..................................

3
.. -
-
(12211224 .) ............... 4
Frumin Mitia. Franois Kauffer: at home among strangers, a stranger
at home. The fate of a cartographer in foreign service in the age
of empires .......................................... 15
.. .

. . 24
.. .
.. . 1917 . . 30
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-
19191920 . 33
.. .. . ..
.. ... 44
.. . 48
.., ..
(1925 .) ... 65
.. .
() 69
.. .
.. 76
..
- . 86
* * *
(19232011) ......... 94
.................................. 96

1998 .


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77-32098
30 2008 .
65049
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: 103031, ,
, . 12, . 213
E-mail: orientalarchive@yandex.ru




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103031, , , 12




2 (24), 2011

Editors notes ............................................................................................................... 3

Timokhin, Dmitriy. The Arab-Persian sources on Khorezmshah Djalal ad-Din Mankburny and
his operations in the Northern India in 12211224 ............................................................................................ 4
Frumin, Mitia. Franois Kauffer: at home among strangers, a stranger at home. The fate
of a cartographer in foreign service in the age of empires ................................................................................... 15
Filippova, Tatiana. Satiricon Russian magazine on constitutional reforms in Turkey and Persia
at the beginning of the XX century ........................................................................................................................ 24
Buhert, Vladimir. On pressing needs of the Pamir region in 1917 ....................................................................... 30
Tikhonov, Yury. New archive documents on first Soviet-Afghan diplomatic contacts in 19191920 .. 33
Valeev, Ramil. Death of professor Katanov. Letter from professor Miller to professor Oldenburg 44
Eminov, Rustem. First national museum of Crimean Tatars .................................................................. 48
Molodyakov, Vassiliy, Rosov, Vladimir. Anti-Communist treaty of Russian emigrants
from Siberia with Japanese deputies (1925) .......................................................................................................... 65
Beliakov, Vladimir. At Royal Service in Egypt. From memories of a Russian emigrant
Anatoly Markov (the final part) .............................................................................................................................. 69
Buhert, Vladimir. First Russian explorers of Africa. Unpublished lecture of professor Nersesov .. 76
Podalko, Peter. Chinese factor in education of Russian experts on Japan ......................................................... 86
* * *
Obituary. Dr. Svyatoslav Potabenko (19232011) ................................................................................................... 94
Contributors ................................................................................................................ 96
Oriental Archive
No. 2 (24), 2011
CONTENTS
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 3
CAOBO PEAKTOPA
Vnaxaemte xonnern!
Hpenaraemt namemy nnnmannm ntnycx Bocrounoro apxnna nectma cnoxen
no ramme uyncrn n nannrpe coepxannx.
Vmen n Beunocrt Cnxrocnan Hropennu Horaenxo (19232011) cosarent nnemnero
onnxa xypnana, ero nnyrpennero nsana, a nepexo n xonrenra. Hoxa xnn xypnan, on
yer ntxonrt c nsopaxenntm Horaenxo cnmnonom enncrna: pyxonnct pxom c ]o-
nnanrom. Taxon n Bocrount apxnn no cyrn cnoe, rax nnen apxnnnoe nocroxonee-
nne, nsnenexnnoe namnm xypnanom, nam crapmn pyr n ronapnm. Kax snax namero
enncrna n enax n nnanax nmx C.H. Horaenxo ocranercx na rnryntnom nncre xypnana.
Ocennn ntnycx 2011 roa ]axrnuecxn nocnxmen ouepeno Mexynapono xon-
]epennnn no apxnnnomy nocroxoneennm, xoropax nmeer trt n Mocxne n noxpe cero
roa. 3ro ocroxrentcrno, panno xax n ycrounno mnpoxn rnopuecxn nanason namnx
anropon, onpeennnn reorpa]nm npncnanntx crare no anropam n no coepxannm. Or
eperon Meprnoro mopx uepes uepnoe mope o Tnxoro oxeana xnnyr namn anropt
(M. upymnn Hspannt; P.P. 3mnnon Kptm; H.3. Hoanxo n B.3. Monoxxon nonnx).
C yuerom ntcoxo xstxono nororonnennocrn namnx unrarene n roro, uro o-
nnm ns paounx xstxon mexynapontx xon]epennn xnnxercx anrnncxn, mt ny-
nnxyem nonym paory oxropa M. upymnna n anrnncxom napnanre.
Moxno nospannrt npo]eccnonantnoro apxnnncra (Apxnn PAH) B.I. Fyxepra c
nneennem n c]epy ocrynnocrn oxymenron o nourn satrom n ornennom 1917 roy
Hamnpe (1-x crartx) n marepnanon o ncroxax conpemenno a]pnxanncrnxn (2-x crartx).
Mt nynnxyem raxxe +xcxnmsnnnym n nepcnexrnne antnemero nccneonannx
oxymenrantnym naxoxy nsnecrntx ocotm uyrtem na oxymenrt-papnrert
B.3. Monoxxona n B.A. Pocona. noncxne nnrepect n Cnnpn na sape Conercxo nna-
crn: nsrnx uepes oxymenrt onacrnnxon. Fyem npocnrt anropon pasnnnart +ry
remy, axryantnym n xonrexcre conpemenntx nponem Poccnn x nocroxy or Vpana.
Hecxontxo oomammnx ne (no oxymenram) n ornomennn cnnonornn n oreue-
crnenno opnenranncrnxe npenaraer nam nont anrop H.3. Hoanxo.
Hpoonxammnecx nynnxannn nerepanon apxnnnoro nocroxoneennx P.M. Baneena
(Kasant), B.B. Fenxxona (Mocxna), R.H. Tnxonona (Hnnenx) ormeuent nexropom onro-
npemennoro npoyxrnnnoro noncxa. To xe moxno cxasart n o monoom anrope .M. Tn-
moxnne (Mocxna), ne nnepnte pacxptnammem nenpocrym ncropnm xopesmmaxon.
Honnrnuecxax ncropnuecxax anannrnxa npancxo n rypenxo penonmnn nauana
XX nexa uepes rnyoxoe n ocrpoymnoe npourenne pyccxoro xypnana Carnpnxon
npecrannena me]-peaxropom Ponnt T.A. unnnnnono. 3ro n nno comsa nyx
xypnanon, n nonoe nuenne nocroxonentx nponem.
Mysenoe eno n xptmcxne rarapt n xonrexcre apxnnnoro nocroxoneennx npe-
cramr n crarte P.P. 3mnnona (Vxpanna, Kptm). Mt orentno naroapnm unena pe-
xonnernn xypnana H.B. 3anena sa ontmym paory no npnneennm ynnxantnoro ma-
repnana n cnoxnnmncx ]opmar.
o ncrpeun! Ha xon]epennnn n na crpannnax Bocrounoro apxnna.
B.H. mepeue1
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 4
annax crartx nocnxmena ornocnrentno
manonsyuennomy nepnoy norpa]nn ono-
ro ns camtx nennxnx npannrene Xopesma,
xanan a-nna Manxypnt, a nmenno ero
npetnannm na reppnropnn Cenepno Hn-
nn. B oreuecrnenno n sapyexno ncro-
pnorpa]nn monrontcxoro sanoenannx Hen-
rpantno Asnn yenxercx ocoenno npn-
crantnoe nnnmanne npornnocroxnnm xa-
nan a-nna monronam na reppnropnn camo-
ro Xopesma, a nnocnecrnnn 3ananoro Hpa-
na. B ro xe npemx nnncxn nepno
xnsnn xopesmmaxa, nponnnmncx es ma-
noro rpn roa, npaxrnuecxn ocranancx es
cnennantnoro nsyuennx, ncxnmuax paort
H. xexcona
1
, manoocrynnte nx oreuecr-
nennoro nccneonarenx. Mexy rem apao-
nepcncxne ncrounnxn npeocrannxmr nam
ocrarouno omnpnt marepnan no anno
nponeme.
Vxasannt nepno naxen ne crontxo nx
nsyuennx ncropnn npornnocroxnnx xanan
a-nna monronam, cxontxo nx nonnmannx
camo nnunocrn +roro npannrenx n ntxnne-
nnx npnunn ero nocneymmero yxoa na rep-
pnropnm Hpana. Hpnuem ecrnnx xanan
a-nna n Hnnn ocrannnn xpxn cne n nc-
ropnn +ro crpant, no+romy nx nsyuenne no-
snonnr necxontxo nyume nonnmart ncropn-
uecxoe pasnnrne ceneponnncxoro pernona
n +ror nepno. Haxonen, cncremarnsannx cne-
enn, coepxamnxcx n pamxax xopnyca apa-
o-nepcncxnx ncrounnxon, nosnonnr nam
nonxrt, nacxontxo naxntm cunrann annt
nepno norpa]nn xopesmmaxa cpenenexo-
nte ncropnxn, xaxoe mecro onn emy ornon-
nn n, n xonne xonnon, nacxontxo xopomo on
tn nm nsnecren.
Heoxonmo xparxo oxapaxrepnsonart
norpa]nm xanan a-nna naxanyne ero
ercrna n Hnnm. Honyunn or orna nnacrt
na Xopesmom nnmt n 1220 r., on pocnn nce
cnnt na conpornnnenne monrontcxnm sanoe-
narenxm. Onaxo n 12201221 rr. nce nontr-
xn xanan a-nna nanpxmym npornnocro-
xrt unnrns-xany nponannnnct. Hcxo pe-
mammero cpaxennx xanan a-nna c mon-
ronamn y pexn Hn (Cnn) n 1221 r. orxptn
opory rocnocrny monronon na reppnropnn
Xopacana n Manepannaxpa.
Apao-nepcncxne ncropnxn ocrarouno
nopono onnctnamr +ro cpaxenne. Ho
paccxasy Hacann, nenrp mycyntmancxoro
nocxa, no nauantcrnom camoro xanan a-
nna, cmxn monronon, n cam unnrns-xan yxe
oparnncx n ercrno, no nrny pemnno nana-
enne 10000 monrontcxnx axaypon, o rex
nop croxnmnx n sacae, na npanoe xptno my-
cyntman, no nauantcrnom Amnn an-Myntxa.
Ctn xanan a-nna ner cemn nnn noctmn
tn nsxr n nnen n ynr; cnom mart, xeny n
pyrnx xenmnn xanan a-nn cam nenen
pocnrt n noy, urot onn ne ocrannct
monronam
2
.
V Kasnnnn mt nnnm onee xparxoe onn-
canne +ro nrnt: B mannane roa 618 (18
noxpx 18 exapx 1221 r. .T.) unnrns-
xan an emy o na eperax Cnna n tn no-
enrenem. Cynran xanan a-nn nepenpa-
nnncx uepes pexy es cyna c 700 nonnamn; [n
nrore xanan a-nn] cnaccx rontxo c 7 non-
namn
3
. unnrns-xan, cnex sa nepenpano
xanan a-nna, cxasan: Tontxo raxo ctn
onxen trt y orna! Pas on cymen ntrn ne-
npenmtm ns raxo nrnt n ntpartcx ns ra-
xo nyunnt na eper cnacennx, or nero npo-
ncrexyr mnoxecrno exnn n ecuncnennte
cmyrt!
4
Hoonoe ntcxastnanne npx nn nmeno
mecro. Ho-nnnmomy, +ro ntymxa Pamn
a-nna, no +rn cnona nepno nepeamr orno-
menne unnrns-xana x nnunocrn xopesmn-
.M. Tnuoxnn
APABO-HEPCHCKHE HCTOHHHKH O XOPE3MmAXE
AAAA A-HH MAHKBYPHL H EIO EHCTBHRX
B CEBEPHOH HHHH (12211224 rr.)
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 5
cxoro npannrenx. Monrontcxn xan nnepnte
ncrpernn pannoro npornnnnxa, raxo conep-
nnx nyxen tn emy xnntm, n on ornmt ne
xoren ero ynnart. B onncannn Pamn a-
nnom nnunocrn n nocrynxon cynrana namno
orpaxenne n antnemee ornomenne nepcox-
stuntx ncropnxon x nnunocrn xopesmmaxa n
Hepcnn n n Bocrounom Typxecrane. B nem
npoonxann nnert repox. Pamn a-nn
raxxe nnmer, uro nepe ynomxnyrtm oem
unnrns-xan xxot cxasan cnonm nonnam: He
nopaxare cynrana crpeno, npnnoxnre nce
crapanne, urot xaxo-nnyt ynonxo sa-
xnarnrt ero xnntm!
5
Hcxo cpaxennx y pexn Hn npeonpe-
ennn antnemee pasnnree cotrn n Hen-
rpantno Asnn: monront crann rocnocrno-
nart na ontme uacrn reppnropnn rocyap-
crna Xopesmmaxon. xanan a-nn ontme
ne nmen nosmoxnocrn npornnocroxrt unn-
rns-xany, n, nnnmo, pacnpomancx c naex-
o ornoenart Xopacan n Manepannaxp.
Kpome nenocpecrnenno nopaxennx xo-
pesmncxnx nocx n nrne na pexe Hn, cy-
mecrnymr n nnte npnunnt, ns-sa xoroptx
monrontcxax apmnx sa cront neontmoe npe-
mx cmorna nonnocrtm ynnuroxnrt epxany
Xopesmmaxon. Apao-nepcncxne ncrounnxn
coepxar cneennx o rom, uro xanan a-
nn onycrnn nectma cymecrnennte omnxn
n nepno optt c monronamn n onacrxx
Iopa, a nmenno n rom, uro xacaercx nenoro
o]opmnennx cnoe optt. xanan a-nn
ne npenoxnn nnxaxo nen, noxpyr xoropo
mornn t cnnornrtcx nce es ncxnmuennx
napot nornamme nmnepnn Xopesmmaxon.
Hmex no cnoe pyxo nonn+rnnuecxoe no-
cxo, xopesmmax ne rontxo ne nontrancx
cnnornrt cnom apmnm, no ne cmor axe npo-
rnnocroxrt pacxony n ne. Ho cyrn, naxanyne
pemammero cpaxennx xanan a-nn nn-
mnncx npaxrnuecxn nononnnt cnoe apmnn,
xoropax orennnact or nero ns-sa mex+rnn-
uecxoro xon]nnxra. B counnennn an-Hacann
mt naxonm nectma noponoe n nmontr-
noe onncanne +roro cotrnx.
Cnyunnoct rax, uro x +romy npemenn
nocxa xanaxe (n xapnyxon. Hpu+. nepe-
eoo:ura) no npenonrentcrnom Ca] a-
nna Hrpaxa, A'sam-Mannxa n Mysa]]ap-
Mannxa n rnene noxnnynn xanan a-nna
xax pas rora, xora on ontme ncero nyx-
ancx n nx npncyrcrnnn n nx nomomn. A npn-
unna +roro tna n rom, uro xora onn pasn-
nn ctna unnrns-xana y Hapnana, ro rmpxn
npn pasene otun, ocrannenno nm Anna-
xom, nocnopnnn c nnmn na [cno] nosop, ne-
uartm xoroporo onn tnn xnement n ero
ornem ranponant. Hexoropte ns rmpox
Amnn-Mannxa axe ocnapnnann y A'sam-Ma-
nnxa xonx ns rarapcxo xonnnnt, n cnop me-
xy nnmn sarxnyncx. Tmpx yapnn ero cnoe
nnertm, n +ro ntsnano nosmymenne n nx y-
max n nenanncrt n nx cepnax. B nx ymax sa-
xnnena snoa, rax xax onn nnenn, uro ne mo-
ryr onrtcx cnpanennnoro enexa. H xax
nn crapancx xanan a-nn yonnernopnrt
nx, rmpxn cranonnnnct eme snee n necep-
xannee n cnoem opamennn n n orcyrcrnnn
yurnnocrn, y nnx tno mano ontra n +rnx e-
nax n onn ne xorenn nnert, xaxont yyr
nocnecrnnx. uyxesemnt (a.-evpaoa')
6
xano-
nannct pyr pyry, uro +rn rmpxn cunramr,
uro rarapt ne ns poa nmcxoro, onn ne sna-
mr crpaxa, rax xax meun ne ocrannxmr na nnx
cnea, n onn ne orcrynamr, no na nnx ne
ecrnymr xontx. Ho net mt nnenn, xax
meun pacnpannxnnct c nx cycranamn, a c nne-
menamn xontx n xamnn, [xax] onn onontcr-
nonannct oerom, xoropt napymaercx, n co-
rnamennem, xoropoe pacropraercx. [Onn co-
nepmann +ro] npenosnecennem na semne n
yxnmpennem sna. Ho snoe yxnmpenne oxpy-
xaer rontxo onaarene ero /Kopan
XXXV, 41 (43)/. Kora xanan a-nn yna-
rornopxn nx, urot nosnparnrt, n nanpannxn
nocnon nx saxnmuennx npounoro comsa,
rmpxn orneuann nenanncrtm. eno Annaxa
tno pemennem npepemenntm /Kopan
XXXIII, 38 (38)/, n onn noxnnynn ero. Taxnm
opasom, rocyapn +roro oma (Xopesmma-
xon. Hpu+. nepeeoo:ura) conepmnnn omn-
xy, nsxn n nomomt rmpox npornn raxoro xe
nnemenn ns uncna mnorooxnnxon. Bet xro
cpaxaercx es nenoxonenmo nept n rnep-
o yexennocrn, ne naeercx na nosaxnne
n ne onrcx [acxnx] myuenn, ne rapanrnpo-
nan or cnaocrn npn nyxe n or roro, urot
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 6
cneonart cnonm xenannxm n nmoe npemx n
exeuacno. a!
7
K pyrnm npocueram moxno ornecrn ro,
uro xopesmmax nocne pacxona cnoe apmnn
nnnyncx n cropony onacrn Cnn, re tna
nennxa onacnocrt trt saxartm mexy mon-
ronamn n pexo, uro cocrnenno n nponsom-
no. Kax nnno ns onncann conpemennnxon,
monrontcxne orpxt nnrannct ncne xopes-
mncxo apmnn, ne anax nosmoxnocrn nana-
nrt nepenpany uepes Hn n ntnyxax ncry-
nnrt n orxptroe cronxnonenne, re uncnen-
noe npenmymecrno tno onxrt xe na cropo-
ne unnrns-xana. B pesyntrare ercrna n Hn-
nm xanan a-nn oxastnancx n uyxnx
semnxx, emy ne npnxonnoct paccunrtnart
na cxont-nno snaunrentnym nomomt. Bos-
moxno, cneonano t nspart pyroe na-
npannenne orcrynnennx nocne pacxona apmnn
n nanpannrtcx n pyrne, eme nesarponyrte
nono onacrn nmnepnn Xopesmmaxon, uro
nosnonxno coxpannrt ocrarxn apmnn n na-
part nonte orpxt ns tnmnx noanntx
Xopesmncxo epxant.
Kax yxe ronopnnoct ntme, nocxo xa-
nan a-nna nocne nrnt na pexe Hn npax-
rnuecxn nepecrano cymecrnonart. Hocne ne-
penpant y nero ocranoct ncero necxontxo
coren nonnon, no xopesmmax ne onycrnn py-
xn. B Hnnn on nauan naxannnnart cnnt n
roronnrtcx x npoonxennm optt. Fnaro
monront +romy ne memann: 20 rtcxu non-
non, nocnanntx n 619 r.x. (1222) n noronm
sa nnm, nonepnynn or Mynrana
8
nasa, xxo-
t ne ntepxan xapt. Cxopee ncero, mon-
rontcxn xopnyc, nocnannt n noronm,
npocro ne namen xanan a-nna na +ro
reppnropnn. On (xanan a-nn. .T.)
nnrancx no oxpanne crpant Cnn, re ero
nonnt npncoennxnnct x nemy, no noe, na-
xonen, orpomnax apmnx copanact noxpyr
nero
9
. Hacann nnmer o 4 rtcxuax nonnon n
rpex cnacmnxcx noenauantnnxax Kynapce
Faxaype, Kapxyxe n Can a-nne Ann
am-Bapaape.
B counnennn xynenn mt naxonm ro-
paso onee nopont paccxas ornocnrent-
no copa xopesmmaxom cnn nocne nopaxennx
or monronon. Kora cynran nsexan no-
no onacnocrn ornx n not, ro ecrt noroxa
Hna n nnamenn xpocrn unnrns-xana, x nemy
npncoennnnnct nxrt nnn mecrt nonnon ero
nnuno rnapnn, xoroptx ne ynnuroxnna
Cyta n xoropte ne tnn opament n npax
xstxamn nnamenn ropx n ecrnn. Onn ne
mornn npnymart nnuero nyume, xpome xax
yxptrtcx n necy, n rax onn cxptnannct ram
ent nnn na, no ncreuennn xoroptx x nnm
npncoennnnnct eme nxrtecxr uenonex. Ha-
syrunxn, nocnannte pasneart ocranonxy,
nopornnnct c coomennem o rom, uro orpx
rononopeson-nnycon, nemnx n xonntx, sa-
nnmancx rpaexamn n npeanancx pacnyrcrny
n nyx ]apcaxax or narepx cynrana. On nenen
cnonm cnyrnnxam ntpesart cee no ynne n
nanacrt na rex nme noutm. Onn nepennn
ontmnncrno ns nnx n sapann nx xnnorntx
n opyxne. Bcxope x cynrany npncoennnncx
eme onn orpx, uacrtm na nomaxx, uacrtm
na nonax. Onn npnnecnn nsnecrne, uro neno-
anexy naxonnoct nnncxoe nocxo unc-
nennocrtm o nyx nnn rpex rtcxu uenonex.
Cynran nanan na nero co cra nanartm non-
namn, n nponsnn cnonm nnncxnm xnnnxom
mnoxecrno +rnx nnnnen, n, saxnarnn ot-
uy, cmor nepenoopyxnrt cnoe nocxo. Kora
nsnecrne o cnne cynrana n o rom, uro on on-
pannncx or nopaxennx, pacnpocrpannnoct no
nce Hnnn, n ropax Fanana n Hnxana crann
conpartcx nocxa, n na nero nanano oxono
nxrn nnn mecrn rtcxu ncannxon. Vcntxan
o nx npnnnxennn, on ornpannncx nm na-
ncrpeuy c nxrtmcramn xonnnxamn, tnmnmn
n ero pacnopxxennn, n, ncrynnn n o, pacce-
xn n ynnuroxnn nnncxne nonxn. H co ncex
cropon x nemy crann npntnart orentnte
orpxt, noxa ne napanoct no ero nauanom
oxono rpex nnn uertpex rtcxu uenonex
10
.
Ecnn ne part n pacuer necxontxo sant-
mennoe xynenn xonnuecrno nocx, nporn-
nocroxnmnx xanan a-nny, ro ntpncont-
naercx npnmepno ra xe xaprnna, uro n n co-
unnennxx Kasnnnn n an-Hacann. Ocrarxn xo-
pesmncxoro nocxa nocrenenno nosnpama-
mrcx x cnoemy noenauantnnxy, n ncxope y ne-
ro no xomanonannem oxastnaercx ocra-
rouno ontmo orpx, cocroxmn ns npean-
ntx nnuno emy nonnon. Hentsx ne ormernrt
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 7
ror ]axr, uro ncxox ns anntx xynenn, n
nepnoe npemx nocne nopaxennx na pexe Hn
orpx xanan a-nna n no xonnuecrny non-
non, n no noopyxennm, a rnannoe, no cnonm
ecrnnxm, mano uem ornnuancx or otuno
pasonnute maxn. Tax uro ynnuroxen-
nt xopesmnnamn orpx rononopeson-nn-
ycon nmen c xopesmnnamn ropaso ont-
me cxontx uepr, uem morno noxasartcx na
nepnt nsrnx. Fesycnonno, raxoro poa e-
crnnx xanan a-nna n ero nonnon nocnnn
cxopee ntnyxennt xapaxrep. He rontxo
noromy, uro nx uncno tno nenennxo, no n
no ro npnunne, uro ecrnonart xopesmma-
xy npnxonnoct n xpane crecnenntx o-
croxrentcrnax, a eme n na uyxo reppnro-
pnn, eso ncxxo nosmoxnocrn onepertcx na
mecrnoe nacenenne, xax +ro morno trt n Xo-
pesme nnn na reppnropnn A]ranncrana.
Kax nnno ns onncann xynenn n
pyrnx ncropnxon, necmorpx na nepnte yau-
nte ecrnnx na reppnropnn Cenepno Hn-
nn, uncnennocrt nocxa xopesmmaxa tna n
ror momenr nenennxa, n x romy xe ono nyx-
anoct n npnnacax n noopyxennn. Fecrnen-
ntm nonoxennem xanan a-nna n Hnnn
nocnemnnn nocnontsonartcx mecrnte pa-
xnyrcxne npannrenn. Bor xax nnmer o +rom
Hacann: Kora npannrent onacrn rop an-
xy pana
11
Barpa ysnan, uro npenparnocrn
nont yannnn xanan a-nna, pasnroro c
neontmnm uncnom cnonnxnnxon n ocrar-
xom ero croponnnxon, na xpa ero crpant n
uro n pesyntrare cpaxennx y nero ocranact
nnmt manax uacrt xonnnnt, on nanpannncx x
nemy c nonnamn uncnom oxono rtcxun xon-
ntx n nxrtm rtcxuamn nemnx, urot noc-
nontsonartcx yontm cnyuaem n momenrom
ocnanennx n sanonyunrt cnom onm
12
.
Hmenno nocxo npannrenx Barpa, o xo-
ropom nnmer xopomo ocneomnennt o ex-
rentnocrn xopesmmaxa an-Hacann, n onee
nosnnx counnennxx, n uacrnocrn y xyne-
nn, repxer cnoero npenonrenx n nmecro
ono nrnt n camom nauane cnoero nnn-
cxoro nepnoa npannennx xanan a-nn,
cornacno romy xe xynenn, ntnrpan rpn.
Tax nnn nnaue, nepnte xe noennte ecrnnx
xopesmmaxa n Hnnn cranxr nepe nnm cne-
ymmym nnemmy: nnn xopesmncxomy npa-
nnrenm yacrcx nnncartcx n omecrnenno-
nonnrnuecxym xaprnny nonoro nx nero pe-
rnona, nx uero, esycnonno, norpeyercx ne-
mano ycnnn, nnn xe emy nanexnr noxn-
nyrt +ry reppnropnm n ornpannrtcx n ry
uacrt nmnepnn xopesmmaxon, xoropax eme ne
tna sarponyra monrontcxnm namecrnnem.
Kax noxasann nocneymmne cotrnx, xa-
nan a-nn npenouen nepnt ns ynomxny-
rtx napnanron.
Hrax, noxnnenne xanan a-nna n Hn-
nn sacrannno ero nauart nonym nony c no-
ntm npornnnnxom nnacrne Paxnyron.
Pasnn npannrenx Barpa n saxnarnn otuy,
xopesmmax oxasancx n nectma cnoxno cn-
ryannn. Hocne pasrpoma npannrenx Barpa
sanncnmocrt or xanan a-nna npnsnan Ka-
map a-nn Kepmann, namecrnnx npannrenx
Hacnp a-nna Kyaun, nnaenmero onacrx-
mn Cnna, Vuun
13
, Mynrana, Haxopa
14
n He-
manapa
15
. Kora Kamap a-nn, na'n Kya-
un n Hanane n Caxyne, ycntman orsnyxn
+roro ynnnrentnoro cpaxennx n uyecno
nonocrn, on cran ncxart cnnxennx c xanan
a-nnom nyrem nonomennx pexocrntx
apon n pasnnuntx noapxon, n uncne xoro-
ptx tn nxnns
16
. On sapanee crapancx nse-
xart cpaxennx c nnm, ocreperaxct roro, uro
nponsomno c pano Barpa n pesyntrare
ncrpeun n nrnt [c xanan a-nnom], n +ro
namno y nocnenero naronpnxrnt or-
xnnx
17
. Bcxope n cam Hacnp a-nn Kyaun,
nycrt n na nectma nenpoonxnrentnoe npe-
mx, npnsnan sanncnmocrt or xanan a-n-
na
18
.
Hentsx ne ormernrt n ror ]axr, uro my-
cyntmancxne npannrenn Cenepno Hnnn ns
nnacrnn Iynxmon nocne noxnnennx xanan
a-nna n +rom pernone anann nonxrt, uro
nnert ero n Cenepno Hnnn ne xenamr.
Tax, cornacno xynenn, nocne nepntx no-
e n Cenepno Hnnn xopesmmax nanpannx-
er ronna x cynrany Bamc a-nny Hn-Tyr-
mtmy an-Mynssy
19
co cneymmnm nocnann-
em. Hpenparnocrn cytt, ronopnnoct n
nocnannn, ann mne npano xnnrtcx x ree, a
raxne rocrn, xax x, npnxoxr pexo. H noro-
my, ecnn ncrounnx pyxt yer ounmen xa-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 8
xo ns cropon, n xyxn parcrna nanonnxr-
cx o xpaen, n mt noxnxnemcx nomorart n
oxastnart noepxxy pyr pyry n paocrn n
rope, nce namn nenn yyr ocrnrnyrt n na-
mepennx ocymecrnxrcx; n xora namn nparn
ynnxr, xaxoe mexy namn cymecrnyer co-
rnacne, nx syt npornnoecrnnx sarynxr-
cx. anee n nocnannn xanan a-nn npo-
cnn nasnaunrt emy mecro, re t on mor npo-
necrn necxontxo ne
20
.
Cornacno xynenn, Bamc a-nn tn
ne cnnmxom ononen nepcnexrnno npncyr-
crnnx na cnoe semne ernoro xopesmncxoro
npannrenx, ornernn emy yxnonunno n npeno-
xnn npntrt n nnsnexamym x enn mecr-
nocrt. To nn nx roro, urot xonrponnpo-
nart ecrnnx xanan a-nna, ro nn, uro
nepoxrnee, urot ero ynnuroxnrt. Cynran
Bamc a-nn ornpannn ronna c yromennem,
ocrontm raxoro rocrx, no ne nasnaunn emy
mecro nx npoxnnannx, orronopnnmnct rem,
uro xnnmar n +ro onacrn nenoxoxmn
nx xoponx n ner n ne mecra, n xoropom emy
npnnnuno tno t nocennrtcx. Ecnn cynran
cornacnrcx, on mor t ntennrt n nepeart
emy mecro nenoanexy or enn, xax rontxo
ouncrnr ror xpa or mxrexnnxon
21
.
B pannnx apao-nepcncxnx namxrnnxax
]axr raxoro poa nepenncxn orcyrcrnyer, n
ro npemx xax n counnennxx ncropnxon, xnn-
mnx nosnee xynenn, n uacrnocrn y Pa-
mn a-nna, mt moxem narn noont
cmxer. Tora on (xanan a-nn. .T.)
nanpannncx x enn. ox o rpannnt, on
ornpannn nocna x cynrany Bamc a-nny [c
raxnmn cnonamn]: Tax xax n npomnoe npemx
npano cocecrna tnano nepymnmo n ecnn c
oenx cropon n nrane, n nxne mna pyr
pyry nomomt n noepxxa, ro +ro coorner-
crnonano [rpeonannxm] naropocrna. H
npocnn nasnaunrt [emy] xaxym-nnyt mecr-
nocrt nx ocranonxn ram na necxontxo ne.
Tax xax upesmepnax xecroxocrt n necnpane-
nnnocrt cynrana tnn nsnecrnt, ro cynran
Bamc a-nn necxontxo ne mennn c orne-
rom, pasymtnax o onacnocrn ero nocnecr-
nn n crpamact nnacrnocrn cynrana. B xonne
xonnon on ynnuroxnn nocna, ornpannn x cyn-
rany c ocrontmn ero yromennxmn n c
onxntmn noapxamn ono snarnoe nnno n
npnnec nsnnnennx n rom, uro n +rnx npeenax
ner [mecra] c coornercrnymmnm xnnmarom,
xoropt noxonn t nx sopontx cynrana.
Ecnn xe cynrany yer naroyrono, urot
nasnaueno tno xaxoe-nnyt mecro n npee-
nax enn, ro raxonoe emy moxer trt npe-
ocranneno ns uncna nmtx mecr, xaxne t
cynran nn sanoenan y mxrexnnxon. Kora
cynran ycntman +rn peun, on nepnyncx nasa
n npnmen x npeenam Henan+ n Hnxan+. Tam
x nemy npncoennnncx orpx pyroro nocxa,
n uncno ero ncannxon crano oxono ecxrn
rtcxu
22
.
axe ecnn cunrart noont cmxer nc-
xnmunrentno rnopuecrnom xynenn n no-
cneymme xomnnnxnne Pamn a-nna,
cneyer npnsnart, uro npncyrcrnne n neno-
cpecrnenno nnsocrn cront ymenoro non-
xonona, x romy xe c onpeenenntmn nonn-
rnuecxnmn amnnnxmn, npx nn nxonno n
nnrepect ceneponnncxnx npannrene. Bos-
moxno, xopesmmaxy npospauno namexnynn o
nexenarentnocrn ero npncyrcrnnx n Hnnn.
Onaxo xanan a-nn Manxypnt ne
ymen. On ne rontxo ocrancx, no n nauan yx-
pennxrt cnom nnacrt n Cenepno Hnnn.
Bcxope x nemy npncoennnnnct ymemne
or ero para Inac a-nna Hnp-maxa +mnpt
Canxaxan-xan, Hnun-Hexnenan, Vp-xan,
Canpxa n Texuapyx Xanxamn co cnonmn
orpxamn
23
. Hocne roro xax xopesmmaxy
yanoct snaunrentno ynennunrt cnom noen-
nym momt, on pasnepnyn nenym xamnannm
na reppnropnn Cenepno Hnnn, nanpannen-
nym npornn Hacnp a-nna Kyaun.
Hpnunno raxnx ecrnn xopesmmaxa
cneyer npnsnart, no xpane mepe na +rom
nacrannamr apao-nepcncxne ncropnxn,
nnunte cuert, xoropte tnn y xanan a-
nna Manxypnt c Hacnp a-nnom Kyaun.
Kyaun ynn nesnpa cynrana Bamc an-Myn-
xa n ero ctna, a raxxe ctna +mnpa Amnn an-
Mynxa
24
. Ornocnrentno cmeprn ctna Amnn
an-Mynxa cneyer npnsnart, uro x +romy Ha-
cnp a-nn nanpxmym tn nenpnuacren. O-
naxo on ne rontxo ne naxasan ynny, no n
noxanonan ero, cornacno paccxasy nce roro
xe an-Hacann. pyro npnunno npaxt
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 9
tno raxxe ro, uro ctn Amnn-Mannxa, Kt-
pan-xan, nocne cpaxennx oxasancx n Kanope,
onom ns ropoon Kyaun; xro-ro ns npocro-
napotx ropoa saxoren orpanrt ero, n on
tn ynr, yyun eme peenxom, co mexamn
xpame post, co cranom, [ronxnm], xax nernt,
c xpacnntm n naropontm nnnom. 3arem
Kyaun npnnecnn ns narpanennoro y cnpo-
rt xemuyxnny, xoropax tna n ero yxe. H on
nonaroapnn roro, xro npnnec [ee], n narpa-
nn ynny opom sa ero yncrno, aponan
emy n xauecrne urma' nomecrte (oaa). [xa-
nan a-nn] sarann rnen n cepne, no cxpt-
nan +ry nenanncrt, xpanx ee rnyoxo n yme,
ntxnax maneme nosmoxnocrn nerxo ycr-
pannrt sarpynenne
25
.
Kax rontxo npecrannnact nosmoxnocrt
n tnn copant neoxonmte noennte cn-
nt, xanan a-nn naunnaer saxnartnart
npnnanexamne Hacnp a-nny xpenocrn,
raxne xax Kanop n Tapnyx, xoropte tnn
noneprnyrt xecrouamemy pasrpanennm.
Hocne +rnx cotrn Hacnp a-nn Kyaun,
nonyunnmn noennym nomomt or Bamc a-
nna Hn-Tyrmtma, nnuno ntcrynaer npornn
xopesmmaxa, onaxo nponrptnaer cpaxenne
n cnacaercx ercrnom. Kyaun ocrannn nyc-
ro narept raxnm, xaxnm on tn: c pasnrt-
mn marpamn n ycranonnenntmn oux.usa+u c
onntntmn coxponnmamn n mnoxecrnom
opyxnx. xanan a-nn co cnonmn cnyrnn-
xamn pacnonoxnncx, xax [otuno] pacnona-
raercx nocxo n marpax, ycranonnenntx sa-
panee. Onn ornpannnnct co ncem, uro otnn
ns ener n neme, npnxptnn +rnm narory
cnonx nyunnxon n ncnpannnn cnaocrt cno-
ero nonoxennx. Cnana emy sa ro, uro on oc-
rnr noxnantno nenn, x xoropo crpemnncx,
n nnooponoro mecra nx cnonx nme, ny-
xammnx n noncxax xouentx
26
.
Hocne noet na Hacnp a-nnom Ky-
aun, xanan a-nn ne ocranannnnaercx na
ocrnrnyrom. On npoonxaer yxpennxrt no-
snnnn n pernone, uro npnnonr x nnonne no-
rnuno pasnxsxe npornn xopesmmaxa nt-
crynaer yxe nnuno Bamc a-nn Hn-Tyr-
mtm c orpomno, no cnonam an-Hacann, ap-
mne. Pasnn Kyaun, xanan a-nn na-
nan na Haxanyp. 3ect naxonncx ctn Kya-
un, on noccran npornn cnoero orna n sanna-
en ropoom. xanan a-nn pemnn yrnep-
nrt Haxanyp sa nnm npn ycnonnn ynnart e-
nexno [cymmt] nemenenno n pyro, nno-
cnmo exerono. 3arem on ornpannncx n Ca-
ycan, re namecrnnxom (ea.u) or nmenn Ky-
aun tn uaxp a-nn ac-Canapn. 3ror
ncrpernn xanan a-nna c noxopnocrtm n
oponontno nnn ns crpaxa nepean emy ro-
pocxne xnmun. xanan a-nn copan nano-
rn n yonnernopnn nonnon. Hocne +roro on
ornpannncx orcma n cropony Vuun n ocax-
an ee n reuenne necxontxnx ne. C oenx
cropon tno ynro mnoxecrno napoa. 3arem
onn saxnmunnn mnp npn ycnonnn ynnart a-
nn, xoropax tna [cpasy] nnecena. 3arem on
nycrnncx n nyrt, nanpannxxct x Xarncapy.
3emnn pa pa na nnncxom xstxe os-
nauaer +a.ur tn onnm ns noanntx
Bamc a-nna Hn-Tyrmtma, ero cnonnx-
nnxom, npnnecmnm npncxry nonnnonennx
emy n ero repy. On noxopno ntmen nancrpe-
uy [xanan a-nny] n xnnncx na cnyxy,
nepex na ero cropony. xanan a-nn no-
crannn sect nocox npetnannx, urot co-
partcx c cnnamn nocne rpynocre nyrn n
oroxnyrt or nepenecenno onacnocrn. 3ect
on nonyunn coomenne o rom, uro Bamc a-
nn Hn-Tyrmtm nanpannncx x nemy c rpn-
nartm rtcxuamn xonntx, corne rtcxu ne-
mnx n rpemxcramn cnonon. 3ro tno nonun-
me, opemennnmee cnoe rxxecrtm nneuo
nycrtnn n sacnonnnmee [nonxro nm] nt-
ntm nosymnte npocropt
27
.
B rpyax xynenn n Pamn a-nna
mt nnnm n nenom cxoxee c an-Hacann onn-
canne nocneymmnx ecrnn xopesmmaxa.
Cynran noxer ropo
28
n ymen n cropony
Ceycana. Hpannrenem ram or nmenn Kyaun
tn uaxp a-nn Canapn, a Haunn Xnran
ero xomanymmnm nocxamn. Haunn ntmen
|ns ropoa] nx ox nancrpeuy Vp-xany, tn-
memy n ananrape cynrana, n tn ynr. Vp-
xan ocann ropo. Kora noocnen cynran,
uaxp a-nn Canapn xnnncx x nemy c meuom
n cananom. Cynran nomen n ropo n npotn
|ram] mecxn. On onacxan uaxp a-nna n
yrnepnn sa nnm ynpannenne Ceycanom. [3a-
rem] nnnyncx na nnan n ampnn+. unn-cap,
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 10
tnmn npannrenem ro onacrn, exan na
onn ns ocrponon. Cynran pacnonoxnncx n
rex npeenax n nocnan Xac-xana c nocxom n
naer na Haxpnan+, urot npnnecrn orrya
noontme nepnmon. Cynran nocrponn co-
opnym meuert n nnane na mecre xpeno-
crn
29
.
Hrax, nocne roro xax Hacnp a-nn Ky-
aun tn pasnr, nepe xanan a-nnom
Manxypnt ncraer eme onee ceptesnax sa-
aua, a nmenno npornnocroxnne c camtm mo-
rymecrnenntm npannrenem Cenepno Hnnn
Bamc a-nnom Hn-Tyrmtmem. Cnnt
Bamc a-nna namnoro npentmann cnnt
xanan a-nna. Tor xe an-Hacann ynomn-
naer o 30 rtc. xonntx, 100 rtc. nemnx n 300
oentx cnonon. Hecmorpx na +ro, cornacno
cneennxm roro xe an-Hacann, xopesmmax
nnnyn cnom ne cront mnorouncnennym ap-
mnm npornn roro, y xoro eme neanno npo-
cnn npemennoro npncrannma n utx apmnx ns-
pxno npenocxonna ero cocrnennym. To-
ra xanan a-nn xpapo ntcrynnn npornn
nero [Bamc a-nna]. Bnepen nero n xaue-
crne ananrapa men xaxan-Haxnanan Vsex
Ta'n, onn ns repoen-orartpe n cnanntx
nnrxse. On tn n nyrn, xora ananrap
Bamc a-nna ntcrynnn npornn nero, [npe-
rpann opory], n Vsex Ta'n ouyrnncx n ca-
mo cepenne nocxa Bamc a-nna. Tora
on nanan na uacrt nocxa, ncrpenn n pannn
mnornx n npncnan x xanan a-nny uenone-
xa, coomnnmero o nennxom mnoxecrne n or-
pomno ronne [nocx Hn-Tyrmtma]
30
.
C ono cropont, raxne ecrnnx xo-
pesmmaxa moxno oxcnnrt ero espaccy-
nocrtm n nonnrnuecxo neantnonnno-
crtm, no c pyro onee rnyoxnm, uem
xaxercx na nepnt nsrnx, nonnmannem
cnoxnnmecx cnryannn. Fesycnonno, nocxo
xanan a-nna ycrynano n uncnennocrn
nocxam Hn-Tyrmtma, no na pyxy xopesm-
maxy onxen tn ctrpart ne rontxo nony-
uennt nm oeno ontr, no n cnoxnnmaxcx
sa +rn rot xapnsma noenrenx, xoropym
ne cmorno paspymnrt axe nopaxenne na
pexe Hn. Orcrynnrt n coxpannrt apmnm
osnauano t paspymnrt ror opas cmenoro n
eccrpamnoro npannrenx, xoropt cxnat-
nancx eme n rot noenno xamnannn na rep-
pnropnn Xopesmncxo nmnepnn. Ha nam
nsrnx, ecrnnx xanan a-nna mnn no
conepmenno npannntnomy nnany. Cpasy xe
nocne noet xopesmncxnx coennenn
na ananrapom Hn-Tyrmtma nocnenn
npncnan x xopesmmaxy nocna, npenarax pe-
mnrt eno mnpom n +ro npn noannxmmem
uncnennom npenocxocrne!
B cnoem counnennn an-Hacann npnnonr
nectma nmontrnym ntepxxy ns nnctma
Hn-Tyrmtma x xanan a-nny, re cne-
ymmnm opasom xapaxrepnsyercx ornome-
nne enncxoro cynrana x cynrany-erneny:
He cocrannxer rant ro, uro nosan rex
npar nept. A rt ceronx cynran mycyntman
n ctn nx cynrana. ne nosnonm cee nrn
npornn rex, cnyxnrt nomomnnxom Cytt
n trt opynem nponcxoxmero. H ne noo-
aer raxomy xax x onaxart meu npornn ra-
xoro xax rt! 3ro moxer cnyunrtcx, rontxo
ecnn x +romy ntnynr oopona nnn ecnn +ro
yer ntsnano npeocropoxnocrtm n neo-
xonmocrtm. H ecnn rt naemt nenecoo-
pasntm, x ntam sa rex cnom out, urot
ynpounrt onepne, ycnnnrt nmont n ycrpa-
nnrt npaxy!
31
Cornacno anntm ncrounn-
xon, nocne +roro nocontcrna nnnnenr, xasa-
noct t, tn ncuepnan n npaxymmne cro-
pont saxnmunnn nepemnpne.
Onaxo xorenoct t ormernrt, uro n sa-
pyexno ncropnorpa]nn ntmeyxasannt
+nnso nonyunn necxontxo crpannoe ocneme-
nne, uro sacrannxer cxasart o +rom sect o-
nee nopono. Bor uro, nanpnmep, ronopnrcx
ornocnrentno necocroxnmecx nont mexy
xanan a-nnom n Bamc a-nnom Hn-
Tyrmtmem n Cambridge History of Iran:
Cynran (xanan a-nn. .T.), ocranonnn-
mnct n nyx nnn rpex nxx est or enn, or-
npannn nocnannen x cynrany Bamc a-nny
Hn-Tyrmtmy c npenoxennem comsa n
npocto o npemennom npnexnme. Hcny-
ranmnct roro, uro on moxer pasennrt cyt-
y cynrana, Hn-Tyrmtm ornernn nexnnntm
orxasom, n xanan a-nn nepnyncx oparno
n paon Haxopa, re noxpyr nero conpannct
ernent n ero cnnt ynennunnnct ncxope o
10,000 uenonex
32
.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 11
Kaprnna cotrn, npenaraemax n
Cambridge History of Iran, npxmo npornno-
peunr romy, uro mt nnnm n pannnx ncrou-
nnxax, n uacrnocrn y An-Hacann. Cocrannre-
nn Cambridge History of Iran, no nce nn-
nmocrn, asnponann cno paccxas na ocnone
onee nosnnx apao-nepcncxnx ncropnue-
cxnx counnenn, cxopee ncero na rpyax
xynenn n Pamn a-nna. Hmenno y no-
cnenero mt nnnm noont ]parmenr,
uacrt xoroporo yxe npnnonnact ntme. O-
naxo on ornocnrcx x nauany npetnannx xo-
pesmmaxa n Hnnn, no nnxax ne xo npemenn
ero cronxnonennx c Hn-Tyrmtmem. Bepoxr-
no, nepe namn npocro omnxa npn nnrep-
nperannn namxrnnxa, xoropax nonana n ono
ns camtx xpynntx sapyexntx nsann no
ncropnn cpenenexonoro Hpana.
Bosnpamaxct x onncannm nnnomarnue-
cxnx ornomenn mexy xopesmmaxom n Hn-
Tyrmtmem, cneyer ormernrt, uro nonnrnue-
cxn antxnc mexy nymx morymecrnenntmn
nnepamn ne cocroxncx. Hsnecrnte nam nc-
rounnxn xonxpernoro oxcnennx +roro ne
amr, n mt moxem rontxo npenonarart, xro
ns nyx ynomxnyrtx nnepon orxasancx or
antxnca. Honpoyem paccmorpert cnryannm
c necxontxnx rouex spennx. Ecnn nnnnnaro-
pom cnopaunnannx nonnrnuecxoro cnnxe-
nnx tn xopesmmax, ro +ro naranxnnaer na
cneymmne ntnot. Cront samanunnoe
npenoxenne Hn-Tyrmtma tno ocranneno
es ornera, nocxontxy, no nce nnnmocrn,
xanan a-nn n ne npenonaran ocranartcx
n Hnnn na npoonxnrentnoe npemx. Ecnn
t ono tno npnnxro, ro ero nosnnnn n Ce-
nepno Hnnn cranonnnnct t npaxrnuecxn
nenoxonenmtmn. Orneprax +ro npenoxe-
nne, xanan a-nn nnmancx momno no-
epxxn, n ero npetnanne n +rnx semnxx cra-
nonnnoct nce onee nponemarnuntm. Bos-
moxno, on n ne conpancx naonro ocranart-
cx n Hnnn, no antnemne cotrnx onpo-
nepramr +ry rnnoresy. Ecnn xe cneonart
nepno rnnorese, cronr ronopnrt yxe o xpyn-
nom nonnrnuecxom npocuere co cropont xo-
pesmmaxa.
Paccmorpnm cnryannm c pyro cropont
n npenonoxnm, uro camo no cee npenoxe-
nne Hn-Tyrmtma tno nsnauantno nonnrn-
uecxnm ne]om, n on cam ne npenonaran nn-
xaxoro onroneunoro comsa c xopesmmaxom.
B nontsy +ro nepcnn ronopnr ror ]axr, uro
anropnrer xanan a-nna xax npornnnnxa
unnrns-xana yxe tn cront nennx n Cenep-
no Hnnn, uro nourn no ncex mecrntx nna-
ennxx unranact xyra c ero, xanan a-n-
na, nmenem, uexannnnct cepepxnte n me-
nte monert. 3ror ]axr, esycnonno, mor no-
xasartcx rpenoxntm nx npannrene Cenep-
no Hnnn n nx Hn-Tyrmtma n nepnym
ouepet. Heynnnrentno, uro cpasy nocne
onncannx neperonopon mexy xopesmmaxom
n Bamc a-nnom, An-Hacann nnmer o rom,
uro raxax sanncnmocrt or cynrana-npnment-
na nnaerene Cenepno Hnnn ne ycrpanna-
na. Hmenno no +ro npnunne Hn-Tyrmtm,
Kyaun n pyrne nnaerenn xnxstx, npe-
nonrenn nocx n namecrnnxn onacre o-
ronopnnoct nsannrtcx or xanan a-nna.
H pacnpocrpannnnct necrn o rom, uro Hn-
Tyrmtm, Kyaun n npoune nnaerenn Hn-
nn, nce ee +a.uru (pau), npannrenn (mara-
rupa) n namecrnnxn onacre oronopnnnct
mexy coo nnsnoxnrt ero. [Onn pemnnn]
epxartcx n opte c nnm epera pexn Hxn-
xmnp n orrecnnrt ero rya, re t ne tno
nosmoxnocrn nx samnrt, n rpannrt ero, xax
xmepnny
33
.
Fesycnonno, oe rouxn spennx nmemr
npano na cymecrnonanne, no onee oocno-
nanntm ntrnxnr nropo napnanr. Hpncyr-
crnne npannrenx-nnosemna tno nentrono
ncem rocyapxm Cenepno Hnnn. K romy xe
xanan a-nn, xax noxastnann ero ecr-
nnx n Hnnn, tn xpane ecnoxontm coce-
om, uro roxe ntstnano nnonne onpeenen-
nte n oocnonannte onacennx. Haxonen,
nmenno +ra rouxa spennx n nexoropo crene-
nn oocnontnaercx n n apao-nepcncxnx nc-
ropnuecxnx counnennxx.
Ionopx o nocneymmnx cotrnxx, cne-
yer ormernrt, uro x yxoy ns Hnnn xo-
pesmmaxa noronxnynn n pyrne cotrnx.
Cornacno apao-nepcncxnm ncrounnxam,
nonoxenne xanan a-nna ycyrynnoct ns-
meno nyx ero xpynntx noenauantnnxon
Hesnex Hexnenana n Cynxypxnxa. B +rnx
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 12
ycnonnxx nocne ocyxennx na noennom co-
nere xanan a-nn npnnxn pemenne yxo-
nrt n Hepcncxn Hpax, tnmn rora no
nnacrtm ero para Inac a-nna Hnp-maxa.
Croponnnxn yxoa ns Hnnn n Hpax (Hep-
cncxn) ormeuann, uro +ro yonax nent
nx sanoenarene, rax xax ram napxr camona-
exnnocrt n yronnnocrt conernnxon, xoro-
pte saorxrcx o cocrnenno esonacnocrn.
Onn npeneperamr Inac a-nnom, cunrax
ero onopy nenaexno, ero nonnrnxy mxr-
xo, a ero camoro cnatm
34
. C pyro cropo-
nt, n rex xe ncrounnxax ormeuaercx, uro n
Hpaxe ontmax uacrt noenauantnnxon na-
rononnna xanan a-nny n onn (noenauant-
nnxn. .T.), necomnenno, nyxannct n ero
npncyrcrnnn
35
. B nrore xopesmmax cxno-
nnncx x romy, urot noxnnyrt Hnnm n no-
ntrartcx saxpennrtcx na reppnropnxx, xoro-
pte nxonnn n cocran nexora orpomno ep-
xant xopesmmaxon-Anymrernnnon.
Honox nrorn ntmecxasannomy, xore-
noct t ormernrt, uro nocne pasrpoma na pe-
xe Hn xopesmmax xanan a-nn, no-nnn-
momy, npnnxn pemenne onee ne ntrartcx
yrnepnrtcx n nenrpe tnmero rocyapcrna
xopesmmaxon Anymrernnnon, ro ecrt n
Xopacane, Manepannaxpe n A]ranncrane.
