprised. Mr. Smith had it last. He (put) ......................... it anywhere. He never replaces things. 8- A: The name of the previous chairman isn't on the list. B: He (not, want) ......................... to be re-elected then. A: That's a shame. He has done a really good job.

9-

I think we (get) ......................... some traffic lights at that dangerous junction soon. The council approved the plans this afternoon.

10- This (be) ......................... a good film. It stars Julle Wallets and Richard Gere, but of course you can't be sure without watching it first. 11- A: I wanted the students to explain the effects of pollution as well as solutions to it, but most of them concentrated on how we can solve pollution problems. B: Well, they (not, understand) ............................ you. A: Yes, you (be) ...................... right. Perhaps my explanation wasn't sufficiently clear. 12- A: We know he is innocent and he has given an alibi, but the police are still questioning him. B: Well, they (not, believe) ......................... him. 13- A: Julie (go) ......................... on holiday soon. B: How do you know that? A: I saw her in Marks and Spencer buying sunglasses, sun cream and a bikini. 14- A: I have a stomach ache. B: It (be) ......................... from something you ate. A: It (not, be) ......................... as I have only eaten plain food today. B: Oh well, it (be) ......................... that you are nervous about your exam tomorrow. 15- A: I can't find my blue cardigan anywhere. Jane (take) ............................ it; otherwise, it would be here. B: She (not, take) ............................ it as she didn't even come home last night, and I'm sure I saw it somewhere in the house this morning.

8- PREFERENCE
Tercihlerimizi ifade ederken, "would rather/would sooner", "would prefer" ve "like something better than something" kalplarn kullanrz.

a) WOULD RATHER/WOULD SOONER

"Would rather" ve "would sooner"dan sonra gelen fiil yalndr. "Sir eyi bir eye tercih ederim" demek iin ise arada "than" kullanlr. "Would rather" ve "would sooner" ayn anlama gelir, ancak "would rather" daha ok kullanlr. I would rather read something than watch TV. Eer iki taraftaki fiil ayn ise, fiili sadece birinci tarafta kullanmak yeterlidir. I'd rather/sooner drink coffee than (drink) tea. (ay imektense/ay imek yerine, kahve imeyi tercih ederim.) ki tarafta kullanlan preposition ayn ise, preposition' sadece birinci tarafta kullanmamz yeterlidir. She'd rather go to the theatre than (go to) the cinema. "Would rather be doing" iinde bulunduumuz anda yapmakta olduumuz iten honut olmadmz ifade eder ve "Bunu yapyor olmak yerine baka bir ey yapyor olmay tercih ederdim." anlamn verir.

I'd rather be walking by the seaside than (be) studying here now. (imdi burada ders alyor olmak yerine sahilde yryor olmay tercih ederdim.) (But I'm studying now.) They'd rather be living in the country than (be living) in Istanbul. (But they are living in Istanbul.) You'd rather be listening to music now than (be listening) to the lesson. "Would rather have done" ve "would sooner have done" gemite yapmay tercih ettiimiz ama yapamadmz eylemleri ifade eder. I'd rather have stayed home than (have) gone to the cinema last night. (But I went to the cinema.) (Dn akam sinemaya gitmek yerine evde kalmay tercih ederdim.) He studied law, because his parents wanted him to, but he'd rather have studied engineering. I'd rather have gone to bed early last night, but I couldn't, because some guests arrived just as I was getting ready to go to bed. Olumsuz cmlelerde, olumsuzluk eki "not", "rather" ve "sooner"dan sonra gelir, I'd rather not tell him the news. It's really depressing. (Present) (Haberi ona sylememeyi tercih ederim.) I'd rather not be studying right now, but I am. (Present Progressive) I'd rather not have invited her to my party. She caused us a lot of trouble by drinking too much. (But invited her.) (Past) b) Eer, "would rather /sooner" n znesiyle, eylemi yapacak olan kii farklysa, "would rather+subject+past tense" kalb kullanlr. Cmlede Past Tense kullanlmasna ramen, anlam present ya da future'dur. She wants to be a nurse, but I'd rather she became a teacher. They want to travel by train, but I'd rather they travelled by car. I want to attend a university abroad, but my parents would rather I studied in Turkey. (Ben niversiteyi yurt dsnda okumak istiyorum ama, ailem benim Tiirkiye'de okumam tercih ediyor.) Would you mind if I smoked here? Well, I'd rather you didn't. (I'd rather you didn't smoke.) She always asks me too many questions. I'd rather she didn't ask me so many questions. Bir bankasnn gemite yapmasn tercih ettiimiz ama gereklememi eylemleri "would rather + subject + Past Perfect" ile ifade ederiz. I'd rather she had gone to Ankara by train, but she went by bus. (Trenle gitmi olmasn tercih ederdim, ama ........) I'd rather they hadn't invited me to their wedding. Now I have to go. (But they invited me.) (Dnlerine beni armam olmalarn tercih ederdim.) c) PREFER and WOULD PREFER

prefer (doing) something to (doing) something else prefer to do something rather than (do) something else "Prefer something to something" yapsyla, fill kullanmadan isim kullanabiliriz. I prefer coffee to tea. / She prefers vegetables to meat. Eer fiil kullanrrsak fiil "-ing" taks alr. I prefer drinking coffee to (drinking) tea. She prefers eating vegetables to (eating) meat. "Prefer to do something rather than (do) something" yapsyla sadece fiil kullanabiliriz. I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea. She prefers to eat vegetables rather than (eat) meat.

"Would prefer", "would rather" ile ayn anlamdadr. Ancak kullanmdaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. I would rather do something than (do) something else. I would prefer to do something than/rather than (to do/do) something else. "Would prefer"den sonra isim gelebilir. Would you prefer tea or coffee? Neither, please. I'd prefer a cold lemonade. "Would prefer"den sonra fill, "to do" biiminde gelir. "Would rather"dan sonra ise isim gelmez, mutlaka fiil gelir ve fiil yaln haliyle gelir. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. I would prefer to stay at home tonight rather than/than (to) go out. Past biimleri iin de ayn kural geerlidir. I would rather have done something than (have) done something else. I would prefer to have done something rather than/than (have) done something else. I would rather have stayed at home last night than (have) gone out. I would prefer to have stayed at home last night than/rather than (to have) gone out. (Dn akam dar kmak yerine evde kalmay tercih ederdim.) would rather someone did something Birinin birey yapmasn tercih ederken: would rather someone did something kalbnn kullanldn grmtk. I would rather he himself decided on this occasion. They would rather I didn't live in a separate house. Ayn anlam "would prefer" ile vermek istersek, "object + to do" biiminde ifade etmemiz gerekir. would prefer someone to do something I would prefer him to decide himself on this occasion. They would prefer me not to live separately.

d)

LIKE SOMETHING BETTER THAN SOMETHING ELSE

I like coffee better than tea. I like walking better than running. She likes swimming better than sunbathing on the beach. (Yzmeyi, plajda gnelenmekten daha ok seviyor.) (Plajda gnelenmektense, yzmeyi tercih ediyor.) e) Eer, gemite tercih ettiimiz eylem, istediimiz ynde gereklemise, bunu ifade etmek iin "would rather" ya da "would sooner" kullanamayz. nk, her ikisi de "gemite ........... tercih ederdim, ama olmad" anlamn verir. "Gemite u eylemi yapmay tercih ederdim ve yapardm" biimindeki bir ifadeyi "like" ve "prefer" ile verebiliriz. When I was a child, I preferred playing in the open air to playing inside. I liked playing in the open air better than playing inside. (Result: I played in the open air.) She preferred reading books to watching TV with the rest of the family. She liked reading books better than watching TV with the rest of the family. (Result: She read books.) (Ailenin dier bireyleriyle birlikte televizyon izlemek yerine, kitap okumay tercih ederdi.) EXERCISE 13 : Use an appropriate form of "would rather" in the following. 12345Michael spent the weekend painting the bathroom, but he would rather ( spend) ......................... it watching the World Series cricket tournament. I would rather my son (finish) ......................... university, but now that he is doing what he enjoys, he is much happier. I'd rather you (not, agree) ......................... to let those people view the house today. Now I'll have to clean and tidy each room thoroughly. Our boss would rather we (clear) ......................... our desks every evening, although we do it only rarely. The advertising campaign which we're designing at the moment is for deodorant insoles for shoes. Of course, all of us would much rather (design) ......................... a campaign for a more exciting product. 6789I would rather (not, cut) ......................... my daughter's pocket money this week, but I couldn't think of another way of punishing her for her dreadful behaviour. Please don't tell Robert. I would rather he (not, have) ......................... something extra to worry about at the moment. I'd really rather (not, listen) ......................... to the match results. 1 want to watch the complete match later and find out the results then. Football matches can be dangerous. I'd rather my son (ask) ......................... me before he attended one. Next time I want his father to go with him. 10- I went to aerobics last night with a colleague. But I'd rather ( not, go) ...................... because my legs ached all day.

11- None of us enjoys our work. Right now, David would rather (ride) ......................... his motorbike, Paul would rather (play) ......................... snooker and I would rather (ski) ......................... in the mountains. 12- My brother would rather I (not, mention) .......................... that he and his wife are expecting a baby. He had wanted to tell my mother about it himself. 13- My mother would much rather we (always, eat) ......................... together at the dining table than (have) ........................ our dinner on trays in front of the television. 14- Although people complain about their work all the time, I'm certain that most people would rather (work) ......................... than not. 15- I'd rather you (not, tease) ......................... Jackie about her weight every time you see her. She is quite sensitive about it.