xanan a-nn ne ntrancx ornoenart axe
cno yen Iasnn. On ntrancx saxpennrt-
cx na nepn]epnn, nns ero rpannn, cnauana n
Hnnn, a sarem n Hepcncxom Hpaxe. 3ro
moxno oxcnnrt rem, uro n nrne npn Hne
xanan a-nn ynnen, nacxontxo unnrns-
xan npenocxonr ero n noennom ornomennn,
nacxontxo neconocrannma nx noennax momt.
B cnom ouepet, xopesmncxoe npncyrcrnne
n Cenepno Hnnn n 12211224 rr. ntrnxnr
xax cnoco saxpennrtcx na nnute semne
nx naxonnennx noenno momn n cosannx
nnanapma nno nx nocneymmero nponn-
xennx nrnyt Hnnn, nno nx npncoenne-
nnx x +romy nnanapmy oxpannntx reppnro-
pn tnme xopesmncxo epxant.
Bosmoxen n raxo napnanr: orxas or
antneme optt sa ocnonnte nnaennx
Xopesmmaxon oxcnxercx rem, uro ns-sa pa-
sopennx monronamn onn onee ne npecran-
nxnn nx xopesmmaxa xanan a-nna nnre-
peca rnannte ropoa tnn paspyment, xas-
na pasrpanena, nacenenne xaracrpo]nuecxn
ymentmnnoct. B +rom cnyuae nerxo pocan-
mn onn semnn pan pyrnx xanan a-nn
pemnn cosart nonoe rocyapcrno na semnxx,
xoropte tnn nno cnao, nno noome ne
sarponyrt nono. Cnauana npenonaranoct
cosart noonoe rocyapcrno n Hnnn (or-
cma n monert, n ynomnnanne n xyre), a sa-
rem n sanantx onacrxx rocyapcrna Xo-
pesmmaxon. 3ra rouxa spennx npecrannxer-
cx nanonee nepno, nocxontxy xanan a-
nn paccunrtnan ne crontxo na noey na
monronamn, cxontxo na cosanne nonoro
cnntnoro rocyapcrna, xoropoe yer cno-
cono nrpart snaunrentnym pont na Cpe-
nem Bocroxe.
B annom cnyuae ncraer nonpoc o rom,
nacxontxo rmpxcxn npannrent tn nar-
pnornuen, cymecrnonano nn nx nero nonx-
rne ponnt nnn emy tno nce panno, re
npannrt? B cnyuae c xanan a-nnom mox-
no yrnepxart, uro nx nero tno no cyrn
nce panno, re cosanart nonoe rocyapcrno.
Taxnm opasom, nonxrnx ponnt n nar-
pnornsma nx nero ne cymecrnonano. Ecnn
ra nnn nnax reppnropnx nnrepeconana xa-
nan a-nna, ro on saxnartnan ee n yepxn-
nan ponno o roro momenra, xora ona nepe-
cranana ero ycrpannart no rem nnn nntm
npnunnam. C ono cropont, n +rom tno
npenmymecrno rmpxcxnx npannrene, cno-
contx na nycrom mecre cosanart omnp-
nte nnaennx. C pyro cropont, yepxart
sanoenannoe nm tno rxxeno, onn c nerxo-
crtm noxnann cnon nnaennx, nocxontxy o
xonna cnonmn +rn reppnropnn nx nnx ne
crann. Onn, no nce nnnmocrn, ne crannnn
snax panencrna mexy nonxrnxmn moe rocy-
apcrno n mox ponna.
B Hnnn nnan xanan a-nna ne ya-
noct ocymecrnnrt n cnny roro, uro +ra reppn-
ropnx nnxora ne nxonna n cocran nnaenn
Xopesmmaxon, n npnsnanart nnacrt npecra-
nnrenx +ro nnacrnn xpynnte nnaerenn ne
noxenann. V camoro xanan a-nna ne t-
no ocrarouno nocx, urot cnno saxnarnrt
sect nepxonnym nnacrt y nono nnacrnn
Iynxmon enncxoro cynranara. Vxo ns Hn-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 13
nn +ro nanonee nepnoe pemenne, npnnx-
roe xanan a-nnom. Hpn +rom on coxpa-
nnn cnoe nocxo, cnom penyrannm n nno-
cnecrnnn cmor conpart cnnt na reppnro-
pnxx, npnsnananmnx nepxonnym nnacrt Xo-
pesmmaxon.
Ionopx o apao-nepcncxnx ncrounn-
xax, coomammnx nam o ecrnnxx xanan
a-nna na reppnropnn Cenepno Hnnn,
cneyer npnsnart, uro nanonee noponte
cneennx mt naxonm y an-Hacann n xy-
nenn, a raxxe n counnennn Pamn a-nna.
Ho nce nnnmocrn, nepnt ns ynomxnyrtx
anropon tn nannyumnm opasom ocneom-
nen o ecrnnxx xopesmmaxa n +rom pernone,
nocxontxy onroe npemx cnyxnn emy n xaue-
crne cexperapx. Cam an-Hacann n cenepo-nn-
ncxo xamnannn yuacrnx ne npnnnman,
cneennx o ne on mor uepnart ns paccxason
ouennnen, a nosmoxno n or camoro xanan
a-nna. Ionopx o onee nosnnx apao-nep-
cncxnx ncropnuecxnx counnennxx, cneyer
ormernrt, uro nexoropte ns nnx, n uacrnocrn
rpy Kasnnnn, npeocrannxmr nam ne rax yx
mnoro ocronepno nn]opmannn no +ro
nponeme. pyrne, raxne xax rpy xynenn
n Pamn a-nna, xort n coepxar onee
pasnepnyrym nepcnm cotrn, nsonnymr
raxnmn noponocrxmn, xoropte ne coep-
xarcx n onee pannnx namxrnnxax.
Hecmorpx na orcyrcrnne ceptesntx npo-
rnnopeun mexy ynomxnyrtmn namxrnnxa-
mn, cneyer eme pas ncnomnnrt nesnaunrent-
nte pacxoxennx, o xoroptx ronopnnoct nt-
me. Haunem c roro, uro n pxe cnyuaen anro-
pt ncropnuecxnx counnenn npnnoxr pas-
noe xonnuecrno nonnon, saecrnonanntx n
rom nnn nnom cpaxennn. Ocoenno +rn pac-
xoxennx yyr samernt y xynenn n an-
Hacann npn onncannn nepntx cronxnonenn
nocx xanan a-nna c orpxamn ceneponn-
ncxnx npannrene. Ionopx o rom xe ne-
pnoe npetnannx xopesmmaxa n Hnnn, or-
mernm, uro n counnennn an-Hacann ronopnr-
cx nnmt o onom cronxnonennn xanan a-
nna c npannrenem Barpa, n ro npemx xax y
xynenn o npenonrene ne ronopnrcx nn
cnona, a nmecro onoro cpaxennx on ynomn-
naer nentx rpn. B annom cnyuae peut ner,
no-nnnmomy, o omnxax, xoropte cnocr-
nennt onee nosnnm ncropnxam. C pyro
cropont, moxno ormernrt n nexoropte no-
nte cmxert, noxnnxmmnecx n onee nos-
nnx namxrnnxax no cpannennm c pannnmn
ncropnuecxnmn rpyamn. B uacrnocrn, y
xynenn n Pamn a-nna ronopnrcx o
rom, uro nocne nepntx noe n Cenepno
Hnnn xanan a-nn ryr xe ncrynaer n ne-
penncxy c cynranom Bamc a-nnom Hn-
Tyrmtmem an-Mynssom, o uem monunr an-
Hacann. B +rom cnyuae nno nosnne ncropn-
xn onnpannct na cneennx ns ncrounnxon,
xoropte o nac ne omnn, nno, uro nepoxr-
nee, counnnnn +ror +nnso camn. Onaxo nce
+rn pasnornacnx xnnxmrcx cxopee ncxnmue-
nnem, n, n nenom, ncropnx npetnannx xa-
nan a-nna na reppnropnn Cenepno Hnnn
mano pasnnuaercx n pannnx n nosnnx apao-
nepcncxnx ncropnuecxnx ncrounnxax.
Hpnueuannn
1
Jackson P. The Delhi Sultanate. Cambridge,
1999; Idem. J alal ad-Din, the Mongols and the
Khwarezmian Conquest Panjab and Sind // J ournal
of Persian Studies. 1990. N 34.
2
Bapmo.io B.B. Typxecran n +noxy monront-
cxoro namecrnnx // B.B. Fapront. Counnennx.
M., 1963. T. 1. C. 513.
3
Hamdallah Kazvini. Tarihi gouzide / Trad. Y.
Le Strange. Paris, 1903. Vol. I. P. 420.
4
Pauuo ao-uu. Copnnx neronnce n 3-x r.
Hep. A.K. Apenc, R.H. Bepxoncxoro, O.H. Cmnp-
nono, H.A. Xerarypona. M., 2002. T. 1, xn. 2.
C. 223.
5
Tam xe.
6
Hmemrcx n nny rypnt n a]rannt.
7
Au-Hacaeu. Xnsneonncanne cynrana xanan
a-nna Manxypnt. Hep. 3.M. Fynnxrona. Faxy,
1973. C. 120121.
8
Myntran ropo n nponnnnnn Henxa, na
pexe unna.
9
Hamdallah Kazvini. Op. cit. P. 422.
10
rveeuu. unnrns-xan. Hcropnx sanoenare-
nx mnpa. Hep. E.E. Xapnronona. M., 2004. C. 291
292.
11
Pana npannrent.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 15
Franois Kauffer is known as the man who
in 1786 conducted the first triangulation of the
Bosphorus and determined the exact location of
most prominent landmarks of Istanbul. Starting
from the map
1
published by J ean-Baptiste
Lechevalier in 1802
2
, Kauffers works served
as a basis for numerous scientific, i.e. meas-
ured maps of the city.
The most complete biography of Franois
Kauffer was compiled by Dr. Frdric Hitzel.
Its latest extended and updated version was
published in 2000
3
. To summarize the most
important known facts: Franois Kauffer, engi-
neer of Ponts-et-Chausses, was skilled in both
reconnaissance and map construction. In 1776
he took part in the journey of Count Marie-
Gabriel de Choiseul-Gouffier to Greece. Based
on his own survey, Franois Kauffer later pro-
duced several maps for the first volume of
Choiseul-Gouffiers Voyage pittoresque de la
Grce
4
. In 1784 Choiseul-Gouffier was ap-
pointed French ambassador to the Ottoman
Porte. Kauffer went to Istanbul with him and a
team of French engineers, military and naval
experts who had been invited to assist in the
modernization of the Ottoman military. As a
cartographer Franois Kauffer personally con-
ducted and was involved in numerous projects
of triangulations, reconnaissance and map
compilation, including areas of the Bosphorus,
the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, and the
entrance to the Black Sea. In addition Franois
Kauffer also proved to be an able engineer and
landscape designer.
Mitia Frumin
FRANOIS KAUFFER: AT HOME AMONG STRANGERS,
A STRANGER AT HOME
The fate of a cartographer in foreign service in the age of empires
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 16
Kauffers successful career had been jeop-
ardized by the drastic changes caused by the
French Revolution of 1789. Being a royalist
and a loyal subordinate to Choiseul-Gouffier,
Kauffer followed his master into opposition to
the new regime. He was even arrested and
spent several weeks in French prison in 1792,
when he tried to deliver in Paris a letter on be-
half of Choiseul-Gouffier from the Grand Vi-
zier in Istanbul. After his release from this de-
tention, Franois Kauffer at once returned to
Istanbul, only to witness the departure of
Choiseul-Gouffier to self-imposed exile in
St. Petersburg and the arrival of the new French
ambassador. In this situation Franois Kauffer
made the decision to enter into the service of
the Ottoman Empire.
From the end of 1792 Franois Kauffer
served the Ottoman Porte as military engineer
and cartographer. He took part in the inspection
and strengthening of Turkish fortresses on the
northern and western shores of the Black Sea,
in the vicinity of the new
5
Russian-Turkish
border (Akkerman, Kilia). Together with J ohn
Spencer Smith
6
, Franois Kauffer fortified the
Bosphorus defenses. In addition to engineering
and designing, Kauffer compiled several maps
for Sultan Selim III. Among them are maps
representing different aspects of Napoleons
invasion of Egypt, as well as a detailed map of
the Mediterranean.
His rapid and unexpected death from
pneumonia in February of 1801 brought to an
end the brilliant career of one of the most
prominent Western engineers and cartographers
in the Ottoman service at the end of eighteenth
century. However, in light of recently revealed
documents, the question has to be asked: did
Franois Kauffer truly serve the Ottoman
Porte? Or did he serve only the Ottoman Porte?
The Russian track
A document held in the Archive of Foreign
Policy of the Russian Empire (hereafter:
AVPRI
7
) had been sent in the summer of 1799
8
by Vasiliy Stepanovich Tomara, Russian Am-
bassador in Istanbul, to Vice-Chancellor Fyo-
dor Rostopchin. The letter includes the follow-
ing excerpt:
In accordance with His Imperial Maj-
estys
9
order of J une 19th I herewith submit
a list of various plans which will be delivered
by me to Admiral Count Kushelev
10
. None of
these plans could have been obtained by any
other means except through the services of en-
gineer Kauffer. His Imperial Majestys opinion
of Kauffer is known to Your Highness
11
. In
addition I have to admit that when first ap-
proached, he [Kauffer] expressed total readi-
ness to serve His Imperial Majesty and only
regretted that, due to the tremendous amount of
work involved, it will be impossible neither to
supply all the plans mentioned in the list until
the end of next winter, nor to copy them. I have
accepted his proposition and ordered him to
start to work. I shall send them [the plans he
supplies] by portions to His Highness Count
Kushelev. Exploiting this officer [Kauffer] in
this way obliges me to request for him to be
given an annual stipend. Taking into account
his state of affairs, I believe that 3000 piastres
will be enough. And then, as a consequence of
officer rank that already being given to him
together with guarantees should he leave the
Ottoman service, it will be possible to use him
for all work accordingly to his skill, which he is
already fulfilling, considering himself to be a
Russian officer and not a foreigner expecting
rewards
12
.
This letter was followed by the list of the
proposed maps, written in French
13
:
Etat des Cartes gnrales et particulires
qui se trouvent dans les portefeuilles du F
r.
Kauffer Ingnieur au Service de la Porte
Ottomane depuis 1792. Leves, corriges et
augmentes dans le cours de ses voyages
Savoir
1. Une Carte en grand de la ville de
Constantinople, leve trigonomtriquement,
avec tous les monuments publics, les
principales rues, les tablissements militaires,
son Port et les villages qui lenvironnement ;
elle prsente les plus grands dtails.
2. Un plan particulier de lArsenal et du
bassin.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 17
3. Une Carte en grand du Bosphore, ou du
Canal de Constantinople, avec les sondes, les
courants, les forts pour sa dfense et les
villages kiosks en amphithtre de les bords,
avec les dtails Nautiques et topographiques
sur ce Canal et une reconnaissance dune partie
des Cotes dEurope et dAsie adjacentes.
4. Carte gnrale de la Mer Noire corrige
et augmente de beaucoup de dtails.
5-6. Une Carte particulire de la Cote
dEurope de cette Iler, partir du Canal de ci-
dessus, jusqu au Niester fl.
7. [] dInada.
8. [] golfe de Bourgas.
9. [] J eny Limani Mesfevria, Varna.
10. [] Kavarna sous Ghlgna.
11. [] Karaherman [] Danube.
12. [] Kilei [] dAckerman.
13. [] Embouchures du Niester.
Cartes particulires des Lieux situs sur la
Cote dAsie :
14. [] dAnapa.
15. [] Sogoudjak.
16. [] Ghlindjik
17. [] dAmassera.
18. [] ville chteau et Rade de Sinope.
19. [] Roumlie.
20. [] Dardanelles.
21. [] Priam, Tenedos, Metelin.
22. []
23. [] golfe de Macri, Rhodes.
24. La carte itinraire et manuscrite du
voyage en Perse [] par le Beauchamp
astronome en 1781 termine 1789
14
.
Indpendamment des Cartes de ci-dessus
mentionnes, lIngnieur passe des Cartes et
des plans particuliers des environs de toutes
les forteresses et de diffrents projets qui ne
seront pas excuts principalement sur le
Dniester et sur le Danube, ce travail ne peut
tre compris, dans celui quil ottre[?] ici, qui
na pour objet que lavantage de la Navigation
et du Commerce en gnral. (See the map
above.)
The map shows the geographical distribu-
tion of the principal place names mentioned in
the above-quoted list. As seen from the map,
Franois Kauffers proposition to the Russians
included the supply of information regarding
the most important Turkish fortresses and har-
bors on both the western and eastern sides of
the Black Sea, as well as strategic data concern-
ing the Straits. Besides the first-hand informa-
tion gathered by him personally, Franois
Kauffer also offered maps available to him
which had been produced by others. There is no
doubt that Kauffers position granted him ac-
cess to a variety of cartographic materials. Dur-
ing his work as an employee in the French Em-
bassy and later, in the Ottoman service, Kauffer
was involved in several map compilation pro-
jects and most probably possessed his own
valuable primary materials as well.
When and why?
From Vasiliy Tomaras letter we can learn
that prior to summer of 1799:
Kauffer did something so important, that
his deeds were not only reported to the Russian
Emperor Paul I, but even received some kind of
personal acknowledgment by the Emperor.
Kauffer had been given the rank of a
Russian officer.
Kauffer did not demand any payment for
providing the maps. Payment was asked on his
behalf by Vasiliy Tomara, and not per map, but
on annual basis.
In conclusion from these facts, we can af-
firm that relations between Kauffer and the
Russians had begun before he submitted any of
the maps mentioned in his inventory. Taking
into account that the inventory lists literally
everything he managed to do in the Ottoman
service, we can presume that most probably the
beginning of his relations with the Russians
was not directly connected to maps or money.
So, how did it start?
Most probably the answer should be
sought in Kauffer's political views and the dras-
tic developments in European affairs which had
taken place during this period of time. Several
decisive French victories in different military
theatres had led to the final collapse of the First
Coalition against Revolutionary France. Fol-
lowing five years of fighting, the Treaty of
Campo Formio was signed in October 1797
between the French Republic and Austria.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 18
French Royalist emigrants had to leave Aus-
trian territory, as they had been forced to do
previously from other parts of Southern, Cen-
tral and Northern Europe, wherever direct rule
of France or its Republican satellites had been
established. The largest remaining counter-
revolutionary emigrant armed force, the Army
of Cond, also called the Princes Army, in the
autumn of 1797 entered the pay of the Russian
Emperor and was assigned to serve in Poland.
Paul I also invited Louis XVIII, proclaimed and
recognized by French royalists as their king in
exile, to take asylum in Russia and live in Mi-
tava Palace in Courland
15
, where Louis XVIII
had arrived in March of 1798. The Russian
Empire had become the European Great Power
most friendly to the Royalist cause. Moreover it
should be noted that Kauffer's former benefac-
tor, Count Choiseul-Gouffier, was not only
warmly welcomed in St. Petersburg
16
, but even
appointed in 1797 to be a Director of the Rus-
sian Academy of Arts.
On the other hand, traditional French-
Ottoman relations seemed to be undergoing a
period of revival. The appearance of success-
ful French armies on the borders of the Otto-
man Empire led the Sublime Porte to recon-
sider its policy towards Revolutionary France
and posed a dilemma to Ottoman policymak-
ers: which is the lesser of two evils to be an
enemy of the French or to be their ally? In this
situation, when a rapprochement between
Turkey and Revolutionary France looked very
probable, Kauffer would certainly have had to
make a decision as to whom he should remain
loyal.
The Russian Governments fear was a sce-
nario in which France would make an alliance
with the Ottoman Empire, their combined
forces then moving into southern Russia
through the Straits and the Black Sea. On Feb-
ruary 15
th
, Paul I issued special orders to the
Black Sea Fleet commanding officers Admiral
Mordvinov, Vice-Admiral Lezhnev and Vice-
Admiral Ushakov
17
, urging them to immedi-
ately prepare their squadrons for a possible
outbreak of hostility with the Ottomans, to or-
ganize advanced reconnaissance cruising and to
watch closely all movements of the Turkish
Navy. All orders included a postscript with this
explanation of the situation:
P.S. Despite the fact that the [Sublime]
Porte has given us no reason for cessation of
good relations [between us], the possession by
the French of coasts and islands near the Turk-
ish border raises the possible danger that they
[the French] will incite the Turks against us and
force them to take up arms against us, and thus
it is only in order to protect ourselves from any
surprise attack that we are taking these precau-
tionary measures
18
In April 1798 the main body of the Russian
Black Sea Fleet took to sea. However, the en-
emys identity was still unclear. Instructions
sent from St. Petersburg at the beginning of
May urged Vice-Admiral Fedor Ushakov to:
watch closely for all movements of the Porte
and the French as well, in case they [i.e., the
French] try to enter the Black Sea or incline the
Porte toward such actions
19
.
The French expeditionary forces were al-
ready on their way to Egypt, when Paul I wrote
to Ushakov: As soon as you receive informa-
tion that the French Squadron intends to enter
the Black Sea, seek them out at once and give
them a decisive battle
20
.
In the preamble to most of these orders,
obtained reports are often mentioned. Evi-
dently the Russian Government had different
sources of intelligence, including informers in
Istanbul as well.
One of the documents in the Russian State
Archive of the Military History (hereafter:
RGVIA
21
) may be connected to this story. This
is a letter addressed by an anonymous French-
man, most probably an engineer, to the Direc-
toire Excutif of the French Republic
22
and
dated by Nivose month of the 6
th
year of the
new revolutionary calendar, i.e. somewhere
between December 21
st
, 1797 and J anuary 19
th
,
1798. In this letter the state of the defenses of
the Ackerman fortress is described. We do not
know how this report made its way into Rus-
sian hands. However it is clear that, from the
Russian point of view, the fact that the French
were interested in the Black Sea fortresses near
the Russian border would be a worrying indica-
tion of unfriendly intentions. The interest in
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 19
areas so distant from French territory would be
considered suspicious at any time, but espe-
cially when the accumulation of large French
forces in Toulon was already widely known.
There is no evidence that Kauffer himself had
been approached by Directoire Excutif agents;
however the report had been written by some-
body who possessed a first-hand acquaintance
with Ackerman, and Kauffer would have
known all such persons, especially those of
French origin
23
.
To conclude the speculations, it is not un-
reasonable to presume that Kauffer's contacts
with the Russians were ideologically motivated
by his Royalist political views.
What?
Despite the French invasion of Egypt and
the threat to other dependent and Ottoman terri-
tories, it took Sultan Selim III
24
several more
months of consultations, as well as the guaran-
tees of both Russia and Great Britain, to make
up his mind and formally join the Second Anti-
French Coalition
25
. From the moment when
Great Britain, Russia and Turkey had become
de-facto allies, military information had begun
to be exchanged. A good example of such co-
operation was the provision of a map of the
French positions in Egypt, based on informa-
tion gathered by British Captain Hood prior to
October 1
st
, 1798, and compiled by Kauffer in
Istanbul on October 24
th
. Two manuscript cop-
ies of this map are preserved in the RGVIA
26
.
At the end of March 1799 Kauffer pre-
pared a map of Corfu Island, recently captured
by the combined Russo-Ottoman squadron
from the French. This map was most probably
based on the Ottoman Naval officers draw-
ings; Kauffer provided translations for the writ-
ten Turkish inscriptions into French and trans-
ferred the map to the allies. Two copies of this
are known to be in the RGVIA. This map was
later included in the Naval Atlas of a Voyage
from the Archipelago to the French Shores
printed in 1799 in St. Petersburg
27
.
A year later another map of French posi-
tions in Egypt based on intercepted information
and deserters reports was prepared by Kauffer,
engraved by F.T. Mller and also supplied to
the allies. There are two copies of this map in
RGVIA as well. In all three cases it seems that
one of two preserved copies of each map bears
signs of additional copying from it; in other
words the information provided was indeed
used by the recipient.
Legitimately supplying maps for the al-
lies probably made it easier for further con-
tacts with the Russian Ambassador Vasiliy
Tomara. Even partial examination of the
Russian archives confirms that Franois
Kauffers generous proposition did not re-
main a promise in word alone. Numerous
maps, plans and materials which undoubtedly
were compiled by Franois Kauffer or related
to him are to be found in the RGVIA alone
28
.
A list of these findings is provided in the Ap-
pendix. However full, this list is still incom-
plete, because Kauffers maps are dispersed
among different archive foundations and fur-
ther scrupulous searches are needed. Another
complicated assignment awaiting research is
the location of various cartographic materials
supplied by Kauffer but not prepared by him
personally and not bearing any specific mark
to distinguish them
29
.
Initial analysis of Kauffers materials
found in the RGVIA shows that it can be di-
vided into at least three categories:
1. Large scale plans of fortifications and
military technical notes.
2. Geographic maps of different scales.
3. Travel diaries, journals of primary
measurements.
First group. Of course, plans of fortifica-
tions were, from the military point of view,
the most valuable information provided by
Kauffer. These plans were usually accompa-
nied by explanations in French and often by
vertical cross-sections of the fortifications as
well. The main language of the documents and
maps is French; however some of the plans
contain original Turkish inscriptions. Plans
were carefully copied for further use by the
responsible bodies. On some copies Russian
translations of toponymes could be seen. Be-
sides the Ackerman maps in this group are
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 20
also plans of Khotin and notes on the Bospho-
rus fortifications.
Second group. A good illustration of this
category is provided by a geographic map of
European Turkey including the western coast
of the Black Sea. This manuscript map, com-
piled by Kauffer in 1798, was not just the most
updated map of this region. The exclusivity of
this work was also due to the fact that its com-
piler had travelled through and made personal
reconnaissance of most of the mapped territory,
which helped him to properly evaluate all mate-
rial available for compilation and thus produce
a reliable cartographic output. Interestingly, in
his signature Kauffer described himself as In-
gneur cy-devant Employe aux Ponts et Chaus-
ss de France, without mentioning his service
for the Ottomans.
Third group. This is the most interesting
and valuable group from the point of view of
the history of cartography. It includes original
measurements, angles and distances, route ob-
servations, road descriptions all primary in-
formation, collected in the field, upon which
Kauffer later based his further cabinet work for
map compilation. These raw data provide a
unique opportunity to track the mapmaking
process of late XVIII century from the very
beginning to the end product: initial data limita-
tions can be checked, the accuracy of meas-
urements verified, the cartographers decisions
during generalization procedure can be better
understood, etc.
It is noteworthy that these materials are
not copies. These almost certainly are original
observations. These materials are directly
linked to the maps from the inventory list;
however they are barely mentioned there. It is
obvious that from the military point of view
the final cartographic output is much more
valuable than the preliminary stages of the
mapmaking process. Moreover some of the
maps had already been compiled and drawn,
some even engraved and published, so why
was it necessary for Kauffer to also provide
the primary data?
The most likely answer is that Kauffer
never did. These papers were probably part of
his personal archive. It is possible that this ar-
chive as a whole was bought or taken by the
Russians after Kauffers sudden death in Feb-
ruary of 1801. Almost certainly such an acqui-
sition would have been done, not in search for
cartographic data, but in order to keep the story
of the Kauffers cooperation undisclosed. And
the secret has been maintained for almost two
hundred years.
Conclusions
Intelligence activities, today just as in the
past, result in certain maps and cartographic
materials finding their way to places one would
least expect
30
. Such is the story of Franois
Kauffers heritage. He lived his life in an epoch
of dramatic political upheaval which drove him
from his birthplace to seek his fortune overseas,
banished him from returning home, forced him
to choose between loyalties and left him to die
in exile. The maps of this French engineer and
cartographer in the employ of the Sublime
Porte are preserved not only in Istanbul or
Paris. The most valuable and comprehensive
collection of his cartographic works and mate-
rials, which includes diaries and observations
as well as notes of the first triangulation of the
Bosphorus and Istanbul ever conducted, is cur-
rently situated in Moscow. And this collection
awaits its researcher.
Acknowledgments
A version of this article was presented to
the 23
rd
International Conference on the History
of Cartography (Copenhagen, J uly 2009) with
kind support of the American Friends of
J .B. Harley foundation. French version of this
article was published in March 2011
31
. The au-
thor wishes to express his gratitude to Irina
Garkusha, Tatyana Burmistrova from RGVIA
and Natalya Borodina from AVPRI for their
invaluable assistance in archive searches. Spe-
cial thank to Alexander Halenko for fruitful
discussion and generous sharing, to Elisabetta
Molteni for drawing the attention for important
published source and to Catherine Hofmann for
encouraging the writing of this article. Grati-
tude is also due to Lisa Sion, Emmanuelle
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 21
Vagnon and Louise Armoni for helping to the
author to overcome linguistic barriers.
Notes
1
For the importance of this map see: Elisabetta
Molteni. The Medieval Harbour of Constantinople
in 18thcentury Cartography // J ournal of Mediterra-
nean Studies. Based on the paper presented at the
2
nd
Mediterranean Maritime History Network Con-
ference, Messina/Taormina, Italy 2006 (in print).
2
Jean-Baptiste Lechevalier. Voyage de la
Propontide et du Pount-Euxin, avec la description
des monuments anciens et modernes de
Constantinople. Paris, 1802, 2 vols.
3
Un ingnieur franais au service de la Sublime
Porte: Franois Kauffer (1751?1801) //
Observatoire urbain d'Istanbul, Lettre d'information,
n 6, 1994, p. 1724 ; Franois Kauffer (1751?
1801), ingnieur-cartographe franais au service de
Selim III // The seventh book of History of Science
sources and researches. d. par Ekmeleddin Ih-
sanoglu & Feza Gnergun. Istanbul, Research Cen-
tre for Islamic History: Art and Culture, 2000,
p. 233243.
4
Choiseul-Gouffier. Voyage pittoresque de la
Grce, Paris, vol. I, 1782.
5
Established after the 17871791 Russo-Turkish
war.
6
Admiral Sir William was Sidney Smiths older
brother.
7
Apxnn nnemne nonnrnxn Poccncxo nm-
nepnn.
8
The exact date of the document was shame-
fully omitted by the author during his research in
the AVPRI. Fortunately it can be estimated with a
certain degree of preciseness. The date J une 19
th
,
mentioned in the text, refers to the J ulian calendar,
used in Russia at that time. So, according to the
Gregorian calendar, the Imperial order of Paul I
was issued on J une 30
th
. Taking into account the
time necessary to deliver diplomatic correspon-
dence from St. Petersburg to Istanbul, we can as-
sume that Vasiliy Tomaras response was written
not earlier than the end of J uly beginning of Au-
gust, 1799.
9
Russian Emperor Paul I (17961801).
10
Count Grigoriy Kushelev, Chair of Admiralty
Board, responsible for map collecting.
11
Count Fyodor Rostopchin, Russian Vice-
Chancellor.
12
AVPRI 89/8, file 924, p. 4949 back. The
original letter is written in Russian. Translation was
made by the author.
Bo ncnonnenne Btcouamero nonenennx
or 19 nmnx, oxnnennoro mne or Bamero Cnx-
rentcrna, sect npecrannxm sanncxy pasntx
nnanon, xoropte yyr ocrannent or menx roc-
nonny amnpany rpa]y Kymeneny. Hn onoro ns
ontx ner cpecrna pyrnm opasom nonyunrt, xax
upes nnxenepa Kay]epa, o xoem ntcouamee on-
peenenne Bamemy Cnxrentcrny nsnecrno. Cnepx
roro onxen onecrn, uro sa nepntm norpeona-
nnem oxasan on ncm roronnocrt cnyxnrt EHB n
npecrannxn rontxo nenosmoxnocrt sa mnoxecr-
nom paort ocrannrt nce n sanncxe snauamne
nnant npexe oxonuannx yyme snmt, nn
nnone enart onte. npnnxn ero npenoxe-
nne, nenen paorart n noctnart onte yy no
uacrxm x ero cnxrentcrny rpa]y Kymeneny. Ho
ynorpenxx cero o]nnepa raxnm opasom, onrom
nounram npecrannrt o nasnauennn emy roonoro
nencnona. Coopaxax ono c cocroxnnem ero,
3000 nnacrpon xaxercx mne onontno. H rora,
ncnecrnne annoro emy yxe unna n oemannx n
cnyuae ocrannennx cnyxt rypenxo, moxno y-
er ynorpenxrt na nce no pemecny ero paort,
xoropte nnpouem n npnnnmaercx on enart, no-
unrax yxe cex ecrnnrentno o]nnepom cnyxt
poccncxo, a ornmt ne n nne oonxennx no-
croponne epxane n n naexnnn sa rpyt cnon
narpaxennx
13
AVPRI 89/8, file 924, p. 5051. The text of
this list, handwritten at the end of XVIII century,
was copied manually by the author, who does not
himself speak French, and recently deciphered from
the authors records with the generous assistance of
Madam Lisa Sion. Due to lack of time during copy-
ing, in certain cases only the geographic place name
was copied.
14
Pierre-J oseph Beauchamp (17521801),
cf. Anne MEZIN, Les consuls de France au Sicle
des Lumires (17151792). Paris, 1997, en par-
ticulier note 5, p. 160.
15
Present day J elgava, Latvia.
16
Despite the sharp criticism of Russia, ex-
pressed by Choiseul-Gouffier in the first volume of
his bookVoyage pittoresque de la Grce.
17
Veselago (ed.), Materials for the History of
the Russian Fleet, vol. XVI, SPb, 1902, p. 214216,
N 303306. All orders dated by February 4
th
of
J ulian calendar.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 22
18
Ibid, p. 215, N 305. Quoted from Imperial or-
der to Vice-Admiral Lezhnev.
P.S. Xorx n nontne co cropont Hoprt ne
noant npnunnt x napymennm oporo corna-
cnx, no rax xax sannaenne ]pannysamn eperon n
ocrponon, npnnerammnx x Typnnn, n no raxonomy
cocecrny onacno, urot ne nosynnn rypox
npornny nac n ne npnnynnn t nx nonxrt opy-
xne, n enncrnenno nx cero n enamrcx cnn
npeocropoxnocrn, at npeoxpannrt cex or
cmpnpnson.
19
Poccncxn rocyapcrnennt apxnn Boenno-
mopcxoro ]nora, hereafter: RGAVMF (Russian State
Navy Archive), Fund Sbornyi, 1798, file 7, p. 8889.
Paul I is quoted instructing Admiral Ushakov, April 23
(May 4), 1798: craparect nanmart nce nn-
xennx, xax co cropont Hoprt, rax n ]pannyson,
ye t onn noxycnnnct norn n uepnoe mope nnn
naxnonnrt Hopry x xaxonomy-nno ecrnnm.
(Quotation from E.V. Tarle., Admiral Ushakov na
Sredizemnom more, Moscow, 1948, p. 111).
20
RGAVMF, fund Sbornyi, 1798, file 7, pp. 88-89.
Paul I to Admiral Ushakov, May 13 (24), 1798: Kont
cxopo nonyunre nsnecrnx, uro ]pannyscxax noennax
+cxapa noxycnrcx norn n uepnoe mope, ro, neme-
nenno ctcxan onym, art pemnrentnoe cpaxenne.
Quotation from E.V. Tarle, op. cit., p. 111.
21
Poccncxn rocyapcrnennt noenno-
ncropnuecxn apxnn (GRVIA).
22
RGVIA, fund 450, list 1, file 820. (Memoire
sur la forteresse d'Akerman).
23
It should not be ruled out that such kinds of
investigations by Directoire Excutif agents could
have been carried out in order to distract attention
from the real goals of the expedition under prepara-
tion in Toulon. If this was the case, they would have
deliberately contacted people associated with the
Royalists in order to further disseminate the disin-
formation.
24
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan 17891808.
25
Although joint military operations started ear-
lier in autumn of 1798, the formal signing took
place only on J anuary 3
rd
, 1799.
26
For references of these and all other men-
tioned in the text maps, see the Appendix.
27
Mopcxo arnac x nnanannm or Apxnnenara
o eperon upannnn, CH., 1799. See: Bula-
tov V.E.; Zaytsev A.K. The First Archipelago Expe-
dition of the Russian Navy in 17691774, p. 42,
footnote 14 (In Atlas of the Archipelago and Manu-
script Charts of the First Achipelago Expedition of
the Russian Navy in 17641774. Exhibition Cata-
logue. Moscow, 1997).
This map of Corfu was attributed by Alexey
Postnikov as a captured French battle plan. (The
Russian Navy as Chartmaker in the Eighteenth Cen-
tury // Imago Mundi. Vol. 52 (2000), p. 7995).
However, explanatory notes in Turkish on the map,
mentioned by A. Postnikov, are rather evidence of
its Ottoman origin. Additional Turkish maps could
be found in the reports of commanding officers of
the Turkish Navy Squadron (See: Kahraman Sakul.
An Ottoman Global Moment: War of Second Coali-
tion in the Levant. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of the
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of George-
town University, Washington, DC, November,
2009; Plans IIIV).
28
The Russian State Naval Archive and the Ar-
chive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire are
among suggested possible locations of Kauffers
maps.
29
For instance, there are several suspicious
sea charts of French origin for the eastern coast of
the Black Sea localities, mentioned in the Kauffers
inventory.
30
For instance, the important collection of Rus-
sian maps from the beginning of the XVIII century,
copied and sent to France by J oseph-Nicolas De-
lisle, is preserved in Paris. See: Postnikov, Alexey V.
New data on Russian geographical and cartographi-
cal materials which had been carried out from Rus-
sia to France by J .N. Delisle // Voprosy istorii
estestvoznaniia i tekhniki. 2005. V. 3, p. 1738;
presented also as a poster during the 21st Interna-
tional Conference on the History of Cartography,
Budapest, 2005.
31
Mitia Frumin. Franois Kauffer (17511801):
le destin d'un cartographe franais au service de
l'tranger. // Le Monde des Cartes, N 207, Mars
2011, p. 95106.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 24
------------------------------------------------------------