9a)

HABITUAL PAST : USED TO AND WOULD

"Used to", gemite yaptmz, ama artk yapmadnz ya da gemite ok sk yaptmz ama imdi az yaptmz eylemleri ifade ederken kullanlr. I used to live in a village when I was a child. (But now I don't live in a village.) (ocukken kyde otururdum.) I used to go to the cinema very often when I was at university, but now I don't have time to go so often. (I rarely go to the cinema now.) (niversitedeyken, sinemaya ok sk giderdim.)

There was/were yerine "there used to be" kullanabiliriz. There used to be a cinema in our village when I was a child, but it closed down when television became popular. There used to be a huge plane tree near the village train station, and we the children of the village used to play under its shade in the summer, but because it was very old, it was blown over during a strong storm. b) "Used to"nun olumsuz biimi "used not to" ya da "didn't use to"dur. "Didn't use to" daha ok kullanlr ve "gemite yapmazdm ama imdi yapyorum" anlamn verir. I didn't use to/used not to eat fish when I was a child, but now I do. (Now I eat fish.) (ocukken balk yemezdim.) She didn't use to have long hair when she was a student. Now she has lovely long hair. (renciyken salarn uzatmazd.) Children didn't use to have so many toys in the past. (Eskiden ocuklarn bu kadar ok oyuncaklar yoktu.) c) Gemiteki alkanlklarmz Simple Past Tense ile de ifade edebiliriz,

Women wore very long dresses in the Middle Ages. Women used to wear very long dresses in the Middle Ages. (Ortaada kadnlar ok uzun elbiseler giyerdi.) He is no longer such a famous pop star, but just three years ago the young adored/used to adore him. (Artk mehur bir pop sanats deil, ama daha yl nce genler ona tapard.) Ancak "used to" gemite yaplm olan bir tek olay ifade ederken kullanlmaz. While I was walking on the icy pavement yesterday, I fell and broke my arm. (Burada "used to" kullanamayz.) Two years ago, my aunt came to Istanbul to visit us. My sister wore/used to wear mini-skirts when she was younger. (Kardeim kkken mini etek giyerdi.) My sister wore a mini-skirt at her friend's wedding last week. (Kardeim geen hafta arkadann dnnde mini etek giydi.)

d)

Gemiteki alkanlklarmz, srekli yaptmz ileri "would" ile de ifade edebiliriz Ancak "would" sadece eylem bildiren fiillerle (action verbs) kullanlr. "Be, have, know, understand, etc."gibi durum bildiren fiillerle kullanlmaz. "Used to" hem durum bildiren hem de eylem bildiren fiillerle kullanlr. I used to/would fly kites in my childhood. She used to/would sing beautiful folk songs when she was in primary school. He used to/would run so fast in his youth that no one could ever catch him.

Durum bildiren fiillerle sadece "used to" kullanlr. She used to be very shy when she was younger. We used to have a house with a large garden in my childhood. They used to live in Ankara, but now they live in Izmir. He was a very clever boy. He used to understand even the most complex structures easily. NOTE: "Used to do" ile "be used to doing" arasndaki farka dikkat ediniz. "Used to do", "gemite yapardm.' anlamn verir. "Be used to doing something" ise "Br eyi yapmaya alknm" anlamna gelir. I'm used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the mornings. (Sabahlan kalkar kalkmaz kahve imeye alknm.) I used to drink coffee a lot until two years ago, but now I drink very little. (ki yl ncesine kadar ok kahve ierdim, ama.......)

EXERCISE 14 :
1-

Decide whether you can use "used to" with the underlined verb or not. Rewrite the sentence if you can. If you can't, write "No change".

He played the trumpet quite well when he was at school. He used to play the trumpet quite well.

2-

He played the trumpet at the remembrance ceremony last week. No change. (One specific event in the past) 3- Until I was eight, I was terrified of the bulls in our field, but later, I realised that there was no danger as they were behind a fence. 4- Every other Saturday, my grandfather took us to see the Altincham Robins play, and after the match, he bought us fish and chips on the way home. 5- My mother baked a cake for Simon's graduation from university and we all gave him a present. 6- When I was in the second grade, I wrote a story about a gang of street children. My teacher thought it was very imaginative. 7- There was a teacher at my primary school who slapped children on the legs, which we thought was very cruel. In fact, it was. 8- In the past, clever girls often became nurses or teachers, but they didn't become scientists or business people very often. 9- Children worked in factories, down mines and on ships until trade associations forced change. 10- My car broke down twice last month.

EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS

1- As a comedian he is no longer appreciated but ten years ago people ......... at his jokes. A) used to laugh B) have been laughing C) are used to laughing D) have laughed E) had laughed (1990 - YS) 2- My dictionary isn't in its usual place; someone ......... it. A) should be borrowed B) can borrow C) might borrow D) must have borrowed E) ought to borrow (1991 - YS) 3- I.........travel by coach to Istanbul last week because the airline pilots were on strike. A) ought to C) had to E) should B) need to D) am to (1992-YS) 4- You ................ your doctor before you started dieting. A) might consult B) can consult C) have to consult D) should have consulted E) have consulted (1992 - YS) 5- You ............ wear jeans or trainers at a formal gathering. It wouldn't be right. A) needn't C) might not E) mustn't B) don't have to D) weren't able to (1993 - YS) 6- I.......... at a research centre but I decided to work for an oil company since the pay was much better. A) could have worked

B) may work C) had to work D) had better work E) have been working (1993-YS) 7- Inequalities of income could grow as the difference between skilled and unskilled workers widens. A) Gelirlerdeki eitsizlik arttka vasfl ve vasfsz iiler arasndaki fark belirgin leebilir. B) Vasfl ve vasfsz iiler arasndaki fark byd iin, gelir, eitsizlikleri artyor. C) Vasfl ve vasfsz iiler arasndaki gelir eitsizlii gittike artmaktadr. D) Vasfl ve vasfsz iiler arasndaki fark aldka gelir eitsizlikleri artabilir. E) Vasfl ve vasfsz iiler, aralarndaki gelir eitsizliinin arttm biliyorlar. (1996-YS) 8- So far we haven't been able to get any reliable information about the extent of the food poisoning on the campus.

A) Kampsteki gda zehirlenmesinin boyutlar ile ilgili u anki bilgilerimiz hi de gvenilir deil. B) u ana kadar edindiimiz bilgiler, kampsteki gda zehirlenmesinin gerek boyutlarn gsterir nitelikte deil. C) u ana kadar elimize, kampsteki gda zehirlenmesinin nedenleri ile ilgili gvenilir bilgiler ulamad. D) u ana kadar, kampsteki gda zehirlenmesinin boyutlar ile ilgili hibir gvenilir bilgi edinemedik. E) Kampsteki gda zehirlenmesinin boyutlarna ilikin bilgilerimizin hibiri yeterince gvenilir deil. (1998 - YS) 9- Sally worked all the weekend to finish the project in time, but actually she ...... so. A) couldn't have done B) wouldn't have done C) doesn't have to do D) may not do E) needn't have done (YDS-2000)

TEST YOURSELF 1
1-50. sorularda, cmlede braklan boluu uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. l- You ....... your own canoe in order to join the canoe club. They cost a lot of money. You ....... mine whenever you want to go canoeing. A) mustn't buy/had borrowed B) won't have bought/should borrow C) needn't buy/can borrow D) might not buy/would borrow E) can't buy/used to borrow 2- He is so poor now it's hard to believe that when he was young, he ....... down the street in his Rolls Royce or sometimes his Jaguar car. A) has been driving B) would drive C) should have driven D) has driven E) may be driving 3- Just as my daughter was about to leave the house on her wedding day, my son spilt some tea on her dress. Fortunately, we ....... the stain with some special soap before the wedding took place. A) were able to remove B) must have removed C) might be removing D) could remove E) used to remove 4- A: Is Julian not visiting Aunt May with us today? B: Well, he's been called out to an emergency, but he ....... us there if he finishes early. A) has joined B) could have joined C) was joining

D) might join E) would be joining

A) Why don't you B) Would you mind C) Would you like D) Do you prefer E) Do you mind if I 10- A: I wonder why Mary didn't want to come shopping in Oxford Street with us. B: I don't know. She ........ short of money these days because her new kitchen cost her a lot of money. A) will be C) can be E) could be B) has been D) would be

5- A: What were you doing at the bank yesterday? B: I ........ my bank manager for a loan to repair our house, and luckily, I managed to get it. A) must have asked B) used to ask C) had to ask D) should have asked E) ought to ask 6- A: I can't believe Jane isn't here to collect her award. B: She ......... the invitation. We definitely should have checked that she had got it. A) would rather not receive B) had better not receive C) isn't supposed to receive D) needn't have received E) must not have received 7- A: Did you speak to Sam about the plans for the cake sale to raise money for charity? B: Yes, I did and she ........ bake some biscuits and cakes if she has time. A) might be able to B) was able to C) used to D) had better E) has had to 8- Our plane ............. in Cairo hours ago, but we haven't even taken off from Heathrow yet. A) was supposed to land B) must have landed C) ought to be landing D) will have landed E) might be landing 9- This steak is a little undercooked for my taste. .......... putting it back under the grill for another five minutes?

11- I ......... to the office to send e-mail any longer. The company has bought me a lap top computer and a mobile phone which can be used for electronic mail and the Internet. A) didn't use to return B) may not return C) needn't have returned D) don't have to return E) must not have returned 12- You .......... so envious of your brother. He is so successful because, unlike you, he works extremely hard. A) haven't been C) weren't E) may not be B) won't be D) shouldn't be

13- Oh dear, we seem to have run out of salt. I........ to the corner shop before dinner. A) am able to go B) needed to go C) could have gone D) must have gone E) will have to go 14- I can't understand why Dad is now so careful with his money. He ...... such a generous person.

A) would be C) used to be E) must be

B) has been D) will be

20- ......... you hold this shelf here while I go and get my hammer? A) May C) Should E) Shall B) Must D) Will

15- Trade is so poor these days! We ........ just two cars since I started working here a month ago. A) have been able to sell B) used to sell C) had to sell D) will have sold E) are supposed to sell

21- The tyres of my car ............. thin already. I only replaced them in January. I'll have to buy better quality ones next time. A) shouldn't have worn B) needn't have worn C) didn't wear D) aren't supposed to wear E) haven't worn

16- A: ......... we drive to Sultan Ahmet in our new car? B: Well, I........ take the ferry to avoid the traffic. A) May/must B) Can/would like C) Must/prefer D) Shall/would sooner E) Would/had better

22- According to their letter, we ........ them, with a copy of our company's accounts before we can order any cars on contract hire. A) have supplied B) have to supply C) may have supplied D) used to supply E) had supplied 23- I suppose I ........ to type his report for him, but, at the time, I didn't know how important it was. A) have had to offer B) may have offered C) could have offered D) would rather offer E) was able to offer

18- ........ you do me a favour please? ........ you ask Mrs Green if the interview room is available? A) Might/May C) Would/Do E) Could/Would B) May/Could D) Shall/Might

19- I was falling asleep while I was typing my speech last night. The only way I ......... awake was by drinking lots of strong coffee. A) ought to stay B) would rather stay C) have stayed D) may stay E) could stay

24- A: Why is Mum still in hospital? She ........ home today. B: They wanted to do some more tests. A) must have come B) was supposed to come C) had better come D) used to come E) may have come

25- I'd like to have some people for dinner tonight, but it is too late to ask anyone because they ....... their plans already. A) had better make B) used to make C) are making D) may have made E) can make 26- George ....... better in the tennis tournament than I thought he ....... because he got through to the finals. A) must have played/could B) will have played/ought to C) should be playing/did D) ought to play/can E) had better play/should 27- Ever since he took on this part-time job, he ......... enough time on his studies. A) can't spend B) isn't able to spend C) hasn't been able to spend D) wasn't able to spend E) couldn't spend

30- Would you mind if I .......... these trade magazines home to read? I never get time to read them in the office. A) to take C) am taking E) have taken B) took D) taking

31- I am really surprised that Robby hasn't signed up yet for the skiing holiday this year. He ....... the first to book every year. A) will be C) would be E) used to be B) may have been D) could be

32- Your mother ....... a restaurant. She is such a wonderful cook. If she opened a restaurant, I'm sure it would be full every night. A) must have opened B) used to open C) should open D) would open E) was able to open

28- Now that they have raised the prices at the gym, I....... going there, or I'll have difficulty paying it. A) must have stopped B) used to stop C) had better stop D) might have stopped E) had stopped

33- We ........ offices soon. I saw the boss this morning viewing the new office block next to the station. A) would rather be moving B) had better move C) would have moved D) may be moving E) have been moving

29- My brother's eyesight is perfect, but I ....... glasses since I was seven years old. A) ought to wear B) must have worn C) have to wear D) had better wear E) have had to wear 34- A: Peter in the accounts department retired yesterday. B: He ....... permanently yesterday. I saw him at his desk only this morning. A: Oh, well, he had his retirement presentation yesterday, but perhaps that was because the Chairman was here. Maybe he is leaving on Friday.

A) can't have left B) ought not to leave C) hasn't left D) needn't have left E) had better not leave

Marmara when the Sun was setting behind Knalada. A) ought to walk C) would walk E) might walk B) have walked D) had walked

35- A: Did you have a busy day at the shop? If you did, you .......... rushed off your feet without me there. B: No, I wasn't. It was quite a quiet day. A) must have been B) have been C) used to be D) would rather be E) might be 36- I was just about to buy a new pair when the police rang to say my handbag had been found with my glasses still inside, so I ........ a new pair after all. A) needn't have bought B) mustn't buy C) wasn't supposed to buy D) shouldn't have bought E) didn't need to buy 37- A: Why is she still perspiring? She ........ too hot I've taken herjuniper off. B: In that case, she ........ a fever. You'd better take her temperature. A) can't be/must have B) isn't/would rather have C) wouldn't be/is having D) needn't be/ought to have E) shouldn't be/had

40- A: Julester looks so slim. B: Has she been dieting? A: Not that I'm aware of. B: Well, she .......... very hard then. She goes horse-riding, doesn't she? A) must have been exercising B) was exercising C) had better exercise D) was able to exercise E) will have been exercising 41- You ........ a tie on Friday. They don't let men into the restaurant unless they are wearing a tie. A) would wear C) can wear E) could wear B) must wear D) may wear

42- Jennifer ......... the promotion that she is expecting as she hasn't reached her sales target yet. A) shouldn't have got B) hadn't got C) didn't use to get D) wasn't getting E) may not get 43- Mum, according to what the doctor instructed you to do, you ....... any salt on your food, you know! If you insist on eating that much salt, you're bound to have another heart attack! A) needn't have put B) didn't use to put C) haven't put D) don't have to put

38- Please Mum, ....... I watch the film tonight? I have finished all my homework. A) would C) do E) must B) may D) should

39- I really miss Istanbul, where I lived when I was younger. On summer evenings, we ....... along the coast by the Sea of

E) aren't supposed to put 44- Alfred ......... his ankle badly as we ........ in the mountains last Saturday. A) used to sprain/hiked B) has sprained/could be hiking C) must have sprained/have hiked D) sprained/were hiking E) may sprain/have been hiking 45- ........ I look after Katie for a couple of hours so that you and Kevin can go to the cinema? A) Would C) Do E) Shall B) Let D) Did

49- You haven't got time to do the gardening. I think you ....... a gardener, don't you think so? A) ought to employ B) have employed C) are employing D) must have employed E) employed

50- I'm glad that you ........ your father to let you come on this trip with us. It wouldn't be so enjoyable without you! A) must have persuaded B) could have persuaded C) might be persuading D) were able to persuade E) used to persuade

46- During the strike of the railway workers, many commuters ....... a taxi to and from worksorularda, by coming threeTrke or four people ngilizce dengini bulunuz. 51-55. verilen cmlenin together so that they could afford it. A) have been hiring B) had to hire C) ought to hire D) will be hiring E) might hire

51- Bana daha fazla ayrnt vermeyi reddettiiniz iin sizi mahkemede savunamayacam zlerek bildiriyorum. A) Your refusal to give me further information was the reason why I had to inform you that it was impossible for me to defend you. B) I'm sorry that I can't defend you in court because you haven't given me all the particulars required. C) Your refusal to provide further particulars, regrettably, led to my refusal to agree to defend you in court. D) Since you refuse to give me further particulars, I regret to inform you that I won't be able to defend you in court. E) Regrettably, I cannot agree to defend you in court unless you give me further particulars.

47- We .... by the river, but unfortunately, the riverside car park was full. A) should be parking B) had parked C) had better park D) were going to park E) are supposed to park

48- You ........ some more appointments to get some more business. You're never going to achieve your sales target at this rate. A) used to make B) were making C) should make D) have made E) would make

52- Mutfak penceresinin nndeki am aacn kesmek zorunda kaldlar nk binann temeline zarar veriyordu.

A) If they hadn't cut down the old pine tree from in front of the kitchen window, it might have damaged the foundations of the building. B) They were forced to cut down the pine tree in front of the kitchen window for fear that it would damage the foundations of the building. C) Basically, they had to cut down the pine tree in front of the building because it was blocking the kitchen window completely. D) They only cut down the old pine tree. which stood in front of the kitchen window, when it started to damage the foundations of the building. E) They had to cut down the pine tree in front of the kitchen window as it was damaging the foundations of the building.

C) You could have asked for our or a professional's help instead of trying to do everything on your own. D) Instead of doing everything all alone, you should have asked for our help, or even a professional's. E) You needn't have asked for our or a professional's help as you could have easily managed everything by yourself.

55- Birka emlakya urayp kiralarla ilgili genel br fikir edinince, o blgede oturmaya gcmzn yetmeyeceini anladk. A) When we'd called at a few estate agents' and got a general opinion of the rents, we realised that we couldn't afford to live in that area. B) After we'd asked several estate agents for their opinion, it became obvious that we couldn't afford to live around there. C) Though we were aware that the area was unaffordable for us, we still visited a few estate agents in order to get a general idea of the rents there. D) If we had spoken to a few estate agents and grasped the general level of rent charged there, we wouldn't have decided to move to that part of town. E) Most of the estate agents we visited held the opinion that the rents charged in the area were too high for us to afford.