Heuaraercx n pamxax conmecrnoro nccneo-

narentcxoro npoexra xypnanon Bocrount
apxnn n Ponna.
Hepnoe ecxrnnerne XX n. n ncropnn
Poccnn npnannno n omecrny, n nnacrn
mnoxecrno nnyrpn- n nnemnenonnrnuecxnx
nponem. Box or neannero nopaxennx n
none na antnem Bocroxe, ocrpora cotrn
Hepno pyccxo penonmnnn, nocnemnoe (no,
xax ncera, sanosanoe) pe]opmaropcrno,
rpynocrn nspamnnannx npecrannrentntx
nauan na cypono nnne camoepxannx
nce +rn upenarte xpnsncamn nponecct ena-
nn pyccxoe omecrno onee nanmarentntm
x uyxomy ontry, pacmnpxnn npocrpancrno
cpannennx nonnrnxo-xyntrypntx saau,
ncranmnx nepe rpannnonntmn nmnepnx-
mn. Hosnee +rn saaun nasonyr ntsonamn
moepnnsannn.
Honnocrtm pasenxx mnenne nccneona-
rene, uro npecrannenne o uyxo xyntrype
nennxom nenrpnpyercx na xyntrype cocr-
nenno
1
, nosnonnm cee npenonoxnrt, uro
rax xe paoraer n mexannsm nocnpnxrnx uy-
xo nonnrnxn. Hnaue uem oxcnnrt ror
ocrpt, ouent nnunt nnrepec, xoropt
poccncxax carnpnuecxax neuart npoxnnxna x
nepemenam n Ocmancxo nmnepnn n n Hep-
cnn Kaxapon, c nauanom XX n. (ononpe-
menno c Poccne Pomanontx) ncrynnnmnx n
nonocy nonnrnuecxo necranntnocrn n ro-
cyapcrnenntx npeopasonann, upenartx,
xax noxasana ncropnx, poxontmn nnyrpennn-
mn n nnemnnmn xpnsncamn?
Hpnntunax nx enponecxoro cnyxa eme
c cepennt XIX n., c Kptmcxo nont, mera-
]opa ontno uenonex Enpont n nauane
nonoro cronernx ononnnnact n ornomennn
Typnnn yrounennem: oesuaoeruo oo.iuo.
Bce nponemt, ocaxammne pyrnm nm-
nepnxm, npncyrcrnonann sect n rnneprpo-
]nponanno ]opme. Ecnn npannrent xaxo-
nno roramne nmnepnn xoren npecrannrt
xommapnte nocnecrnnx nx cnoe nmnepnn
n yymem, emy ocrarouno tno rontxo
nsrnxnyrt na Ocmancxym nmnepnm, nnmer
pnrancxn nccneonarent-nmnepnonor o-
mnnnx Hnnen. Kaxax nmnepnx onacanact
ocnanennx cnoero morymecrna, norepn rep-
pnropn, necnoconocrn xonxypnponart c
nnocrpanntmn epxanamn n nocneymme
yrpart xonrponx na nannonantntmn ment-
mnncrnamn nnyrpn nmnepnn, no nnre +ror
nponecc ne samen rax anexo, xax n Ocman-
cxo nmnepnn
2
.
Hauano XX n. cynrancxax Typnnx ncrpe-
uana, yyun ne rontxo oo.iui+, no n, noxa-
ny, camtm ue.mou+i+ :e.oeero+ Enpont
(panno xax n Asnn). Hecnoconax samnrnrt
nnrepect cnonx mycyntmancxnx noanntx
nn na Fanxanax, nn n A]pnxe
3
, ne xenammax
oecneunrt na ene pannonpanne cnonx nno-
xon]eccnonantntx noanntx
4
, ne cunram-
max nyxntm yunrtnart nonte peannn enpo-
nensannn nnyrpennero yxnaa
5
, ne onaam-
max nosmoxnocrtm oecneunrt ]nnanconte
nocrynnennx ns-sa pyexa xpome xax n omen
na nonnrnuecxym sanncnmocrt or 3anaa
6
,
rax n ne cymenmax ntcrponrt nont ]opmar
ornomenn mexy nenrpantno nnacrtm, me-
crntmn +nnramn n cocrnenntm annaparom
ynpannennx
7
, Ocmancxax nmnepnx n nnne ee
npannrene oxasanact n cnryannn nceome
norepn noxntnocrn x cee.
Xapaxrepno n ro, uro omyrnmax om-
nocrt nponem Ocmanon n Pomanontx (n
rnannax ns nnx ynpannxemocrt nmnepcxoro
oprannsma n nontx ycnonnxx), nopaxenntx
neyrom no nasnannem ntson npemenn,
nnmt naxanxna xpnrnuecxn nnrepec xypna-
nncron, oxorno ncnontsonanmnx cpecrna ca-
rnpt nx cpannnrentno-nonnrnuecxo xpn-
rnxn.
3arxnynmeecx onee uem na rpn ecxrn-
nernx npannenne cynrana Ayn Xamna II
T.A. mnnnnnona
HYAR HOAHTHKA
ypnan Ca1npnxon xax nc1ounnx cneennn
o xonc1n1ynnonnmx npeopasonannnx n Typnnn n Hepcnn n nauane XX n.

Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 25

(18761909) yromnno nnemnnx nanmare-
ne n nsnypnno cocrnennoe nacenenne. Kon-
cepnannx craptx ]opm npannennx n rpannn-
onnoro connantno-nonnrnuecxoro yxnaa na
]one nanpamme remnt sanncnmocrn or sa-
nantx epxan orannna na npemx, no cena-
na pamarnuecxn nensexntmn npeopasona-
nnx n rocyapcrne. Cama nnunocrt cynrana n
ero nnyrpnnonnrnuecxn xypc ntstnann
oocrpennt nnrepec xax mnpono, rax n
poccncxo neuarn. Haunnax c 1908 r. n
nnnort o nauana Hepno mnpono nont
nnyrpennxx nonnrnxa xora-ro Bennxo, a
renept crpemnrentno pxxnemme nmnepnn
Ocmanon npnxonana x cee ena nn ne ont-
me nnnmannn co cropont poccncxo neua-
rn, uem nonnrnxa nnemnxx. a n camo nonn-
rnuecxoe npemx na Foc]ope n ror momenr
pesxo ycxopnnoct, a rycrora cotrn ycn-
nnnact o upesntuanocrn.
Btcrynnenne mnaorypox n nmne 1908 r.
no nosynrom Ennennx n nporpecca, npn-
nyxenne cynrana Ayn Xamna II noccra-
nonnrt ecrnne xoncrnrynnn 1876 r., costn
napnamenra, nontrxa xonrppenonmnnonnoro
nepenopora n anpene 1909 r., npnnemax x
nnsnepxennm craporo cynrana n napnamenr-
cxnm ntopam nonoro, esnontnoro Mexmea
V nce +ro ononnenne no-ocmancxn npo-
ncxonno na rposnom ]one npnnnxammnx-
cx non (Hrano-rypenxax 19111912 rr., Fan-
xancxne nont 19121913 rr.)
Bnpouem, tno nn rocyapcrno Ocmanon
enncrnenntm oo.iui+ :e.oeero+ n enpa-
sncxom xonnepre mnpontx epxan?
Pnrm ncropnuecxoro npemenn ycxo-
pnncx n n Hpane (Hepcnn). Pacrxnynmaxcx na
necxontxo ner penonmnnx 19051911 rr. ye-
nrentno noxasana nect oem rpynocre,
cnxsanntx c xoncrnrynnonntm pe]opmarop-
crnom n nneennem npecrannrentntx nauan,
xax cnoxnemym npoexnnm optt nnyr-
pennnx cnn n npocrpancrne nnemnenonnrn-
uecxoro conepnnuecrna
8
. Te xe, uro n y ocma-
non, cnoxnocrn ntcrpannannx ornomenn c
conepnnuammnmn n pernone sanantmn ep-
xanamn, ro xe nrnopnponanne npannrentcr-
nom ocrport nnyrpennnx connantntx npo-
nem; ro xe neecxoptcrnoe sanrptnanne
repmancxoro nmnepnannsma c moepnnsn-
pymmnmcx pexnmom, ro xe npnnecenne n
xeprny crparernuecxnx saau npeopasona-
nn no nmx raxrnxn coxpanennx nnuno nna-
crn
9
Hpncrantnoe nnnmanne poccncxo
npecct x cotrnxm n Hpane oxcnxnoct n
ro pontm, xoropym Poccnx (napxy c Anr-
nne) nce axrnnne nrpana n xoe penonmnn-
onntx cotrn n Hepcnn
10
.
Omenmnepcxn anropnrm nnyrpennnx
nponem nauana XX n. cranonnncx ouenn-
ntm axe nx ne cnnmxom ocneomnennoro n
nocrountx enax, no cnoconoro x nonnrn-
xo-xyntrypntm cpannennxm nanmarenx,
nontmax uyncrnnrentnocrt x uyxomy ontry.
Pnrm npannenn nnepantntx n xoncepna-
rnnntx monapxon, npnnnnt n ornnnt pe]op-
maropcxnx ycnnn, ncnnecxn penonmnnon-
ntx nepenoporon n xonrppenonmnnonntx
mxrexe, cnonom, cxocrno ntsonon +noxn n
cnoxnocrt noncxa orneron na nnx sacrannxnn
conpemennnxon saymtnartcx o eopusoume
eos+oruocme n npeenax rocyapcrnenno-
ro manenpnponannx n pamxax npeopasona-
nn cnepxy.
Xypnan Carnpnxon ono ns nano-
nee rananrnnntx no peaxnnonnomy samtcny
n anropcxomy cocrany carnpnuecxnx nsann
openonmnnonno Poccnn mnoro mecra na
cnonx crpannnax yenxn reme xoncrnrynnon-
ntx npeopasonann y mxntx cocee.
Hensmenntm norexcrom nynnxann na ry-
penxne n nepcncxne nnyrpnnonnrnuecxne
cmxert cranonnnoct cpannenne pe]opma-
ropcxoro xypca mnaorypox n nepcncxnx
croponnnxon xoncrnrynnn c cocrnenntm,
poccncxnm xypcom na moepnnsannm rpan-
nnonnoro connantno-nonnrnuecxoro yxnaa
xax cnecrnnx Hepno pyccxo penonmnnn.
Hpnnneuenne marepnanon Carnpnxona n
xauecrne onoro ns ncrounnxon pasnnrnx nsa-
nmntx npecrannenn mexy Poccne n ee
cocexmn peannsyer nporpammy pasnnrnx ap-
xnnnoro nocroxoneennx na crpannnax Boc-
rounoro apxnna.
Temy xoncrnrynnn rnannoro cmxera,
cnxsannoro c mnaorypenxnmn pe]opmamn
cnmnonnuecxn orxptnaer onoxeunax xapn-
xarypa Carnpnxona. Manentxax ]nrypxa
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 26
Ayn Xamna II na ]one cynrancxoro nop-
na n Cramyne nce cnoe noso ntpaxaer
cmect neoymennx, crpaxa n oropuennx: na
cynranom (xora-ro ne es ocnonannx npo-
snanntm xponantm) nennuecrnenno-na-
menno nosntmaercx anneropnuecxax xen-
cxax ]nrypa no ]pnrncxom xonnaxe n an-
rnunom xnrone. Hpn nne Poxennx nono
xoncrnrynnonno Benept ns no Foc]opa
crapemmn npannrent ocmanon onacnnno
pasmtmnxer: Bor enncrnennax xenmnna,
xoropym x ne xenan t nnert n cnoem ra-
peme
11
.
Horexcr xapnxarypt npounrtnancx co-
npemennnxamn c ouennnocrtm: rypenxn
cynran ne onnox n cnoem nexenannn nnxe
nosnaxomnrtcx c onacno nesnaxomxo.
3ro nornepxamr mnorouncnennte xapnxa-
rypnte pncynxn n mmopncrnuecxne crnxn n
nomepax xypnana sa 19081909 rr., carnpn-
uecxn nonecrnymmne o cxoxnx nponemax,
noxnnnmnxcx y nepcncxoro maxa n cnxsn c
xoncrnrynnonntmn pe]opmamn.
B pasrap rpaxancxo nont n Hpane
12
n
onom ns nernnx nomepon 1908 r. Carnpn-
xon nomemaer xapnxarypy A. Paaxona, on-
xencrnymmym noxasart ncm crenent ]pycr-
pannn nepcncxoro omecrna n neonpeenen-
nocrn antnemnx nepcnexrnn xoncrnrynn-
onnoro nponecca n crpane. Ha ]one nmontr-
crnymmnx senax pxono nepc, yxe yyun
nocaxenntm na xon, ncaxnnaer cee n por
nropo!.. Honnct no pncynxom rnacnr:
Hepc. a yer narocnonenno nmx ma-
xa! 3a mon xpamontnte cnona: Moxer trt,
Mexnnc nyxen Hepcnn?, on ncero-nance-
ro nocann menx na xon. He nmex npancrnen-
noro npana snoynorpenxrt oporo napx
nape, ncaxy n cex c oparno cropont nro-
po xon. (Vmnpaer, nocropxenno menua nmx
maxa)
13
.
B onom ns nomepon n pasene, re no
rpannnn nomemancx ntymannt carnpn-
xononnamn napont ]ontxnop, unraem cne-
ymmne nepcncxne nocnonnnt:
B mexnnc nonan na ncm xnsnt npo-
nan.
Baxa nnert no cne trt nonemenntm
naxny
14
.
ocrananoct or xypnana n cocrnenntm
npantm, a raxxe nannonanncram, pennnrenxm
nepymnmocrn camoepxannoro npannennx n
npornnnnxam ymcxoro napnamenrapnsma.
3aannt xapnxarypnt pncynox Pe-Mn
15
n
ouepenom nomepe npospauen no cmtcny, no
ne ananen n cnoem nnyrpennem noctne. An-
rop opamaer cnoe ocrpne cpasy npornn ne-
cxontxnx repoen nx nsnnmne roponnn-
ntx ocmancxnx n neocmorpnrentntx nepcn-
cxnx pe]opmaropon, a raxxe npornn cocr-
nenntx peaxnnonepon, oryntno orpnnanmnx
axryantnocrt nepemen. Ho nepom xyoxnn-
xa nonyconnt, rpysnt roncrxx n opase
nspxno nomxroro tnnnnoro orartpx
(Coms pyccxoro napoa) nsopaxen na nn-
nopome. 3aom nanepe on cnnr na crapo
xnxue n axe ne cmorpnr ncne crpemnrent-
no cxauymemy x ]nnnmy rypxy n orcramme-
my or nero na xopnyc nepcy:
Hecer nx, nexpncre! Fyro ne nocne-
mr
Cxenrnuecxoe nopuanne pyccxoro npa-
noro orrenxercx nponnuntm sarononxom:
Mexynaponte cxauxn x xoncrnrynnonno-
my crony
16
. Mnorosnaunocrt cnona ]n-
nnm na pncynxe onxencrnonana, ouennno,
orrennrt nosmoxnte onacnocrn nonnrnue-
cxnx nroron noontx nocrountx saeron.
3anxren Camt xparxn cnonapt Ca-
rnpnxona, +nnnxnonenuecxne crartn ns
xoroporo, nepnonuecxn noxnnxxct na crpa-
nnnax nsannx, coepxann nectma npnmeua-
rentnte onenxn npannrene n cotrn n co-
cecrnymmnx epxanax. K npnmepy:
Ayn-Iamn. Hocnenn ns morn-
xan. Kora na ero ronono noxnnnoct yno
mnaorypenxoro penontnepa, opoymno
yntnyncx n, cenmn na rypenxn nnan, cran
nncart: Hax Typnnm cospenme nx xon-
crnrynnn, x oponontno xanym e nestne-
mte ocnont npecrannrentnoro crpox B
omem, crapnx xpane ne rnynt.
Hnxonanne. Ecnn no nonoy aponannx
Hepcncxo xoncrnrynnn, ro uacro oxanun-
naercx cmeprtm
17
.
Co npemenem (npaxrnuecxn o camoro
nauana Hepno mnpono nont) xapnxarypt
n mmopncrnuecxne crnxn, exnno nonecr-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 27
nymmne o rom, xax cynrancxn rapem noxn-
aer ocmancxoro npannrenx, nnn xax max-
cxn rapem yxonr or nepcncxoro nnatxn,
cranonxrcx omnm mecrom, exypno ocr-
poro na crpannnax Carnpnxona, carnpn-
uecxn ntnrptmntm mramnom nx emoncr-
pannn connantntx n nonnrnxo-xyntrypntx
nponem nponecca moepnnsannn no-ry-
penxn n no-nepcncxn. Kora-ro ncenna-
crnte monapxn, a renept xoncrnrynnonnte
npannrenn, cynran n max oxastnamrcx no
nasopom crpornx enponecxnx rynepnan-
rox n nexenanntx xencxnx nonnomenn
xoncrnrynnn n saxonnocrn
18
. Hapan-
nentno xpennyr n comnennx pyccxnx carn-
pnxon n cnoconocrn mnaorypenxnx n mna-
onepcncxnx pe]opmaropon +]]exrnnno
pemart naspenmne omecrnennte npone-
mt. Fonee roro, cnonm yymammnm n
nponnxammnm crnnem (nernx n xon xax
merot nneennx xoncrnrynnn no-noc-
rounomy cyrt rnnnunte cnocot nnsya-
nnsannn coornercrnymmnx opason na crpa-
nnnax pyccxnx xypnanon) onn nopoxamr
nenecente acconnannn c roramnnm poc-
cncxnm pe]opmaropcrnom na ]one noenno-
nonentx cyon n crontnnncxnx rancry-
xon
19
.
Onaxo ocroxrentne ncero rema xon-
crnrynnonntx npeopasonann na nocrou-
nt manep otrptnanact n mnorouncnen-
ntx carnpnxononcxnx ]enteronax. C pas-
no crenentm rananrnnnocrn n mepo xsnn-
rentnocrn onn xnnonncann mnorouncnennte
rpynocrn n neonosnaunte nocnecrnnx ro-
cyapcrnenntx npeopasonann n rocyapcr-
nax Ocmanon n Kaxapon (nmex n norexcre,
pasymeercx, n nmnepnm Pomanontx). Hpnne-
em sect nnmt onn, nanonee rnnnunt
]enteron c mnorosnaunrentntm nasnannem
Fnarocnonennax crpana (Carnpnxon,
1908, N 19, c. 23), onynnxonannt no
ncenonnmom Cxnranen. Bect rexcr ero
cnnerentcrnyer o noxnnennn croxnx xnnme
n ncnontsonannn npospauntx ananorn n
rpaxronxe xoncrnrynnonno nponemarnxn
xax cnmnroma omero xpnsnca rpannnon-
ntx nmnepn n nauane nexa non n penonm-
nn.
Bnarocnonennan c1pana
necrn xone, nerxnx n tcrponornx,
npnnen Kapa-Axmer n Hepcnm n npoan sa
xopomym neny ncex, xpome onoro. 3ror
nyxcort tn uyo-xont, on neran, xax
monnnx, tn neyromnm, xax nerep: onn max
tn ocronn onaart nm, onn max tn n
cocroxnnn sa nero sannarnrt. C noxcom, ryro
nanrtm uepnonnamn, n c uyo-xonem npn-
men Kapa-Axmer x noporam Terepana.
Hcxyant peenox n pynme croxn y
ropocxnx nopor n xanono npnnercrnonan
Kapa-Axmera:
Fyt narocnonen, uyxecrpanen! Ho-
a na xne rononomy cnpore.
Kapa-Axmer pocnn menxym monery.
anno nn rt norepxn ponrene, pee-
nox?
opt uyxecrpanen! Onn nornnn
nuepa.
Buepa? Or uero xe?
Xaxa cxasan: onn nornnn or xoncrn-
rynnn.
Kapa-Axmery crano eme ontme xant
cnpory. Koncrnrynnx?.. uro sa crpannax o-
nesnt! On nnxora ne cntxan o ne. Bepno,
uro-nnyt nonoe?..
opt uyxecrpanen, noa necuacr-
nomy cnpore!
Onxrt Kapa-Axmer pocnn menxym mo-
nery n yuacrnnno cnpocnn:
A rno oren or uero ymep, peenox?
On norn or xoncrnrynnn.
Crpanno! Ouent crpanno! opmoran
Kapa-Axmer, uyncrnyx nexoropym rpenory.
Ho rpenora +ra npenparnnact n yxac, e-
na Kapa-Axmer cenan xaxym-nnyt cornm
maron: ecxrxn pyx rxnynnct x nemy c mont-
amn o nomomn n nce cnport ronopnnn, uro
nx oesonnna xoncrnrynnx.
Kaxax sapasnrentnax nemt! yman
Kapa-Axmer, onnnaxct xonontm norom.
Kaxax crpannax onesnt!.. Ho nce-raxn x o-
epyct o maxa n npoam emy cnoero uyec-
noro xonx! Bor ram, nann, nosntmaercx no-
pen. 3ro, nanepnoe, nopen maxa
On ycxopnn mar n ouyrnncx nosne sa-
nnx, xoropoe rontxo nsann xasanoct nop-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 28
nom: nnnsn ono npecrannxno pynny, yxac-
nt cne paspymennx, c noroxamn sanexme-
cx xponn na crynenxx.
Annax, Annax! Kaxax ropecrnax xaprn-
na! ocronourennt npoxoxn, ne snaere nn,
oruero paspymeno +ro npexpacnoe sanne?
Hpoxoxn neuantno yntnyncx, oxsnn-
no ornxencx noxpyr n npomenran:
Koncrnrynnx
Bonoc cran tom na ronone Kapa-Axme-
ra Kax?.. 3ra yxacnax xoncrnrynnx rynr
ne rontxo nme, no axe coxpymaer xa-
ment?.. uro xe moxer npornnocroxrt e?.. H
uero xe on eme yer xart?.. Her, ner!.. Fe-
xart!.. Fexart ns +ro crpant snononyunx,
ns +ro necuacrno sapaxenno crpant!..
Kapa-Axmer ncxounn na cnoero uyo-xo-
nx, ocronoro nocnrt onoro maxa, oxna-
rnn pyxamn ero naroponym mem, saxmy-
pnn rnasa n n xaxnx-nnyt rpn uaca tn
yxe n pono narocnonenno Typnnn
On ouyrnncx na nnoman, cpen orpom-
no ronnt: nepe ronno na xptntne oraro-
ro oma croxn ryunt uenonex n nsopannom
mynnpe namn, xpocrno nn cex no mexam n
xpnuan:
a, a! Fyt x npoxnxr! a corpercx ns
nmcxo namxrn nmx uexnm-namn!
uro enaer +ror cymacmemn? noc-
xnnxnyn Kapa-Axmer. B uem ryr cyrt?..
Koncrnrynnx! ornernn Kapa-Axmery
monoo sanrn
20
n noospnrentno nocmor-
pen na nero.
Annax! noyman c yxacom Kapa-Ax-
mer. H ryr xoncrnrynnx!.. uro +ro sa uyo-
nnmnax sapasa!.. Ho sect ona, no-nnnmomy,
cnaee Or nee ryr rontxo cxoxr c yma, no
ne rnnyr
3anrn xax t yraan mtcnt Kapa-Axme-
ra n npoonxan:
Her, +ror uexnm ne cymacmemn!
pyrne ne oraannct nrt cex n nornnn.
Hocmorpn rya.
Kapa-Axmer ornxnyncx: y pyroro
xptntna nexann rpn ncrepsanntx rpyna n
mynnpax name.
Annax! nocxnnxnyn Kapa-Axmer.
Heyxenn xe onn nornnn or xoncrnry-
nnn?..
Kapa-Axmer n crpaxe nonxrnncx O,
sect eme xyxe, uem n Hepcnn Tam rontxo
rnnn or xoncrnrynnn, a sect ona, no-nnn-
momy, ne nomanna n cnacmnxcx n cenana
nx esymntmn!.. Her, ner! Fexart! Fexart
orcma!..
Kapa-Axmer onxrt ncxounn na cnoero uy-
o-xonx, saxptn rnasa n neccx c nnm onro,
onro uepes nonx n ont, n neca, ropt
Vxe connne cxnonnnoct x saxary, xax xont
ocranonnncx. Kapa-Axmer orxptn rnasa n
ynnen cex n neontmom rpxsnom ropoe na
epery mnpoxo mnoronono pexn. V not
croxn roncrt uenonex c xpacntm nocom n
pyxtem n pyxax.
Kaxax +ro pexa?.. cnpocnn Kapa-Ax-
mer.
Bonra! orneuan uenonex c pyxtem.
A rt nouemy ne snaemt?.. Hacnopr y rex
ecrt?
uro snaunr nacnopr? noyman Kapa-
Axmer n mamnnantno ntnyn ns xapmana uep-
nonen.
To-ro! cxasan uenonex c pyxtem,
onycxax uepnonen sa ronennme.
Hsnnnnre! npomonnnn Kapa-Axmer,
uyncrnyx cex or +roro nemnoro cmenee.
3ro ropo?
Iopo.
A re xe nmn?
Hmn? Ho omam cnxr ny, n no
pyrnm mecram
Im A na ynnny onn ne ntxoxr?
uenonex noconen xpacntm nocom.
A nx ua ntxonrt-ro? Cemt uacon.
Kasenxa yxe saxptra. He nx uero ntxonrt.
nnxy, y nac ryr rnxo. A +nnemnn y
nac ryr ner?
3nnemnen? Kax ne trt? V nac, cnana
Fory, sancera +nnemnx +nra
Mypamxn saerann no cnnne y Kapa-Ax-
mera. Annax!.. Hnre on ne cxpoercx or +ro
rynrentno xoncrnrynnn! Hnre!..
Tax, crano trt, n y nac +ra rm
xon xoncrn xoncrn
ueno-c? uenonex c xpacntm nocom
yxmtntnyncx. uano? Koncrnnryn.um-m,
par. Konuena y nac xonepa renept.
Xonepa?
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 30
B mae 1915 r. nsnecrnt nocroxone, nc-
cneonarent Hamnpa H.H. 3apynn
1
no nopy-
uennm Pyccxoro xomnrera nx nsyuennx
Cpene n Bocrouno Asnn ornpannncx n
cnom nropym +xcnennnm na Hamnp
2
. On
cran cexperapem no amnnncrparnnno uac-
rn Hamnpcxoro orpxa, xoropt nosrnannxn
nonxonnnx H.. renno
3
. Hpetnanne n +ro
onxnocrn nosnonnno H.H. 3apynny erant-
no osnaxomnrtcx c cncremo ynpannennx Ha-
mnpcxnm paonom, cnoxnnmecx co npemenn
npncoennennx ero x Poccncxo nmnepnn.
Bepnynmnct c Hamnpa, on noan nomomnnxy
noennoro mnnncrpa renepany B.u. Honnnxo-
my
4
sanncxy o ycrpocrne Hamnpcxoro pa-
ona, arnponannym 6 max 1917 r.
5
B ne on,
nsnarax cnon nsrnxt na pe]opmnponanne
cncremt ynpannennx +rnm oranenntm xpa-
em tnme Poccncxo nmnepnn, nouepxn-
nan, uro ynonnomouen pyccxo amnnncrpa-
nne n xononne na Hamnpe ntxcnnrt orno-
menne Bpemennoro npannrentcrna x +romy
paony. Bce nonnoro nnacrn ram, noenno
n rpaxancxo (amnnncrparnnno n cye-
no), tn naenen nauantnnx Hamnpcxoro
orpxa. uaxrnuecxn xe, yrnepxan H.H. 3a-
pynn, nnacrt naxonrcx n pyxax nepenoun-
xon ns mecrntx xnrene. Ha nacenennn ne-
xar rxxente nonnnnocrn no cnaxennm pyc-
cxnx nocron, ne ycranonnennte nn saxonom,
nn otuaem, uro noyxaer mecrntx xnre-
ne exart n A]ranncran.
B Inannom mrae, xya nocrynnna sa-
nncxa H.H. 3apynna, counn sarponyrte n
ne nponemt nexamnmn nonnocrtm n xom-
nerennnn mecrno nnacrn n nanpannnn 12
max 1917 r. xonnm sanncxn npecearenm
Typxecrancxoro xomnrera Bpemennoro npa-
nnrentcrna H.H. Benxnny
6
.
26 nmnx 1917 r. conemanne no enam
xpax npn Typxecrancxom xomnrere Bpemen-
noro npannrentcrna oopnno Bpemennoe
nonoxenne o ynpannennn Hamnpcxnm pa-
onom
7
. B coornercrnnn c nnm nce rpaxan-
cxoe ynpannenne na Hamnpe n amnnncrpa-
rnnnte ]ynxnnn nauantnnxa Hamnpcxoro or-
pxa nepemnn x xomnccapy Hamnpcxoro pa-
ona, rnanno saaue xoroporo xnnxnact op-
rannsannx nepentopon mecrno amnnncr-
pannn n cosanne noncemecrno nontx op-
ranon napontx xomnreron. Komnccapom
Hamnpcxoro paona tn nasnauen H.H. 3apy-
nn, npntnmn n Xopor 25 nmnx 1917 r.
8
K
nemy nepemno nce rpaxancxoe ynpannenne
na Hamnpe. 3a nauantnnxom Hamnpcxoro or-
pxa, xoroptm x momenry nosnpamennx
H.H. 3apynna tn yxe nononxonnnx
B.B. uennn
9
, coxpannnnct nnmt oxsannocrn
nenocpecrnennoro ynpannennx orpxom. B
onxnocrn xomnccapa Hamnpcxoro paona
H.H. 3apynn npotn o ]enpanx 1918 r.
10
Hynnxyemax sanncxa H.H. 3apynna ne
osarnannena, sarononox an anropom nynn-
xannn.
O yc1ponc1ne Haunpcxoro panona]
Pyccxax amnnncrpannx n xononnx na
Hamnpe oparnnnct x Bpemennomy npann-
rentcrny c npocto ntxcnnrt ero ornome-
nne x Hamnpcxomy orpxy n ncemy nacene-
nnm paona, yxasan cneymnm nnnom menx,
xax nsyuammero yxe n reuenne rpex ner no
nopyuennm Axaemnn nayx n Pyccxoro xomn-
rera nx nsyuennx Cpene n Bocrouno
Asnn tr n xstxn namnpcxnx nnemen (rene-
rpamma mnnncrpy-npecearenm anpenx
11
N 468). B nny cero nmem uecrt npecrannrt
xparxne coopaxennx o nacroxrentnemnx
nyxax Hamnpcxoro paona.
Bnny cnoero reorpa]nuecxoro n crpare-
rnuecxoro nonoxennx Hamnpcxn paon, xnn-
B.I. Byxep1
HACTORTEALHEHmHE HYL HAMHPCKOIO PAHOHA
3anncxa H.H. 3apynna. 1917 r.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 31
nom nammncx n a]rancxne n xnracxne nna-
ennx, nnnornym noxox x Cenepno Hnnn,
n orenennt npnpontmn ycnonnxmn or oc-
rantnoro pyccxoro Typxecrana ntenen n
ocot noenno-amnnncrparnnnt oxpyr,
ynpannxemt na ocnonannn cexperno nncr-
pyxnnn xomanymmero nocxamn Typxecran-
cxoro noennoro oxpyra nauantnnxy Hamnp-
cxoro orpxa
12
, xoropomy +ro nncrpyxnne
npyuaercx nnacrt noennax n rpaxancxax, xax
amnnncrparnnnax, rax n cyenax, a raxxe
saneonanne norpannuno pasnexo. Ero no-
momnnxamn n ocymecrnnennn +ro nnacrn xn-
nxmrcx o]nnept orpxa. Hauantnnx n o]nne-
pt orpxa nasnauamrcx na na roa xaxt,
npnuem nx nasnauennx n orpx ne rpeyercx
nn snannx mecrntx xstxon, nn npenapnrent-
noro snaxomcrna c trom nacenennx. Bcnecr-
nne uero ]axrnuecxn ynpannenne naxonrcx n
pyxax nepenounxon n nnsme rysemno a-
mnnncrpannn, xoropte, nontsyxct +rnm, es-
sacrenunno +xcnnyarnpymr nacenenne axe
npn nyumnx namepennxx pyccxo amnnncr-
pannn. Bnacrt xe ee, upesntuano omnpnax
no nncrpyxnnn, na ene xnnxercx conepmenno
neorpannuenno, ncnecrnne rymannocrn nn-
crpyxnnn n oranennocrn paona or nen-
rpantntx nnacre. urot cynrt o npeenax
+ro nnacrn n o ee npnmenennn, ocrarouno
necxontxo npnmepon. Hxrtmecrt ner romy
nasa na Hamnpax
13
pacnopxxennem onoro ns
tnmnx nauantnnxon
14
nneeno nynnunoe
renecnoe naxasanne nnertmn, x xoropomy no
npnxasannm pyccxnx nnacre npnronapnnamr-
cx ne rontxo myxunnt (axe crapnxn n mano-
nernne), no n xenmnnt. B 1915 r. no omnxe
tn o nonycmeprn sanopor a]rancxn ra-
xnx, uro ena ne ntsnano norpannuntx oc-
noxnenn. B +rom roy tn cnyua npnrono-
pa x cmeprno xasnn, ntnecennoro ennonnu-
no nnacrtm nauantnnxa (npnronop +ror tn
npecrannen na ycmorpenne xomanymmero
nocxamn n, xaxercx, yrnepxennx ne nony-
unn). B onacrn rpaxancxnx ornomenn co-
nepmamrcx uame ncero no neocrarouno
ocneomnennocrn nonnmmne napymennx
npanontx ocnon n mecrntx otuaen. B npo-
mnom n nosanpomnom roy y mnornx raxn-
xon tna oropana semnx, xoropom onn nont-
sonannct ontme 30 ner, n nepeana nepeex-
unxam ns A]ranncrana. Ftn cnyua, xora
o]nnep no omnxe yrnepnn pasno cynpy-
ron, ns xoroptx nn onn o pasnoe ne npocnn.
Ha nacenennn nexar rxxente nonnnno-
crn, ne ycranonnennte nn saxonom, nn ot-
uaem, nn axe pacnopxxennem nenrpantntx
nnacre. Honnnnocrn +rn cocroxr n cnaxe-
nnn ncem neoxonmtm pacnonoxenntx n
paone pyccxnx nocron. Tysemnt onxnt
ocrannxrt nx nyx nocron n orentntx
unnon orpxa nce, uro yer npnxasano, npn-
uem pacnnara nponsnonrcx nnn no upesnt-
uano nnsxo onenxe, nnn nonce ne nponsno-
nrcx. Bnnort o ntnemnero roa or rysem-
nen rpeonann axe nocranxn npoyxron, no-
nce ne nponsnonnmnxcx n paone, xax cont,
pnc, xnmmnm, n nx rysemnt onxnt tnn
no oporo nene n repxx na xypce npnope-
rart ns Faaxmana, nnmt n +rom roy (oruac-
rn no moemy xoaracrny) nonnnnocrt +ra
tna ynnuroxena. B nopxxe nonnnnocrn ry-
semnt onxnt ocrannxrt c paccroxnnx ne-
cxontxnx ecxrxon nepcr x Poxecrny enxn,
xnoxn n rpenxne opexn. 3a caxent pon,
npnnosnmtx na 1520 ntmuntx nomaxx c
paccroxnnx 6070 nepcr, nnarnrcx 45 py-
ne. Hpn +rom n +rn entrn ne ncera oxo-
xr o nacenennx, rax xax nnsmax amnnncr-
pannx opym nx nononnny ocrannxer y cex.
Hpn raxnx nopxxax neynnnrentno, uro
n 1915 roy nacenenne nyx amnncrn nepee-
xano n A]ranncran. H nnmt nocne onrnx
neperonopon uacrt exanmnx nepnynact.
Mexy rem nacenenne, enxrt ecxrtx
xoroporo npnnanexar x cexre ncmannnron,
upesntuano noxntno n nonce ne ]anarnuno,
ouent nocnpnnmunno x enponecxo xyntry-
pe (c xoropo ono snaxomnrcx uame ncero n
Hnnn, xya raxnxn uacro ornpannxmrcx c
pennrnosntmn nenxmn), c oxoro oraer e-
re n pyccxo-rysemnym mxony
15
, yunrcx mac-
repcrnam n xoreno t c cnmnarne ornocnrt-
cx x pyccxnm.
Htne, xora nx ncex napoon Poccnn
naunnaercx nonax +pa, no moemy yexennm,
xnnnmemycx pesyntrarom rpexnernero nsyue-
nnx crpant n ee onrarene, nx cnoxonoro
n esonesnennoro nepexoa Hamnpcxoro
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 32
paona x nonomy crpom nacroxrentno neo-
xonmt cneymmne mept:
1. Pasxcnenne nacenennm n npocro n
ocrynno ero nonnmannm ]opme snauennx
ntne conepmammnxcx cotrn n npeopaso-
nann (cpen nexoroptx rypxecrancxnx na-
ponocre naenne craporo crpox nonxro xax
orxas pyccxoro npannrentcrna or rocyapcr-
nenno nnacrn), a raxxe nororonxa x nto-
pam n Vupenrentnoe copanne.
2. Hepenspanne ncex rysemntx onxno-
crntx nnn, rax xax n macce onn ne coornercr-
nymr nsmennnmnmcx ycnonnxm (npn +rom na-
cenennm onxno trt pasxcneno, uro nce-
omee, npxmoe, pannoe n ranoe nsnparent-
noe npano ecrt nnmt npano (nouepxnyro
H. 3apynntm. B.B.) nacenennx, no uro ono
moxer nnonsmenxrt +ry nsnparentnym
cncremy, npncnoconxx ee x cnonm trontm
ocoennocrxm).
3. Hepeaua ncex cyentx en n ncxnm-
unrentnoe neenne cyentx nnacre, n coor-
nercrnnn c cymecrnymmnm n ocrantnom Typ-
xecrane nopxxom, npnrom neoxonma or-
mena renecntx naxasann, a raxxe oxnne-
nne o cocroxnmecx ormene cmeprno xasnn.
4. Ormena ncex apxanuecxnx, nn na uem
ne ocnonanntx nonnnnocre nacenennx, n
cnyuae xe nonno nenosmoxnocrn npnope-
crn ecrnnrentno neoxonmte nx pyc-
cxnx nocron npoyxrt nnaue, xax pexnnsnnn-
e, raxonax moxer trt nponsneena, no npn
nenpemennom ycnonnn, urot nopxox ee n
pacnenxa npoyxron ycranannnnannct ocoo
pyccxo-rysemno xomnccne.
5. Kax nx ocymecrnnennx yxasanntx
meponpnxrn, rax [n] nx omero nasopa sa
rpaxancxnm ynpannennem, a ocoenno n ne-
pexonoe npemx, nasnauenne n xauecrne ona-
crnoro (paonnoro) xomnccapa or npannrent-
crna ocooro nnna, xopomo snaxomoro co
crpano n nacenennem.
Oxonunnmn mpnnuecxn ]axyntrer
Herporpacxoro ynnnepcnrera, xomannpo-
nannt Axaemne nayx n Pyccxnm xomnre-
rom nx nsyuennx Cpene n Bocrouno
Asnn n nnnrnncrnuecxom n +rnorpa]nuecxom
ornomennxx
Hnan Hnanonnu 3apynn.
O nocneymmem npomy menx yneomnrt
no apecy:
Hannoncx, Iocnnrantnax yn., 3, xn. 8.
PIBHA. 4. 400 (I.aeui umao). On. 1.
. 4616 H. 9193. Mauuuonuci, noonuci
aemoepaq.
Hpnueuannn
1
3apynn Hnan Hnanonnu (18871964) noc-
roxone-npanncr, npo]eccop HIV (1938
1949 rr.).
2
Pcvnoe L. H.H. 3apynn na Hamnpe // Hamn-
poneenne. Btn. 2. ymane, 1985. C. 3839.
3
renno Hnan nonnctennu (18651942)
nocroxone, nonxonnnx, nauantnnx Hamnpcxoro
orpxa (19061907, 19141917 rr.).
4
Honnnxn Bacnnn ueoponnu (18691929)
renepan-nerenanr, nomomnnx noennoro mnnn-
crpa (1917 r.).
5
Poccncxn rocyapcrnennt noenno-
ncropnuecxn apxnn (PIBHA). u. 400 (Inannt
mra). On. 1. . 4616. H. 9193.
6
Tam xe. H. 94. Benxnn Hnxona Hnxonae-
nnu (18541919) nonnrnuecxn exrent, npe-
cearent Typxecrancxoro xomnrera Bpemennoro
npannrentcrna (1917 r.).
7
PIBHA. u. 1396 (mra Typxecrancxoro no-
ennoro oxpyra). On. 2. . 2168. H. 421422.
8
Tam xe. H. 556 o.
9
uennn Banepnan Bnxroponnu (18751933)
nonxonnnx, nauantnnx Hamnpcxoro orpxa (1917
1918 rr.), npecearent Pyccxoro oma n Farae
(19291930 rr.).
10
Pcvnoe L. Vxas cou., c. 43.
11
Tounym ary oxymenra pasopart ne ya-
noct.
12
Honax Hncrpyxnnx nauantnnxy Hamnpcxo-
ro orpxa tna yrnepxena rypxecrancxnm re-
nepan-ryepnaropom A.B. Camconontm 31 xnnapx
1914 r.
13
B rononnmnxe roro npemenn ynorpenxncx
repmnn Hamnpt. Pasnnuannct Fontmo n Ma-
nt Hamnpt, Xaprom-Hamnp, Annuyp-
Hamnp, Tarymam-Hamnp.
14
Myxanon Anexcanp Bnanmnponnu (1874
?) nonxonnnx, nauantnnx Hamnpcxoro orpxa
(19081912 rr.), xomannp 6-ro Cnnpcxoro
crpenxonoro nonxa (19151916 rr.), noennt
arenr n Ipennn (c 1916 r.).
15
Orxptra n Xopore ocentm 1909 r.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 33
Vcranonnenne nnnomarnuecxnx ornomenn mexy Conercxo Poccne n A]ranncranom
tno onnm ns camtx ontmnx ycnexon ontmenncrcxoro npannrentcrna na mexynapono
apene n 1919 r. Tpyno nepeonennrt snauenne +roro cotrnx n nx yxpennennx nesanncnmo-
crn A]ranncrana. Hoea n rperte anrno-a]rancxo none tna nnmt nepntm ocrnxennem
+mnpa Amanynnt
1
na nyrn ocrnxennx nonnoro cynepennrera ero crpant. B Mocxne n Kayne
xcno ocosnanann neoxonmocrt oennennx ycnnn n opte npornn omero npara Benn-
xopnrannn, no nepnte marn n +rom nanpannennn annct oenm oronapnnammnmcx croponam
nenerxo.
B conercxo ncropnorpa]nn conercxo-a]rancxnx ornomenn npornnopeunx, cymecrno-
nanmne mexy Conercxo Poccne n A]ranncranom, nno perymnponannct, nno o nnx crapa-
nnct noome ymonuart
2
, uro ne nosnonxno nccneonarenxm noccosart rounym xaprnny Font-
mo nrpt n Henrpantno Asnn n nepno Ipaxancxo nont na reppnropnn tnme Poc-
cncxo nmnepnn n noema nannonantno-ocnoonrentnoro nnxennx na Bocroxe, nauanme-
rocx nocne oxonuannx Hepno mnpono nont 19141918 rr. C 1990-x roon oreuecrnennoe
nocroxoneenne nononnnnoct pxom nontx paor, ocnernnmnx nanonee naxnte npnunnt
npornnopeun mexy PCuCP n A]ranncranom o nonncannx mexy nnmn oronopa 1921 r.
3
Onaxo no mepe nsyuennx panee nensnecrntx apxnnntx oxymenron 19191920 rr. cranonnrcx
ouennntm, uro poccncxnm n sapyexntm nccneonarenxm eme npecronr, ocnoonnmnct
or ycroxnmnxcx mramnon, npoenart snaunrentnym paory no nsyuennm nnemnenonnrnue-
cxo exrentnocrn Typxxomnccnn, anrnncxnx xononnantntx nnacre n Hnnn, a raxxe nep-
nonauantntx nnanon Conercxo Poccnn n A]ranncrana.
Hynnxyemte nnxe oxymenrt, xpanxmnecx n Poccncxom rocyapcrnennom apxnne co-
nnantno-nonnrnuecxo ncropnn (PIACHH), ocnemamr xo n nepnte neonosnaunte pesynt-
rart conercxo-a]rancxnx neperonopon n Kayne n Tamxenre n 1919 r. 3rn ncrounnxn nosno-
nxmr cenart ntno o ocrarouno xon]nnxrno cnryannn, cnoxnnmecx n ro npemx na pe-
rnonantnom yponne mexy A]ranncranom n Typxecrancxo Anronomno Conercxo Co-
nnanncrnuecxo Pecnynnxo (TACCP), n o nsmenennxx nsrnxon nenrpantnoro conercxoro
pyxonocrna na xapaxrep yymero oronopa mexy Mocxno n Kaynom.
1
Tenerpauua nonnpea H.3. Bpannna
4
ns Kayna. 11.09.1919 r.
PCuCP
Hapxomnnen
Honnom|ounoe] Hp|ecrannrentcr|no
n A]ranncrane
Typxonnoren r. Tamxenr
Konnx: Pennoenconer 3axacnncxoro
]ponra, Acxaa
Kayn, 11 cenrxpx 1919 r. N 23
Honoxenne nonnomounoro npecrann-
rentcrna na ceronxmnee uncno npecrannx-
ercx n cneymmem nne: necmorpx na neo-
noxparnte npoctt namn, nam o cnx nop
ne ntano n ne yer ntano paspemenne
na nonxrne ]nara na sannem Hpecrann-
rentcrna. Mne ne yanoct onrtcx +roro
paspemennx, necmorpx na neonoxparnte
yxasannx, uro namn paspemeno a]rancxnm
xoncynam nonnmart cnon ]narn n Coner-
cxo Poccnn.
K.H. Tnxonon
TPYHLH HYTL K OBPOCOCECTBY
Honme apxnnnme oxyuen1m o nepnmx cone1cxo-aqrancxnx
nnnoua1nuecxnx xon1ax1ax n 19191920 rr.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 34
Panntm opasom ne paspemaercx nam
ntcrannrt na sannem nonnomounoro npe-
crannrentcrna ntnecxy c namnm repom nnn
coornercrnymme nannctm.
A]rancxoe npannrentcrno nonpexn mo-
nm nacroxnnxm ne cornamaercx onycrnrt
cnoont npoes n npoxo ns Poccnn n
A]ranncran nx xynnon, ropronnen n nntx
nme.
A]rancxoe npannrentcrno cornacno, uro-
t mt orxptnn namn xoncyntcrna n Masapn-
Bapn]e, Memene n Iepare, no mennr no-
rnepnrt cnoe cornacne oxonuarentntm ]op-
mantntm paspemennem.
A]rancxoe npannrentcrno orxasano nam
n paspemennn na orxptrne xoncyntcrn n
Kanarape n xananaae +rnx naxnemnx
nynxrax, enncrnenno orxya tna t nos-
moxna nx nac cnxst c Hnne.
Bt nanpacno rpeyere nnn xere or nac
ne rontxo perynxpntx nn]opmann, no n a-
xe nn]opmann noome. Mt xnnem n Kay-
ne n nouernom sarouennn. Bcera n ncmy
nac oxpyxaer crpaxa. Btxonrt ns omy mt
moxem rontxo na nporynxy n, xoneuno, n co-
nponoxennn xapayna. Hn nnertcx, nn pas-
ronapnnart c xem t ro nn tno nam ne pas-
pemaercx.
Touno raxxe pemnrentno sanpemen
ocryn x nam xoro t ro nn tno. cno-
myct rontxo c nymx nnnamn: npaxentm
nam n anexo ne ymntm +mnpom n conep-
menno espasnnuntm mnnncrpom nnocrpan-
ntx en
5
. Vcranonnrt cnxst c Bamn conep-
menno nenosmoxno, rax xax a]rannt ne
ncm Bamy noury ocrannxmr nam, a ro, uro
ocrannnn, nocnr rpyte cnet nepnmcrpa-
nnn. 3mnp n ero mnnncrp o cnx nop ne a-
nn mne nn onoro ceptesnoro ornera na mon
enonte cnomennx. 3mnp ]anrasep n meu-
rarent, rpesxmn o cosannn cnntnoro my-
cyntmancxoro rocyapcrna, nouemy-ro sa
nam cuer. On xouer, urot orann emy Tep-
mes, Kepxn n Kymxy. On meuraer o npncoe-
nnennn x A]ranncrany 3axacnncxo o-
nacrn, Xnnt, Fyxapt n ueprant. Oxono ne-
ro ncera rpercx cnapa ntxonen n exen-
nen ns mycyntman Typxecrana, rymanxmnx
emy ronony samanunntmn nnanamn.
pemnrentno yrnepxam, uro A]rann-
cran yxe ne pyr nam. Mne ano nonxrt, uro
A]ranncran saxnmunn c Anrnne npount
mnp n nnont noenart c ne ne namepen. B o-
nepmenne ncero, cneyer oparnrt nnnmanne
na ro, uro +mnp conpaercx rano nocnart
Fyxape nomomt no nnom nncrpyxropon na
cnyua ecrnn npornn nac. [...]
Honnomount npecrannrent PCuCP n
A]ranncrane
PIACHH. 4. 71. On. 34. . 1483. H. 6 oo
7. Mauuuonucua ronu.
2
Tenerpauua m.R. Pannonnua
6
I.B. Hnuepnny
7
. 7.01.1920 r.
Hepeanax npn cem nporoxon saceannx
xomnccnn BHHK c npecrannrenxmn a]ran-
cxoro npannrentcrna or 27 exapx 1919 r.,
npomy no paccmorpennn nporoxonon art no
pano n cnyuae naonocrn coornercrnym-
mne nonpanxn, a raxxe npano nonncn Typx-
xomnccnn.
3aceanne 26 exapn
Hpncyrcrnonann: 3nnana
8
, Fpoo
9
, Pa-
nnonnu, Pysyrax
10
, Hsmanon
11
, Crapen
12
,
3aneccxn
13
, Bann-Xan-xapnexont-Mnpsa,
Myxamme-Kopnent-uans, Myxamme-Kop-
nent n a]rancxn renepantnt xoncyn n
Typxecrane
14
.
Hpecearent 3nnana, cexperapt Kypx-
mena
15
.
I
O saxnmuennn noenno-nonnrnuecxoro
oronopa mexy A]ranncranom n Poccne
(npoexr Fpoo). Hocranonnnn: nx ynpoue-
nnx comsa mexy A]ranncranom n PCCP
16
Komnccnx BHHK
17
n Mnccnx a]rancxoro
npannrentcrna
18
nonnrnuecxoro corname-
nnx na cneymmnx ocnonannxx:
1. A]rancxax n Conercxax Pecnynnxn
naxoxrcx n cocroxnnn nacrynarentno-oo-
ponnrentnoro comsa.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 35
2. Bo ncnonnenne oxsannocre, nexa-
mnx na oronapnnammnxcx PCP npnno-
xrcx n cocroxnne, oycnannnnammee ocyme-
crnnenne omnx noenntx saau.
3. nx oennennx n cornaconannx no-
enno-nonnrnuecxnx saau n xomanonannx
nsnpaercx na napnrerntx nauanax ocoax
noennax xomnccnx.
4. PCP oxastnaer coecrnne A]rann-
crany n nororonxe xomannoro cocrana nx
a]rancxnx o]nnepon.
5. PCP npeocrannxer a]rancxo apmnn
nncrpyxropon, xomannpon n rexnnxon noen-
noro cnapxxennx.
6. PCP npeocrannxer A]ranncrany ne-
menenno no saxnmuennm noenno-nonnrnue-
cxoro oronopa nannunoe noenno-rexnnue-
cxoe nmymecrno no onpeenennm noenno
xomnccnn, ncxox ns norpenocre n raxo-
ntx A]ranncrana n omnx noenntx nnrepe-
con oronapnnammnxcx cropon.
7. PCP oxastnaer a]rancxomy npann-
rentcrny coecrnne n oprannsannn menxo-
cannrapno nomomn n a]rancxnx apmnxx.
8. Boennax xomnccnx onpeennrcx n co-
crane 6 uenonex c napnrerntm npecrannrent-
crnom n nemenenno npncrynaer x paore.
II
Ocyxann: o ncnpannennn pyccxo-a]-
rancxnx rpannn na nauanax ncropnuecxoro
npana, cnpanennnocrn n nonn napoon, nace-
nxmmnx norpannunte paont (pesonmnnx
Fpoo). Hocranonnnn:
1. Oprannsonart na napnrerntx nauanax
xomnccnm n cocrane 4-x nnn nx ycranonne-
nnx rpannnt mexy A]ranncranom n Poc-
cncxo Pecnynnxo.
2. Komnccnx oxsana nx nponsnocrna
cnonx paor osnaxomnrtcx co ncemn nmemmn-
mncx ncropnuecxnmn, +rnorpa]nuecxnmn,
xaprorpa]nuecxnmn n npounmn marepnanamn.
3. Ho osnaxomnennm c marepnanamn xo-
mnccnn nanexnr ntexart n norpannunym
nonocy nx onpeenennx norpannuno nnnnn
n narype.
4. Hpn onpeenennn rpannn xomnccnx
pyxonocrnyercx nauanamn ncropnuecxoro
npana, noccranonnennx cnpanennnocrn, no-
npanno npexnnm npannrentcrnom, n none
napoon, nacenxmmnx norpannunte pa-
ont.
5. Hpoexr xomnccnn onxen trt yrnep-
xen npannrentcrnom PCuCP n A]ranncrana.
III
O cnocoax optt c nnnxnnem Anrnnn
n 3axacnncxo onacrn (pesonmnnx Fpo-
o). Hocranonnnn:
1. Poccncxax Pecnynnxa npeocrannx-
er npano npecrannrenxm a]rancxoro npann-
rentcrna npnnxrt yuacrne n ene oprannsa-
nnn anrnanrnncxo arnrannn conmecrno c
conercxnmn opranamn nponarant.
2. Bray Hepno apmnn npnnxrt +nep-
rnunte mept x rmarentno oxpane cnoe
rpannnt c Hepcne, n uacrnocrn yuacrxa Ce-
paxc Kymxa, c ynennuennem rapnnsonon o
crenenn npeornpamennx nosmoxnoro nrop-
xennx anrnncxnx nocx ns Hepcnn n A]ra-
nncran n Poccnm.
3aceanne 27 exapn
I
Ocyxann: o roprontx ornomennxx
A]ranncrana c Poccne (npoexr Fpoo).
Hpnsnann neoxonmtm: saxnmunrt rop-
ront oronop mexy A]ranncranom n
Poccncxo Conercxo Pecnynnxo, n oc-
nony xoero nonoxent nnxecneymmne na-
uana:
Oe cropont npecrannxmr n nopxxe
ronapoomena neoxonmoe pyr pyry ct-
pte n nsennx.
Tonapoomen onxen necrnct co cro-
pont Poccncxo Pecnynnxn n nnne ero
rocyapcrnennoro oprana, neammero e-
na|mn] nnemne ropronnn, xaxono xnnx-
ercx n ornomennn c A]ranncranom enn-
crnenntm mononontntm npoannom n no-
xynarenem.
Bect nnos ns A]ranncrana ocnooxaer-
cx or xaxnx-nno nomnnn.
Bnosnmte ronapt ne nonexar nn pex-
nnsnnnn, nn xon]ncxannn.
Bnosnmte ronapt perncrpnpymrcx n no-
rpannuntx ramoxenntx nynxrax n nanpan-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 36
nxmrcx n mecra no yxasannm opranon Orena
nnemne ropronnn (nnosnte rocyapcr-
nennte cxnat).
Hpnmeuanne: rapanrnn, ycranannnnaemte
n naparpa]e 4-m, pacnpocrpanxmrcx nnmt na
ronapt, nnesennte n [saxonnom] nopxxe.
Hpnmeuanne 2-e x naparpa]y 5-my: Xpa-
nenne a]rancxnx ronapon n rocyapcrnenntx
nnosntx cxnaax onnaunnaercx no ent sa-
xnmuennx roprono cenxn no ycranonnen-
ntm rapn]am.
Hpn Orene nnemne ropronnn oprann-
syercx xomnccnx na napnrerntx nauanax no
nsanmntm pacueram c a]rancxnmn xynnamn;
[] n nponsnoxmax sauer ronapamn, npe-
crannenntmn a]rancxnmn xynnamn.
A]rancxne xynnt nounnxmrcx poccn-
cxnm experam o monononnsnponanntx rona-
pax n ne npneramr na reppnropnn Poccn-
cxo Pecnynnxn x noxynxe n npoaxe [rona-
pon] na nontnom ptnxe nomnmo +xonomnue-
cxnx opranon Poccncxo Pecnynnxn.
Hpannrentcrno Poccncxo Pecnynnxn
neer ropronte onepannn xax c camnm npann-
rentcrnom A]ranncrana, rax n c orentntmn
xynnamn.
B cnyuaxx saxnmuennx roprontx cenox
nenocpecrnenno mexy npannrentcrnamn
Poccnn n A]ranncrana, onnara nx oecneun-
naercx ncem ocroxnnem rocyapcrna-onx-
nnxa.
Hpnnesennte o saxnmuennx oronopa
ronapt n noneprmnecx xon]ncxannn nnn
pexnnsnnnn nonexar ornnare no npena-
pnrentnomy paccmorpennm n Hnxnnann-
onnom orene, sa ncxnmuennem cnyuaen,
xora monononnsnponannte ronapt npoa-
nannct c xnntm napymennem cymecrnym-
mnx saxonon.
Onnara nponsnonrcx cneymmnm no-
pxxom: 25% nemenennoe yonnernopenne
nperensn n 75% nocrenenno onnaro c
nanoxennem 6% roontx.
Hpnmeuanne: onr +ror oecneunnaercx
xax onr rocyapcrna.
II
Ocyxann: o saxnmuennn roprono
cenxn Poccnn c A]ranncranom n nemenen-
nom nnose ronapon o [nonncannx] roprono-
+xonomnuecxoro cornamennx.
Hocranonnnn: nemenenno oprannsonart
ropronym xomnccnm nx ntxcnennx ncex o-
croxrentcrn, conponoxammnx saxnmuenne
roprono cenxn, nent, npemx ynnart, cpox
n cnoco ocranxn.
Tamxenr 7-ro xnnapx 1920 r.
Pannonnu
PIACHH. 4. 17. On. 84. . 85. H. 13.
Mauuuonucua ronu.
3
Tenerpauua Hnuepnna 3nnane
n Tamxen1. 7.01.1920 r.
Mt nnxora ne ronopnnn o comse c A]-
ranncranom; axe ooponnrentnt coms no-
crannr nac n nenosmoxnoe nonoxenne, ecnn
nomnpnmcx c Anrnne. On yer snaunrt,
uro, ecnn Anrnnx nanaer na A]ranncran,
mt onxnt yem oxnnrt nony Anrnnn.
Mexy rem, saronopnn o comse, nsxrt opar-
no [npenoxenne] nonyuaercx cxanan. Bt
nac nocrannnn n xpane nenpnxrnoe nonoxe-
nne, nao ncnpannrt +ry onnomnocrt, nmecro
cnona coms ronopnrt cornamenne o nsanm-
nom oxasannn nomomn.
PIACHH. 4. 5. On. 1. . 2100. H. 4. Ma-
uuuonuci.
4
Hs oxnaa saneymmero O1enou
nnemnnx cnomennn Typxxounccnn
I.H. Bpano [uan 1920 r.].
Aqrannc1an
Hs ome xaprnnt +xonomnuecxoro, no-
enno-rexnnuecxoro, a rnannoe nonnrnuecxoro
cocroxnnx pasnroro [n none c Anrnne]
A]ranncrana xcno tno, uro camocroxrentno
ntcrynnrt npornn Anrnnn on ne n cnnax.
Bnyrpenne nonoxenne (uacrnunoe noc-
cranne, paora anrnncxo nnnomarnn, cos-
anme cncremo noxynon n nnrpnr anrno-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 37
]nntcxym naprnm) yxymanoct, n nect mec-
rnmecxunt cpox nepemnpnx tn ncnontso-
nan a]rancxnm npannrentcrnom nx ocrn-
xennx mnpa c Anrnne, rapanrnpymmero na-
croxmee npannrentcrno or nnyrpennnx no-
rpxcenn.
Heperonopt c namn nocnnn (uem ant-
me, rem +ro ontme ntxcnxnoct) xapaxrep
annennx na anrnncxym nnnomarnm, c o-
no cropont, n crpemnennx nonyunrt na ce-
nepe xomnencannm, ycnoxannammym napo-
nte macct sa neyaunym nony n sa rpxy-
mn mnp c Anrnne [c pyro cropont]. O-
nnm ns nonnrnuecxnx cpecrn a]rancxoro
npannrentcrna xnnxnoct nce pesue ntxnnxn-
maxcx nex nennxoepxannocrn A]rann-
crana nomect enponecxoro nmnepnannsma,
asnarcxoro ]eoannsma, oxpamenntx n penn-
rnosnte rona nanncnamnsma.
B +ro ocranonxe ocnonno name sa-
aue xnnxnoct:
1. Honnrnxa, sarpynxmmax pasnnrne
anrnncxo opnenrannn n A]ranncrane.
2. Hoepxanne ynepennocrn n name
nomomn, ne cnxstnax cex oronopom c cy-
mecrnymmnm npannrentcrnom, no oxastnax
emy peantnym noepxxy, n ocoennocrn
npn ycnonnn axrnnnoro ntcrynnennx [npo-
rnn Anrnnn].
3. Hpnnxrne mep, oxastnammnx a]ran-
cxomy npannrentcrny nponemarnunocrt ero
naex na saxnar Fyxapt, ueprant n Mepn-
cxoro oasnca.
4. Bcxuecxn npoxnamnponart o]nnnant-
nte nosnnnn a]rancxo mnccnn, morymne
oxasart annenne n conpeentntx crpanax n
n Enpone.
Taxax rouxa spennx oxonuarentno ycra-
nonnnact n cepenne xnnapx [1920 r.] Camte
pasnoopasnte cneennx, nonyuaemte n Typ-
xecrane, nyrannte coomennx Fpannna nce
+ro tno npnunno samerntx xoneann n
name paore n nn]opmannn.
Ocnonntmn nonpocamn n namnx nnno-
marnuecxnx neperonopax tnn: 1) nonpoc o
peantno nomomn, 2) o rpannnax, 3) o noen-
no-nonnrnuecxom n ropronom cornamennn
19
.
1. Bonpoc o oxasannn nouomn opyxn-
em n npnnacamn n oxrxpenoxpe [1919 r.]
nnonne xcnt ocnoxnxncx ncemn ecrnnxmn
a]rancxo mnccnn. 3axpatnanoct comnenne
n rom, ne aem nn mt opyxnx npornn nac.
Hoepxnnax no ncex neperonopax ynepen-
nocrt n nonyuennn opyxnx, mt camn nce o-
nee ynepxnnct n nenosmoxnocrn nepeaun
ero. B saceannn Typxxomnccnn or 21 xnnapx
[1920 r.] x ]opmynnponan +ror nonpoc cne-
ymmnm opasom: Mt onxnt ceuac on-
peenenno pemnrt, uro mt moxem art A]-
ranncrany, ne pncxyx, urot +ro anaemoe
oparnnoct npornn nac (no crenorpamme). B
pasronopax c Bann-xanom n ]enpane [1920 r.]
nm tnn nasnant raxne nn]pt nnnronox n
nynemeron, xax ycnonne nx ntcrynnennx, uro
onpeenenno tno xcno, uro nn o xaxom nt-
crynnennn A]ranncrana peun trt ne mo-
xer.
2. Horpannunmn nonpoc. Hemenenno
no nonyuennm nncrpyxnnn Hapxomnnen o
reppnropnantntx ycrynxax A]ranncrany
tno cosnano 26 exapx [1919 r.] oen-
nennoe saceanne Typxxomnccnn n a]-
ran|cxo] mnccnn. Ha +rom saceannn, mexy
npounm, mnom tno saxnneno: Ham nsnec-
ren orner, xoropt namn nenrpantnte nna-
crn ann no nonpocy o noccranonnennn rpa-
nnn, n, xoneuno, mt nn ennoro mara ne or-
crynnm or nncrpyxnn, npenoanntx na ce
npemer Mocxno. Fyer opasonana cme-
mannax xomnccnx, xoropax nauner paorart
no nonpocy o noccranonnennn rpannn, npn-
uem n cnonx ecrnnxx ona yer pyxono-
crnonartcx remn oemannxmn, xoropte a-
nt tnn a]rancxo mnccnn n nenrpe, n pas-
mepamn a]rancxo reppnropnn, xoropym
npexnee napcxoe camoepxanne ornxno y
A]ranncrana (no crenorpamme).
Ha rom saceannn tna opasonana no-
rpannunax xomnccnx, n cocran xoe c name
cropont nomnn r.r. 3aneccxn, Iennep
20
n
Fnaronemencxn
21
. nx nac tno xcno, uro
rexnnuecxn nonpoc o rpannnax onxen trt
nocrannen sarxxntm remnom. B cocroxn-
memcx uepes necxontxo ne saceannn no-
rpannuno xomnccnn x, orxptnax ero, nsno-
xnn ocnonno nopxox paor, cymecrno xonx
cnonnoct: 1) x onpeenennm reppnropnn,
xoe nnaen A]ranncran n 1885 r., r.e. n mo-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 38
menr nponnxennx renepana Komapona, 2) x
neoxonmocrn oprannsonart nnencnnr n
ycrynaemo reppnropnn, 3) nsyuenne, rpeo-
nanmee ontmoro npemenn, ncex ncropnue-
cxnx apxnnntx, xaprorpa]nuecxnx marepna-
non n r.n., 4) naxonen, ntes xomnccnn na
mecro nx ntxnnennx n narype norpannuno
nnnnn (cm. npnnoxenne N 4)
22
.
Taxo nopxox paor oecneunnan, no
xpane mepe, 4-mecxunt nepno nx, o uem
Hapxomnnen tn yneomnen. Hocne +roro
saceannx (na cneymmn ent) r. 3nnana n
x yexann n Fyxapy, a uepes necxontxo ne
oxasanoct, uro pyccxax uacrt xomnccnn none-
na paort ]opcnponanntm mapmem n npn-
snana rouxy spennx a]rancxo uacrn [xomnc-
cnn] o paccmorpennn reppnropnn o Tanxa-
ran Faa, r.e. pasmepon, o xonx peut eme ne
notmanact.
3ra ycrynxa osnauana: 1) nepeauy ncex
nnornn, opomammnx Mepncxn oasnc, a cne-
onarentno, ]axrnuecxym sanncnmocrt ero
or A]ranncrana, 2) ntnnxenne rpannnt
A]ranncrana n 40 nepcrax or Mepna, 3) n
rnannoe, nnmano nac xnnna mexy Hepcne n
Fyxapo, na xoropom mornn asnponartcx na-
mn noennte cnnt n cnyuae nacrynnennx anr-
no-nepcon
23
.
Hcropnuecxn marepnan n nonpoce o
rpannnax A]ranncrana nectma sanyran. Bcx
crapax poccncxax nnreparypa, a oruacrn n
anrnncxax, tna nanpannena na oxasa-
rentcrno roro, uro nnxaxoro saxnara [reppn-
ropnn] ne nponsomno nnn saxnar [ee] tn
nesnaunrentnt. mnoro npopaoran na
nsyuennem ncex marepnanon n yenncx, uro
saxnar co cropont poccncxoro npannrent-
crna tn, no uro rpeonannx a]rannen npe-
ynennuent.
Hrax, no npnese [n Tamxenr] mt tnn
nocrannent onxrt-raxn nepe ]axrom. K +ro-
my npemenn mt tnn yxe ocneomnent o
ecrnnxx a]rancxoro npannrentcrna n Fyxa-
pe, o npntrnn n Fyxapy 5 xoncynon nx pas-
memennx nx n ueprane, npnuem xoncynamn
xnnxnnct noromxn tnmero xoxancxoro xa-
na
24
, o nannunn y Maamnna a]rancxoro
npecrannrenx
25
n cnyxax, uro A]ranncran
npexnnxer Fyxape rpeonanne na nent e-
per Amyaptn or Tepmesa o uapxyx. Ho-
cnennm ocroxrentcrnom nornepxanoct
crpemnenne ntnnnyrt namy rpannny na nn-
nnm cpeneasnarcxo xenesno oporn na
snaunrentnom ee paccroxnnn, a rnannoe, ns-
xrt or nac nnnnm Kymxa-Cnpaxc, orxya, no
npenonoxennm noenno-nonnrnuecxnx opra-
non, pasenxemtx mnom, nameuancx nnan na-
crynarentnoro nnxennx anrno-nepcon. Bt-
xcnxnact nce onee nenosmoxnocrt peantno
ycrynxn reppnropnn nnpet o nnxnnannn
+ro onacnocrn c ononpemenno nenosmox-
nocrtm ne npoonxart neperonopon o +ro
ycrynxe. B saceannn Typxxomnccnn or 21
xnnapx [1920 r.] x ntcxasancx sa ro, uro nam
neoxonmo nxnmunrt px oronopox n nont-
sonannn ycrynaemo reppnropnn, xax ro: cno-
onoe manenpnponanne namnx nocx, nc-
xnmunrentno nam npnnanexamax oxpana
paona KymxaCnpaxc n pyrne ycnonnx, ra-
panrnponanmne nam ]axrnuecxoe onaanne
paonom nnpet o npexpamennx onacnocrn
nropxennx. Taxnm opasom, x nonaram, uro
ecnn yyr conment nce +rn ycnonnx n
oronopxn, ro nam, noxany, n neuero ocoen-
no ropronartcx ns-sa xaxoro orentnoro
nynxra (no crenorpamme). B pyrom mecre
+roro saceannx x cxasan: Ecnn r. 3aneccxn
or nmenn pyccxo uacrn norpannuno xomnc-
cnn saxnnn, uro mt nnuero ne nmeem npornn
ycrynxn nnnnn or Cepaxca o Tanxaran Faa,
ro renept nrn na nonxrnym nentsx, a ecnn
mt xornm +ro cenart, ro nyxno uem-nnyt
mornnnponart (no crenorpamme). Ho +romy
nonoy r. Pysyrax mexy npounm saxnnn:
H nouemy +ro mt nomnn no nyrn ncxxnx yc-
rynox n cornacn na nce ne ocnonarentnte