53- Bir ev hanmnn dnyas sadece mutfak ve ocuk odasyla snrl olmamaldr. A) She shouldn't restrict her world to that of a housewife, merely working in the kitchen and the nursery. B) A housewife's world should not be restricted to just the kitchen and the nursery. C) A housewife's life should also include experiences outside the kitchen and the nursery. D) As a housewife, her world has been restricted to the kitchen and the nursery. E) A large part of a housewife's life is limited to working in the kitchen and the 56-60. sorularda, verilen ngilizce nursery. cmlenin Trke dengini bulunuz. 54- Her eyi tek bana yapmaya almak yerine, bizden ya da profesyonel birinden yardm isteyebilirdin. A) You didn't need to ask for a professional's help as, with our help, you were able to manage everything without it. B) It would have been better if you had asked for our or a professional's help, but you tried to do everything yourself.

56- Since my sister was very shy as a child, whenever she was invited to a party, she would make up an excuse and not want to go. A) Kardeim ok ekingen bir ocuk olduu iin bir partiye davet edildiinde hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmezdi.

B) Kardeim ocukken ok ekingen olduu iin ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, bir mazeret uydurur gitmek istemezdi. C) ocukluundan beri ok ekingen olan kardeim ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmek istemez. D) ocukken ok ekingen olan kardeim istemedii partilere katlmamak iin mutlaka bir mazeret bulurdu. E) Kardeim ocukken ok ekingen olduu iin hibir partiye katlmaz, davet edildii zaman da bir mazeret uydururdu.

57- Parents should not be too permissive with their children, or they may lose their control over them completely when the children grow up. A) ocuklar bydnde onlar zerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirmi olan ebeveynler kkken onlara kar ok tavizkar davranm olmallar. B) Ebeveynlerin ocuklarna kar fazla tavizkar olmamas gerekir yoksa ocuklar bydklerinde onlar kontrol etmek zor olur. C) ocuklarna kar fazla tavizkar olan ebeveynler ocuklar bydnde onlarn zerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirirler. D) ocuklar bydnde onlarn zerindeki kontrollerini yitirmek istemiyorlarsa ebeveynlerin, ocuklarna kar fazla tavizkar olmamas gerekir. E) Ebeveynler ocuklarna kar fazla tavizkar olmamallar yoksa ocuklar bydnde onlar zerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirebilirler

58- Even the owners of the houses not damaged during the earthquake could not return to their houses for days due to fear. A) Evleri hasar grmedii halde baz insanlar depremden sonra gnlerce ieri girmekten korktu. B) nsanlar, depremden gnler sonra, hi hasar grmemi evlere bile korkarak girebildiler. C) Depremden gnler sonra, yklmayan evlerin sahipleri bile korkudan evlerine giremiyorlard. D) Depremde hasar grmemi evlerin sahipleri bile, korkudan gnlerce evlerine giremediler. E) nsanlar depremden o kadar korkmutu ki evleri hasar grmemi olanlar bile gnlerce ieri giremedi.

61-75. sorularda, verilen cmleye anlamca olan seenei bulunuz. 59- en In yakn an effort to sabotage others' computers, some users, called hackers, create software that can damage a computer's programs or data. A) Bakalarnn bilgisayarlarm sabote etmek amacyla, hacker ad verilen baz kullanclar, bilgisayarn programlarna ya da verilerine zarar verebilen programlar retiyorlar. B) Baka bilgisayarlar sabote etmek iin, bilgisayarn programlarna ya da verilerine zarar veren programlar reten kiilere hacker denir. C) Hacker ad verilen baz kullanclar, bilgisayarlarn hem programlarna hem de verilerine zarar verebilen programlar reterek bakalarnn bilgisayarlarn sabote etmektedir. D) Hacker diye adlandrlan baz sabotajclar, bilgisayar programlan reterek bakalarnn bilgisayarlarna ya da verilerine zarar vermeye almaktadr. E) Hackerlar, bilgisayarn sadece prog ramlarna deil verilerine de zarar verebilen programlar, bakalarnn bilgisayarlarna sabote etmek amacyla retirler. 60- Although they seem to offer an escape from problems for a few hours, in fact, drugs create more problems than solutions. A) Sorunlardan sadece birka saatliine ka salamaya yarayan uyuturucular aslnda sorunlar daha da bytrler. B) Uyuturucular sorunlar gerek anlamda zmez, sadece kiiyi birka saatliine sorunlardan uzaklatrr. C) Birka saatliine sorunlardan ka salyor gibi grnseler de aslnda uyuturucular zmden daha ok sorun yaratrlar. D) Sorunlarndan sadece birka saatliine uzaklamak iin uyuturuculara ba vuran biri, gerekte kendine daha byk bir sorun yaratmtr. E) Birka saatliine sorunlardan kamada yaran grlmse de uyuturucular sorunlan zmez, daha ok sorun yaratrla

61- Everyone should save water as it is not only economical but also resourceful. A) All of us must have used less water as we have saved a lot of money on our water bill. B) Every person must try to use less water not in order to save money but to save valuable resources. C) Everybody ought to save water because by doing so, they will save both money and this resource. D) Using less water should be everybody's concern as it saves valuable resources. E) Someone must have used a lot of water as our water has cost more than usual.

62- I will let you take the dog for a walk, but you are not to take off its lead at any time. A) I will allow you to walk the dog; however, you must not take his lead off at all, B) Our dog should not be let. off his lead at any time, so you can't take H for a walk. C) We used to take off the dog's lead during walks, but now I find it dangerous. D) You were supposed to take the dog's lead off while you were walking it. E) I won't let you take the dog for a walk until you promise not to let it loose.

63- You might have difficulty finding the files for some of these customers on the list, so ask me if you need any help. A) Perhaps you would have found it easier to work on these customer files if you had asked for my assistance. B) I could have helped you find the files on these customers, but I didn't know you were having trouble. C) You were supposed to find the files on all of these customers on your own, but you needed my help when you had trouble. D) Ask me if you require assistance as it is possible that you won't find all these customers' files easily.

E) You must have had difficulty finding the files on some of these customers, but you should have asked for help. 64- If you would prefer us not to supply an alarm with the vehicle, we can provide a cheaper price. A) I'm afraid we cannot supply an alarm with the vehicle at such a cheap price. B) We would much rather supply an alarm with the vehicle, but this, of course, increases the price. C) Would you like us to supply an alarm with the vehicle, which we will be able to include in our price? D) As you've asked us to supply an alarm with the vehicle, you'll have to pay extra money for that. E) We can give you a better price if you would rather we didn't supply the vehicle with an alarm.

A) According to what the doctor has just told me, Peter can only leave the hospital after they have taken his stitches out. B) The doctor has just informed me that Peter wants to leave the hospital as soon as they have taken his stitches out. C) According to the doctor, they might allow Peter to go home from the hospital when they have taken his stitches out. D) As far as I know, the doctors ought to have taken his stitches out before they allowed Peter to leave the hospital. E) I know that Peter has to stay in hospital a little longer because the doctors still haven't taken his stitches out.

67- Rather than buying curtains, why don't we make them ourselves? A) I would rather buy some curtains than make my own. B) Would you rather buy curtains or make them yourself? C) Let's make our own curtains instead of buying some ready-made ones. D) I wouldn't mind making our own curtains, if you don't want to buy any. E) Do you think we can manage to make our own curtains or should we buy them?

65- If we can get a baby-sitter on Saturday, let's go for a meal at that Italian restaurant by the river. A) We should have got a baby-sitter on Saturday, so we could have gone for an Italian meal by the river. B) Why don't we eat at that Italian restaurant by the river on Saturday if we can find someone to look after the baby? C) Shall we ask our baby-sitter to stay up for Saturday night so that we can go to that Italian restaurant by the river? D) We needn't have hired someone to look after the baby on Saturday, as we didn't go to the Italian restaurant by the river after all. E) We were able to get someone to look after the baby on Saturday, so we went to the Italian restaurant by the river.

68- We used to walk around the shoppingcentre for ages doing nothing but window-shopping when we were teenagers. A) When we were teenagers, we went to the shopping-centre very often but rarely bought anything. B) It used to take us hours to decide what to buy at the shopping-centre when we were teenagers. C) For ages, window-shopping at big centres has always been quite exciting for teenagers. D) As teenagers, we would spend hours at the shopping-centre just looking in the shop windows. E) I shouldn't have spent so many hours window-shopping when I was a teenager.

66- I've just learned from the doctor that Peter has to stay in hospital until they remove his stitches.

E) I'll let the manager know if he fails to give me his report today. 72- Would you mind if I picked you up half an hour later? A) I won't be able to get there to pick you up for half an hour. B) Would you pick me up thirty minutes later than usual, if you don't mind? C) If that's all right with you, can I pick you up thirty minutes later? D) Can I collect you in half an hour if that won't make you late for work? E) Do you want me to pick you up in half an hour? 73- He must have been on his way to class; otherwise, he would have stopped to chat. A) I'm pretty sure he was on his way to his lesson and couldn't stop to talk. B) I saw him on his way to his lesson, but he still had time to stop and talk. C) I saw him going to his lesson, but, instead of stopping to chat, he ignored me. D) If he had been on his way to class, he wouldn't have stopped for a chat. E) He is always late for his lessons and never has time to stop to chat. 74- It's possible that he hurt your feelings unintentionally. A) You may not have heard him properly. B) He might not have meant to hurt your feelings. C) He should have told you about that without hurting your feelings. D) He couldn't have explained this without hurting your feelings. E) As far as I can see, he hurt your feelings deeply, though not on purpose. 75- However worthless they may seem to most of us. antique hand-crafted buttons are avidly collected by enthusiasts. A) In the opinion of many, collecting antique hand-crafted buttons is a complete waste of time. B) Most of us may not be aware of the value of hand-crafted buttons; however, enthusiasts spend a fortune on them.