rpeonannx a]rannen (no crenorpamme) n
conepmenno ne pearnponan, uro n cnyuae o-
parnoro pemennx npnercx annynnponart sa-
xnnenne pyccxo uacrn norpannuno xomnc-
cnn n ntsnart onpeenennoe neonepne a]-
rannen. B +rom xe yxe ntcxasannct n py-
rne unent Typxxomnccnn. 3nnana cxasan: B
ornomennn nanpannennx rpannn nn n xaxo
mepe ne noaxnnart saxnnennm 3aneccxoro
n o +rom a]rannam saxnnrt. Hnuero crpam-
noro n neyonoro x n +rom ne nnxy (no
crenorpamme).
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 39
T. Kytmen
26
saxnnn axe: 3arem x
cunram nyxntm saxnnrt a]rannam, uro noxa
onn ne nepecranyr caornponart paort xo-
mnccnn no saxnmuennm noennoro oronopa,
o rex nop paort norpannuno xomnccnn
nponcxonrt ne yyr. Hao npeceut nx na-
xantcrno n xonen (no crenorpamme or 21 xn-
napx). 3ro onpeenenno tno t yxe anny-
nnponannem npexrnn Hapxomnnena, n x
ycnnenno npornn raxo nocranonxn nonpoca
nospaxan, yxastnax, uro reppnropnantnte
ycrynxn nam npenoxeno ne crannrt n sann-
cnmocrt or noennoro cornamennx n uro +ro
moxer nonecrn x npexpamennm nnnomarn-
uecxnx ornomenn. Komnccne tno pemeno
saxnnrt, uro saxnnenne norpannuno xomnc-
cnn annynnpyercx, rax xax ona ne nmena na
ro nonnomoun n nepconantno nsmennrt co-
cran [+ro] xomnccnn. 3ra nenaroapnax
pont tna nosnoxena na menx. 26 xnnapx
[1920 r.] mnom tna cosnana norpannunax
xomnccnx n, nocne nnrentntx npenn, ya-
noct nponecrn pemenne o neoxonmocrn
npncrynnrt x erantnomy nsyuennm mare-
pnanon. Cornacne a]rannen tno onpeenen-
no ntnyxenntm, n c +roro momenra xcno
onapyxnnoct nx neonepne x romy, uro mt
+ry ycrynxy [reppnropnn] noome cenaem.
Costnax saceannx xomnccnn, nanonnxx +rn
saceannx ocyxennem marepnanon, pasnt-
mn oxnaamn n r.., x crapancx paccexrt +ro
nneuarnenne. nnuno nsyuan re crapnnnte
(XVIXVII nn.) ncrounnxn, na xoropte cct-
nanact a]rancxax uacrt [xomnccnn] n nospa-
xan, onnpaxct na re xe ncrounnxn, nrxrnnax
nx [a]rannen], raxnm opasom, n nacrpoenne
ceptesnoro ornomennx namero x nonpocy o
ncnpannennn rpannn. cunram, uro +ror mar
tn onnm ns nonoporntx nynxron n name
nnnomarnuecxo paore c a]rancxo mnccn-
e. Paort xomnccnn x npoonxan o cnoero
oresa n Xnny, r.e. o cepennt ]enpanx,
ormeuax, uro nnrepec x +rnm paoram y a]-
rannen naan.
3. Bonpoc o noenno-nonn1nuecxou co-
rnamennn. Bonpoc +ror tn nocrannen n
nepnom omem copannn Typxxomnccnn c
a]ranmnccne 26 exapx [1919 r.] n ]opme
noennoro comsa ncxnmunrentno nx roro,
urot ntxnnrt ornomenne a]rancxoro npa-
nnrentcrna x nonpocy o nosononnennn na-
crynarentntx ecrnn npornn Anrnnn.
Hpenoxenne name (]opmynnponannoe
mnom ryr xe n saceannn no cornamennm c
r. 3nnano) ntxnnno yxe rora, uro A]rann-
cran ne conpaercx nosononnxrt noenntx
ecrnn
27
. A]rannt pearnponann rontxo na
ro opyxne, npnnact n r.n., xoropte onn mor-
nn y nac nonyunrt.
4. B xnnape yxe crann onapyxnnartcx
raxne ecrnnx a]rancxo mnccnn, xoropte
sacrannxnn cunrart xaprnny ornomenn c
a]rannamn nnonne ntxcnenno. Cnxst c Ma-
amnom; c rypxecrancxnmn xonrppenonm-
nnonepamn; tnmne xancxne noromxn n sna-
nnn xoncynon n ueprane, oxnauenno noc-
crannem; esycnonnax nonnrnuecxax paora
ne n namy nontsy n 3axacnnn; paora n Fy-
xape, nanpannennax x saxnmuennm noennoro
comsa
28
; xonen nepemnpnx c Anrnne n no-
esxa n Hnnm npecrannrentcrna a]ran-
cxoro sa necxontxo ne o npnesa r. Cy-
pnna [n Kayn], ne oxnaxct ero; ntxcnnn-
maxcx paora Fpannna; npnnxrne n a]ran-
cxoe noancrno poccncxnx mycyntman n
r.. sacrannxnn enart ntno, uro a]rancxoe
npannrentcrno [...] nepexonr na nosnnnn
peantnoro ocymecrnnennx cnoero omopo-
mennoro nmnepnannsma, nanpannennoro
ocrpnem npornn nac. Bce +rn ocroxrentcr-
na nacrontxo nontcnnn ron saceannx Typ-
xxomnccnn, uro tnn npenoxennx: t
nocrannn nm raxym xe oxpany, xax onn na-
mnm n Kayne (Pysyrax), A xapayn ox-
sarentno nyxno x nnm npncrannrt (Kyry-
men)
29
. saxnnn: Mt moxem +rnmn ecr-
nnxmn nonecrn nx no raxoe nonoxenne,
uro A]ranncran no npnxasy Anrnnn ntcry-
nnr npornn nac. Ha +ro tn orner r. 3nna-
nt: Hoxanycra. 3xax ea, eme nocmor-
pnm, xro xoro. 3ro npn ornparnrentnom co-
croxnnn n ro npemx n Typxecrane namnx no-
enntx cnn. npenoxnn: Vcranonnrt px
meponpnxrn, xoropte onxnt npeornpa-
rnrt ntcrynnenne npornn nac, ntnonnxx n-
pexrnny Henrpa: Fepernrect. Mt neem ne-
peronopt c Anrnne, [no+romy] ne nocrant-
re nac n sarpynnrentnoe nonoxenne
30
.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 40
(Bce nnrnponano no crenorpamme). B pe-
syntrare saceannx tno npnnxro pemenne:
1) cenart sanpoc o nannunn npecrannrenx
a]rancxoro npannrentcrna npn Maamnne;
2) n xoncyntcxnx nynxrax n ueprane orxa-
sart, nnny roro, uro n ueprane ner rpax-
ancxax nona. Hacrpoenne n Typxxomnccnn
tno raxono, uro x cunran neoxonmtm n
pesonmnnn +roro saceannx nnecrn nynxr o
rom, uro neoxonmo nsexart ncxxnx xa-
sycon nx pacropxennx nnnomarnuecxnx
ornomenn [c A]ranncranom]. (Hpnnoxe-
nne N 5)
31
.
BLBOL:
1. Hamy nnnomarnuecxym paory c A]-
ranncranom nao npnsnart neyauno no
cneymmnm npnunnam:
a) mt onxnt xoncrarnponart, uro na-
mn nponyment nce cpoxn nx ncnontsonannx
mecrnmecxunoro [anrno-a]rancxoro] nepemn-
pnx n nenxx saxpennennx axrnnno poccn-
cxo opnenrannn n A]ranncrane (cm. n. 4
moero ocooro mnennx, npnnoxenne N 5);
) +romy coecrnonano ro ocroxrentcr-
no, uro nanonee ceptesnt nepno (nepemn-
pne c anrnnuanamn) mt nmenn cnonm npe-
crannrenem n A]ranncrane n nnne Fpannna
ne cnoero uenonexa, a, moxer trt, npara;
n) reppnropnantnax ycrynxa, esycnon-
no, morna cmxrunrt nonoxenne, [no] n nepe-
ronopt o ne tnn nourn annynnponant
npnnxrnem oparno ycrynxn, cenanno pyc-
cxo uacrtm norpannuno xomnccnn, uero
enart ne cneonano, cunraxct c rem, uro ne-
peaua axe camoro mnnnmantnoro yuacrxa
ne morna cocroxrtcx es ononnnrentntx yc-
nonn o cnooe ecrnn namnx nocx o
npexpamennx onacnocrn nropxennx ns Hep-
cnn;
r) omne e]exrt n ene oprannsannon-
ntx nsanmoornomenn Typxxomnccnn c Hap-
xomnnenom.
2. Cocroxnne A]ranncrana anrnncxo
opnenrannn xnnenne npemennoe, n ecnn
npannrentcrno Amanynna-xana ne craner no
rnane nonoro noncranuecxoro nnxennx
|npornn Anrnnn], ro npannrentcrno +ro y-
er onpoxnnyro (cm. mom pesonmnnm or 21
xnnapx [1920 r.]
32
).
3. Hama nnnomarnuecxax paora onx-
na trt nanpannena x npeornpamennm pas-
ptna nnnomarnuecxnx cnomenn [c A]ra-
nncranom], [neoma] crpemnennem ocrnr-
nyrt nosmoxnocrn paorart n Hnnn n ycra-
nonnennx nenocpecrnenno cnxsn c [nym-
ryncxnmn] nnemenamn, opmmnmncx n Ce-
nepno Hnnn.
PIACHH. 4. 17. On. 84. . 84 H. 69.
Mauuuonuci.
_________________
Hpnueuannn
1
Amanynna-xan (18921960) +mnp (c 1926 r.
xopont) A]ranncrana n 19191929 rr. Hponos-
rnacnn nesanncnmocrt cnoe crpant or Anrnnn.
B 1921 r. saxnmunn c Conercxo Poccne oronop
o pyxe. Hponen px nporpeccnnntx pe]opm,
xoropte ntsnann conpornnnenne xax peaxnnon-
ntx cnn, rax n npocroro nacenennx, crpaanmero
or ynennuennx nanoronoro rnera. B ycnonnxx na-
pacrammero n crpane nnyrpnnonnrnuecxoro xpn-
snca ntrancx yepxartcx y nnacrn npn noenno
nomomn CCCP. B 1929 r. ntnyxen tn orpeut-
cx or npecrona ns-sa momnoro noccrannx n crpa-
ne. 3mnrpnponan n Hrannm. B reuenne mnornx
ner axrnnno crpemnncx c nomomtm nnocrpanntx
epxan nepnyrt cee nnacrt n A]ranncrane.
Ocosnan cnoe nopaxenne n opte c nnacrne
xtx-xent, n 1949 r. o]nnnantno npnmnpnncx c
a]rancxnm xoponem 3axnp-maxom. Vmep 26 anpe-
nx 1960 r. n Bnenapnn.
2
K npnmepy, cm.: Ten.uucru H.B. Conercxo-
a]rancxne ornomennx. 19191960. M., 1961; ou
re. Hcropnx conercxo-a]rancxnx ornomenn.
19191987. M., 1988.
3
Hauuu C.B. Conercxax Poccnx n A]ranncran.
19191929. M. Hpxyrcx, 1998; Kopevu B.I. Hc-
ropnx A]ranncrana. XX nex. M., 2004; Bo-
ro B.C. Bnacrt n onnosnnnx n A]ranncrane: oco-
ennocrn nonnrnuecxo optt n 19191953 rr.
Mocxna Fapnayn, 2010.
4
Fpannn Hnxona 3axaponnu (18811921)
poccncxn nnnomar, nepnt conercxn non-
npe n A]ranncrane. Onn ns nemnornx napcxnx
nnnomaron, nepememnx na cnyxy x ontme-
nnxam. B 1904 r. oxonunn ]axyntrer nocrountx
xstxon C.-Herepyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera. 3nan
apacxn, rypenxn, anrnncxn, ]pannyscxn
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 41
xstxn n ]apcn. C 1905 r. paroman renepantnoro
xoncyntcrna n Memxee. B 19071909 rr. ncnon-
nxn oxsannocrn nnne-xoncyna n Cncrane. C
1909 r. paroman renepantnoro xoncyntcrna n
Fomee. B 1914 r. nnne-xoncyn n Kasnnne. C
1915 r. nnne-xoncyn n Cncrane. B 19161917 rr.
nnne-xoncyn n Xoe (Hpancxn Asepaxan).
1918 r. npecrannrent PCuCP n Terepane. Bt-
cnan npancxnmn nnacrxmn ns crpant. 1919 r.
conercxn nocnannnx n A]ranncrane. B ]enpane
1920 r. cnoxnn c cex nnnomarnuecxne nonno-
mounx. B 1921 r. npn nontrxe yexart n Fpnran-
cxym Hnnm tn ynr.
5
Peut ner o Maxmye Tapsn (18661935), xo-
ropt tn a]rancxnm mnnncrpom nnocrpanntx
en n 19191921 n 19241927 rr. C 1922 r. no-
con no upannnn. Heonor mnaoa]rancxoro nn-
xennx. Tecrt Amanynnt-xana. B 1929 r. +mnrpn-
ponan ns A]ranncrana nmecre c Amanynno.
6
Pannonnu unnnnn xonnennu (18851937)
conercxn exrent. 19191920 rr. ynpanena-
mn Typxxomnccnn BHHK n CHK PCuCP. 1920
1922 rr. ynpannxmmn cexperapnarom HKBT
PCuCP, sam. ynonnomouennoro +roro napxomara
n 3axanxaste. 19221925 rr. npexrop Apxoca
n sam. roprnpea n Anrnnn. o 1937 r. na pas-
nnuntx nocrax n HKBT. 1937 r. npexrop neco-
ast n Kornace. Penpeccnponan.
7
unuepnn Ieoprn Bacnntennu (18721936)
conercxn rocyapcrnennt exrent n nnnomar.
Vuacrnonan n nonncannn Fpecrcxoro mnpa n
1918 r. B 19181930 rr. tn napxomom nnocrpan-
ntx en PCuCP n CCCP. Vuacrnnx 1-ro xonrpec-
ca Komnnrepna. 1922 r. nosrnannxn conercxym
enerannm na Ieny+scxo xon]epennnn. 1925
1930 rr. unen HK BKH(). unen BHHK n HHK
CCCP. C 1930 r. na nencnn.
8
3nnana Banna 3ypaonnu (18831937) co-
nercxn rocyapcrnennt n naprnnt exrent,
nnnomar. 1919 r. unen xonnernn Hapxomara
ropronnn n npomtmnennocrn, unen PBC 1- ap-
mnn n Rxno rpynnt nocx Bocrounoro ]ponra.
19191920 rr. npecearent Typxxomnccnn
BHHK n CHK PCuCP. 19201921 rr. conercxn
nonnpe n Typnnn n Hpane. 19211923 rr. nap-
xom no noenntm n mopcxnm enam Ipysnncxo
CCP, a sarem 3CuCP. o 1931 r. tn npeceare-
nem Connapxoma Ipysnn n 3CuCP. 19311936 rr.
sam. napxoma nnemne ropronnn CCCP. 1936
1937 rr. sam. napxoma nerxo npomtmnennocrn
CCCP. 19311937 rr. xannar n unent HK
BKH(). Penpeccnponan.
9
Fpoo Ipnropn Hcaaxonnu (18831956)
conercxn rocyapcrnennt n naprnnt ex-
rent, nnnomar. 1917 r. npecearent Tamxenr-
cxoro conera paounx n conarcxnx enyraron,
sam. npecearenx Typxecrancxoro xpaconera.
1919 r. ynonnomouennt PBC Rxno rpynnt
nocx n Bocrounoro ]ponra. 19191920 rr. san.
Orenom nnemnnx cnomenn Typxxomnccnn
BHHK n CHK PCuCP n upesntuant ynonno-
mouennt n Xnne. 19211923 rr. sam. napxoma
no enam nannonantnocre PCuCP. o 1925 r.
tn pexropom KVTBa. o 1927 r. san. Iocnsa-
ra. C 1927 r. pexrop Caparoncxoro xommynncrn-
uecxoro ynnnepcnrera. 19331934 rr. nepnt
cexperapt HK KH() Taxnxncrana. 1934
1939 rr. xan. n unent HK BKH(). 19341935 rr.
sam. napxoma npocnemennx CCCP. o 1941 r.
tn npexropom Haprnsara, a sarem Mensara.
B 1941 r. tn apecronan, o 1951 r. naxonncx n
saxnmuennn. C 1954 r. na nencnn. Hpoxnnan n
Mocxne.
10
Pysyrax n 3pncronnu (18871938) co-
nercxn naprnnt n rocyapcrnennt exrent.
19181921 rr. npecearent Mocxoncxoro con-
napxosa n unen npesnnyma BCHX. 19201921 rr.
unen Typxxomnccnn BHHK n CHK PCuCP. B
19201937 rr. tn unenom HK. 1921 r. npece-
arent CHK Typxecrancxo ACCP. C mapra
1921 r. npecearent cpasy nyx Typxecrancxnx
mpo: HK PKH() n Komnnrepna. 19211922 rr.
cexperapt BHCHC. 19221924 rr. npecearent
Cpeneasnarcxoro mpo HK PKH(). 1923
1924 rr. cexperapt HK PKH(). o 1930 r.
napxom nyre coomennx CCCP. 19261937 rr.
sam. npecearenx CHK CCCP. 19261932 rr.
unen Honnrmpo HK BKH(). Penpeccnponan.
11
Hsmanon (nacroxmax ]amnnnx Iypennu)
Cepre Mapxonnu (? ?). B 1919 r. crapmn nn-
cnexrop Hapxom]nna PCuCP, noenxom mraa
Typx]ponra. B 1919 r. Fpoo nasnaunn ero co-
nercxnm npecrannrenem n Fyxape, no on tn
ncxope orosnan. C xnnapx 1920 r. napxom ]n-
nancon TACCP.
12
Crapen M.A. (? ?) samecrnrent Fpoo n
1919 r.
13
3aneccxn Bnanmnp Bnanmnponnu (? ?)
nent +cep. B 1917 r. tn xomnccapom no nno-
crpanntm enam n nonnrnuecxnm enam Fyxap-
cxoro n Xnnnncxoro xancrn, 2- npecearent
xpaenoro Connapxoma Typxecrancxoro xpax. Ka-
xne nocrt sannman n pyxonocrne TACCP necno
1919 r., ycranonnrt ne yanoct.
14
B rexcre no rexnnuecxnm npnunnam, nxnm-
uax omnxn npn pacmn]ponxe, nmena unenon a]-
rancxo mnccnn n Conercxym Poccnm ant c nc-
xaxennxmn. B renerpamme Pannonnua peut ner
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 42
o rnane a]rancxo mnccnn renepane Myxammae
Bann-xane, Mnpse Myxamma-xane ]rann, co-
nernnxe n cexperape a]rancxoro nocontcrna uas
Myxammae. Kro raxo Myxamme-Kopnent
(ocnonno nonxonnnx Myxamme), onpeennrt
rpyno, rax xax n mnccnn tno 19 uenonex. A]-
rancxn renepantnt xoncyn n Typxecrane +ro
Myxamma Acnam-xan. Bann-xan Myxamma (?
1933) a]rancxn nnnomar n noennt exrent.
Ienepan. B 1919 r. tn nasnauen nocnom n Fyxa-
py n Conercxym Poccnm, ononpemenno xnnxncx
rnano a]rancxo enerannn, ornpannenno Ama-
nynno nx yuacrnx n Bepcantcxo xon]epennnn.
B oxrxpenoxpe 1919 r. nponen neperonopt n
Mocxne o ycranonnennn nocroxnntx nnnoma-
rnuecxnx ornomenn mexy PCuCP n A]rann-
cranom. naxt ncrpeuancx c Hennntm. Hmnt
1920 r. rnana ocoo nnnomarnuecxo mnccnn
n Typnnm. B 19211922 rr. no rnane a]rancxnx
mnccn nocernn CBA, Anrnnm, Iepmannm,
upannnm n Hrannm. 19221924 rr. mnnncrp
nnocrpanntx en. C 1924 r. noennt mnnncrp.
19271928 rr. ncnonnxmmn oxsannocrn rna-
nt rocyapcrna n nepno sarpannunoro rypne
+mnpa Amanynnt. B 1930 r. ocyxen na 8 ner
rmptmt sa nponoxannm rpaxancxo nont n
A]ranncrane. B 1933 r. xasnen Hanp-maxom.
Myxamma ]rann (? ?) n 1920 r. +ror nnno-
mar tn nasnauen a]rancxnm nocnom n Mocxny.
Myxamme-Kopnent-uans uas Myxamma
(1895?) a]rancxn rocyapcrnennt exrent n
nnnomar, capap. 1919 r. cexperapt renxoncynt-
crna n Tamxenre. o 1922 r. c mnccne M. Bann-
xana nocernn px enponecxnx crpan. C 1924 r.
tn mnnncrpom opasonannx A]ranncrana. B ne-
pno rpaxancxo nont 19281929 rr. nepemen
na cropony Fauan Caxao (+mnp Xanynna-xan). B
19291938 rr. mnnncrp nnocrpanntx en. C
1938 r. nocon n Typnnn. B 1949 r. nocon n
Anrnnn. C 1950 r. mnnncrp opasonannx. B
1964 r. +mnrpnponan n CBA.
15
Hnunocrt ne ycranonnena.
16
PCCP Poccncxax Conercxax Connanncrn-
uecxax Pecnynnxa. PCP Poccncxax Conercxax
Pecnynnxa.
17
Typxecrancxax xomnccnx Bcepoccncxoro
Henrpantnoro Hcnonnnrentnoro Komnrera
(Typxnnx).
18
3ect n anee mnororoune yxastnaer na
rexcr, xoropt ne yanoct pacmn]ponart.
19
Cm. oxymenr N 2.
20
Iennep Hen Haymonnu (18751942) coner-
cxn rocyapcrnennt exrent, onn ns pyxono-
nrene Komnnrepna, nnnomar. unen PCPH c
1904 r. o 1919 r. san. canuacrtm Komnccnn no
ycrpocrny nnenntx n exennen, a sarem ynonno-
mouennt Hapxomspana PCuCP. B xnnapemap-
re 1920 r. napxom spanooxpanennx TACCP. C
max 1920 r. npecearent xonnernn Connnrep-
npona, a nocne ero pocnycxa cexperapt Typxm-
po Komnnrepna. C nmnx 1920 r. unen HK xom-
naprnn Typxecrana. 19211922 rr. conernnx
nonnpecrna n Bnennn. 19221930 rr. saneym-
mn Bocrountm orenom Hpo]nnrepna. B 1930-x
roax nepemen na nayunym paory n Hncrnryr
mnponoro xosxcrna n mnpono nonnrnxn AH
CCCP: paoran san. cexropom paouero nnxe-
nnx. C 1935 r. oxrop +xonomnuecxnx nayx,
npo]eccop. Vmep n +naxyannn n Tamxenre.
21
Fnaronemencxn Herp Bacnntennu (1865
1936) tnmn o]nnep napcxo apmnn, nonxon-
nnx. B 1917 r. xomannp Hepnoro Typxecran-
cxoro apmecxoro xopnyca. C 1918 r. paoran n
Boennom xomnccapnare TACCP. C nmnx 1919 r.
nauantnnx Inannoro noennoro mraa TACCP.
1920 r. n.o. nauantnnxa mraa Typxecrancxoro
]ponra.
22
3ror oxymenr ne nynnxyercx.
23
Anrno-nepct nmemrcx n nny pnran-
cxne nocxa n Cenepnom Hpane (Hepcnn) n re
npancxne uacrn, xoroptmn xomanonann anrnn-
cxne o]nnept. Boennax nnrepnennnx Bennxopn-
rannn n 3axanxaste n 3axacnnn norepnena n 1918
1920 rr. nonnt xpax.
24
Bnnmo, nmemrcx n nny noromxn Hacpe-
nn-exa, yrparnnmero cnom nnacrt n 1876 r. no-
cne nnxnnannn Koxancxoro xancrna poccncxn-
mn nnacrxmn n Typxecrane.
25
9 ]enpanx 1920 r. 3nnana nanpxmnx cnpocnn
Bann-xana o cnomennxx a]rancxoro npannrent-
crna c ]eprancxnm Maamnnom n nonyunn orner,
uro axe neo]nnnantntx cnomenn c nnm y
Kayna ner. 3ro xnno ne coornercrnonano ecr-
nnrentnocrn, no+romy rnana Typxxomnccnn coo-
mnn cnoemy coecennxy o nenosmoxnocrn or-
xptrt a]rancxne xoncyntcrna n ueprane. Taxnm
opasom, conercxne nnacrn n Typxecrane ]axrn-
uecxn conepmnnn nnnomarnuecxn emapm, an
nonxrt a]rancxnm naprnepam, uro nm nsnecrno o
nomomn ns Kayna nnepam acmauecrna. //
PIACHH. u. 17. On. 84. . 85. H. 4.
26
Kytmen Banepnan Bnanmnponnu (1888
1935) nnnt conercxn rocyapcrnennt, no-
ennt n naprnnt exrent. unen BKH() c
1904 r. B 1917 r. npecearent Camapcxoro xo-
mnrera PCPH(). 19181920 rr. unen PBC 1-
n 4- apmnn Rxnoro ]ponra, 11- apmnn Typxe-
crancxoro ]ponra. 19191920 rr. sam. npecea-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 44
Inyoxne cnnrn n omecrne n nayxe
nocne Oxrxpx norpeonann nepecmorpa
]nnoco]cxnx, reopernxo-meroonornue-
cxnx n ocoenno oprannsannonntx ocnona-
nn oreuecrnennoro nocroxoneennx. C na-
uana 1920-x roon nponcxonna cmena oc-
non n nanpannenn oreuecrnennoro nocro-
xoneennx
1
.
B nocroxonentx nenrpax name crpant
npoonxann, onaxo, paorart npecrannre-
nn openonmnnonntx nocroxonentx mxon.
B ro xe npemx ]opmnponanact nonax renepa-
nnx oreuecrnenntx nocroxoneon. Bosonon-
nxmrcx nnn naunnamr nsanartcx nonte noc-
roxonente xypnant n copnnxn. Bo nropo
nononnne 1920-x roon nocroxoneenne n
CCCP naunnaer ncntrtnart napacranmee
neonornuecxoe n nonnrnuecxoe annenne.
Oreuecrnennax ncropnorpa]nx poccn-
cxoro nocroxoneennx n 1920-x roax naxo-
nnna orpomnt ]axrnuecxn marepnan, pac-
mnpnna xpyr rem n namernna nyrn pasnnrnx
conercxoro nocroxoneuecxoro opasonannx
n nayxn o Bocroxe
2
.
Cranonnenne nocroxoneennx n 1920-e
rot npecrannxno coo cnoxnoe n mnoro-
nnanonoe xnnenne, xoropoe, npexe ncero,
ornnuanoct penonmnnonntmn peoprannsa-
nnxmn n nayxe o Bocroxe xapnnantno ne-
pecrpoxo oprannsannonno, neno n
reopernxo-meroonornuecxo ocnont npeno-
anannx n nsyuennx nocrountx xstxon n nc-
ropnn Bocroxa. Honte nnyrpennne n nnem-
nenonnrnuecxne saaun, nocrannennte ont-
mennxamn, norpeonann cosannx nontx n
peoprannsannn cncremt cymecrnymmnx
yuentx saneenn nocroxoneennx n ocnon-
ntx ero nenrpax Herporpae, Mocxne, Ka-
sann, Bnannocroxe.
Baxntmn uepramn +rnx ner cranonxrcx
npeemcrnennocrt nocroxonentx nccneona-
nn, xon]ponrannx nayuntx n nonnrnxo-
nentx nosnnn n xonnennn, nsmenenne
nanpannenn nsyuennx Bocroxa. 3ror nepno
ntxnnxer ]axropt, mexannsm n ]opmt cra-
nonnennx n pasnnrnx conercxoro nocroxone-
ennx. Honte oprannsannonnte nsmenennx
nocroxonenoro opasonannx n nayxn o Boc-
roxe nponcxonnn n n xasancxom nenrpe ore-
uecrnennoro nocroxoneennx, n ro xe npemx
sect coxpanxnnct nayunte n rymanncrnue-
cxne rpannnn openonmnnonnoro oreuecr-
nennoro nocroxoneennx.
Bnnmannm nccneonarene npenaraercx
neonynnxonannoe nnctmo npanncra, npo-
]eccopa Mocxoncxoro ynnnepcnrera
F.B. Mnnnepa (18771956) nnonory, axae-
mnxy C.u. Ontenypry (18631834), xoro-
poe on nanncan ns Kasann 11 mapra 1922 r.
Ocnonntm nonoom nx +roro nnctma crana
xonunna nsnecrnoro rmpxonora, npo]eccopa
Kasancxoro ynnnepcnrera H.u. Karanona
(18621922). Kax nsnecrno, 9 noxpx 1893 r.
H.u. Karanon tn nasnauen npenoanarenem
nocrountx xstxon nmneparopcxoro Kasan-
cxoro ynnnepcnrera. Iot xnsnn n Kasann
(18941922) crann snaunmtm nepnoom ero
neonennmo nayuno-nearornuecxo n ome-
crnenno exrentnocrn
3
.
K coxanennm, mano nsnecrna rnopuecxax
norpa]nx F.B. Mnnnepa, ctna nsnecrnoro
nocroxonea, ]ontxnopncra, +rnorpa]a, xst-
xonea, apxeonora n npexropa Hasapencxoro
nncrnryra nocrountx xstxon n 18921911 rr.
B.u. Mnnnepa (18481913)
4
.
Cneyer oparnrt nnnmanne na cneym-
mne nexn norpa]nn F.B. Mnnnepa.
Fopnc Bcenonoonnu Mnnnep nsnecr-
nt yuent-npanncr, oxrop ]nnonornue-
cxnx nayx (1939), oxonunn mpnnuecxn ]a-
xyntrer Mocxoncxoro ynnnepcnrera (1900) n
Hasapencxn nncrnryr nocrountx xstxon
(1904). B 19041917 rr. cnyxnn n Mnnncrep-
crne nnocrpanntx en, sannman pasnnunte
nnnomarnuecxne nocrt n crpanax Fnnxnero
Bocroxa (Hpan, Typnnx, Mapoxxo).
P.M. Baneen
O KOHHHHE H.m. KATAHOBA
Hnctuo B.B. Mnnnepa C.m. Ontenypry
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 45
B 19191922 rr. F.B. Mnnnep xnn n pa-
oran n Kasann, xya npnexan c xeno ns
Herporpaa, cnacaxct or ronoa n norpomon
ocenn 1919 r. B 1954 r. n cnonx nocnomnna-
nnxx o H.u. Karanone on nncan: Hpoo-
nontcrnennoe nonoxenne n Herporpae tno
yxacnoe. paoran n Pyccxom mysee, y no-
xonoro C.u. Ontenypra, xoropt ram n-
pexropcrnonan, paoran eme n oprannsyemo
rora xe H.. Mappom Axaemnn ncropnn
marepnantno xyntrypt, yuacrnonan no
'Bcemnpno nnreparype Ioptxoro n n py-
rnx mecrax, no, ynt, nce mon mnorouncnen-
nte sanxrnx ne oecneunnann mne n xene
xycxa xnea n yxnantnom cmtcne +roro cno-
na. Mne rposnno ceptesnoe cepeunoe sao-
nenanne, a oxropa npenncann mne ycn-
nennoe nnranne. Tora npnnxnn no mne yua-
crne Mapp n Ontenypr, mnamne ronapn-
mn moero noxonoro orna no Axaemnn na-
yx, n ycrponnn mne xomannponxy n onee
'ctrym Kasant. Hentm xomannponxn tno
'nsyuenne apmxncxnx nannce n Fonrapax n
n Kasann
5
.
B Kasann F.B. Mnnnep paoran nayuntm
corpynnxom n mysee n nocrouno nnnore-
xe, a raxxe npenoanan nepcncxn xstx n
nnreparypy n Cenepo-Bocrounom apxeonorn-
uecxom n +rnorpa]nuecxom nncrnryre (cos-
an n 1917 r.), npeopasonannom n 1920 r. n
Bocrounym Axaemnm.
Hocne nepeesa n Mocxny F.B. Mnnnep
cran npo]eccopom, san. xa]epo npancxo
]nnonornn Mocxoncxoro rocyapcrnennoro
ynnnepcnrera, paoran nayuntm corpynn-
xom Hncrnryra nocroxoneennx n Hncrnryra
xstxosnannx. Cnennanncram nsnecrnt ero
paort n onacrn nsyuennx xnntx npancxnx
xstxon, ocoenno rantmcxoro n rarcxoro,
cocrannennt nm Hepcncxo-pyccxn cno-
napt (1950). K coxanennm, satrt ero cra-
rtn n onacrn +rnorpa]nn napoon Kanxasa.
Hnctmo F.B. Mnnnepa apeconano
C.u. Ontenypry
6
, ono ns xnmuentx ]n-
ryp poccncxoro nocroxoneennx, nsnecrno-
my nnonory, axaemnxy Herepyprcxo AH
n nenpemennomy cexperapm Axaemnn nayx
(19041929), anropy rpyon, nocnxmenntx
pennrnn, no+snn n ncxyccrny, pennocrn n
ncropnn Hnnn, a raxxe nepcncxo n sana-
no nnreparype.
11 +apma 1922 e., Kasauo.
Huco+o B.B. Muuuepa C.0. Ouoeuypey
Kasant, 11/B.1922.
Henax Haepexnax Kaana,
Bocrounax axaemnx
7
.
Inyoxoynaxaemt Cepre ueoponnu,
Cnemy cenart Bam rpycrnoe coome-
nne. Buepa (n nout na 10-e mapra) cxonuancx
Hnxona ue|oponnu] Karanon. On onen
yxe c ocenn. C nnm cnepna cnyunncx yap,
ornxnmn y nero npanym nononnny rena, xo-
ra xe on nocrenenno or +roro cran ncne-
nxrtcx, on x necuacrtm npocrynncx, ne nt-
xox ns xnaprnpt (xoropax, xoneuno, ouent
nnoxo orannnnanact), cxnarnn nnenpnr, nepe-
rexmn n cxoporeunym uaxorxy. oxropa,
nax y nero rnonnx n nerxnx, pemnnn o-
nerunrt ero, n cymnocrn, esnaexnoe nono-
xenne onepanne. Ona, xax uacro tnaer,
yanact necrxme, no uepes necxontxo ne
ero ne crano. 3anrpa mt ero xoponnm. Mne
npnxonnoct cnenrt sa xnsntm Hnxonax
ue|oponn|ua n reuenne c nnmxom 2 ner, uro
x sect npoxnnam. Tpyno emy xnnoct. Exe-
nenno on naptnan cnoe soponte n cnoe
cnaoe cepne pyxo pon, nocxo not, ne-
rom paoro na oropoe, racxannem memxon
c xapromxo, ocentm nountmn exypcrna-
mn na rom xe oropoe n ctpocrt n xono.
Tax-ro xnnoct +romy nepnoxnaccnomy nocro-
xoney n cronnne Tarapcxo Pecnynnxn. Fa-
xnncxn ynnnep|cnre|r ero nspan, npocnn
cxopee npnexart, npnctnan sa nnm enera-
ron. On nce meuran yexart rya, xax rontxo
nosnonnr soponte, n ne oxancx. A ecnn
t on n ntsoponen, ro ero ne ntnycrnna t
nce panno Tarap|cxax] Pecnynnxa. Emy tno
cxasano, uro on nyxen nx Kasann n uro ero
ne ntnycrxr. Cxontxo-nnyt xe oecneunrt
marepnantno, onerunrt emy xnsnt semnne
sanpannnt ne noxenann, xorx neonoxparno
mnorne ns pyse n xonner Hnx|onax]
ue|oponn|ua nm nacrounno rnepnnn, uro
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 46
on nornner. Ero yuenoe nacnecrno (cocran
nnnorexn, pyxonncn) sect nyume ncero
nsnecrno, xoneuno, Cepr|em] E]|nmonnuy]
Manony
8
. Ho ceuac C|epre] E|]nmonnu]
cam nexnr n ctnnom rn]e (a npnrom c oc-
noxnennxmn). Hauantnnx semnero Axae-
mnu|ecxoro] nenrpa
9
nopyunn mne cxasart
none Karanona, uro ncm nnnorexy xynnr
semnn Hapxomnpoc. Ho net ecrt eme py-
xonncn. Homnnre, Bt nopyuann mne ro na-
sa cxasart noxonomy, uro Axaemnx nayx
xenana t nx npnopecrn. On rora mne on-
peenen|noro] ornera ne an, xax-ro yxno-
nnncx or +roro pasronopa. He nannmnre nn
Bt C.E. Manony, ne nostmer nn on na cex
pasopxy pyxonnce, xax rontxo nosnonnr
emy soponte. Ftno t xenarentno, urot
Axa|emnx] nayx noepxana raxxe xoara-
crno o nasnauennn naxa ero none, xoropoe
yer nosyxeno n Henrpe or semnero
ynnnepcnrera. (Cemtx Karanona cocronr ns
xent n nspocno ouepn).
Tenept paspemnre mne cxasart na cnona
o cee. Vcnonnx xnsnn n Kasann crann raxn-
mn rxxentmn, uro x nce ontme yxpennxmct
n cnoem xenannn ntpartcx orcma n nepe-
partcx nnn n Mocxny, nnn nasa n Herep-
ypr. tn t ouent Bam naroapen, ecnn
t Bt ynyunnn mnnyrxy n mne uepxnynn,
mor nn t x paccunrtnart nonyunrt n Herep-
ypre axaemnu|ecxn] naex (sect x ero no-
nyuam), mor nn t cnona ycrponrtcx n Pyc-
cxom mysee (xcrarn, xro ram ceuac npexro-
pom nmecro A.A. Mnnnepa
10
), n ner nn eme
nosmoxnocrn mne ycrponrtcx re-nnyt no
nnnoreuno, nanpnmep, nnn npenoana-
rentcxo uacrn? 3ect x npenoam nep-
cn|cxn] xstx n nnreparypy n Bocrouno
axaemnn (yxe 2 roa) n cocrom xpannrenem
+rnorpa]nu|ecxoro] orenennx semnero my-
sex, xpome roro, npoannxmct nepenoamn c
rarapcxoro n c enponecxnx xstxon.
Iono n Hononxte cnntno noopnan ncx-
xym xyntrypnym xnsnt. axe n raxnx cpan-
nnrentno xpynntx ymcrnen|ntx] nenrpax,
xax Kasant. Kro rontxo moxer, orcma e-
xnr (nce ontme n Mocxny nnn na mr), pxt
nnrennnrennnn nce peemr, xnsnt na noune
ronoa cranonnrcx xommapno; rontxo n
npnxonrcx cntmart, uro npo rpaexn,
yncrna, ocxnepnenne mornn, rpynoecr-
no (cam nnen ]ororpa]nn marepe, cen-
mnx cnonx ere!) n r.n.
Hosnontre noxenart Bam, ynaxaemt
Cepre ueoponnu, ncero nyumero.
Hcxpenne npeannt Bam
Fopnc Mnnnep.
Caurm-Hemepovpecru qu.ua. Apxuea
PAH, q. 2, on. 1, o. 1, .. 132132 oo.
Hpnueuannn
1
Xeqe A.H., Lacmumro H.M. B.H. Hennn n
cranonnenne conercxoro nocroxoneennx // Cra-
nonnenne conercxoro nocroxoneennx (copnnx
crare). M., 1983. C. 3.
2
Asnarcxn myse Hennnrpacxoe orene-
nne Hncrnryra nocroxoneennx AH CCCP. M.,
1972; Asnarcxn myse Poccncxo axaemnn
nayx: 18181918. Kparxax namxrxa. H., 1920;
A.erceee B.M. Hayxa o Bocroxe: Crartn n oxy-
menrt. M., 1982; Kououoe A.H. Hcropnx nsyuennx
rmpxcxnx xstxon n Poccnn. H., 1972; Kouo-
uoe A.H., Hopuu H.H. Hennnrpacxn Bocrount
nncrnryr: Crpannna ncropnn conercxoro nocro-
xoneennx. M., 1977; Kvsueoea H.A., Kv.aeu-
ua H.M. Hs ncropnn conercxoro nocroxoneennx.
19171967. M., 1970; Hvuuu B.B. Cpenxx Asnx n
openonmnnonnom n conercxom nocroxoneennn.
Tamxenr, 1965; Marepnant x xponnxe conercxoro
nocroxoneennx. 19171941 rr. // Kparxne coo-
mennx Hncrnryra napoon Asnn. Btn. 76, 1965.;
O.ioeuovpe C.4. Bocroxoneenne n Axaemnn
nayx na nontx nyrxx // Becrnnx Axaemnn nayx.
1931, N 2. C. 1015; Hae.oeu: M.H. Hcropnx n
saaun nontx nocroxonentx nyson (K 5-nernm
Mocxoncxoro nncrnryra nocroxoneennx) // Ho-
nt Bocrox. Kn. 1011, 1925.; Hxrt ner conercxo-
ro nocroxoneennx. exrentnocrt Hayuno acco-
nnannn nocroxoneennx CCCP. M., 1927; Cauo-
+vpaooe .C., Ma.iee P.C. 3apoxenne coner-
cxoro nocroxoneennx n Taxnxncrane (1920
1929) // Hsnecrnx AH Tax. CCP. 1984, N 3.
C.7886; C.aoroecru M.H. Hepnt nenrp xnrae-
neennx na antnem Bocroxe n ero ntnycxnnxn n
20-e rot // Hponemt antnero Bocroxa. 1979,
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 48
Hex cosannx mysex, nocnxmennoro nc-
ropnn n +rnorpa]nn xptmcxnx rarap, onroe
npemx ne naxonna cnoero nonnomennx n
Poccncxo nmnepnn. Tontxo nocne uen-
pantcxo penonmnnn 1917 r. raxo myse
tn o]nnnantno yupexen.
Heoxonmo ormernrt, uro mysen, xpa-
nnnmne npemert ncropnn, xyntrypt n tra
nnopouecxoro nacenennx Poccnn, yxe cy-
mecrnonann n xonne XIX n.
1
Orentnte neontmne xonnexnnn mare-
pnantno xyntrypt xptmcxnx rarap naxon-
nnct n nanonee xpynntx +rnorpa]nuecxnx
mysexx C.-Herepypra n Mocxnt
2
. Camax ns-
necrnax ns nnx, onncannax n nnreparype
3
, na-
xonnact n amxoncxom +rnorpa]nuecxom
mysee n Mocxne
*
.
Mysente xonnexnnn, ornocxmnecx x
nepnoy cymecrnonannx Kptmcxoro xancrna
(xpntxn xptmcxnx xanon, sanncn cyecxnx,
pyxonncnte xnnrn n p.), naxonnnct raxxe
n xpaeneuecxnx omecrnax, nsyuanmnx
Kptm. Hanonee nsnecrnte ns nnx Oec-
cxoe Omecrno ncropnn n pennocre
(OOH, 18391922 rr.) n Tanpnuecxax yue-
nax apxnnnax xomnccnx (TVAK, 1887
1920 rr.).
Kax cneyer ns oruera OOH, omecrno
nnauane cnoe exrentnocrn n ene nsyuennx
n coxpanennx pennocre Honopoccncxoro
xpax ecrnnrentno oparnnoct x Kptmy.
Omecrno npenonoxnno sanxrtcx conpa-
nnem: a) crapnnntx ncropnuecxnx pyxonn-
ce, y nexoroptx ns rarap coxpannnmnxcx;
) pennnx xancxnx xpntxon n cynrancxnx
]npmanon; n) xonnexnnn moner, xax xptm-
*
Ftn cosan n 1861 r. xax oren Pymxnnen-
cxoro mysex n Mocxne, c 1924 r. Henrpantnt
myse napooneennx, sarem Myse napoon
CCCP, n nacroxmee npemx +rnorpa]nuecxne xon-
nexnnn mysex naxoxrcx n Poccncxom +rnorpa-
]nuecxom mysee n Canxr-Herepypre.
cxnx xanon, rax n pennnx reny+scxnx n-
rtx
4
. B antnemem exrentnocrt Omecr-
na npnopena onee mnpoxym nanpannen-
nocrt: npnoperenne n nsyuenne ne rontxo
apxeorpa]nuecxoro, no n, n ontme crene-
nn, apxeonornuecxoro marepnana anrnunoro
n xpncrnancxoro nepnoon Kptma
5
.
Hoonte +rnm saauam nenn crannnn
nepe coo n unent Tanpnuecxo yueno
apxnnno xomnccnn
6
.
Konnexnnn +rnx omecrn nernn n ocno-
nanne n crnmynnponann oprannsannm myse-
en, n xoroptx xpannnnct, n rom uncne, n
npemert no ncropnn Kptmcxoro xancrna.
Hmencx n nnx raxxe n nesnaunrentnt +rno-
rpa]nuecxn marepnan, ornocxmncx x Kpt-
my. Tax, ns orueron TVAK nsnecrno o saxyn-
xe npemeron oext xptmcxnx rarap
7
.
Fontmnx copann npemeron no ncro-
pnn, xyntrype n ncxyccrny xptmcxnx rarap n
+rnx omecrnax ne nmenoct. B 1898 r. no
npocte unenon Komnccnn H. Iacnpnncxoro
n A. Hnanenxo TVAK namepenanact oprann-
sonart ncropnxo-+rnorpa]nuecxn myse n
Faxuncapacxom nopne, no +rn nnant ne
tnn peannsonant. B 1912 r. unent Komnc-
cnn nnont nosnpamannct x +romy nonpocy, no
espesyntrarno
8
.
Tontxo c oprannsanne V. Foannncxnm
n 1916 r. mysex n Faxuncapae, re crano nos-
moxntm c]opmnponart xpynnym xonnex-
nnm, cnryannx c coxpanennem n nsyuennem
npemeron ncropnn n xyntrypt xptmcxnx
rarap xapnnantno menxercx.
Iocyapcrnennt nopen-myse rmpxo-
rarapcxo xyntrypt
**
oxonuarentno c]opmn-
ponancx n nauane 1920-x roon n npocymecr-
nonan nnnort o enoprannn xptmcxnx rarap
18 max 1944 r. K coxanennm, yuacrt nepnoro
**
Orrncx neuarn na oxymenrax c 1929 r.
nmeer nannct: Iocyapcrnennt nopen-myse
rarapcxo xyntrypt.
P.P. 3unnon
HEPBLH HAHHOHAALHLH MY3EH KPLMCKHX TATAP
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 49
mysex ncropnn n xyntrypt xptmcxnx rarap
tna cront xe rparnuna, xax n cyta camoro
xptmcxo-rarapcxoro napoa.
3a nepno cnoero neonroro cymecrnona-
nnx myse xptmcxnx rarap necxontxo pas me-
nxn cnoe nasnanne, a raxxe ocnonno xapax-
rep +xcnosnnn. Pasmemancx on n tnmem
xancxom nopne Xan-Capae, apxnrexryp-
nom namxrnnxe XVIXVIII nexon. Cyta
ero ne menee pamarnuna.
B 1783 r., nocne oxonuarentnoro sanoe-
nannx Poccncxo nmnepne Kptmcxoro
xancrna, nopen n Faxuncapae naxonncx n
nonnom ynaxe. 3a npemx non c Poccne, a
raxxe mexoycono nont n Kptmcxom
xancrne, nnnmecx c 1771 no 1783 r., on
noneprancx pasrpanennm n axe ropen.
Barnn-Inpe, nocnenn xptmcxn xan, ns-
necrnt cnonmn enponecxnmn pe]opmamn,
npnnxn pemenne noxnnyrt crapym pesnen-
nnm n Faxuncapae n npncrynnn x crponrent-
crny nonoro nopna n Ka]e (conp. ueoocnx).
On ntnes n nce nennoe ns Faxuncapacxoro
nopna
9
.
Honte xosxena Kptma poccncxne nm-
neparopt n unent nx ceme (xpome Hanna I),
ncnontsonann nopen xax mecro npemennoro
npetnannx n Faxuncapae. nopen nce xe
npnsnanancx namxrnnxom xptmcxo-rarapcxo-
ro souecrna n, cornacno yxasy nmneparopa
Anexcanpa I, naxonncx no oxpano rocy-
apcrna
10
. Eme co npemenn nocemennx Fax-
uncapacxoro nopna Exarepnno II n nem
ocranact uacrt ocranonxn n pyroro nmyme-
crna, saxynnennoro n Faxuncapae, Cramyne
n Mocxne, a raxxe neontmax uacrt xancxoro
nmymecrna
11
.
Hnrepecntm ncrounnxom ornocnrentno
ocranonxn nopna xnnxercx pannopr
npenonrenx nopxncrna xnxsx Memermn-
ex n ero onnct nmymecrna Faxuncapacxo-
ro xasennoro nopna
12
. Cornacno oxymen-
ry, arnponannomy 1804 r., nmymecrno nop-
na cocroxno ns 686 npemeron
*
, n nx uncne:
noymxn, cmnrte ns apxara, arnaca n cyx-
*
Hocunrano anropom, r.x. n onncn orcyrcrny-
er nymepannx.
na, rm]xxn (mnnept)
**
, pasnnunte rxann,
xpycrantnte nmcrpt, cront mpamopnte n
epenxnnte nomepnte, oxneennte xpac-
ntm epenom, a raxxe nnxpycrnponannte
nepnamyrpom neontmne cronnxn, xaprnnt,
neptxmn n menxamn mnrte; sananecn ran-
rxnnte n sananecxn mnrxantnte, xonpt,
sonorom mnrte; uact epenxnnte rypen-
xne, ]onapn xenesnte c pasnonnerntm n
npocrtm crexnom. B pesyntrare onncn rax-
xe tno onapyxeno no mnoxecrne: cron-
uaxon, onrtx roncrtm, ronxnm cyxnom n
napycnno, crynten npocrtx nnerenntx ns
ntxa, sepxan c sonouentmn pamxamn, pas-
nnunoro nna nocneunnxon, xponare n r..;
non tn ycrnan senentm, antm, nnmnentm
cyxnom c sonortm n cepepxntm nosymen-
rom, a raxxe noxptr naptrpacxnmn po-
roxxamn
13
.
K coxanennm, +ror oxymenr, na nam
nsrnx, ne nonnt (nosmoxno, nocnenn
nncr yrepxn), rax xax orcyrcrnyer nonnct
cocrannxnmero ero n nroronoe xonnuecrno
npemeron n xonne onncn. anexo ne nce +rn
npemert coxpannnnct yxe n 1856 r., xora
no+r n nncarent Hnxona Fepr xnn n Faxun-
capae. Onnctnax nopen, on sameuan: Eme
neanno moxno tno nnert ncm +ry pen-
nocrt n nexoropom nopxxe. Ho nopen no-
crapen npyr nxrnecxrtm roamn. Hcuesnn
manpnrancxne poroxxn, mpamopnte cront,
xnrptx, pasyxpamennte sepxana, ]ap]opo-
nte manant, xpycrantnte nmcrpt, rape-
po xancxnx xen: ry]nn, onaxant...
14
.
B openonmnnonnoe npemx Xan-Ca-
pa, nomnmo napcrnenntx oco, c paspeme-
nnx Tanpnuecxoro ryepnaropa mornn noce-
mart raxxe pyrne ntcoxonocrannennte
rocrn. Hecmorpx na +ro, nopen rax n ne tn
onxntm opasom orpecranpnponan. Mnoro-
uncnennte pemonrt, npononmte n nem, t-
nn xpane neyaunt, onee roro, paspymn-
rentnt. Camtm naryntm nx nopna tn
pemonr 18221831 rr., nepnonauantno no
pyxonocrnom apxnrexropa H.u. Kononna,
**
Mnnep marpan nx nnsxoro nnanunxa
cer.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 50
sarem u.u. 3ntcona, xora snaunrentnax
uacrt nocrpoex nopna tna cnecena
15
.
Hocne Kptmcxo nont cocroxnne nop-
na tno nnauenntm. Hnmt yrposa opyme-
nnx ero n 1892 r. nocne cnntnemero nnnnx
ntnynna, naxonen, nnacrn npnnxrt pemn-
rentnte mept. Ho npnxasy nmneparopa
Anexcanpa III npannrentcrno ano pacnopx-
xenne Hmneparopcxo Apxeonornuecxo xo-
mnccnn cocrannrt npoexr pecranpannn. Hpo-
exr n cmery x nemy ntnonnnn apxnrexrop
A.I. Koron. Onaxo n 1897 r. Axaemnx xy-
oxecrn, ocynn +ror npoexr, osnyunna cne-
ymmee: xyoxecrnennoe ero [nopna]
snauenne nectma ne ntcoxo n, xoneuno, ne
moxer sacnyxnnart ocotx xeprn na no-
epxanne Koneuno, cpen namanenanntx
sect opnamenron ecrt, nanepnoe, osa na-
pontx rarapcxnx pncynxon, no ortcxart nx
yer yxe saaua apxeonora, a ne pyccxoro
npannrentcrna
16
.
Komnccnx no pecranpannn nopna tna
nnont cosana n 1900 r. n paorana na nporx-
xennn noctmn ner. Haxonen, n 1910 r. tna
cosnana rexnnuecxax xomnccnx no nonpocy
cpouno pecranpannn nopna. B paore xo-
mnccnn npnnnmann yuacrne nsnecrnte apxn-
rexropt n axaemnxn-ncxyccrnonet
H.H. Konaxon, A.I. Koron, H.H. Kpacnon,
B.A. uomnn n C.C. Hexpacon
17
.
Hccneonarentcxax paora sarxnynact
na onrne rot. B Poccncxo nmnepnn
npenoxennt Apxeonornuecxo xomnccn-
e npoexr pecranpannn rax n ne tn peann-
sonan. B +ror nepno crapannxmn A.I. Ko-
rona n H.H. Konaxona, a raxxe tnmero
nonnnmecrepa Faxuncapax A. Hnanenxo
tno opasonano no nopne neontmoe co-
panne npemeron rarapcxoro tra n noc-
rounoro ncxyccrna
18
.
Hs sannce n Knnre nocrynnenn mysex
sa 19231927 rr. nsnecrno o npnoperennn n
19021908 rr. pasnnuntx npemeron yrnapn,
a raxxe xptmcxo-rarapcxnx mnennpntx ns-
enn n nocrounoro opyxnx
19
.
Taxnm opasom, ony ns nauantntx xon-
nexnn yymero nopna-mysex rmpxo-ra-
rapcxo xyntrypt cocrannnn uacrt cocrnen-
no xancxoro nmymecrna, ne ntsnanmero oco-
oro nnrepeca y nocnenero xptmcxoro xana
Barnn-Inpex, npemert nnyrpennero ypan-
crna xomnar, npnoperennte nx npntnan-
mnx rya poccncxnx napcrnenntx oco, n
neontmax xonnexnnx, copannax A.I. Koro-
ntm, H.H. Konaxontm, A. Hnanenxo.
Hcropnx cosannx nepnoro nannonantno-
ro mysex xptmcxnx rarap nepasptnno cnxsa-
na c exrentnocrtm Vcenna Foannncxoro
(18771938). Tananrnnnt xyoxnnx, nno-
cnecrnnn +rnorpa] n ncropnx cran ocnona-
renem n nepntm npexropom mysex xptm-
cxnx rarap n Faxuncapacxom nopne.
Vcenn Foannncxn ponncx n cemte
yunrenx n epenne Faant Cnm]eponontcxo-
ro yesa 1 exapx 1877 r. Ero oren, Aype-
]n-oxa, tn pyxen c Hcmannom Iacnpnn-
cxnm, nsnecrntm npocnernrenem, ocnonono-
noxnnxom xannsma.
Eme c ercrna y Vcenna npoxnnnnct xy-
oxecrnennte cnoconocrn. Hocne oxonua-
nnx napono n Tarapcxo yunrentcxo
mxon (Cnm]eponont) on nocrynnn n Crpora-
noncxoe xyoxecrnenno-npomtmnennoe yun-
nnme n Mocxne. Honyunn cnennantnocrt xy-
oxnnxa-exoparopa, V. Foannncxn npo-
onxnn cnoe opasonanne n Hapnxe, sarem
paoran n Herepypre c nsnecrntm apxnrex-
ropom H.A. uomnntm, ntnonnxx saxast no
exoparnnnomy o]opmnennm pasnnuntx sa-
nn
20
.
V. Foannncxn tn ocrarouno nsnecr-
ntm n nocrpeonanntm xyoxnnxom-exopa-
ropom n Herepypre. Onaxo antnemym
ero cyty npeonpeennna esrpannunax
nmont x cnoe ponne n ee napoy on pe-
maer nepnyrtcx n Kptm n nocnxrnrt cex
nsyuennm ncropnn n xyntrypt xptmcxnx ra-
rap
21
. Hmenno V. Foannncxomy npnnane-
xnr nonnomenne nen cosannx nepnoro
xptmcxo-rarapcxoro mysex n Faxuncapae.
Honnnnax ncropnx rex cotrn orpaxena
nm camnm n oruere nopna-mysex sa 1917
1919 rr.
22
Tax, n 1909 r. n C.-Herepypre tno cos-
ano Omecrno samnrt n coxpanennx n Poc-
cnn namxrnnxon ncxyccrna n crapnnt (npo-
cymecrnonano o ]enpanx 1917 r.). 31 mapra
1916 r. n Faxuncapae no nnnnnarnne mecrntx
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 51
xyoxnnxon, apxnrexropon n nmnrene nc-
xyccrna cocroxnoct orxptrne Faxuncapa-
cxoro orena (xpyxxa) ntmeyxasannoro O-
mecrna. Ero nosrnannn V.A. Foannncxn,
xannarypy xoroporo yrnepnn Coner O-
mecrna n Herporpae.
5 nmnx 1916 r. ranpnuecxomy ryepnaro-
py tno noano saxnnenne or yupenrene
Faxuncapacxoro orena Omecrna, n xoro-
pom yxastnanoct, uro nx saaue xnnxercx:
1) Perncrpannx n nsyuenne ncex, es nc-
xnmuennx, namxrnnxon apxnrexrypt,
cxyntnrypt n xyoxecrnenno npomtmnen-
nocrn.
2) Vcrpocrno n r. Faxuncapae xyoxecr-
nenno-ncropnuecxoro mysex, nauano xoropo-
ro yxe cymecrnyer n Faxuncapacxom |tn-
mem] xancxom nopne n n nne uacrntx xon-
nexnn y nexoroptx unenon xpyxxa
23
.
Myse n +ro npemx ne nmen o]nnnantno-
ro craryca, no oprannsannx mysex +ro ]op-
mnponanne ero xonnexnnn n saxnnenne o ero
cosannn, no+romy, na nam nsrnx, tno t
npannntntm cunrart ary 5 (18) nmnx
1916 r. nem ocnonannx nepnoro xptmcxora-
rapcxoro mysex.
Hornepxenne romy, uro yxe cymecr-
nonan rarapcxn myse n crenax tnmero
xancxoro nopna o ero o]nnnantnoro yupe-
xennx, moxno narn n oxnae V.A. Foa-
nnncxoro O mepax no samnre n coxpanennm
namxrnnxon rarapcxoro ncxyccrna n Kptmy,
onynnxonannom n rasere Ionoc rarap,
N10, or 30 cenrxpx 1917 r.
24
B oxnae Foannncxn nonnman no-
npoc, n rom uncne, n o coxpanennn tnmero
xancxoro nopna xax namxrnnxa xptmcxo-ra-
rapcxo apxnrexrypt. B ornomennn mysex
on, n uacrnocrn, nncan: npemennt n-
pexrop [nopna] onxen npoonxart nonon-
nenne nannonantnoro rarapcxoro mysex npn
Faxuncapacxom xancxom nopne
25
.
uenpantcxax penonmnnx 1917 r. ana
momnt ronuox pasnnrnm ypntx cotrn
n Kptmy, npoonxanmnxcx nnnort o 1922 r.
B +ro necnoxonoe, nonnoe rparnsma npemx,
xora nnacrt n Kptmy nepexonna ns pyx n
pyxn, xora xpacnt reppop cmenxncx entm
n naoopor, n Faxuncapae cmor ycroxrt n pas-
nnrtcx nepnt nannonantnt myse xptm-
cxo-rarapcxo xyntrypt n ncxyccrna.
Hocne npnxoa x nnacrn Bpemennoro
npannrentcrna tnmn xancxn nopen c
cenrxpx 1917 r. naxonncx n neennn
Vnpannennx rarapcxnmn enamn. Coxpan-
nocrt namxrnnxa tna nopyuena Tarapcxomy
ncropnxo-apxeonornuecxomy xpyxxy (Faxun-
capacxn oren Omecrna samnrt n coxpa-
nennx n Poccnn namxrnnxon ncxyccrna n cra-
pnnt), nosrnannxemomy V. Foannncxnm
26
.
25 cenrxpx 1917 r. pemennem Kptmcxo-
ro npemennoro Mycyntmancxoro ncnonnn-
rentnoro xomnrera on tn nasnauen npex-
ropom nopna
27
. Hosnee, 4 (17) oxrxpx
1917 r., npnxasom Tanpnuecxoro Iyepncxoro
xomnccapa Bpemennoro Poccncxoro npann-
rentcrna H.H. Foranona xyoxnnx Vcenn
Foannncxn tn nasnauen Komnccapom
Faxuncapacxoro |tnmero] xancxoro nop-
na
28
.
3 noxpx 1917 r. n crenax tnmero xan-
cxoro nopna ropxecrnenno orxptncx nx
nocemennx nepnt nannonantnt rarapcxn
myse
29
.
Hs oruera mysex sa 19171919 rr. cney-
er, uro myse ]ynxnnonnponan sa cuer
cpecrn, ntenenntx npexnne naponoro
npocnemennx Kptmcxo-rarapcxo npexro-
pnn, a raxxe sa cuer uacrntx noxeprnonann
n neontmnx oxoon or npoaxn nneron
30
.
Coxpannnact xonnx oxymenra Cmera
xancxoro nopna n Kptmcxo-rarapcxoro na-
nnonantnoro mysex n ropoe Faxuncapae sa
1918/19 yuent ro, cocrannennax Kptm-
cxo-rarapcxo nannonantno npexnne na-
ponoro npocnemennx, cornacno xoropo
npenonaranoct ntennrt 48600 pyne na
nyxt mysex
31
.
Ho nnnenrapno onncn npemeron Xy-
oxecrnenno-ncropnuecxoro nopna-mysex,
nponeenno n cenrxpe 1917 r., moxno cy-
nrt o npemerax, cocrannnmnx ony ns na-
uantntx xonnexnn mysex. Tax, nmymecrno
nopna cocrannxno 195 npemeron: 84 ]par-
menra apxnrexrypno orenxn nopna n 111
pasnnuntx npemeron, n rom uncne xptmcxo-
rarapcxoro exoparnnno-npnxnanoro ncxyc-
crna n pemecna, nxnmuax 24 npemera ns rxa-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 52
ne n 3 xonpa, 16 moner, 3 mentx xynmnna,
2 cann, xnnxan n nox; 17 npemeron ns ce-
pepa (ceptrn, npxxxn, pacner, xontna n
p.), 44 pasnnuntx npemera ns epena n
]ap]opa n p.
32
Cornacno onncn, n oxrxpe
1917 r. V. Foannncxn npnnxn nce npeme-
rt, naxonnmnecx na ror momenr no nopne.
Taxnm opasom, nepnonauantnym xon-
nexnnm mysex, nonyunnmero nasnanne Ta-
rapcxn xyoxecrnenno-ncropnuecxn my-
se
33
, cocrannnn npemert, copannte une-
namn Apxeonornuecxo xomnccnn n 1902
1908 rr., a raxxe xonnexnnn unenon Tarap-
cxoro ncropnxo-apxeonornuecxoro xpyxxa n
Faxuncapae, n rom uncne +rnorpa]nuecxax
xonnexnnx camoro V. Foannncxoro, o xoro-
po ynomnnan nsnecrnt nocroxone
A.H. Camononnu
34
.
Becrt o orxptrnn nannonantnoro my-
sex, no cnonam V. Foannncxoro, namna xn-
no orxnnx y mecrnoro nacenennx, ocoenno
rarapcxoro, uro ntpasnnoct n ontmom xo-
nnuecrne noxeprnonann nectma nenntx
npemeron ncxyccrna n crapnnt. Mecrnte
anrnxnapt n uacrnte npoannt raxxe oxor-
no nomnn nancrpeuy n ocrannxmr mysem
cneennx n marepnant. Taxnm opasom, n +ro
rpynoe nx ncxxo xyntrypno paort npe-
mx yanoct oorarnrt myse c nyxcor nome-
pon o ono rtcxun nectma nenntx xyo-
xecrnenno-ncropnuecxnx npemeron n n
ontmo mepe pacnpocrpannrt nem mysex
cpen rarapcxoro nacenennx, nncan V. Fo-
annncxn n cnoe oxnano sanncxe o no-
noxennn en nopna-mysex sa nepno c 1917
no 1919 r.
35
Bcxope tn cosan n Coner my-
sex, n xoropt nepnonauantno nomnn unent
Tarapcxoro ncropnxo-apxeonornuecxoro
xpyxxa
36
.
Hecranntnax nonnrnuecxax cnryannx n
Kptmy memana nopmantno paore mysex. B
+ro necnoxonoe npemx V. Foannncxn or-
crannan nomemennx nopna or unnonnnxon
tcrpo cmenxmmecx nnacrn. C max no an-
rycr 1918 r., xora V. Foannncxn tn n
orese, nopen noneprcx pasrpanennm
repmancxnmn nocxamn 7-ro Erepcxoro non-
xa. Omax cronmocrt ymepa cocrannna 2785
pyne
37
.
Cmena nnacrn n Kptmy n +ror nepno