69- It is impossible for us to give you a further discount on this price. A) We can only offer you another small discount on this price, and that's all. B) There is no way we can reduce this price further. C) We shouldn't have reduced the price so much. D) Seeing as you can't afford it, we'll have to drop our price. E) I can assure you that our price is the lowest you will find anywhere. 70- You ought to have asked for the departure times of the trains yesterday. A) You shouldn't have left home yesterday without knowing the departure times for trains. B) It was a mistake on your part not to have found out departure times for trains yesterday. C) You were supposed to find out the departure times for trains yesterday, not today. D) You couldn't have learned the departure times for trains yesterday even if you'd tried to. E) They ought to have told you the train times yesterday when you asked them. 71- He had better hand me his report today, or I'll inform the manager. A) The manager ought to deal with employees who fail to give me their reports. B) He was supposed to hand me his report today, but he didn't, so I've told the manager. C) I had no alternative but to tell the manager because he failed to give me his report again. D) I would rather not inform the manager, but I think I have to because he won't give me his report today.

C) It's surprising how many people are enthusiastically taking up the hobby of hand-crafted antique button collecting. D) Collectors enthusiastically make antique hand-crafted button collections despite

their apparent worthlessness to most of us. E) I think most people would agree that making a worthwhile collection of handcrafted buttons takes enthusiasm.

TEST YOURSELF 2
1-50. sorularda, cmlede braklan boluu uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. l- You ....... the meeting this week if you are too busy. There is going to be another one next week and you ....... to that one. A) might not attend/would go B) needn't attend/can go C) can't attend/have gone D) won't have attended/go E) didn't attend/used to go 2- You look as if you are having trouble with your homework. ....... you like me to help you with it? A) Could C) May E) Shall 3- I thought that I had my keys with me, but I can't find them in my coat. I ..... them in my other coat. A) am supposed to leave B) am able to leave C) would rather have left D) must have left E) could leave 4- I've heard that Mr Benner is the toughest teacher for this course. You ....... to get another teacher, or you can't get a good mark. A) had better try B) must have tried C) have tried D) would try E) might have tried 5- You ....... to bed early the night before an exam. A good night's sleep will do you more good than studying all night and then falling asleep in the exam. B) Did D) Would A) will have gone B) may go C) ought to go D) would go E) would rather 6- Would you mind ....... your music so loudly? I'm trying to study. A) not play C) didn't play E) haven't played B) not playing D) not to play

7- The former president never ....... to the press, but this one is much more accessible. A) could have talked B) should be talking C) must have talked D) has to talk E) used to talk

8- Hurray! We ....... to school today because it is snowing so hard. A) haven't been going B) shouldn't have gone C) must not have gone D) don't have to go E) may not have gone

9- Wilber ....... smoking and eating meat after his heart attack, but he didn't and now he has had a second one. A) should have stopped B) must have stopped C) was able to stop D) will have stopped

E) used to stop

E) used to cover

10- According to the weather report, it ...... tomorrow, and if it does, we ...... the hike I've been looking forward to. A) ought to rain/cancelled B) must rain/were able to cancel C) may rain/will have to cancel D) would be raining/had to cancel E) has been raining/must cancel 11- I know you have a lot of work to do, but it is your own fault; you .......everything until the last minute. A) can't have left B) might not leave C) must not have left D) shouldn't have left E) haven't been leaving

15- I....... a stockbroker if I had wanted to, but I thought life as a bass guitarist in a heavy metal band would be far more interesting. A) was able to become B) may have become C) had become D) could have become E) used to become 16- You ....... more carefully. Now the insurance company won't pay you anything because the accident was your fault. A) must have been driving B) should be driving C) had been driving D) ought to have been driving E) have been driving 17- I'd rather you ....... out tonight because, according to the news, there could be trouble downtown. A) haven't gone C) didn't go E) not going B) not to go D) won't go

12- I'd really rather ....... in Hawaii at the moment than stuck behind this desk all day. A) I am surfing B) to be surfing C) to surf D) have surfed E) be surfing

13- You ....... your plane ticket so far in advance because flights to Birmingham are never full. A) can't buy B) needn't have bought C) didn't use to buy D) haven't bought E) couldn't have bought

18- A friend of mine told me that I .......India in the summer, because that is the monsoon season, when it is both too hot and too wet. A) didn't use to visit B) needn't visit C) haven't visited D) might not visit E) shouldn't visit 19- Hawaii is such an expensive place to live and the wages are so low that you ....... very hard just to get by. A) are able to work B) have to work C) have worked D) must have worked E) used to work

14- In Iran and Saudi Arabia, all women ....... their heads outside of the house, but in most Muslim countries it is optional. A) have to cover B) must have covered C) could be covering D) might cover

20- We had better hurry if we want to get back to the hotel before the curfew. No one ....... out after dark, except for the patrol forces, you know. A) could have been B) is supposed to be C) has been D) has to be E) should have been

D) might not try E) didn't use to try

25- There are some sounds that are out of the range of the human ear but which dogs ....... . A) ought to hear C) can hear E) used to hear B) have heard D) have to hear

21- Mike couldn't attend university because he ....... his family when his father died. A) had to support B) must have supported C) could be supporting D) has been supporting E) will have supported

26- My sister ......... a German teacher because her German was fluent, but she decided to become an accountant instead. A) has become B) had to become C) will become D) could have become E) must have become

22- Petroleum deposits can occur almost anywhere they ....... under deserts, under fertile land, or even under the sea. A) ought to be B) may be C) must be D) were E) should have been

27- You ....... me at work. The boss was really angry because he had warned me before about personal calls. A) must not have phoned B) shouldn't have phoned C) didn't phone D) didn't use to phone E) can't have phoned

23- Using the latest and most expensive technology, including nuclear batteries, space scientists ....... to the furthest reaches of our solar system now. A) were probing B) may have probed C) used to probe D) are able to probe E) must have probed

28- Sally ....... Italian like a native, but since she moved to Indiana, she has forgotten most of it. A) used to speak B) had spoken C) was supposed to speak D) has been speaking E) must have spoken

24- Now remember, when you are in the race, you ....... to run too fast in the first few laps because you will need plenty of energy for the final sprint. A) haven't tried B) shouldn't have tried C) mustn't try

29- While there seem to be plenty of unexploited petroleum reserves, some experts worry that there ......... enough to carry us through the next century. A) may not be B) haven't been

C) didn't use to be D) don't have to be E) had better not be

B) ought to look C) must have looked D) was able to look E) used to look 35- I ....... the same computer program when I worked at a bank, so it ....... easy for me to adjust to this new job. A) should be using/could be B) used to use/should be C) need to use/would be D) must have used/must be E) might have used/can be 36- He ......... as carefully as he claimed he was. Why did he bump into the lamp post then? A) doesn't have to drive B) isn't supposed to drive C) won't have been driving D) shouldn't have driven E) can't have been driving

30- Today no one can imagine what a battle at sea was like in the days of sail. It ....... both an impressive and a frightening sight. A) might be C) ought to be E) must have been B) could be D) has been

31- When we went to Japan, we ....... anything for ourselves because our Japanese hosts took care of everything. A) must not have done B) needn't have done C) didn't need to do D) couldn't have done E) ought not to do

32- A: I hear a noise coming from the kitchen. B: My greedy brother ....... for something to eat. A) must be looking B) should have looked C) used to look D) ought to be looking E) has looked

37- Would you mind if I ....... early this afternoon? I have a dentist appointment at 4:30. A) to leave C) leaving E) have left B) had left D) left

33- A: Did you know that classes were cancelled yesterday because the heating in the building failed? B: No, but I ...... anyway because I was in bed all day with flu. A) didn't use to attend B) won't be attending C) must not have attended D) haven't attended E) couldn't have attended

38- I'm so glad that I ........ to the meeting place on time yesterday despite the heavy traffic, or the boss would have been really annoyed. A) was able to get B) have got C) used to get D) should have got E) had to get

34- I know I ....... for a job, but there are so few jobs for a person of my abilities that it is discouraging. A) had been looking

39- Sean ....... married three months ago and since then he ....... out drinking with his old friends. A) had got/ought not to go B) used to get/couldn't have gone C) got/hasn't been able to go

D) has got/shouldn't be going E) was getting/didn't have to go

C) were able to be D) are going to be E) have been

40- These days, he ....... to stop smoking and playing cards as well because his wife is so strict with him, so his life will have changed completely soon. A) used to try B) is trying C) tried D) had to try E) could have tried 41- It is hardly surprising that sometimes he gets depressed and wonders if he really ....... married. A) could have got B) must have got C) used to get D) had better get E) ought to have got

45- I told my flatmate to buy some bread, but he ....... because there isn't any here. A) must have forgotten B) ought to be forgetting C) could forget D) should have forgotten E) was able to forget 46- Sue has only been in Egypt for a year and she already speaks Arabic fluently. She ....... it that quickly. I'm sure she had started studying it before she left England. A) shouldn't have learned B) won't have learned C) can't have learned D) didn't use to learn E) isn't supposed to learn

42- Though Sally ....... how to swim, when she met a young man who was a professional diver, she learned quickly. A) hasn't known B) might not know C) can't know D) wouldn't know E) didn't know

47- Do you think Jeff ........ to join us on our hike? Does he like this sort of activity? A) would rather B) was able C) has been able D) had better E) would like

43- Our father never earned much money, but he ....... something nice for us whenever he ....... . A) should buy/did B) had to buy/does C) would buy/could D) must have bought/can E) would rather buy/has

48- Sam is such a good swimmer that he ....... the Olympic record for the 100 metre race, but unfortunately, he didn't compete because of a pulled shoulder muscle. A) is going to break B) must have broken C) could have broken D) is supposed to break E) had to break

44- Where have you been? You ....... here at 2 o'clock, and it's almost 3. A) must have been B) were supposed to be 49- I wonder what the problem was in the restaurant last night. Three members of

staff .......... tables, but there was only one. I must speak to the restaurant manager. A) could be clearing B) ought to be clearing C) should have been clearing D) must have been clearing E) were clearing 50- Hey, watch where you are going! You ....me! A) could have killed B) should have killed C) have killed D) will have killed E) used to kill 51-65. sorularda, verilen cmleye anlamca en yakn olan seenei bulunuz.