ne
ntsnana nsmenenn n pyxonocrne nopna-
mysex. C npnxoom n nmne 1919 r. entx

cnryannx nsmennnact. Honax nnacrt paccmar-

pnnana nonpoc o cmemennn V. Foannncxoro.
B Iocyapcrnennom apxnne Anronomno Pec-
nynnxn Kptm (IAAPK) coxpannnact o]n-
nnantnax nepenncxa nontx nnacre, orpa-
xammax opty sa saneonanne nopnom-my-
seem.
9 cenrxpx 1919 r. na nmx ranpnuecxoro
ryepnaropa nocrynnno nnctmo or nauantnn-
xa Cnm]eponontcxoro yesa, re, xpome nce-
ro npouero, tno cxasano cneymmee: B
nepnte nn nepenopora, naroapx nnnxnnm
nesnaunrentno rpynnt emarornuecxn na-
crpoenntx xpannx +nemenron rarap, o roro
npemenn conepmenno nensnecrntx n mecrno
rarapcxo omecrnenno xnsnn, opasonan-
cx xptmcxo-mycyntmancxn ncnonnnrent-
nt xomnrer, xoropt na nepntx xe marax
cnoe exrentnocrn, nnx n Faxuncapacxom
nopne ne rontxo ncropnuecxn namxrnnx,
no n xontent nx xyntrnnnponannx cenapa-
rncrcxnx crpemnenn n yxe mnao-rypenxo-
ro nnxennx, saxnarntm nyrem sapan n cnon
pyxn nce +ro nmymecrno, r.e. ca, nopen, nce
sannx n coopyxennx, ycrponnmn 25 cenrx-
px 1917 roa saceanne, nocranonnn npexro-
pom no ynpannennm +rnm nmymecrnom na-
snaunrt nexoero Vcenna Foannncxoro, xo-
ropt xosxnnuaer sect n o cero npeme-
nn B nenxx coxpanennx n npeynpexennx
antnemero paspymennx n rnenn +roro
xpynnemero ncropnuecxoro namxrnnxa x
npnsnam neoxonmtm n nacroxrentno xoa-
racrnym nepe Bamnm Hpenocxonrentcr-
nom o nemenennom ycrpanennn or sanetna-
nnx nopnom Vcenna Foannncxoro, crannen-
nnxa npexropnn Ftno t xenarentntm n
nosmoxntm saneonanne nopnom nepeart
ropocxomy omecrnennomy ynpannennm, n

Cmena Kptmcxnx xpaentx npannrentcrn

M. Cyntxennua n C. Kptma c nmnx 1918 no an-
pent 1919 rr., a raxxe nepno ycranonnennx Co-
nercxo nnacrn (KCCP) (anpentnmnt 1919 r.).

Boopyxennte cnnt Rra Poccnn (A. enn-

xnn, c 21 mapra 1920 r. H. Bpanrent).
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 53
npornnnom cnyuae nopen onxen nocrynnrt
n neenne ryepncxo amnnncrpannn npn
nnxamem nanmennn axuncapacxoro
npncrana
38
.
B ror xe ent ranpnuecxomy ryepnaro-
py nocrynnna oxnanax ecrnnrentnoro
crarcxoro conernnxa A.I. Hnanenxo, nepea-
peconannax ns Orena nponarant, c nomer-
xo xon]nennnantno
39
. B ne Hnanenxo
yxastnan, uro nonyuennte n Cnm]eponone
cneennx o nepeaue Faxuncapacxoro xan-
cxoro nopna n saneonanne mecrnoro npn-
crana moryr nonneut neonontcrno cpen my-
cyntmancxoro nacenennx. Tax xax Xancxn
nopen, nomnmo namxrnnxa ncropnuecxoro,
eme xnnxercx pennrnosntm oexrom xa-
nt npecrannxnn ns cex ne rontxo ntcmym
rpaxancxym nnacrt, no n yxonnym, ro
nopen, c monentno nnyrpn ero, c coop-
no meuertm n xnanmem xanon nontsyercx
pennrnosntm nounrannem rarap. B oxna-
no raxxe ormeuanoct, uro n npexnee npemx,
xora nopen naxonncx n neennn MB, a-
mnnncrpannx ero, ne cunraxct c pennrnos-
ntm uyncrnom rarap, epxana na reppnropnn
nopna ncxxym xnnnocrt, sauacrym axe
cnnne
40
.
21 cenrxpx Bpemennax ocoax xomnccnx
o naxy]ax n Kptmy

nasnaunna V. Foannn-
cxoro npemenno saneymmnm Faxuncapa-
cxnm nopnom-myseem
41
. Komnccnx yneomn-
na ranpnuecxoro ryepnaropa o npnnxrnn 22
cenrxpx n cnoe neenne Faxuncapacxoro
nopnamysex conmecrno c n|cnonnxmmnm]
|enamn] ranpnuecxoro my]rnx na ocnonannn
npnxasa ranpnuecxoro rnannoxomanymmero
or 28 nmnx 1919 r.
42
H. . ranpnuecxoro my]-
rnx C.M. Knnuaxcxn nnuno onoxnn o
+rom ryepnaropy
43
. Onaxo +ro ne nomorno
V. Foannncxomy yepxartcx n onxnocrn
saneymmero.
8 oxrxpx nauantnnx Omnx en Tanpn-
uecxoro ryepncxoro ynpannennx nororonnn
oxna ryepnaropy o nonoxennn nopna c
1917 no 1919 r., re yxastnanoct, uro Faxun-

annax Komnccnx tna cosana nontmn

nnacrxmn nsamen pasrpomnenno nmn Kptmcxo-
rarapcxo npexropnn.
capacxn xancxn nopen xnnxercx xpyn-
ntm ncropnuecxnm namxrnnxom, naxonncx
ncera o ]enpanx 1917 r. n neennn MB n
coepxancx sa cuer rocyapcrna. Taxnm o-
pasom, Faxuncapacxn xancxn nopen, co-
crannxmmn rocyapcrnennoe ocroxnne, co-
croxn n nesaxonomepnom nnaennn cnauana
npemennoro ncnonnnrentnoro mycyntman-
cxoro xomnrera, a sarem Kptmcxo-rarapcxo
nannonantno npexropnn, n uro nx noccra-
nonnennx saxonnoro nopxxa yxasannt no-
pen nanexnr npnnxrt n cnoe neenne opra-
nam Mnnncrepcrna nnyrpennnx en
44
.
10 oxrxpx 1919 r. ranpnuecxn ryepna-
rop nasnaunn na onxnocrt saneymmero
tnmnm xancxnm nopnom crarcxoro coner-
nnxa C.A. Hnaxcnna
45
.
Onaxo V. Foannncxn ne ocrannn
opty sa nopen-myse. Tax, 21 oxrxpx
1919 r. on ntcrynnn c oxnaom O nonoxe-
nnn nopna-mysex n r. Faxuncapae sa 1917
1919 rr. n nomemennn Bpemenno xomnccnn
o naxy]ax, re npomno conemanne, oprannso-
nannoe no nnnnnarnne Tanpnuecxoro ynnnep-
cnrera n Tanpnuecxo yueno apxnnno xo-
mnccnn
46
.
Ha conemannn tno npnnxro pemenne o
cosannn xomnccnn no saneonannm ncro-
pnxo-xyoxecrnenno crapnno ynpannennx
Faxuncapacxoro xancxoro nopna n cocra-
ne: npecrannrene or MB, Tanpnuecxoro
ynnnepcnrera, Tanpnuecxoro maromerancxoro
yxonnoro npannennx, Bpemenno xomnccnn
o naxy]ax, TVAK, Omecrna ]nnoco]cxnx,
ncropnuecxnx n connantntx snann npn Tan-
pnuecxom ynnnepcnrere, a raxxe Faxunca-
pacxoro orena omecrna samnrt n coxpa-
nennx n Poccnn namxrnnxon ncxyccrna n cra-
pnnt. Vuacrnnxn annoro conemannx nocra-
nonnnn npocnrt n.. ranpnuecxoro my]rnx
oparnrtcx x ranpnuecxomy ryepnaropy c
npocto o xenarentnocrn cosannx raxo
Komnccnn
47
.
13 noxpx 1919 r. raxoe nnctmo c nporo-
xonom conemannx n xonne oxnaa V. Foa-
nnncxoro tno ornpanneno ranpnuecxomy ry-
epnaropy ranpnuecxnm maromerancxnm y-
xonntm npannennem sa nonnctm n. . ran-
pnuecxoro my]rnx C.M. Knnuaxcxoro
48
.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 54
Hpocta ocranact es yonnernopennx, no-
+romy yxe 31 exapx 1919 r. Coner Tanpn-
uecxoro ynnnepcnrera oparnncx n nnctme x
ranpnuecxomy ryepnaropy c npocto nepe-
art npano no nasopy sa Faxuncapacxnm
nopnom tnme Hmneparopcxo apxeonorn-
uecxo xomnccnn, ocymecrnnxnme panee ra-
xo nasop sa xyoxecrnenno n nayuno
cropono +roro ncropnuecxoro oexra
49
.
Hs nnctma unenon Tarapcxoro ncropnxo-
apxeonornuecxoro xpyxxa or 20 mapra
1920 r., nanpannennoro ranpnuecxomy ryep-
naropy, cranonnrcx xcno, uro nonoxenne
nopna-mysex ne nsmennnoct:
1) nopen-myse n annoe npemx oxa-
sancx n neonpeenennom nonoxennn;
2) saneymmn nopnom n ncemn ero
yrotxmn C.A. Hnaxcnn ne tn n r. Faxunca-
pae c 25 oxrxpx 1919 roa, xora on npnes-
xan cma no npnxasy Bamero Hpenocxon-
rentcrna npnnnmart tnm|n] xancxn no-
pen co ncem ero nnnenrapem n cnoe neenne;
3) xyoxnnx V.A. Foannncxn, xnny-
mn npn nopne, sannmaercx ncxnmunrentno
Tarapcxnm xyoxecrnenno-ncropnuecxnm
myseem, a no nce ocrantnoe cunraer cex ne n
npane nxonrt
50
.
anee cneyer npocta unenon xpyxxa
nepeart nopen n neenne Ocoo xomnccnn
no naxy]am n Kptmy, a o +roro momenra no-
pyunrt xpyxxy cnenrt sa nopxxom
51
.
B annom nnctme naxna nn]opmannx o
Tarapcxom xyoxecrnenno-ncropnuecxom
mysee, xoropt npoonxan paorart n +ro
npemx no pyxonocrnom V. Foannncxoro.
Hpnmeuarentno raxxe, uro nnctmo tno na-
nncano na ymare c yrnontm mramnom Ta-
rapcxn xyoxecrnenno-ncropnuecxn my-
se
52
.
Tem ne menee nnacrn n na +ror pas nnxax
ne orpearnponann. Taxnm opasom, nonpoc o
saneonannn Faxuncapacxnm nopnom rax n
ocrancx es paccmorpennx.
B noxpe 1920 r. nnacrt n Kptmy tna
nnont nsxra ontmennxamn, a n xnnape
1921 r. npnxasom Kptmcxoro penonmnnonno-
ro xomnrera KptmOXPHCy tnn nepeant
nce ncropnuecxne n tronte namxrnnxn
Kptma.
Faxuncapacxn OXPHC nosrnannn
V. Foannncxn, n ero neenne nepeana-
nnct:
1) xancxn nopen, xancxoe xnanme n
nce mpe (mansonen) Faxuncapacxoro pa-
ona;
2) pasnannnt ropoa uy]yr-Kane;
3) pasnannnt ropoa Manryn-Kane;
4) pasnannnt Tene-Kepmena n uepxes-
Kepmena
53
.
21 mapra 1921 r. OXPHC nsxn no oxpa-
ny om-myse ntammerocx npocnernrenx
Hcmanna Iacnpnncxoro, n 1924 r. Koxxos-
cxn nopen, npocymecrnonanmn xax myse
o oxrxpx 1925 r.
Cranonnenne mysex npoxonno n cypo-
ntx, nouac rparnuecxnx ycnonnxx. Tax,
crpamnt rono n Kptmy 19211922 rr. ynec
xnsnn 40% xptmcxnx rarap (ncero nornno
onee 100000 uenonex, ns nnx 75000 xptm-
cxnx rarap)
54
.
B oruere mysex sa 1922 r. Foannncxn
nncan: Hepnax nononnna oruernoro roa o
1-ro nmnx nx axuncapacxoro OXPHCa n
nopna-mysex tna npemenem upesntuano
rxxentm no ncex ornomennxx: rono pasnnn-
cx o uyonnmntx pasmepon n n pesyntrare
ynec 40% nacenennx; n ecrnennom nonoxe-
nnn oxasannct n corpynnxn OXPHCa: or ro-
noa n ero nocnecrnn nornnn 2 uenonexa:
1) yuent corpynnx mysex Enrenn Hn.
Cnnmen (yuent-apxeonor), 2) cmorpnrent
pennocre 3cxn-Rpra n Ktpxnap 3yexnp
Acan
55
. Cam Vcenn Foannncxn nepenec
ctnno rn] n rxxeno ]opme. Ocman Axuo-
xpaxnt