E) No matter how well the news reports put it across, he is incapable of understanding how serious this is. 53- Private parcel delivery services provide a faster and more secure alternative to postal services around the world, but they are relatively expensive. A) International postal services are facing stiff competition from private parcel delivery services, so they have lowered their prices in response. B) Although postal services around the world are cheaper, parcels have a better chance of arriving more quickly and securely through private parcel delivery services. C) While it is more expensive to use local posta) services, privatised parcel delivery services are faster and more secure. D) Private parcel delivery services, with their faster, more economical and more efficient delivery, are driving postal services out of business all over the world. E) You can use a normal postal service for your parcels, or alternatively, if you are willing to take a chance and wait a little longer, you can use a private parcel delivery service.

51- Would you mind if I borrowed your car to take my sick friend to the hospital? A) Do you think I should drive my friend to the hospital? He seems very ill. B) Would you give us a lift in your car to the hospital as my friend is very ill? C) Did you bring your car, because I need to take my sick friend to the hospital? D) Will you give me your permission to take my sick friend to the hospital in your car? E) Do you think I should borrow a car and take my sick friend to the hospital? 52- In spite of the many news reports, I am not sure he understands the gravity of what has happened. A) The news reports have emphasized how serious the situation is, but he does not care at all. B) Had it not been for the news reports, he would not have realised how serious the situation actually is. C) Although what has occurred has been in the news a lot, I doubt that he is aware of its seriousness. D) I feel sure that he would understand the seriousness of the situation if the news reports were more complete.

54- He must have changed his phone number because I can't get hold of him. A) He could have changed his phone number after I last got in touch with him. B) He had to change his phone number because I couldn't get through to his old one. C) It is possible that he'll change his phone number, but I won't know for sure until 1 talk to him. D) He should have changed his phone number because no one could get in touch with him. E) I am unable to get in contact with him, so it is highly likely that he has a new phone number.

55- As a student, I used to think that all my teachers wanted me to fail. A) In spite of being a good student, I did badly because of the attitude of my teachers. B) I was such a bad student that I got used to thinking that all my teachers wanted me to fail. C) Though it sometimes seemed that all my teachers wanted me to fail, I knew that it was not true. D) When I was a student, I held the belief that none of my teachers wanted to see me succeed. E) During my time as a student I was confident of passing despite the attitude of my teachers. 56- In order to be able to hand your essay in tomorrow, you had better stop making notes now and start typing. A) Why don't you type your essay directly, without taking notes, if you are to hand it in tomorrow? B) If you had wanted to finish your essay in time to hand in, you should have finished your note-taking yesterday. C) I guess you stopped taking notes and started typing your essay in order to be able to get it ready for tomorrow. D) It is time to stop note-taking and start typing; otherwise, you won't be able to give your essay in tomorrow. E) You don't need to stop writing notes and start typing yet as you can explain tomorrow why you haven't finished it. 57- It was not necessary for me to study as hard as I actually did for the exam because it was easier than I expected. A) I must not have studied as hard as I' thought I did because the exam did not seem easy. B) Having hardly studied for the exam, I was hoping that it would be easier than they usually were. C) I didn't use to study very hard for my exams because I usually found them so easy.

D) Because I knew the exam was going to be easy, I studied very little for it. E) The exam was not as difficult as I had anticipated, so 1 needn't have studied so hard for it. 58- This can't be the house I grew up in because I don't recognise anything. A) I should have come here to find my home before it changed so much and there were still familiar things. B) It is not possible that this is the house where I spent my childhood as nothing is familiar to me. C) As this is the house where I was raised, I am surprised that I recognise so little. D) I am unable to tell if this is my childhood home or not because so much is unfamiliar. E) I can tell that this used to be my home when I was a child, even though everything is so different now.

59- It was only after he had lived in Egypt for five years that he was able to read the newspapers without much difficulty. A) Although he had lived in Egypt for five years, he was still unable to decipher the articles in the newspapers. B) While he could read the newspapers after five years in Egypt, he was still having great difficulty understanding them. C) In spite of only having lived in Egypt for five years, he was able to read the main headings of the newspapers. D) He had lived in Egypt for five years before he could understand the newspapers without finding it very difficult. E) His ability to read the newspapers was impressive for someone who had only lived in Egypt for five years.

60- Going into a house with your shoes on may be acceptable in the West, but it isn't in most of the East.

A) Though Westerners usually enter a house with their shoes on, they are careful not to do so if they are in the East. B) You should remember when visiting the East that customs like not wearing footwear inside a home are very important. C) The Western custom of going into a house wearing shoes is unacceptable in the majority of Eastern societies. D) You should not wear shoes inside a house in some countries no matter how normal it might seem in your own country. E) Though no one can explain why it is inappropriate to wear shoes inside a house in the East, Westerners should remember not to do it.

63- You can't have written this paper yourself because the English is perfect. A) You did not write the paper in perfect English because you are not able to. B) The English in this paper is so good that 1 know you must have worked hard on it. C) It is not possible for this paper to be your own work because you are unable to write such flawless English. D) You must not have worked very hard on this paper, or the English would have been perfect. E) No one would have thought that you were capable of writing such good English. 64- It must have been a terrific feeling when you heard about your lottery win.

61- Let's take a taxi instead of walking home even though it is expensive. A) I wouldn't mind spending the extra money and going home by taxi although it is a nice walk. B) Rather than spending the money on a taxi, why don't we walk home instead? C) If we had enough money, we wouldn't have to walk home; instead, we could take a taxi. D) In spite of the expense, I would rather we took a taxi home than walked. E) Should we take a taxi despite the expense, or should we walk home? 62- It is possible that this will be your last opportunity if you do not do well on the report. A) I think it is better if you don't get another chance to do a report after the last one. B) You will only get another chance if you have done your best on this report . C) As soon as you are better, you will get another chance to do a good report. D) You must have done a good report as you know that you will never get another chance, if you haven't. E) You had better do a good job on the report, or you may never get another chance.

A) I'm sure you felt great upon learning that you were the winner of the lottery. B) I can imagine how you felt when you learned that you had almost won the lottery. C) I guess your first feeling was fear when you heard about winning the lottery. D) You should have felt better about all the money you won from the lottery. E) You ought to have chosen different numbers if you wanted to win the lottery. 65- You had better wait for the rain to stop before you leave, or you might catch a cold. A) It is so cold and rainy that it would be a good idea for us not to leave just now. B) It's likely that you'll catch cold in this rain, so you shouldn't leave until it stops. C) You will certainly get cold and wet if you go out into this rain. D) Do you really think it is a good idea to risk catching a chill in this rain? E) It is too cold to go out and it might rain, so I think you should wait before you leave. 66-70. sorularda, verilen ngilizce cmlenin Trke dengini bulunuz.

66- I was relieved to learn that I didn't have to decide immediately, and that they could wait until the end of the week. A) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini syledikleri iin hemen karar vermek zorunda deildim. B) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebilecekleri iin hemen karar vermek zorunda olmamak beni ok rahatlatt. C) Karar vermek iin hafta sonuna kadar vaktim vard nk bir sre bekleyebileceklerini duymutum. D) Hemen karar vermek zorunda olmadm, hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini renince rahatladm. E) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyeceklerini rendiimde, hemen karar vermek zorunda olmadm iin rahatladm. 67- Because it is both unknown and inevitable, death has always been a source of wonder and fear. A) nsanlar, kanlmaz olduunu bildikleri lme kar her zaman merakla kank korku duymulardr. B) Her zaman bir korku kayna olan lm, hem bilinmeyen hem de kanlmaz olduu iin hep merak edilmitir. C) Hem bilinmeyen hem de kanlmaz olduu ii lm her zaman bir merak ve korku kayna olmutur. D) lmn her zaman bir merak ve korku kayna olmasnn nedeni hem bilinmemesi hem de kanlmaz olmasdr. E) Bilinmeyen bir ey olduu iin insanlarn merak ettii ama ayn zamanda korktuu lm kanlmaz bir olaydr.