, xnnxnmncx yuentm cexperapem

Ocman Axuoxpaxnt ncropnx Kptma, +rno-

rpa], naneorpa], ncxyccrnone, reorpa], nnrepa-
rop. Ponncx n 1879 r. n Faxuncapae, saxonunn
3tnxtpnt mepece. B 1895 r. yunncx n Typnnn,
c nentm camoopasonannx noceman Kanp. Hpeno-
anan xannnrpa]nm na ]axyntrere Bocrountx
xstxon Canxr-Herepyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera n
1899 1901 rr., n rom uncne nsnecrnomy nocroxo-
ney H.R. Kpauxoncxomy. Vxpacnn opnamenramn
n nnraramn ns Kopana nexoropte meuern Herep-
ypra n Faxuncapax. nnxncx corpynnxom xptm-
cxo-rarapcxo rasert Tepxnman (n 1906, 1910
1916 rr.). B 1917 1918 rr. nsnpancx unenom
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 55
nopna-mysex, tn ntnyxen yexart n Cnm-
]eponont
56
.
Hs oruera V. Foannncxoro sa 1919
1920 rr. cranonnrcx nsnecrno, cxontxo ueno-
nex paorano n mysee o 1922 r. 3ro tnn:
1) Vcenn Foannncxn saneymmn
Faxuncapacxnm OXPHCom n nopnom-myse-
em;
2) Bexsae M. Bexn xpannrent
oma-mysex H. Iacnpnncxoro (c nmnx
1921 r.);
3) Henxantcxn B.u. cmorpnrent Fax-
uncapacxoro nopna-mysex n ononpemenno
npononnx;
4) Ianunncxax A. naxrep mysex (x xon-
ny 1921 r. onxnocrt naxrepa n cropoxa sa-
nnman H.u. Ionrapenxo);
5) Kaynna Hcmann naxrep Koxxoscxo-
ro nopna (c nmnx 1921 r. A. Hxrn]sae).
anee n oruere V. Foannncxn yxast-
nan na neocrarounocrt mrara, rax xax ne-
oxonmo nsxrt no oxpany OXPHCa manso-
ne Xaxn-Inpex, 3nnxnpnt-mepece n
Asns Iasn-Mancypa
57
.
H nce xe myse ntxnn. B 1923 r. ero no-
cernnn 3521 uenonex, a oxo ero cocrannn
13733 pyne 75 xoneex
58
.
Hecmorpx na ro, uro nopen-myse o]n-
nnantno cymecrnonan c oxrxpx 1917 r., o-
xymenrantnoe o]opmnenne npn ontmenncr-
cxo nnacrn xptmcxo-rarapcxn myse nony-
unn nnmt 18 mapra 1922 r. (o +rom cnne-
rentcrnyer nporoxon saceannx Kptmcxoro
Kypynrax. Ftn nepntm xpannrenem oma-mysex
ntammerocx xptmcxo-rarapcxoro npocnernrenx
Hcmanna Iacnpnncxoro. Hpenoanan n 3tnxtp-
nt mepece. C 1922 r. npenoanan n Kptmcxom
nearornuecxom nncrnryre nocrounym xannnrpa-
]nm n naneorpa]nm, rypenxn xstx, xptmcxo-
rarapcxn ]ontxnop n +rnorpa]nm, xnnxncx une-
nom npannennx TOHA3 n apxeorpa]nuecxo xo-
mnccnn KptmOXPHC. Hayunax exrentnocrt
O. Axuoxpaxnt n mysee tna onee uem snaun-
rentno on yuacrnnx n oprannsarop conmecrno
c V. Foannncxnm npaxrnuecxn ncex apxeonorn-
uecxnx n +rnorpa]nuecxnx +xcnennn. O. Axuo-
xpaxnt paoran c pyxonncntm, xnnxntm ]onom
mysex, sannmancx ero cncremarnsanne n nsyue-
nnem.
Hpesnnyma CHK N 40 or 18 mapra 1922 r.,
cornacno xoropomy nocranonnnn cosart ra-
rapcxn myse n Faxuncapae)
59
.
B +ror nepno V. Foannncxn pasnep-
nyn mnpoxym exrentnocrt no nonynxpnsa-
nnn mysex ne rontxo n Kptmy, no n n nenom
n crpane n axe na mexynaponom yponne
(n ]onax KPV FHK3 coxpannnnct nnctma
V. Foannncxomy ns Fpnrancxoro mysex n or
nocna nonnn)
60
.
Tpynoe marepnantnoe nonoxenne mysex
ocrananoct rnanno nponemo na nporxxe-
nnn ncex ner ero cymecrnonannx. Tax, nanpn-
mep, n 1923 r. Inannayxo na pecranpannm
xancxoro nopna tno nteneno ncero 450
pyne. Foannncxomy npnxonnoct yx-
nantno ntnnart cpecrna. nx nontmennx
craryca mysex n ynyumennx ero marepnant-
noro nonoxennx on onncx or npannrentcr-
na Kptmcxo anronomnn xoaracrnonannx
nepe npesnnymom BHHK n Mocxne o nxnm-
uennn mysex n cert yupexenn Inannayxn
PCuCP, cocroxmnx na rocyapcrnennom
mxere. Bonpoc tn pemen nonoxnrentno
n cenrxpe 1925 r.
61
Crpemnrentno pocnn ]ont mysex. Co-
rnacno Knnram nocrynnenn, n 1922 r. n my-
see nacunrtnanoct 1835 ennnn xpanennx, a
x xonny 1923 r. yxe 2254. K 1934 r. n ]onax
mysex nacunrtnanoct 2715 npemeron ncro-
pnuecxoro n +rnorpa]nuecxoro xapaxrepa, ne
cunrax crapnnntx pyxonncntx n neuarntx
xnnr, a raxxe npemeron ns apxeonornuecxnx
+xcnennn
62
. Knnrn nocrynnnn rnanntm o-
pasom ns nnnorex 3tnxtpnt mepece,
Fymx Xan xamn (Fontmo xancxo meuern)
n nnuno nnnorexn Hcmanna Iacnpnncxo-
ro
63
. B 1928 r. xnnrn tnn ntneent ns ]on-
on n nepeant n cosannym npn nopne-my-
see nnnorexy. Bcero crapnnntx xnnr na-
cunrtnanoct onee nonyropa rtcxu ennnn,
ns nnx 600 pyxonncntx
64
.
B oruerax Mysex Foannncxn ormeuan:
Vupexenne cocronr ns 3-x uacre: a) no-
pen xax xyoxecrnenno-apxnrexrypnt na-
mxrnnx rarapcxoro rnopuecrna XVI
XVIII nn.; ) Myse rarapcxo xyntrypt (]a-
cante ]nnrenx nont peuxn); n) Fnnnoreu-
nt ]nnrent
65
.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 56
uopmnponanne ]onon mysex c camoro
ero ocnonannx nmeno ne cnyuant xapax-
rep. Henenanpannenno saxynannct nnn nepe-
anannct n ap npemert, ornocxmnecx x nc-
ropnn n +rnorpa]nn xptmcxnx rarap, ncxyc-
crny mycyntmancxoro Bocroxa.
Onnm ns camtx pannnx nocrynnenn
crano nocrounoe opyxne. Eme n 1917 r. tna
noapena canx (xntu) 3y Fexnp Ay
Katp 3]enn
66
. Fontmoe xonnuecrno noc-
rounoro opyxnx ns xonnexnnn F.C. Hanpona
tno nepeano n ap n 1919 r. rpaxanxo
Hanpono: xrarant, cann, nncronert, pyxtx
n p.
67
V Faxmnma Faxmnmena tna xynnena
canx xntu-nana
68
, a y tnmero nonnnme-
crepa Faxuncapax A. Hnanenxo myse npno-
pen n 1918 r. canm nno-npancxo paort
rantnap
69
.
Myse nocrenenno npnoperan nce ont-
mee xonnuecrno npemeron +rnorpa]nuecxo-
ro xapaxrepa, xoropte ncxope cocrannnn no-
annxmmee ontmnncrno ero xonnexnnn.
Tax, n 1918 r. npexnnx naxy]on n ]nnancon
nepnoro xptmcxo-rarapcxoro npannrentcrna
Kptmcxo Hapono Pecnynnxn noapnna
rxante can]erxn (xtpts)
70
.
B nocrpoennn +rnorpa]nuecxnx +xcnosn-
nn npnmenxnnct cnennantno nsroronnen-
nte manexent, c nomomtm xoroptx noccos-
anannct cnent nponsnocrna nsenn exo-
parnnno-npnxnanoro ncxyccrna n xyoxecr-
nenntx npomtcnon xptmcxnx rarap
71
.
3xcnosnnnn nopna-mysex cosanannct
na nayuno ocnone n xnaccn]nnnponannct no
orenam cornacno paspaorannomy +xcxypcn-
onnomy paccxasy. B nauane 1930-x roon n my-
see cymecrnonann cneymmne orent:
1. Bnont oren 3 xomnart (1-ax:
oxnacconoe omecrno n Kptmy, 2-ax:
paonnaentuecxoe omecrno n Kptmy, 3-ax:
pannn ]eoannsm n Kptmy);
2. Kptmcxoe xancrno 20 xomnar
(opyxne, xpntxn, xnnrn, no n ontme cre-
nenn noxas apxnrexrypt n nnreptepa nop-
na);
3. Kptm xononnx napcxo Poccnn
3 xomnart;
4. Penonmnnonnt oren 3 xomna-
rt;
5. Oren connanncrnuecxoro crpon-
rentcrna nomemennx coopno meuern
(Xan-xamn)
72
.
3xcxypcnonnt nnan Faxuncapacxoro
nopna-mysex rmpxo-rarapcxo xyntrypt,
paspaorannt n 1926 r. unenamn xpaeneue-
cxoro xpyxxa M. Onnnontm, . Iposntm,
V. Foannncxnm, tn oopen Inannonnr-
npocnerom HKH PCuCP. On npeycmarpn-
nan cneymmne mapmpyrt: Canaunx n uy-
]yr-Kane (nocemenne 13 oexron, n r.u.
epennn Canaunx, 3nnxnpnt mepece, mp-
e Xaxn-Inpex, Vcnencxoro monacrtpx, a
raxxe oexrt na uy]yr-Kane); nopen
Xan-Capa (nocemenne 16 oexron); Kyc-
rapnte npomtcnt Faxuncapax (nocemenne
9 oexron, n r.u. nexon Faxuncapax); Xn-
nnme n tr xptmcxnx rarap (nocemenne 11
oexron); Maryn-Kane (nocemenne 11
oexron)
73
.
Hepnocrenenno xnnxnact oprannsannx
nayuno paort mysex. V. Foannncxn mac-
mrano noxonn x pemennm saau, croxmnx
nepe OXPHCom n myseem. On npnstnan co-
xpanxrt n nsyuart nce namxrnnxn Faxunca-
pacxoro paona, no nanonee npnopnrer-
ntm tno nx nero nsyuenne ncropnuecxnx
oexron, xoropte tnn mano nccneonant
o +roro npemenn. 3ro namxrnnxn sonoroop-
tncxo +noxn na uy]yr-Kane, n 3cxn-mpre
n Ktpxasnsnep, a raxxe n Crapom Kptmy;
namxrnnxn nepnoa Kptmcxoro xancrna n
onnne Amnama-epe, re naxonnnct onee
pannne pesnennnn Inpeen (coxpannnnct
mpe Xaxn-Inpex n 3tnxtpnt mepe-
ce), Asns Iasn-Mancypa n p. V. Foannn-
cxn crpemnncx npnart nsyuennm namxrnn-
xon xptmcxo-rarapcxo xyntrypt n ncxyccr-
na rocyapcrnennym snaunmocrt. nx +roro n
1923 r. on conepmnn necxontxo noesox n
Mocxny n Herporpa, re ycranonnn xonrax-
rt c raxnmn nayuntmn yupexennxmn, xax
Bcepoccncxax acconnannx nocroxoneennx,
Mysent oren Inannayxn, Hapxomnpoc
PCuCP n Axaemnx ncropnn marepnantno
xyntrypt. Tam Foannncxn saunran px
oxnaon o myseno-nayuno paore n Fax-
uncapacxom mysee, n xoroptx nposnyuana
oecnoxoennocrt cocroxnnem axuncapa-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 57
cxnx namxrnnxon. B pesyntrare tno npnnx-
ro pemenne nstcxart cpecrna na noepxa-
nne +rnx namxrnnxon
74
.
B 1924 r. na III Bcexptmcxo xon]epen-
nnn mysentx paornnxon n Cenacronone
tna npnnxra pesonmnnx o oxasannn ncxue-
cxoro coecrnnx orxptrnm n Faxuncapae
Hayuno-nccneonarentcxoro nncrnryra no
nsyuennm xyntrypt xptmcxnx rarap, nocne
uero nopen-myse npenparnncx n nenrp no
nccneonannm xptmcxo-rarapcxo xyntrypt
n +rnorpa]nn. Hocne +ro xon]epennnn
KptmOXPHC namernn cneymmne nepno-
ouepente saaun n nnant:
1. Costn Bcexptmcxoro Cesa no ra-
raponeennm c npnnneuennem x nemy npe-
crannrene pyrnx pecnynnx n orentntx
yuentx cnennanncron.
2. Orxptrne n Cnm]eponone orenennx
Bcepoccncxo acconnannn nocroxoneennx.
3. Cosanne n Faxuncapae Hncrnryra ra-
raponeennx, xax nenrpa rarapcxo xyntry-
pt, re coxpannnoct nanontmee xonnuecrno
namxrnnxon rarapcxo marepnantno xyntry-
pt.
4. Oprannsannx conmecrno c mocxoncxn-
mn n nennnrpacxnmn yuentmn-raraponea-
mn +rnorpa]nuecxo +xcnennnn nx copa
npemeron tra n nx nsyuennx yxonno
xyntrypt.
5. Oprannsannx pacxonox nepno rarap-
cxo cronnnt n Kptmy Conxar (Crapt
Kptm).
6. Vcranonnenne cnxsn n pyxonocrno n
conpannn n nsyuennn marepnanon rarapcxo
xyntrypt na nepn]epnn xpaeneuecxnmn
xuexamn n orentntmn nnnamn, nnrepecym-
mnmncx +ro xyntrypo
75
.
B mapre 1925 r. npn Hapxomare npocne-
mennx Kptma npomno saceanne xonnernn,
na xoropo ocyxancx nonpoc o nponeennn
n Kptmy raraponeuecxoro cesa, xya
npenonaranoct npnrnacnrt neymnx nocro-
xoneon, a raxxe ncex sannrepeconanntx
yuentx crpant. Hnnnnaropom nponeennx
cesa raxxe tn neyromnmt Vcenn Foa-
nnncxn, paoranmn na npoexrom oprann-
sannn ero nourn na roa. Orxptrne nnann-
ponanoct na 1 nmnx 1925 r. n Iocyapcrnen-
nom Mysee rarapcxo xyntrypt n Faxunca-
pae. V. Foannncxn paspaoran nnan-npoexr
meponpnxrn +roro cesa nnnort o cmer na
nnranne n ntcrynnenn oxnaunxon
76
. K co-
xanennm, ces ne cocroxncx no nensnecr-
ntm npnunnam.
Bce cotrnx +roro npemenn orpaxannct
n nnuntx nennnxax V. Foannncxoro, nx co-
xpannnoct ncero rpn (c exapx 1923 r. no
xnnapt 1926 r.)

nennnxn xnnxmrcx ecnen-

ntmn ncrounnxamn no ncropnn pasnnrnx n
oprannsannn nayuno paort Faxuncapa-
cxoro nopna-mysex n n nenom myseeneennx
Kptma. Hanncant onn uacrnuno na xptm-
cxo-rarapcxom (apacxo rpa]nxo) n pyc-
cxom xstxax
77
.
Ono ns ocnonntx saau OXPHCa n
mysex tna pecranpannx apxnrexrypnoro na-
mxrnnxa Xan-Capax tnme pesnennnn
xptmcxnx xanon. Hayunym pecranpannm ero
rax n ne nponsnenn, xorx +ror nonpoc nonn-
mancx eme c 1897 r. Inanno npnunno tno
orcyrcrnne cpecrn na peannsannm raxoro
npoexra.
C nauana 1925 r. Foannncxn npenpn-
nnman mept no nanaxnnannm nopmantnoro
]nnancnponannx nopna-mysex. On onncx
ntenennx 15825 pyne ns cpecrn pesepn-
noro ]ona CHK PCuCP. Ha pemonr nopna
ornonnoct 9000 pyne. K coxanennm,
entrn ntenxnnct uacrxmn no 625 pyne,
ns-sa uero onxnt pemonr ne tn nponsne-
en
78
. Ftnn nocrenenno nepenoxent nce ue-
pennunte xptmn sann nopna, a raxxe
ntnonnen pemonr Coxonnno amnn.
Hayunax exrentnocrt mysex ne orpann-
unnanact pamxamn paort n camom nopne,
naxntmn nanpannennxmn n nayuno-npaxrn-
uecxo exrentnocrn tnn apxeonornuecxne

B ]onax KPV FHK3 xpanxrcx raxxe none-

nte nennnxn ns +xcnennn: noxnor Apxeo-
nornuecxax +xcnennnx, Crapt Kptm 1926 r.;
rerpan Marepnant no semnerpxcennm 1927 r.
1 n 2 uacrt; rerpan Pacxonxn mepece n
1928 r. (Crapt Kptm) 14 uacrn; Terpat
N 1. 3rnorpa]nuecxax +xcnennnx 15 nmnx no 17
anrycra 1925 r.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 58
n +rnorpa]nuecxne +xcnennnn. Bor xparxax
xpononornx raxnx nstcxann.
B cenrxpe 1924 r. unen Hpannennx na-
yuno Acconnannn nocroxoneennx npn
HHK CCCP npo]eccop H.H. Foposnn, npo-
]eccop H.H. 3pncr, san. Faxuncapacxnm my-
seem V.A. Foannncxn nponenn conemanne
no 3cxn-Rpry n Ktpxnap n npnnxnn peme-
nne +rn nennemne namxrnnxn sonoroop-
tncxoro nepnoa Kptma onxnt trt no-
neprnyrt rmarentnomy apxeonornuecxomy
nccneonannm
79
.
B oxrxpe 1924 r. npo]eccop-apxeonor
A.C. Famxnpon conmecrno c V.A. Foannn-
cxnm n npo]eccopom H.H. 3pncrom npncry-
nnnn x ocneonannm 3cxn-Rpra, Asnsa n
Ktpxnapa (Ktpx-Asnsnepa). B noxpe roro
xe roa tna npenpnnxra npenapnrentnax
+xcnennnx n Crapt Kptm c nentm npone-
ennx apxeonornuecxnx pacxonox.
3rnorpa]nuecxne +xcnennnn xax xom-
nnexcnoe nayunoe nccneonanne rpannn n
marepnantno xyntrypt xptmcxnx rarap cra-
nn sannmart ocooe mecro. Tax, n 1925 r.
Faxuncapacxnm nopnom-myseem conmecrno
c KptmHHK CHK no nsyuennm xptmcxo-ra-
rapcxo xyntrypt tna nponeena nnrent-
nax xpynnomacmranax +xcnennnx. Ee ax-
rnnntmn yuacrnnxamn tnn V. Foannn-
cxn, O. Axuoxpaxnt, A. Pe]aron n rpoe
npaxrnxanron. Onn nocernnn 64 nacenenntx
nynxra n npoexann onee 600 xm n reuenne
45 ne, copan ontmoe xonnuecrno nen-
nemero +rnorpa]nuecxoro marepnana. Bo
npemx +xcnennnn V. Foannncxn nen nen-
nnx, n xoropom tnn orpaxent annte o
+rnorpa]nn xptmcxnx rarap
80
.
B 19251926 rr. cocroxnact ontmax co-
nmecrnax apxeonornuecxax +xcnennnx Fax-
uncapacxoro nopna-mysex n nayuno Ac-
connannn nocroxoneennx npn HHK CCCP
no pyxonocrnom npo]eccopa H.H. Fopos-
nna n 3cxn Kptm (Crapt Kptm). B ne
npnnnmann yuacrne npo]. A.C. Famxnpon,
apxnrexrop H.H. Ionnancxn, O. Axuo-
xpaxnt, V. Foannncxn, ronorpa]t 3se-
xoncxn n u.M. Monn, a raxxe rpoe npax-
rnxanron. B xoe +ro +xcnennnn tnn
nponsneent pacxonxn meuern n mepece
XIV n. xana Vsexa, nopen n xnaprant cra-
poro ropoa
81
.
B anpenemae 1927 r. no pyxonocrnom
npo]eccopa H.3. Ipaapx cocroxnact conme-
crnax +xcnennnx Inannayxn n Faxuncapa-
cxoro mysex no ocneonannm Cmpentcxo
amnn, Manryn-Kane n uepxes-Kepmena. B
xonne max roro xe roa na ces Bceyxpann-
cxo acconnannn nocroxoneennx n r. Xapt-
xon myse xomannponan cnoero yuenoro cex-
perapx Ocmana Axuoxpaxnt, nocne uero on
nmecre c npaxrnxanrom mysex Fnnxnom
xennapontm tn nanpannen ocneonart
uy]yr-Kane c nentm nororonxn apxeonorn-
uecxo +xcnennnn, xoropax cocroxnact ne-
rom 1928 r. Vuacrnnxn +xcnennnn V. Foa-
nnncxn, O. Axuoxpaxnt n nsnecrnt apxn-
rexrop F.H. 3actnxnn ns Mocxnt nponsnenn
pacxonxn ontmo meuern XIV n. Ononpe-
menno c +rnm nennct pacxonxn xancxoro
nopna n onnne Amnama. B anrycre 1928 r.
tnn npoonxent pacxonxn n Crapom Kpt-
my
82
.
Pesyntrarom +rnorpa]nuecxnx n apxeo-
nornuecxnx +xcnennn, xpome orpomnoro
]axrnuecxoro marepnana, copannoro n xoe
+rnx nstcxann, tna nynnxannx pxa na-
yuntx crare yuacrnnxon +xcnennn, n rom
uncne n V. Foannncxoro. Ero paora Ap-
xeonornuecxoe n +rnorpa]nuecxoe nsyuenne
rarap n Kptmy tna ntnymena n 1929 r. or-
entntm nsannem
83
.
K coxanennm, 1930 r. xnnncx nocnennm
room, xora xptmcxo-rarapcxn myse tn
yuacrnnxom raxnx +xcnennn. B nmne +roro
roa O. Axuoxpaxnt tn xomannponan my-
seem na apxeonornuecxne pacxonxn n Crapt
Kptm, sarem na uy]yr-Kane. Paora ne tna
sanepmena. Hpnunno romy nocnyxnno nsme-
nenne nonnrnxn rocyapcrna no ornomennm
x nayuntm noxoam nsyuennx xyntrypno
c]ept xnsnn conercxoro napoa, n rom uncne
n x oprannsannn nayuno paort n mysexx
84
.
3ro tno crpamnoe npemx, xora nonna
penpeccn saxnecrnyna nayunte yupexennx
crpant, oxarnnact ona n o Kptma. B +ror
cnoxnt nepno V. Foannncxn ntrancx
npornnocroxrt nauanmnmcx nsmenennxm.
Tax, n 3cxn-Kepmencxo +xcnennnn 1931
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 59
1933 r. Faxuncapacxn myse o]nnnantno
yxe ne npnnnman yuacrne, no V. Foannn-
cxn, no cornaconannm c Iocyapcrnenno
Axaemne ncropnn marepnantno xyntrypt
nm. H.. Mappa, nponen pasneounte paort
na yxpennennn Kts-Kynne. Ero crartx no pe-
syntraram +rnx nccneonann tna onynn-
xonana n 1935 r., yxe nocne ynontnennx ero
ns Faxuncapacxoro nopna-mysex
85
. Ona
oxasanact nocnene onynnxonanno nayu-
no paoro Foannncxoro.
Hepnt snonox nposnyuan eme n
1925 r., xora V. Foannncxomy, no nens-
necrntm npnunnam, ne nosnonnnn oprannso-
nart Bcecomsnt ces no raraponeennm.
3arem opta Conercxo nnacrn c pennrne
oepnynact uyonnmno axnne no cnocy pe-
nnrnosntx xyntrontx sann, npnuem cno-
cnnnct n pennne. B onom rontxo Faxunca-
pae tno 35 meuere, ceronx uacrnuno co-
xpannnnct nnmt nxrt.
B Faxuncapae tna paspymena uacrt cra-
pnnno sacrpoxn, na ee mecre nosnonnnct
conpemennte sannx. Hpnmeuarentno, uro
paspaorannt myseem n 1926 r. mapmpyr
+xcxypcn nxnmuan n cex noxas nocrpoex
cpenenexonoro ropoa, ero pennnx npomt-
cnon, xycrapnoro nponsnocrna, snaxomcrno
c pemecnamn n trom Faxuncapax
86
. B CCCP
+ro tn nepnt +rnorpa]nuecxn myse no
orxptrtm neom. Hoont cymecrnonan na
ror momenr nnmt n Bnennn snamennrt
Cxancen, cosannt n 1891 r. A. Xasenny-
com.
To, uro c raxnm rpyom orcrannan V. Fo-
annncxn, esxanocrno ynnuroxanoct na
ero rnasax.
B 1930 r. enerart I Bcepoccncxoro my-
senoro cesa yenxnn ocnonnoe nnnmanne
ntpaorxe nontx npnnnnnon nocrpoennx +xc-
nosnnn, xoropte onxnt tnn nanonee
nenecoopasno n ntnrptmno noxasart mare-
pnan n mapxcncrcxom ocnemennn. Ha cese
nouepxnnanact neoxonmocrt paspymennx
myseen npomnoro. Bcx nayunax paora n my-
sexx tna cnepnyra, a mysenax +xcnosnnnx
onxna tna crart ono ns naxnemnx
]opm nponaranncrcxo paort
87
. B crpane
nauanact opta c nannonantntm yxnonom.
Beymne nocroxonet, c xoroptmn paoran
V. Foannncxn, noneprnnct rpanne, penpec-
cnxm n tnn ocyxent na pasnnunte cpoxn
saxnmuennx. 3ro H.H. Foposnn, I.A. Fonu-
Ocmononcxn, A.C. Famxnpon, F.H. 3actn-
xnn, H.H. 3pncr n p.
88
V. Foannncxn, nocnpnnxnmn c no-
oymennennem nepnte marn Conercxo nna-
crn n c]epe pasnnrnx mysenoro ena

, tn
pasouaponan rem nnnnsmom, c xoroptm +ra
nnacrt, nponosrnamax onn nennocrn, na e-
ne peannsontnana concem pyrne. axe n
+rnx ycnonnxx on naxonn n cee cnnt nx
paort n enan nce or nero sanncxmee, uro-
t n antme nsyuart ncropnuecxoe npomnoe
cnoero napoa.
Tax, n nocnenem paspaorannom npons-
nocrnennom nnane nopna-mysex na 1934 r.
V. Foannncxn onxen tn oropasnrt no-
nte saaun, nocrannennte nepe mysexmn
Conercxo nnacrtm: xax yupexennx neno-
nponaranncrcxoro xapaxrepa, onn onxnt
tnn npocnannxrt sanoenannx connannsma. B
nnane nce xe coepxnrcx necxontxo rem, no-
cnxmenntx ncropnn n xyntrype xptmcxnx
rarap. 3ro, nanpnmep, sanepmenne nepenoa
sanncox rypenxoro nyremecrnennnxa XVII n.
3nnnx uenen, cenanntx nm n Kptmy.
V. Foannncxn nxnmunn n nnan na 1934 r.
nynnxannm +roro nepenoa; x coxanennm,
cyta nepenoa nensnecrna. Ftn sannannpo-
nan nepeno nepntx 75 romon xanacxep-
cxnx rerpae naxnoro ncropnuecxoro nc-
rounnxa nx nccneonannx connantno-+xono-
mnuecxoro ycrpocrna Kptmcxoro xancrna.
V. Foannncxn raxxe nnannponan saxon-
unrt paory no ncxyccrny xptmcxnx rarap
89
.
Vnt, +rnm nnanam ne cyxeno tno
ctrtcx. 10 mapra 1934 r. on, cornacno npn-
xasy Hapxomnpoca, nepean ena Faxunca-
pacxoro Iocyapcrnennoro nopna-mysex
nonomy npexropy F.H. uaxony
90
.
Vnontnenne Foannncxoro ne tno nx
nero neoxnannocrtm. Hpenorom nocnyxnn
+xcnosnnnonnt cren n mysee, paccxast-
nanmn o penonmnnonntx cotrnxx n Kpt-

V. Foannncxn tn ecnaprnntm.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 60
my: naprnnt unnonnnx Cemenon opymnn-
cx na nero c pesxo xpnrnxo, ycmorpen na-
nnonanncrnuecxn yxnon n noaue marepna-
na
91
. Foannncxn ne cran orcrannart cnom
npanory on tn ne n cnnax npornnocroxrt
uyonnmno rocyapcrnenno cncreme cra-
nnncxoro nponsnona. Bosmoxno, +ror yxo
nomor emy nsexart yuacrn paspymnrenx
cosannoro nm mysex.
Hocne yxoa V. Foannncxoro nocneo-
nan px ynontnenn pyrnx corpynnxon my-
sex. Vxe na cneymmn ent tn ynonen xpa-
nnrent mysex H.. Heman c ]opmynnponxo
nnny onymennx nonnrnuecxnx omnox no
Mysem, a raxxe mapxcncrxo nentepxan-
nocrn +xcnosnnnn
92
. Eme pantme, 14 ]enpa-
nx 1934 r., ynonen nayunt corpynnx Bex-
sae Memer Bexn, xoroporo V. Foannncxn
nastnan nyumnm apancrom Kptma; nosxe on
tn ocyxen na nnrentnt cpox n antne-
max cyta ero nensnecrna
93
.
B mysee cnopaunnamrcx orent ncropnn
mysex, +rnorpa]nuecxn oren. Ocranmnecx
+xcnosnnnn nepecrpannamrcx n yxe sanoe-
nann connannsma. Hanpnmep, n rnanno
meuern Faxuncapax Xan-xamn tn orxptr
mysent oren, +xcnosnnnx xoroporo tna
nocnxmena connanncrnuecxomy crponrentcr-
ny n ocrnxennxm Conercxo nnacrn.
Hourn eme ro V. Foannncxn naxo-
nncx n Faxuncapae: on ntnyxen tn ce-
xart ns nomemennx mysex, n xoropom xnn,
emy nrn tno nexya n on ocranonnncx y
tnmero naxrepa mysex H.u. Ionrapenxo
94
.
V. Foannncxn, no-nnnmomy, tn ne n
cnnax pannoymno cmorpert na nce nponcxo-
xmee n Kptmy. Vuent yexan n Mocxny n
Hennnrpa, sarem n Ipysnm, paoran xyox-
nnxom-o]opmnrenem n Tnnncn. Ho n ram
ero nacrnrna ecnomanax mamnna reppopa:
n 1937 r. ero apecronann n npnnesnn n Cnm-
]eponont, ntrann, sacrannxx npnsnartcx n
nannonannsme
95
. 17 anpenx 1938 r. V. Foa-
nnncxoro cynnn n n ror xe ent paccrpenx-
nn nmecre c pyrnmn nnntmn exrenxmn
xyntrypt n ncxyccrna, nxnmuax O. Axuo-
xpaxnt
96
.
3ra xponanax pama tna nnmt nauanom
rex crpamntx ecrnn, xoropte npnmnoct
ncntrart nenomy napoy, nsyuennm xyntry-
pt n rpannn xoroporo nocnxrnnn cnom
xnsnt +rn nmn.
V. Foannncxn npomen cnoxnt xns-
nennt nyrt. 3a npemx ero pyxonocrna Fax-
uncapacxn nopen-myse cran onnm ns
xpynnemnx n Kptmy, npenparnncx n nenrp
ncropnxo-+rnorpa]nuecxoro nsyuennx xptm-
cxnx rarap. 3acnyra ero xax ncropnxa, nt-
ammerocx +rnorpa]a n ene pasnnrnx my-
senoro ena n Kptmy orpomna.
Hocne yxoa V. Foannncxoro Iocyap-
crnennt Faxuncapacxn nopen-myse ra-
rapcxo xyntrypt nonnocrtm nnmnncx na-
nnonantnoro yxa. Hocneymmax cyta my-
sex raxxe rparnuna, xax n cyta ero ocnona-
renx n nepnoro npexropa. Hocne uyonnm-
no axnnn ntcenennx n cctnxn xptmcxnx ra-
rap 18 max 1944 r. nepnt nannonantnt
xptmcxo-rarapcxn myse tn nnxnnnpo-
nan, a ero +rnorpa]nuecxax xonnexnnx pas-
rpanena. Myse nonyunn nasnanne Faxun-
capacxn myse

, a coepxanne nexoroptx
+xcnosnnn nocnno xpxo ntpaxennt ouep-
nnrentcxn xapaxrep no ornomennm x xptm-
cxnm rarapam.
Ftnn cosant nonte +xcnosnnnn, xoro-
pte ncnontsonannct nx noxasa:
1) optt pyccxoro napoa sa ncxonnte
pyccxne semnn na mre;
2) rnopuecrno pyccxnx macrepon-nnennn-
xon XVIIXVIII nexon n xpenocrntx macre-
pon XVIIIXIX nexon, paoranmnx no noc-
cranonnennm n pexoncrpyxnnn nopna, no-
cne npncoennennx Kptma x Poccnn;
3) npetnanne A.C. Hymxnna n A.B. Cy-
nopona n Kptmy
97
. Tax sanncano n oxymen-
rax roro npemenn.
Cneyer ocoo ormernrt yuacrt xonnex-
nnn nepnoro xptmcxo-rarapcxoro mysex.
Hocne ynontnennx V. Foannncxoro sa
ecxrt ner c 1934 no 1944 r. n myse nocry-
nnno ncero 92 npemera
98
. B ro xe npemx t-

C 1955 r. Faxuncapacxn ncropnxo-

apxeonornuecxn myse, c 1979 Faxuncapa-
cxn ncropnxo-apxnrexrypnt myse, c 1990 r.
Faxuncapacxn ncropnxo-xyntrypnt sano-
nennx.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 61
no nepeano n pyrne mysen nnn yrpaueno
(xpaxn) 162 npemera (c 1917 no 1934 r. 27
npemeron). Bcero 189npemeron
99
.
B nocnenne nn nemenxo oxxynannn
(axr N1 or 29 anpenx 1944 r.), n nout c 11
na 12 anpenx, tno noxnmeno 283+xcnona-
ra
100
.
24 noxpx 1944 r., yxe nocne enopra-
nnn, tna nponeena axnnx no nsxrnm
npemeron, ornocxmnxcx x +rnorpa]nn
xptmcxnx rarap. Ftno nsxro 605 +xcnona-
ron n nepeneeno n cnennantnt +rnorpa-
]nuecxn cxna

, +rn npemert ne yunrt-

nannct n xnnrax nocrynnenn, a no cxnay ne
nenoct orentno oruernocrn
101
.
Cornacno axry or 31 exapx 1945 r.
102
npn cnepxe n ]onax mysex ne tno onapy-
xeno eme 495 npemeron n na nnx ne oxasa-
noct nnxaxnx axron nsxrnx

.
Ho axry N4 or 30 max 1946 r. 49 +xcno-
naron tno cnncano xax npnmemnx n ne-
ronocrt
103
.
Hs oxcnnrentno sanncxn nonoro n-
pexropa M.I. Kycrono or 31 max 1946 r. cne-
yer, uro ns 2795 ennnn xpanennx

ono-
ennoro ]ona n nannunn oxasanoct ncero
1178 npemeron. Onaxo n nonte Knnrn no-
crynnenn tnn sanncant 1740 e. xp. Pas-
nnna oxcnxercx rem, uro ne nce npemert,
naxonnmnecx na cxnaax mysex, tnn sann-
cant n onoennte Knnrn nocrynnenn (n oc-
nonnom xnnonnct n monert, a raxxe nenpo-
]nntnte npemert)
104
.
3a nepno paort Faxuncapacxoro my-
sex c 1945 no 1985 r. ns ero ]onon no pacno-

Ho axry 626 +xcnonaron, no n oruerax

M. Kycrono yxasano 605 e. Hpnnnnn oropa n
+rnorpa]nuecxn cxna ne nnonne nonxren, rax
xax pyrne npemert +rnorpa]nn xptmcxnx ra-
rap tnn sanncant no nnont cosannte Knnrn
nocrynnenn. 3rnorpa]nuecxn cxna ncues
nnxaxnx cneenn o ero cyte n ]onax KPV
FHK3 ne nmeercx.

Ecrt npenonoxenne, uro +xcnonart tnn

pacxnment mecrntm nacenennem cpasy nocne
enoprannn xptmcxnx rarap. Paccneonanne n ro
npemx no annomy ]axry ne nponsnonnoct.