B) lk dokuz ayn sonunda bebek desteksiz oturabiliyorsa, oturarak oyun oynamasn salayacak dengeyi de kurabilir. C) Dokuzuncu ayn sonunda, oturarak oyun oynayabilecek kadar denge salayabilen ou bebek desteksiz oturabilir. D) Bebeklerin ou ancak dokuzuncu aydan sonra desteksiz oturmay ve otururken oyun oynayacak kadar denge salamay becerir. E) lk dokuz ayn sonunda ou bebek, desteksiz oturabilir ve otururken oyun oynayacak kadar denge salayabilir.

69- Pregnant women should avoid cigarettes and alcoholic beverages since these substances may harm the baby. A) Hamile kadnlar sigara ve alkoll ieceklerden kanmaldrlar nk bu maddeler bebee zarar verebilir. B) Mademki sigara ve alkolll iecekler bebee zarar verebiliyor, hamile kadnlar bu maddelerden uzak durmaldr. C) Hamile kadnlarn sigara ve alkoll ieceklerden kanmasnn nedeni bu maddelerin bebee zarar verme olasldr. D) Sigara ve alkoll iecekler bebee zarar verebileceinden hamile kadnlar iin bu maddeler sakncaldr. E) Hamile kadnlarn kanmas gereken sigara ve alkoll iecekler, ileride bebee zarar verebilir.

68- By the end of the first nine months, most babies will be able to sit without support and balance well enough to play as they sit. A) Dokuzuncu ayn sonunda bebekler, destek olmakszn denge salayabilir ve oturarak oyun oynayabilirler.

70- Accidents and suicides are the leading causes of deaths among youths and frequently are the result of alcohol and drug use.

A) ounlukla alkol ve uyuturucu kullanmnn sonucu meydana gelen kaza ve intiharlar, genler arasnda en yaygn lm nedenleridir. B) Kaza ve intihar, genler arasnda nde gelen lm nedenleridir ve ounlukla da alkol ve uyuturucu kullanmnn sonucudur. C) Kaza ve intihar, genler arasnda alkol ve uyuturucu bamll sonucu meydana gelen ve ounlukla lmle sonulanan olaylardr. D) ounlukla genler arasnda balca lm nedeni olan kaza ve intihar olaylar, alkol ve uyuturucu kullanmnn yaygnlamasnn sonulardr. E) Genler arasnda kaza ve intihar sonucu lm olaylarnn ok yaygn olmasnn balca nedeni alkol ve uyuturucu bamlldr.

A) Persuading my father about moving to a larger home was easy as he had also been thinking it might be a good idea. B) I realised that I needn't have tried so hard to persuade my father to move into a bigger house as he had had the same idea some time ago. C) I had been trying to persuade my father for some time to move to a larger house when he finally agreed to this idea. D) I didn't need to try hard to persuade my father about moving to a bigger house as he'd been thinking about the same thing for some time. E) My father had been considering moving to a bigger house for some time anyway, so he didn't need much persuasion from me. 73- Eskiden insanlar modern an pek ok nimetlerinden yoksundular; ama bence gnmz insanndan ok daha mutluydular. A) I believe that people in the past, even though they didn't have the benefits of modern times, were in general happier than today's people. B) In the past, people lived without many modern comforts, but, in my opinion, they were even happier than most people today are. C) The modem age has brought people many benefits, yet, my opinion is that, we are not happier than people in the past were. D) Even though people in the past lacked many benefits of modem society, I believe that they were just as happy as today's people are. E) In the past, people used to lack many benefits of the modern age, but, in my opinion, they were a lot happier than today's people. 74- Kitab okumu olamazsn; nk kitabn ne hakknda olduu konusunda bile hibir fikrin yok. A) You could have read the book just in order to understand what it is about. B) If you had read the book, you would have some idea what it is about. C) You don't even know what the book is about, so it is clear that you haven't read it.

71-75. sorularda, verilen Trke cmlenin ngilizce dengini bulunuz. 71- Kzkardeinin dn iin ald elbise son moda olabilir ama ona hi yakmam. A) The fashionable dress she has bought to wear to her sister's wedding doesn't suit her at all. B) I don't think the dress she bought for her sister's wedding suits her at all, but at least it is the latest fashion. C) The dress she bought for her sister's wedding may be the latest fashion, but it didn't suit her at all. D) Not only does the dress she bought for her sister's wedding suit her, but it is also highly fashionable. E) Her sister's wedding dress was the latest fashion, but I didn't think it really suited her. 72- Babam, daha byk bir eve tanmamz konusunda ikna etmek iin ok fazla uramam gerekmedi; nk o da bir sredir ayn eyi dnyormu.

D) You can't have read the book as you don't even have an idea what it is about. E) You clearly haven't read the book properly; otherwise, you would have some idea what it is about. 75- Kompozisyon yazarken konudan uzaklamamaya zellikle dikkat etmelisiniz. A) When you write a composition, you must remember to keep to the main point.

B) It is very important not to wander from the point when yon write a composition. C) You must pay special attention not to wander from the point when you write a composition. D) It is best to focus on one main point in written compositions. E) Special attention should be made not to stray from the point in written compositions.

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1- The committee has ...... the front three rows of seats for the parents of children who are appearing in the play. A) restored C) seated E) praised B) accommodated D) reserved 5- In the strong winds and rolling waves, the crew were ...... to keep the boat afloat. A) pulling B) sniffing C) sinking D) punching E) struggling

2- Shaun often leaves volumes of the encyclopedias out on the table instead of ......... them, to their usual shelves. A) returning C) compiling E) examining B) clearing D) hanging

6- Because of the threat of terrorist attacks in the shopping centre, a security guard ......... everyone's bags as they enter the building. A) fills C) controls E) tears B) inspects D) produces

3- "Please stop tapping your foot," said Tom to Jeannine in class. "It is very ........ and I just can't concentrate." A) sore C) distracting E) promising B) helpful D) sensitive

7- All visitors to the company first report at the ....... where they sign the visitor's book and are given a visitor's pass. A) cashier C) reception E) profit B) delivery D) accounts

4- In this restaurant, the waiters used to collect money from customers until the manager ......... a cashier. A) lent C) baked B) invented D) sacked E) employed

8- He didn't want to go to the farewell party, but as the member of staff who was leaving was a ...... from the same department, he felt obliged.

A) pensioner C) convict

B) rioter D) relative E) colleague

14- The new teacher seems to be very ......... in class. He makes the students sit in straight rows and won't tolerate any noise. A) common B) soft C) preferable D)strict E) helpful

9- As her business became more successful, Maryanne decided to it and opened branches in many different parts of the city. A) contract B) reduce C) explode D) expand E) invest

15- He spent his entire .......... that month on a new stereo, and spent the rest of the month with the money he borrowed from his mother. A) earnings C) victories B) balance D) loss E) valuables

10- I went to a fortune teller ten years ago, but none of the predictions she made were ........ nothing she predicted has - happened. A) accurate C) constant B) exact D) lasting E) pessimistic

11- As a salesman, he has to buy petrol, meals for customers and parking permits, but he claims these ...... back at the end of the month. A) expenses C) recipes E) prescriptions B) prices D) wages

16- I wrote to the firm complaining about the standard of service and they replied with a really ........ letter, implying that I was just a silly, complaining old woman, so I was absolutely furious. A) delightful C) considerate B) insulting D) pessimistic E) convincing

12- You shouldn't eat so much chocolate. It will ...... your teeth. A) fill C) ruin B) crack D) polish E) brush

17- I gave the carpet fitter the ...... of the conference room for a new carpet and asked for a quotation. A) seating C) entrance B) stages D) volume E) measurements

13- Many old people don't want to live in a home for the elderly because they don't get much ...... there as they are always in a room with other people. A) privacy C) society B) sympathy D) excitement E) service

18- In order to clear a pond of the weed donkey's tail, it is necessary to pull out all the ....... as well as the stems; otherwise, it will soon grow back again.

A) flowers C) plants E) leaves

B) roots D) water

A) spends C) investigates

B) raises D) completes E) contributes

19- For sending bills, I usually use cheap brown ......... but for sending cards and letters, I prefer to use white or blue ones. A) stamps B) presentations C) envelopes D) briefcases E) documents

24- The seller wanted five million liras for the scarf I liked, but I ..... hard with him and, in the end, I paid four million liras for it. A) profited C) debated B) conflicted D) bargained E) agreed

20- The hospital has advertised for a qualified nurse. The closing date for ...... is November 5th. A) resignations B) reservations C) invitations D) applications E) operations

25- My father had had a moustache for years, but yesterday, he ....... it off. I think he looks much younger now without it. A) combed C) split B) brushed D) trimmed E) shaved

21- Due to the flooded ground, the cricket match has been ...... until November 7th. A) scheduled C) qualified B) refereed D) postponed E) cancelled 26- I overheard you arranging to meet James on Saturday afternoon. I .... that means you are not coming to basketball practice. A) promise C) assume B) question D) wonder E) detect

22- In order to make this dessert, you need to ...... the egg whites until they form a stiff white mixture. A) rotate C) trim B) roll D) scramble E) whisk

27- The truck hit a car and sent it spinning over to the other side of the road, where it ...... with a vehicle coming in the opposite direction. A) drowned C) collided B) crumbled D) floated E) squashed

23- 'One-for-One' is a charity which gives all the money it ......... from fund holding events to help disabled children.

28- She always pays her rent to her ...... on time every month. A) housekeeper C) headmaster E) doorman B) landlord D) tenant

33- I had been worried because of the reports of an aeroplane crashing in bad weather and was relieved when we ...... safely at Atatrk Airport. A) landed C) parked B) crossed D) grounded E) crashed

29- ...... me to give you the shop keys before I leave; otherwise, you won't be able to lock the shop. A) Promise C) Forget B) Announce D) Remember E) Remind

34- Mary works twice as hard as her colleagues and yet she is on a lower salary she doesn't seem to ........ this, but I'd be really hurt and angry if I were her. A) tolerate C) bear B) mind D) offend E) abuse

30- She can't swim very well and certainly shouldn't have been in the deep end of the swimming pool. Fortunately, a lifeguard spotted her as soon as she started to panic, and he ........ in and saved her A) dived B) drowned C) appeared D) raised E) sank

35- I was against buying a new carpet for the lounge, but my husband brought a catalogue home with some lovely designs in it and ........ me. A) assumed B) approved C) distracted D) persuaded E) regretted

31- As soon as they realised that the dam was going to burst, they flew in helicopters to help ........ the area, and within hours, they had moved all the local people to safety. A) locate C) transfer B) evacuate D) conquer E) flatten

36- There is something wrong with our ...... . Instead of going out, the smoke from the fireplace is coming back into the room. A) ladder C) roof E) chimney B) flames D) pipe

32- We have fitted a safety gate at the top of the ...... in order to prevent the baby from falling down. A) hill C) staircase B) path D) ladder E) rope

37- The potatoes had literally dissolved into the water because she had ...... them too long. A) peeled C) boiled E) soaked B) sunk D) chopped

38- I had expected a pay rise after I had worked for the company twelve months, so when I didn't get one, I was..... . A) excited B) frightened C) disappointed D) destroyed E) amused

A) evolution C) evaporation E) clarification

B) contamination D) solution

40- The company didn't send the order on time because the packing machine had broken down and they had to pack the items with a tool operated .......... . A) annually C) constantly E) manually B) steadily D) permanently

39- Cyanide, a deadly poison, escaped from a reservoir at the gold mine when it overflowed and caused the worse ...... of the River Tisza in living memory.

ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1 (pg. 7) 1. moving 2.if I opened/opening 3.if I skipped 4.if I used 5. dusting 6.making/if I made 7.getting 8.if I borrowed 9.making 10.showing Exercise 2 (pg. 8) Sample answers: 1. May I go on a skiing holiday with my classmates, Dad? 2. Would you pay the cashier over there, please? 3.Can you tell me more about" the course you took at university? 4. Would you mind bringing me a cheese sandwich? 5.Could you open the door for me?/Would you mind opening the door for me? 6. Can you hold my umbrella for a moment, please? 7.Could you direct me to Mr. Smith's office? 8.Could (Would) you explain that again in French? 9.May I speak to the Small Business Advisor, please?/Would you put me through to the Small Business Advisor, please? 10. May I return it for a full refund if it is too small? 11.May I take it for a test drive?/Would you mind if I tried it out? 12.Can I/May I go swimming with Tom, Mum? 13. Would you like some help in the garden. Mum? 14.Would you mind if we sat in the smoking section?/If you don't mind, can we sit in the smoking section? 15.Could you bring me some mustard, please?/Can I have some mustard, please? Exercise 3 (pg. 13) 1.mustn't 2.don't have to 3.mustn't 4.don't have to 5.don't have to 6.mustn't/mustn't 7.don't need to 8.do't need to 9.mustn't 10.mustn't 11.don't have to 12.mustn't 13.don't need to 14.mustn't 15.don't have to Exercise 4 (pg. 14) 1. mustnt 2.needn't 3.mustn't 4.must 5.have to/don't have to 6.doesn't have to 7.must (have to) 8.don't have to 9.don't have to 10.have to 11.must (have to) 12.have to Exercise 5 (pg. 15)

1.didn't have to buy 2.needn't have borrowed 3.needn't have brought 4.didn't need to add 5.didn't need to water 6.needn't have cooked 7.needn't have hired 8.didn't have to throw 9.needn't have missed 10.needn't have typed Exercise 6 (pg. 18) 1.shouldn't 2.shouldn't 3-needn't 4.shouldn't 5.needn't 6.needn't 7.needn't 8.shouldn't 9.needn't 10.shouldn't Exercise 7 (pg. 18) 1.should give 2.shouldn't have put 3.should clean 4.should have bought 5.should provide 6.shouldn't settle/should bargain 7.shouldn't have been driving 8.shouldn't have stayed 9.should tack 10.should have sent/shouldn't have taken 11.should have been working 12.shouldn't be working 13.shouldn't have eaten 14.shouldn't assume 15.shouldn't make 16.shouldn't have set 17.shouldn't have drunk 18.should concentrate 19.should have left 20.should be eating Exercise 8 (pg. 20) 3.You were supposed to turn the answer machine on. 4. You were supposed to collect some parsley from the greengrocer's. 5.You were supposed to phone the customer before you left. /You weren't supposed to leave the office without phoning the customer. 6.I am supposed to pay my rent to my landlord today. 7.I am supposed to be at a customer's now./I am not supposed to be in the office now. 8.You aren't supposed to make personal phone calls from the office. 9. You were supposed to bring a course book for me. 10.You are supposed to stay in until you recover from your cold completely. Exercise 9 (pg. 23) 1.could hear 2.were able to rescue 3.could swim 4.could play 5.could go 6.were able to lift 7.could sail 8.was able to land 9.could study 10.were able to jump Exercise 10 (pg. 24) 1.can whistle/can't sing 2.can use 3.was able to get 4.could play/couldn't go 5.couldn't hang 6.had been able to get 7.hasn't been able to hear 8.be able to afford 9.was able to clear 10.can speak/can speak 11.will be able to sit (can sit) 12.could see/couldn't persuade (wasn't able to persuade) 13.can watch 14.can't find/won't be able to go 15.hasn't been able to go Exercise 11 (pg. 32) 3.must be getting 4.must hate 5.must like 6.must be boiling 7.must have been sailing 8.must be milking 9.must have arrived 10.must be living 11.must have made 12.must have assumed 13.must have been showing (must have shown) 14.must have been listening 15.must be 16.must work (must be working) 17.must have decided 18.must be fitting 19.must have finished 20.must have been serving Exercise 12 [pg. 33) 1.can't be/might belong 2.could go/could cycle 3.might be washing/might be cleaning/can't be vacuuming 4.can't have left 5.must be using 6.must have copied/might have studied/must agree 7.could have put 8.must not want 9.might get 10.might be 11.must not have understood/might be 12.must not believe 13.must be going 14.must be (might be)/can't be/must be (might be) 15.must have taken/can't have taken

Exercise 13 (pg. 37) 1.have spent 2.had finished 3.hadn't agreed 4.cleared 5.be designing 6.not have cut 7.didn't have 8.not listen 9.had asked 10.not have gone 11.be riding/be playing/be skiing 12.hadn't mentioned 13.always ate/had 14.work (be working) 15.didn't tease Exercise 14 (pg. 39) 3. ..used to be terrified... 4. ...used to take us.../...used to buy... 5. No change 6.No change 7. ...who used to slap... 8. ...often used to become.../...didn't use to become... 9. ...used to work... 10.No change

1.C 11.D 21.A 31.E 41.B 51.D 61.C 71.E

2. B 12.D 22.B 32.C 42.E 52.E 62.A 72. C

3. A 13.E 23.C 33.D 43.E 53.B 63.D 73.A

4.D

TEST YOURSELF 1
5.C 6.E 15.A 25.D 35.A 45.E 55.A 65.B 75.D 16.D 26.A 36.E 46. B 56. B 66.A

7.A

8.A 18.E 28.C 38.B 48.C 58.D 68.D

9.B 19.E 29.E 39.C 49 .A 59.A 69.B

10.E 20. D 30.B 40 .A 50.D 60.C 70.B

14.C 24.B 34.A 44. D 54.C 64.E 74.B

17.B 27.C 37.A 47. D 57.E 67.C

1.B 11.D 21. A 31.C 41.E 51.D

2.D 12.E 22.B 32.A 42.E 52.C

3.D 13.B 23.D 33.E 43.C 53.B

4.A

TEST YOURSELF 2
5.C 6.B 7.E 15.D 25.C 35.B 45.A 55.D 16.D 26.D 36.E 46.C 56.D 17.C 27.B 37.D 47.E 57.E

8.D 18.E 28.A 38 .A 48.C 58.B

9.A 19.B 29 .A 39.C 49. C 59.D

10.C 20.B 30.E 40.B 50.A 60.C

14.A 24. C 34.B 44. B 54.E

61.D 71. C

62.E 72.D

63.C 73.E

64.A 74.D

65.B 75.C

66. D

67.C

68.E

69.A

70.B

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1.D 11.A 21.D 31.B 2.A 12.C 22.E 32.C 3.C 13.A 23.B 33.A 4.E 14.D 24.D 34.B 5.E 15.A 25.E 35.D 6.B 16.B 26.C 36.E 7.C 17.E 27. C 37.C 8.E 18.B 28.B 38.C 9.D 19.C 29.E 39. B 10.A 20.D 30.A 40.E

EXAMPLES FROM YS/YDS 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.D

9. E