B +ro uncno ne nxonr xnnxnt n apxeo-

nornuecxn ]on.
pxxennm Mnnncrepcrn xyntrypt CCCP n
VCCP tno nepeano n pyrne mysen 703 e.
xp. Hs nnx 606 nanonee nenntx npeme-
ron ns onoenntx nocrynnenn, nxnmuax 440
+xsemnnxpon ocoo nenntx crapnnntx pyxo-
nncntx xnnr n Kopanon. Ftnn nepeant rax-
xe xonnexnnx ns paronenntx merannon
(npenmymecrnenno ns cepepa) n npemert
nocrounoro opyxnx (cann, pyxtx, nncrone-
rt n p.)
105
Ho axram or 03.03.1975 r. n 31.03.1975 r.
tnn cnncant xax nenpo]nntnte, a raxxe
npnmemne n neronocrt 300 e. xp., ns
nnx 135npemeron ns onoennoro ]ona my-
sex xptmcxnx rarap
106
. B +ro cnxsn cneyer
nanomnnrt, uro rnanno saaue myseen xn-
nxercx coxpannocrt n nsyuenne npemeron
xpanennx.
Hrax, norepn cocrannnn 1461 ennnny
xpanennx. Bcero nmecre c nepeanntm xnnx-
ntm ]onom (440 +xs.) 1901 npemer, n rom
uncne norepn or nemenxo oxxynannn 283
+xcnonara (21 exapx 2009 roa nosnpameno
KPV FHK3 68 npemeron ancrpncxnm npa-
nnrentcrnom).
Taxnm opasom, nocne nnxnnannn
xptmcxo-rarapcxoro mysex n 1944 r. omne
norepn (yrpart n nepeaun n pyrne mysen)
cocrannnn oxono 2000 +xcnonaron. annte
no npemeram apxeonornn ns onoenntx ap-
xeonornuecxnx +xcnennn n ]onax FHK3
orcyrcrnymr.
Taxona neuantnax ncropnx nepnoro na-
nnonantnoro mysex xptmcxnx rarap n ero
xonnexnnn.
24 anpenx 1996 r., n coornercrnnn c npn-
xasom N89 Mnnncrepcrna xyntrypt Anro-
nomno Pecnynnxn Kptm, na ase mysex
Xancxoro nopna npn Faxuncapacxom Iocy-
apcrnennom ncropnxo-xyntrypnom sanone-
nnxe tn cosan Myse ncropnn n xyntrypt
xptmcxnx rarap.
Ho cnoemy samtcny nnont cosannt
xptmcxo-rarapcxn myse onxen tn crart
npoonxarenem ro nayuno myseno pao-
rt, xoropym n cnoe npemx ycnemno peman
nepnt nannonantnt myse xptmcxnx ra-
rap no pyxonocrnom ero cosarenx Vcenna
Aype]nennua Foannncxoro.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 62
axe ceronx, xora ontme uacrn xon-
nexnnn xptmcxo-rarapcxoro mysex yxe ne
cymecrnyer, npecrannennte +xcnonart n
+xcnosnnnxx ncropnuecxoro n +rnorpa]nue-
cxoro orenon Mysex ncropnn n xyntrypt
xptmcxnx rarap narnxno noxastnamr, na-
cxontxo nstcxanna n orara tna +ra xynt-
rypa, pan nsyuennx xoropo V. Foannn-
cxn oran cnom xnsnt.
Cnncox coxpamennn
BHHK Bcepoccncxn Henrpantnt nc-
nonnnrentnt xomnrer
OXPHC Komnrera no enam myseen n ox-
pant namxrnnxon ncxyccrna, crapnnt, naponoro
tra n npnpot
CHK, Connapxou Coner Hapontx xo-
mnccapon
Kp. HHK Kptmcxn Henrpantnt ncnon-
nnrentnt xomnrer
HKH, Hapxounpoc Hapont xomncca-
pnar npocnemennx
Hapxoua1 Hapont xomnccapnar
IAAPK Iocyapcrnennt apxnn Anro-
nomno Pecnynnxn Kptm
Hpnueuannn
1
Paseou A.M. 3rnorpa]nuecxne mysen n Poc-
cnn (18611917 rr.) // Ouepxn ncropnn mysenoro
ena n Poccnn. Btn. III. Mocxna, 1961. C. 231
268.
2
Poc.aeeea H.H. Oexa xptmcxnx rarap
xonna XVIII nauana XX n.: ncropnxo-
+rnorpa]nuecxoe nccneonanne. M., 2000. C. 10
11.
3
Mu..ep B.4. Cncremarnuecxoe onncanne
xonnexnn amxoncxoro +rnorpa]nuecxoro my-
sex. Btn. I. M., 1887. C. 7883.
4
Vupexenne, cocran n ecrnnx omecrna //
3OOH. 1844. T. 1. C. 571.
5
Tam, xe. C. 571573.
6
Hporoxon saceannx TVAK or 24 xnnapx
1887 r. // HTVAK. 1897. N 1. C. 10; Hporoxon
saceannx TVAK 30 max 1886 r. // HTVAK. 1897.
N 1. C. 20.
7
Hporoxont saceann TVAK or 17 noxpx
1917 roa // HTVAK. 1919. N 56. C. 348.
8
Hporoxont saceannx TVAK or 20 anpenx
1898 roa // HTVAK. 1899. N 29. C. 85; Hpasno-
nanne 25-nernx cymecrnonannx TVAK. Topxecr-
nennoe saceanne or 24 xnnapx1912 roa //
HTVAK. 1912. N 48. C. 274.
9
o+opoecru 4. nopen xptmcxnx xanon n
Faxuncapae. Cnm]eponont, 1863. C. 12.
10
Iocyapcrnennt apxnn Anronomno Pec-
nynnxn Kptm (IAAPK). u. 26. On. 1. . 500. H.
2.
11
Iepuepocc B. Xancxn nopen n Faxuncapae.
CH., 1912. C. 19.
12
IAAPK. u. 26. On. 1. . 500. H. 8891o.
13
Tam xe.
14
Bepe H.B. Faxuncapa: Orptnox ns noxo-
ntx samerox // Fnnnorexa nx urennx. 1857.
nn., r. 141, or. 1. C.26.
15
Mapreeu:. A. K ncropnn xancxoro axunca-
pacxoro nopna // HTVAK. 1895. N 23. C. 130
176.
16
Iepuepocc B. Vxas. cou. C. 28; Kouoa-
roe H.H. Hcxyccrno n Xyoxecrnennax Hpomtm-
nennocrt. 1899. N 6.
17
X.ueumr A.B. Hensnecrnte crpannnt na-
mxrnnxooxpannrentno paort n Kptmy n 20-e
nauane 30-x roon XX n. // Hcropnuecxoe nacne-
ne Kptma. N 17, 2007. C. 13.
18
Hpasnonanne 25-nernx cymecrnonannx
TVAK. C. 274.
19
uont KPV FHK3. H/B 10320. Knnra no-
crynnenn Myse I. C. 1718.
20
Tam xe. Kosnon B.u. npexrop mysex. Ma-
mnnonncnax pyxonnct, n. 67.
21
Fonee nopono o xnsnn V. Foannncxoro
cm.: Mvcaeea V.K. Hapont yunrent: oxymen-
rantnt ouepx exrentnocrn ntammerocx
xptmcxo-rarapcxoro npocnernrenx Vcenna Foa-
nnncxoro. Cnm]eponont, 2007.
22
uont KPV FHK3. KH 9567-388. oxna-
nax sanncxa n oruer o nonoxennn nopna-mysex n
r. Faxuncapae sa 19171919 rr. H. 24.
23
Tam xe.
24
Equ+oe A.B. Manonsnecrnte marepnant no
ncropnn Faxuncapacxoro mysex // Hponemt
ncropnn n apxeonornn Kptma. C. nayu. rpyon
FIHK3. Cnm]eponont, 1994. C. 214223.
25
Tam xe. C. 220.
26
uont KPV FHK3. KH 10945-412. 3axnne-
nne Tanpnuecxomy ryepnaropy, 1920 r.
27
IAAPK. u. P-2235. On.1. . 26. H. 12.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 63
28
Tam xe. H. 3; uont KPV FHK3. KH 9519 -
378. Konnx npnxasa o nasnauennn V. Foannn-
cxoro, 1917 r.
29
Equ+oe A.B. Vxas cou. C. 223.
30
uont KPV FHK3. KH 9567-388. oxna-
nax sanncxa H. 911.
31
IAAPK. u. P-998. On. 1. . 186. H. 9.
32
uont KPV FHK3. H/B 10259. Onnct nn-
nenrapx Xyoxecrnenno-ncropnuecxoro mysex-
nopna n r. Faxuncapae n 1917 r.
33
Tam xe. KH 10945-412. 3axnnenne Tanpnue-
cxomy ryepnaropy, 1920 r. C. 3.
34
Mvcaeea V.K. Vxas. cou. C. 24.
35
uont KPV FHK3. KH 9567-388. oxna-
nax sanncxa H. 5.
36
Tam xe. H. 45.
37
Tam xe. H. 8.
38
IAAPK. u. P-2235. On. 1. . 26. H. 12.
39
Tam xe. H. 1011.
40
Tam xe.
41
uont KPV FHK3. KH 9574-390. Hpnxas o
npemennom nasnauennn V. Foannncxoro sane-
ymmnm nopnom-myseem. 1919 r.
42
IAAPK. u. P-2235. On. 1. . 26. H. 4.
43
Tam xe. H. 14.
44
Tam xe. H. 5
45
Tam xe; uont KPV FHK3. KH 10945-412.
3axnnenne Tanpnuecxomy ryepnaropy, 1920 r.
46
IAAPK. u. P-2235. On. 1. . 26. H. 1415.
47
Tam xe.
48
Tam xe.
49
Tam xe. H. 21.
50
uont KPV FHK3. KH 10945-412. 3axnne-
nne Tanpnuecxomy ryepnaropy, 1920 r.
51
Tam xe.
52
Tam xe.
53
uont KPV FHK3. KH 10946413. Pyxo-
nnct npnxasa Kptmcxoro Penxoma, 1921 r.
54
3apvouu B.I. Iono n Kptmy n 1921
1923 rr. (no cnoxam uK/IHV) // Hcropnuecxoe
nacnene Kptma. N 2. 2003.
55
uont KPV FHK3. KH 10941408. H. 1.
Oruer mysex, 1922 r.
56
Tam xe.
57
Tam xe.
58
Tam xe.
59
IAAPK. P-652. On.1. . 116. H. 2.
60
uont KPV FHK3. KH 9518-377. Hnctmo
ns Fpnrancxoro mysex; Tam xe. KH 9517-376.
Hnctmo nocna nonnn V. Foannncxomy.
61
IAAPK. P-652. On. 1. . 812. H. 368.
62
uont KPV FHK3. H/B 10306. Hnnenrap-
nax xnnra Faxuncapacxoro nopnamysex, uacrt
2-x c N 1226 -ro.
63
Tam xe. H/B 10320; H/B 10319. Knnrn no-
crynnenn 19241929 rr.
64
Vxasarent pyxonncntx n craponeuarntx
xnnr, nepeanntx n 1976 r. ns Faxuncapacxoro
ncropnxo-apxeonornuecxoro mysex n Iocyapcr-
nennym Hynnunym nnnorexy nm. M.E. Canrt-
xona-Bepnna. Cocrannenne, ncrynnrentnax cra-
rtx, xommenrapnn H.P. Axyntnaana. Cnm]epo-
nont, 2007. C. 48.
65
Mvcaeea V.K. Vxas. cou. C. 79.
66
uont KPV FHK3. H/B 10320. Knnra no-
crynnenn Myse I. N 539. H. 23.
67
Tam xe. C.1924.
68
Tam xe. H/B 10308. Hnnenrapnax xnnra
Faxuncapacxoro nopna-mysex. uacrt 1-x. N 1
1225. N 617. C. 129.
69
Tam xe. N 600. C. 126.
70
Tam xe. H/B 10320. Knnra nocrynnenn N1.
C. 26.
71
Tam xe. uoronnacrnnxn (nerarnnt) ns ]on-
on.
72
Tam xe. Herarnn N 1213. Hnan +xcnosnnnn
Faxuncapacxoro nopna-mysex.
73
Tam xe. KH 10944411. 3xcxypcnonnt
nnan mysex, 1926 r.
74
Tam xe. KH 9569386. nennnx V. Foa-
nnncxoro sa 19231924 rr. C. 23.
75
Ho.rauoe A. Kptmoxpnc n Kptmcxax xynt-
rypa // Hearornuecxax xnsnt Kptma. N 12,
xnnapt]enpant. 1925 r. C. 7374.
76
uont KPV FHK3. nennnx V. Foannn-
cxoro sa 19231924 rr. C. 126128.; KH 9522
381. nennnx ... C. 178182, 185190.
77
Tam xe. KH 9569386; KH 9522381; KH
9521380.
78
IAAPK. P-652. On. 1. . 812. H. 366.
79
uont KPV FHK3. KH 9569386. nen-
nnx... C. 8081.
80
Tam xe. KH 10740-405. nennnx +rnorpa-
]nuecxo +xcnennnn 1925 r.
81
Tam xe. KH 9572-383. Pyxonnct Apxeono-
rnuecxoe n +rnorpa]nuecxoe nsyuenne rarap n
Kptmy, u. I. C. 11.
82
Tam xe. C. 1617.
83
Apxeonornuecxoe n +rnorpa]nuecxoe nsy-
uenne rarap n Kptmy // Ioc. nopen-myse rarap-
cxo xyntrypt n Faxuncapae. Cnm]eponont,
1930.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 65
B ymarax tnmero mnnncrpa ]nnancon
nocnenero enoro npannrentcrna no Bna-
nnocroxe, a nnocnecrnnn nnnoro exrenx
cnnpcxoro nnxennx onacrnnxon n
+mnrpannn Banepnana Hnanonnua Mopancxo-
ro (18841942), xpanxmnxcx n apxnne Iyne-
poncxpro nncrnryra, nmeercx npnmeuarent-
nt oxymenr, o cnx nop ne onynnxonan-
nt n ne nneennt n nayunt oopor. 3ro
cexpernt oronop mexy Conerom Vnon-
nomouenntx oprannsann Anronomno Cn-
npn (anee CVOAC) n rpynno enyraron
nnxne nanart xnoncxoro napnamenra, arn-
ponannt maprom 1925 r. On npecrannxer
coo nropo nnn rpern +xsemnnxp nectma
nepexno cenanno mamnnonncn na pyc-
cxom xstxe, es xaxnx-nno nonnce n ne-
uare. Onaxo ero coepxanne nacrontxo ne-
otuno, uro oronop sacnyxnnaer nynnxa-
nnn n nonnom oeme, c coxpanennem oco-
ennocre op]orpa]nn n nynxryannn opnrn-
nana n n conponoxennn neoxonmoro nc-
ropnuecxoro xommenrapnx.
Ie naxoxrcx nonncannte +xsemnnxpt
oxymenra n ero xnoncxn rexcr, ecnn raxo-
nte noome cymecrnonann, nam ne nsnecrno.
Cam ]axr nosmoxnocrn cexpernoro corname-
nnx mexy nexoe +mnrpanrcxo oprannsa-
nne, c ono cropont, n rpynno nenasnan-
ntx nonmenno unenon xnoncxoro napnamen-
ra, c pyro, ntstnaer cnntnemne comne-
nnx, ocoenno c yuerom yxasannx na ro, uro
pyxonoxmnm rexcrom croponamn nounraer-
cx pyccxn. Ecnn t oronop tn rora xe
onynnxonan conercxo neuartm, ero nerxo
tno t oxnnrt ]antmnnxo nnn
ontmenncrcxo nponoxanne, npnsnan-
no ncxpenrnponart cnnpcxnx onacrnn-
xon, npoammnx ponny xnoncxnm nmne-
pnanncram. Onaxo on ne rontxo ne tn o-
napoonan, no n coxpannncx n ymarax ueno-
nexa, croxnmero n camom nenrpe onacrnnue-
cxoro nnxennx.
Co cropont cnnpxxon oronop onxen
tn nonncart npecrannrent CVOAC n
nonnn, a npecearent Comsa parn]nnn-
ponart ero cnoe nonnctm. B ro npemx
CVOAC nosrnannxnn tnmn mnnncrp nno-
crpanntx en Bpemennoro Cnnpcxoro npa-
nnrentcrna Mcrncnan Herponnu Iononauen
(18931956) n exrent xooneparnnnoro nn-
xennx, nonnrnx-+cep Anaronn Bacnntennu
Casonon (18611927). Ho ocnonntm, ecnn ne
enncrnenntm, anropom oxymenra nnonne
moxno cunrart Ieoprnx Hnanonnua ueprxona
(18931983), nononxonnnxa Feno apmnn,
xoropt axrnnno nosnnnonnponan cex n xa-
uecrne rnant pyccxo nonnrnuecxo +mnr-
pannn n nonnn. Hnunocrt n exrentnocrt
+roro uenonexa sacnyxnnamr onee npn-
crantnoro nnnmannx.
3nanmn Casonona no Ipaxancxo no-
ne, ueprxon n oxrxpe 1922 r. nomen n cocran
Cnnpcxoro npannrentcrna, c]opmnponanno-
ro onacrnnxamn naxanyne +naxyannn ns
Bnannocroxa ocrarxon Pyccxo apmnn n
mnpnoro nacenennx. Ieoprn Hnanonnu ooc-
nonancx n Toxno, re cosan Hn]opmannon-
noe mpo, ntnycxanmee exeneentnt
mnnerent Cnn Toa nycnn (Becrnnx no-
no Bocrouno Asnn) na xnoncxom xstxe.
Hosnee on cran roxncxnm xoppecnonen-
rom ntxonnmnx n Knrae pyccxnx raser 3a-
px, Hama 3apx, Banxacxax 3apx,
Xapnncxoe npemx n xypnana Pyex,
yenxx ocnonnoe nnnmanne xnsnn n exrent-
nocrn cooreuecrnennnxon. B 1930 r. ueprxon
ntcrynnn nnnnnaropom cosannx Pyccxoro
nannonantnoro omecrna +mnrpanron n no-
nnn n cran ero npecearenem, uro nosnonxno
B.3. Mononxon, B.A. Pocon
AHTHKOMHHTEPHOBCKHH HAKT
CHBHPCKHX OBAACTHHKOB C RHOHCKHMH EHYTATAMH
(1925 r.)
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 66
emy saxnnxrt o cee xax o ]axrnuecxom rnane
pyccxo xononnn. 3neprnunt, npenpnnm-
unnt n uecronmnnt, on ne ynycxan nn
ono nosmoxnocrn nouepxnyrt cno nonn-
rnuecxn nec, xoropt na ene ena nn
mor ocranartcx nectma snaunrentntm.
Cocrannennt ueprxontm oronop
tn nororonnen uepes nonropa-na mecxna
nocne roro, xax 20 xnnapx 1925 r. n Hexnne
conercxn nonnpe Hen Kapaxan n xnoncxn
nocnannnx cnsana K+nxnrn nonncann
Konnennnm o ocnonntx npnnnnnax nsanmo-
ornomenn mexy nonne n CCCP (ona ns-
necrna raxxe xax Fasonax, nnn Hexnn-
cxax, xonnennnx). Hynnxymemt oxymenr
neoxonmo paccmarpnnart nmenno n xon-
rexcre annoro cotrnx.
Hxrax crartx Hexnncxo xonnennnn,
nmemmax nenocpecrnennoe ornomenne x
name reme, rnacnna: Btcoxne oronapn-
nammnecx Cropont ropxecrnenno nornep-
xamr cnoe xenanne n namepenne xnrt n
mnpe n pyxe pyr c pyrom, opoconecr-
no ynaxart necomnennoe npano xaxoro ro-
cyapcrna ycrpannart cocrnennym xnsnt n
npeenax cnoe xe mpncnxnnn no cnoemy
cocrnennomy xenannm, nosepxnnartcx n
yepxnnart ncex nnn na nx npannrentcrnen-
no cnyxe n nce oprannsannn, nonyuam-
mne or nnx xaxym-nno ]nnanconym no-
momt, or ncxxoro orxptroro nnn cxptroro
ecrnnx, morymero xaxnm t ro nn tno
opasom yrpoxart nopxxy nnn esonacno-
crn xaxo-nno uacrn reppnropnn Comsa
Conercxnx Connanncrnuecxnx Pecnynnx
nnn nonnn.
Vcnonneno anee, uro nn ona ns Btco-
xnx oronapnnammnxcx Cropon ne yer
paspemart npncyrcrnnx na reppnropnn, naxo-
xmecx no ee mpncnxnne:
a) oprannsann nnn rpynn, nperenym-
mnx trt npannrentcrnom xaxo-nno uacrn
reppnropnn pyro Cropont, nnn
) uyxesemntx noanntx nnn rpaxan,
ornocnrentno xoroptx tno t onapyxeno,
uro onn ]axrnuecxn neyr nonnrnuecxym pa-
ory nx +rnx oprannsann nnn rpynn.
Hepnt asan crartn orpaxan noxena-
nnx nonnn, xorenme nmert xorx t ]op-
mantnte rapanrnn npornn ecrnn Komnn-
repna na cnoe reppnropnn no xptme
conercxnx yupexenn. Bropo asan no-
xenannx CCCP, crpemnnmerocx nonyunrt
nonnrnuecxne rapanrnn, onxrt-raxn xorx t
]opmantnte, npornn nosmoxnocrn noxnne-
nnx n nonnn cnnpcxoro, npnamypcxo-
ro nnn npnmopcxoro npannrentcrna n ns-
rnannn. Onacennx Mocxnt tnn nenanpac-
ntmn, o uem cnnerentcrnyer exrentnocrt
cnnpcxnx onacrnnxon. Ona npxmo napyma-
na Hexnncxym xonnennnm, parn]nnnponan-
nym 20 ]enpanx 1925 r. HHK CCCP n nxrt
ne cnycrx nmneparopom nonnn no npe-
crannennm Tanoro conera.
oronop npornnopeunn n xnoncxnm saxo-
nam. Hocne saxnmuennx Hexnncxo xonnen-
nnn MH nonnn o]nnnantno oxsan ncex
pyccxnx +mnrpanron, noxenanmnx ocrartcx
na ee reppnropnn, orxasartcx or nonnrnue-
cxo exrentnocrn, rapanrnponan nm nsamen
pannte c pyrnmn nnocrpannamn rpaxan-
cxne npana n nentauy Coneram. Ftn
sect n nropo cmtcn: +mnrpanram orxasann
n npane na nmym nonnrnuecxym axrnn-
nocrt, nxnmuax npoconercxym n npoxommy-
nncrnuecxym.
B xnoncxom napnamenre, nxnmuax nnx-
nmm nanary, nmennct npornnnnxn npnsna-
nnx paoue-xpecrtxncxo Poccnn, no nx
tno nemnoro. Fontmnncrno nonnrnxon, ne
ncntrtnax nn manemnx cnmnarn x ont-
mennxam n ocosnanax yrposy xommynncrnue-
cxo nponarant nx camo nonnn, rem ne
menee nonnmann naxnocrt n ntronocrt
nycroponnnx +xonomnuecxnx ornomenn.
Ho+romy ouent rpyno npecrannrt cee e-
nyraron, ne ronopx yxe o nnne-npecearene
nanart, xoropte pncxnynn t norn na no-
onoe cornamenne c rpynno mano xomy ns-
necrntx +mnrpanron (nce-raxn +ro ne Caso-
non n ne Kepencxn!) n rem onee nocrannrt
no nnm cnon nonncn.
Anropt nacroxme crartn axe onyc-
xamr, uro oxymenr mor trt cocrannen
ueprxontm nx nnyrpennero ynorpene-
nnx, r.e. nx npnannx pyxonocrny
CVOAC n cee nnuno ontmero nonnrnue-
cxoro neca n +mnrpanrcxo cpee, npnrom uro
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 67
saxnnennax cexpernocrt cornamennx ncxnm-
uana nmym nosmoxnocrt nynnuntx cct-
nox na nero. B nmom cnyuae mt moxem or-
necrn oronop x c]epe nnapa, a ne peant-
no nonnrnxn, noxa ne noxnxrcx ocronep-
nte cneennx, onponeprammne raxym rpax-
ronxy.
Cneyer oannrt, uro oronop n nonno
mepe orpaxan npoxnoncxym opnenrannm
ueprxona n Mopancxoro, xoropte n cepenne
1920-x roon crann nnxamnmn comsnnxa-
mn n pxax onacrnnuecxoro nnxennx. Ho-
cne cmeprn Casonona n 1927 r. onn na napy
nosrnannnn ono ns nyx xptnten pacnanme-
rocx CVOAC. Hx antnemax exrentnocrt
ntpasnnact n cosannn n 1929 r. oprannsa-
nnn Xoxym+xa (Omecrno cenepnoro
cnera), xoropax n pyccxoxstuntx ncrounn-
xax roro npemenn raxxe nmenyercx Cnnp-
cxo-xnoncxnm omecrnom. Ho +ro yxe rema
orentnoro nccneonannx.
Cerpemuo
OIOBOP
Cone1a Ynonnououennmx oprannsannn
An1onounon Cnnpn n unenon nnanen
nana1m Rnoncxon Hunepnn
*
o nsanunou
coenc1nnn
Coner Vnonnomouenntx oprannsann
Anronomno Cnnpn (n antnemem nme-
nyemt coxpamenno Coner Vnonnomouen-
ntx) c ono cropont, n c pyro cropont
(rax! B.M., B.P.), oomno oymennenntx
yexennem n rnentnocrn xommynnsma nx
uenoneuecrna noome n nx Cnnpn n non-
cxo Hmnepnn n uacrnocrn, no nponepxe
npexnnenntx npecrannrenem Conera
Vnonnomouenntx n nonnn I.H. ueprxo-
ntm nonnomoun, cornacnnnct no cneym-
mnm crartxm:
Crartx 1-x.
Oe oronapnnammnecx cropont, co
ncrynnennem n cnny nacroxmero oronopa,
oxsymrcx oxastnart ncemn mepamn n cpe-
crnamn nsanmnoe coecrnne:
*
Tax n pyxonncn.
a) n opte c xommynncrnuecxo nna-
crtm na reppnropnn Cnnpn n nenxx ee cnep-
xennx n ycranonnennx nsamen ee npanonoro
rocyapcrnennoro crpox, na ocnonax npemen-
no nesanncnmocrn Cnnpn n noccranonne-
nnx nonpanntx nauan cnoot, npana n
cnpanennnocrn;
) n neonymennn pacnpocrpanennx
nnnxnnx xommynnsma n noncxo nmnepnn,
xonenxmero rocyapcrnennte ocnont crpa-
nt n
n) n ycranonnennn pyxecxnx rocyapcr-
nenntx n +xonomnuecxnx ornomenn ocno-
oxenno or xommynncrnuecxo nnacrn
Cnnpn n noncxo nmnepnn, na npnnnnnax
coxpanennx cynepenntx n reppnropnantntx
npan Cnnpn n noncxo nmnepnn.
Crartx 2-x.
Coner Vnonnomouenntx, npn ncemep-
no noepxxe xnoncxo napnamenrcxo n
pyrnx rpynn, yer crpemnrtcx x cxope-
memy ocymecrnnennm nocrannenntx nm sa-
au n npn mopantno n marepnantno no-
momn n xparuamn cpox ocnoonr reppn-
ropnm Pyccxoro antnero Bocroxa n Cnn-
pn ns-no nnacrn ontmennxon, cosan, o
nonnoro ocnooxennx nce reppnropnn
Poccnn or nnacrn xommynncron, Cnnpcxoe
nesanncnmoe rocyapcrnennoe opasona-
nne, ycrpanxmmee nenocpecrnennoe nonn-
rnuecxoe, +xonomnuecxoe n reppnropnant-
noe conpnxocnonenne nonnn c C.C.C.P. n
npenxrcrnymmee nponnxnonennm n no-
nnm ontmennsma.
Crartx 3-x.
noncxax napnamenrcxax rpynna ncemn
mepamn n cpecrnamn yer crpemnrtcx x ne-
samennrentnomy npnsnannm noncxnm Hm-
neparopcxnm Hpannrentcrnom Cnnpcxoro
rocyapcrnennoro opasonannx na ocnoox-
enno or nnacrn xommynncron reppnropnn
n coecrnonart raxonomy, yxpennxx c nnm
nonnrnuecxoe copyxecrno nyrem saxnmue-
nnx ooponnrentno-noenno-nonnrnuecxoro
(rax! B.M., B.P.) comsa, a +xonomnuecxoe
copyxecrno nyrem coornercrnymmero nn-
repecam oenx cropon ropronoro oronopa n
npeocrannennx nonnn npan nanonee na-
ronpnxrcrnyemo epxant.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 69
Hou1onmn ronyt
Paora ontmennxon n Ernnre nauanact
c 1922 roa. Onaxo nnny roro, uro ernner-
cxoe npannrentcrno onro ne npnsnanano co-
nercxo nnacrn n Poccnn, exrentnocrt +ra
orpannunnanact noctnxo ns Mocxnt ra-
ntx arenron n oprannsanne xommynncrnue-
cxnx xueex n Kanpe n Anexcanpnn, uro tno
ns-sa antnocrn paccroxnnx n pexocrn coo-
menn nectma sarpynnrentno. Memann yc-
nexy conercxo nponarant n uncro mecrnte
ycnonnx: xommynncron-ernnrxn eme ne t-
no
1
, nnocrpannte xe arenrt, n ocoennocrn
enponent, tnn n Ernnre nx Mocxnt co-
nepmenno ecnonesnt, rax xax mornn pao-
rart rontxo n enponecxo cpee, n nyx-
rpex ropoax. B cpey xe ernnercxnx xpecrt-
xn nnn paounx nm ocryn tn saxptr.
B cnny cnoxnnmnxcx n Ernnre nsanmo-
ornomenn enponent n apat sect npe-
crannxnn coo ne conepmenno uyxte
pyr pyry rpynnt, ecnn ne npaxente, ro
c ontmnm neonepnem ona x pyro orno-
cnnmnecx. Arnraropt-enponent tnn no-
+romy conepmenno nemtcnnmt n rysemntx
xnapranax ropoa, yx ne ronopx o nponnn-
nnn, re nnocrpannt xnnn xax ncxnmuenne,
n ncxxoe noxnnenne nonoro uyxecrpanna cra-
no t nemenenno nsnecrno nnacrxm.
Vennmnct n +rom nonoxennn neme,
Mocxna n 1925 r. nocrannna cee nentm o-
nrtcx onycxa n Ernner ee npecrannrent-
crna no nmtm npenorom, at nauart
nponarannym paory c mecrntmn nmtmn,
xoroptx moxno tno xynnrt. Mocxne nomor
n +rom namepennn ernnercxn xnonox.
3ror npoyxr crpant ]apaonon n na-
nartx roax tn ant]o n omero ernner-
cxo ropronnn n cymecrnonannx, n xora n
1926 r. na ptnxe tn cosan xnonxont xpn-
snc naroapx ynennuennm xnonxono xynt-
rypt n anrnncxom Cyane, nent na nero
pesxo nann. Xenax norn na nomomt ]enna-
xam, xoroptm yrpoxana nnmera, npannrent-
crno saxynnno nect ypoxa nyx ner n cnon
cxnat, paccunrtnax npoart ero, xora ne-
nt nonnmyrcx. Onaxo +roro ne cnyunnoct,
B.B. Bennxon
HA CAYBE EIHHETCKOIO KOPOAR
Hs nocnounnannn Ana1onnn Mapxona
(Orou:auue)
B npetymem nomepe Bocrounoro apxnna tnn onynnxonant ntepxxn ns nocno-
mnnann pyccxoro +mnrpanra Anaronnx Htnonnua Mapxona (9.1.1894, Kypcxax ryepnnx
10.8.1961, Can-upannncxo)
*
. Anrop nocnomnnann ornocnncx x romy neontmomy uncny
pyccxnx +mnrpanron, ocenmnx nocne Ipaxancxo nont n Ernnre, xro onontno tcrpo
namen nocroxnnym n ocronym paory n ne ncntrtnan marepnantntx sarpynenn. B re-
uenne 30 ner Mapxon cnyxnn n rax nastnaemo anrno-ernnercxo nonnnnn. 3rn rot
(19221952) n rounocrn connann co npemenem cymecrnonannx n Ernnre monapxnn. Btx n
orcranxy n unne xannrana nesaonro o nmntcxo penonmnnn 1952 roa, noxonunnme c
monapxnuecxnm pexnmom, Mapxon sanxncx nanncannem memyapon. Ty nx uacrt, xoropax xa-
caercx npetnannx anropa n Ernnre, on rax n nasnan Ha cnyxe ernnercxoro xoponx.
Ona tna onynnxonana n napnxcxo +mnrpanrcxo rasere Pyccxax mtcnt n cepenne
1955 r.
Hpenaraem nnnmannm unrarenx eme na pasena ns memyapon Anaronnx Mapxona,
npecrannxmmnx, na nam nsrnx, necomnennt nnrepec.
--------------------------------------------------------------
*
Be.roe B.B. Ha cnyxe ernnercxoro xopo-
nx. Hs nocnomnnann Anaronnx Mapxona // Boc-
rount apxnn, 2011, N 1(23), c. 6878.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 70
n xynnennt xnonox rxxeno annn na ptnox
n rocyapcrnennt mxer.
B +ror xpnrnuecxn nx Ernnra momenr
na cneny ntcrynnna Mocxna, npenoxnnmax
ernnercxomy npannrentcrny xynnrt y nero
nect xnonox, no npn oxsarentnom ycnonnn
onycxa n Ernner conercxo mnccnn no
nnom xnonxontx +xcnepron. B mecrno
npecce na mocxoncxne entrn tna nonxra
coornercrnymmax xamnannx. Hoxnnncx ne-
nt px crare o rom, uro Mocxna namepena
saxynnrt acrponomnuecxoe xonnuecrno +roro
ronapa, no uro Anrnnx cronr xamnem npe-
rxnonennx na nyrn ernnercxoro +xonomnue-
cxoro narononyunx, npenxrcrnyx emy n cno-
nx cocrnenntx nnrepecax. Ernnercxne nap-
namenrapnn n nce ernnrxne, nnacrt nmenmne
n cnnomt cocroxnmne ns xnonxonoon, yx-
nantno norepxnn ronony or mocxoncxnx no-
cynon n xareropnuecxn norpeonann or npa-
nnrentcrna npnnxrt conercxne ycnonnx. Ka-
nner, nosrnannxnmncx rora ecrananntm
n onrnnntm anoxarom Haxxacom-namo
2
,
ne mor c +rnm ne cornacnrtcx n paspemnn
Mocxne npncnart n Anexcanpnm ee mnc-
cnm.
Taxonax npntna n cocrane nonmxnnt
unenon, no rnane c nexnm Anexceem Bacnnte-
ntm. Hocnenn, yxe noxnno uenonex, tn
nnnom c ontmnm naprnntm craxem, eme
openonmnnonntm +mnrpanrom npoxnnan-
mnm n Bnenapnn, re comencx c camnm He-
nnntm. B naprnno nepapxnn n Mocxne no-
+romy on sannman ntcoxoe nonoxenne, n ero,
xax ncrnnnoro naprnna, nocrenenno nepe-
pactnann c onoro ornercrnennoro nocra na
pyro. Ho npnnnnny nennxoro Hennna, uro
ncxxax xyxapxa moxer ynpannxrt rocyapcr-
nom, Bacnnten notnan n na nocrax nnno-
marnuecxnx, n n xauecrne npexropa ncenos-
moxntx rpecron, n na mnornx pyrnx no-
crax. <>
* * *
B ]enpane 1929 r. n Anexcanpnm na no-
nonnenne cocrana conercxo mnccnn, xoropax
npnnxna nasnanne orenennx Texcrnntnm-
nopra, npnexan nexn Iyro Pyont], no
nacnopry nartm conercxn noannt, n
xauecrne +xcnepra no xnonxy, a n anpene
roro xe roa na nmx npecearenx conera mn-
nncrpon nocrynnn panopr nexoero nrantxn-
na, cnennanncra no xnonxy, paoranmero n
Texcrnntnmnopre c nauana ero orxptrnx,
cneymmero coepxannx:
Hmex rpnnarnnernn ontr, x tn npn-
rnamen pyccxo eneranne n xauecrne +xc-
nepra. Onn nectma nennnn xax mom ontr-
nocrt, rax n snannx. Tax npoonxanoct
nnnort o npnesa nexoero Iyro Pyont]a,
ne nnaemmero nnxaxnm xstxom, xpome pyc-
cxoro. 3ror rocnonn, no npnxasy Mocxnt,
tn nasnauen na moe mecro, a x emy n no-
momnnxn. Oxasanoct, uro r. Pyont] ne nme-
er nnxaxoro nonxrnx o xnonxe, nm ne sannma-
ercx n ne nnrepecyercx, a npncnan n Anex-
canpnm xax nonnrnuecxn arenr. onxen
onecrn o cneennx npannrentcrna, uro n
ocrantnte unent mnccnn no rnane c r. Ba-
cnntentm xnonxom conepmenno ne sannma-
mrcx n nm ne nnrepecymrcx, npeocrannn +ry
saory ncxnmunrentno mne. I. Bacnnten, n-
pexrop mecrnoro mpo, conepmenno ne sna-
xom c paoro no xnonxy n noome co ncxxo
pyro xommepuecxo paoro, a sanxr nnmt
npnemom nocernrene, c xoroptmn neer ra-
nncrnennte neperonopt n xoroptm pasaer
ontmne cymmt ener, xax x yenncx cnon-
mn rnasamn. 3rn pacxot ne nmemr nnuero
omero c onepannxmn Texcrnntnmnopra.
Ho moemy cxpomnomy mnennm, saxanunnan
nrantxnen cnoe nnctmo, nce +rn rocnoa co-
nepmenno nexomnerenrnt n rom ene, nx
xoroporo onn cma npnexann, n noromy, y-
yun xommynncramn, onn xnnnnct n Ernner
ncxnmunrentno c nentm nponarant. Tax
xax +ro ne nonexnr nx menx nnxaxomy co-
mnennm, ro x, nsnecrnn, xax noxntnt rpax-
annn, npannrentcrno o ncem ntmensnoxen-
nom, ceronx xe noxnam cnyxy n Tex-
crnntnmnopre.
Hoonoro cnnerentcrna, xax ono nn
tno nnrepecno, tno neocrarouno, urot
npnnxrt pemnrentnte mept npornn Bacnnt-
ena n ero Texcrnntnmnopra, rax xax apecr
n ntctnxa nx ns Anexcanpnn nonxna t
nenym ypm nporecra co cropont xnonxono-
on, sannrepeconanntx npoart cno xnonox
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 71
no uro t ro nn crano. Ho+romy nonnrnue-
cxax nonnnnx, ycranonnn rmarentnym cnex-
xy sa nepconanom Texcrnntnmnopra, crana
xart onee connntx oxasarentcrn nonn-
rnuecxnx ecrnn Bacnntena n ero corpy-
nnxon. Xart npnmnoct neonro: nomor cny-
ua, xax +ro uacro tnaer n camtx sanyran-
ntx nonpocax.
* * *
B Anexcanpnn, [n] nenrpe ropoa, naxo-
nncx onn ns nonnnecxnx yuacrxon xnapra-
na Hxan. 3ror yuacrox npecrannxn coo
rpex+raxnoe maccnnnoe sanne, n nnxnnx
+raxax xoroporo nomemannct nonnnecxne
yupexennx, a n nepxnem mxona n omexn-
rne enponecxnx xoncrene. Vrpom onax-
t cnyra, nomeranmn nnocxym reppacy o-
mexnrnx, namen na ne meprnoro ronyx.
Honxn rpynnx, on onapyxnn no xptnom
nennynonnym rpyouxy co nnoxenno n nee
ymaxxo. 3ra nocnenxx npn o]nnnantnom
panopre tna npecrannena n nonnrnuecxn
oren ryepnaropa.
Ha xpacno nocxono ymaxxe tnn na-
nncant uertpe crpoxn crpanntmn xynue-
cxnmn snaxamn, nanomnnanmnmn penneen-
pecxne yxnt. Hepenounx, onaxo, saxnnn,
uro nannct ne enpecxax, n nce mecrnte
cnennanncrt-xstxonet ne mornn ycrano-
nnrt xstx, na xoropom ona tna nanncana.
Mnoro ne nopx nnacrn nnnct na
paspemennem +ro saraxn, noxa mne ne ya-
noct narn x ne xnmu. ncnomnnn, uro n
ercrne oren noapnn mne, xax xyptes, xnn-
xeuxy, n xoropo tna naneuarana na ncex
xstxax mnpa, a nmenno na 576-rn, enanrent-
cxax ]pasa: H For Oren rax nosnmnn mnp,
uro nocnan n nero cnoero Ctna Ennopono-
ro. nomnnn npn +rom, uro pommpxa tna
nsana Fnnecxnm mexynapontm ome-
crnom, orenenne xoroporo nmenoct n Anex-
canpnn, xax n no ncex crpanax n ropoax na
cnere.
Fpommpxa n nem namnact, n na ne nna-
crn es rpya ycranonnnn, uro sanncxa tna
nanncana na monrontcxom xstxe, a nmenno
na nanexre xony. Hocnannax nx nepeno-
a n Fpnrancxn myse n Honon, ona tna
pacmn]ponana n oxasanact nonnrnuecxnm sa-
annem, nocnanntm Bacnnteny c opra co-
nercxoro napoxoa c nourontm ronyem. Io-
nyt, xax +ro uacro tnaer, ymep or pasptna
cepna, ne oneren ncero onoro xnaprana o
mecra nasnauennx.
Taxnm opasom, nx nnacre ne ocranoct
comnennx, uro Bacnnten, tnmn necxontxo
ner conercxnm xoncynom n 3anano Monro-
nnn n snanmn monrontcxn xstx, uero on n
ne cxptnan, nmeer n Ernnre ne xommepue-
cxym, a nonnrnuecxym mnccnm. uepes ne-
cxontxo ne nonnnnx onapyxnna n pyrne
cexpert exrentnocrn Texcrnntnmnopra,
xoropte sacrannnn, naxonen, ernnercxoe
npannrentcrno npnnxrt n ornomennn coner-
cxo mnccnn pemnrentnte mept, rem onee
uro saxynxa xnonxa Mocxno x +romy npeme-
nn npexparnnact
3
.
Apecr conercxo mnccnn, ne nmenme
nnxaxnx nnnomarnuecxnx npnnnnern n
noromy ne nontsonanmecx nnnomarnue-
cxo nenpnxocnonennocrtm, nponsomen nx
nee conepmenno neoxnanno, uro npnneno x
romy, uro nnacrn saxnarnnn y unenon mnc-
cnn nectma nnrepecnte oxymenrt. Hs nnx
ntxcnnnoct, nanpnmep, uro xax cam Bacnnt-
en, rax n Iyro Pyont] Hnnec tnn pesn-
enrt nnocrpannoro orena IHV. Hnnec,
xpome roro, xnnxncx pontm parom 3yap-
a Hnneca pesnenra IHV na ncem Fnnx-
nem Bocroxe, nmenmero pesnennnm n Kon-
cranrnnonone.
B nncrpyxnnxx, naenntx y nero n
samn]ponanntx ronopnnoct, uro nx pont
onxna tna trt samacxnponana ropront-
mn nenxmn, n onn onxnt tnn npnopecrn
nyrem nsxrox n noxyna cee corpynnxon n
cpee ernnercxnx napnamenrapnen n nonn-
rnuecxnx nnepon uepes nocpecrno nexoero
anoxara Anryana Asnsa, unena naprnn
Ba] n enyrara napnamenra (ntne ymep-
mero), xoropt nonyuan or Mocxnt pery-
nxpnoe xanonante, yyun ee anoxarom n
croponnnxom n napnamenre, re on nen +nep-
rnunym xamnannm n nontsy npnsnannx
Ernnrom conercxoro npannrentcrna. B oxy-
menrax tnn cneennx n o noxyne mnnncr-
pon n ntcmnx unnonnnxon ernnercxoro npa-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 72
nnrentcrna, xoroptm tno oemano npo-
nenrnoe nosnarpaxenne npn noxynxe Mo-
cxno xnonxa.
Hmenoct cpen saxnauenntx oxymenron
raxxe nsnecrne, uro Mocxna nepenena n pac-
nopxxenne conercxoro nonnpea n Typnnn
50000 ]ynron nx oprannsannn n apacxo
npecce n omecrne xamnannn n nontsy npn-
snannx Ernnrom CCCP.
Pvccra +ic.i, Hapur, A 763, 18 +a
1955 e.
y1xne nn
Pomment y nopor Anexcanpnn
24 oxrxpx 1954 r. mapman Monrromepn,
npntnmn nx +roro cnennantno n Ernner,
n npncyrcrnnn npecrannrene ncex comsntx
nann n npecrannrene uacre, npnnnman-
mnx yuacrne n nrne nepe Anexcanpne,
ropxecrnenno orxptn n 3nt-Anamene na-
mxrnnx ynrtm sect repoxm.
Kax nsnecrno, +ro namxrnoe cpaxenne
nocnyxnno nepenomntm momenrom n ncro-
pnn nont, nocne xoroporo nauanoct orcryn-
nenne a]pnxancxoro xopnyca Pommenx,
oxonunnmeecx noeo comsnnxon.
Mne nnuno npnmnoct trt cnnerenem
+rnx rparnuecxnx ne n Anexcanpnn, xora
pemanact cyta ne rontxo +roro ropoa n
Ernnra, no n nce nont. B +ro npemx x sann-
man onxnocrt o]nnepa cnxsn mexy coms-
ntm xomanonannem n ernnercxnm npann-
rentcrnom, uro ano mne nosmoxnocrt ysnart
n ynnert mnoroe, o uem mnpoxax nynnxa
o cnx nop nnuero ne snaer, n uro, no npome-
crnnn crontxnx ner, x mory coomnrt ntne
unrarenxm.
Homnmo oxsannocre ntmeyxasanno
cnxsn, x, n xauecrne nonnnecxoro o]nnepa
Anexcanpnn, nean ononpemenno xonrpo-
nem ncex ynecennrentntx saneenn ropoa,
uro sacrannxno menx nmert nocroxnnym
cnxst c pnrancxo noenno nonnnne, c no-
momtm n coecrnnem xoropo x tn oxsan
noepxnnart n osnauenntx yupexennxx
nopxox n npnnnune.
Tpn nepntx nx mecxna nmnx 1942 roa
n noennom ornomennn tnn nanonee xpnrn-
uecxnmn n cyte Anexcanpnn. Anrnncxne
nocxa neyepxnmo orcrynann no narncxom
nemenxnx nanntpntx uacre, n noutm 30
nmnx nonoxenne xasanoct esnaexntm
4
.
Inyxo ryn opyn, nanonnxnmn rxxxnm
rpoxorom apxarnte ernnercxne noun, npn-
nnsnncx nacrontxo, uro tnn yxe cntmnt
ntcrpent orentntx opyn. 1 nmnx crano
nsnecrno, uro npornnnnx sanxn Fypr +nt-
Apa
5
, n pasnexa Pommenx na moronnxnax
nponnxna yxe n Hxnnr-Mapnyr, n 20 xnno-
merpax or ropoa.
B ror xe ent nect pnrancxn ]nor, cro-
xnmn n nopry, ntmen n mope, sapan c coo
nnanyun ox n nce annapart, cnrnannsnpo-
nanmne noxnnenne nemenxnx a+ponnanon n
npeynpexanmne nacenenne o nanerax. K ne-
uepy roro xe nx nce comsnte nocxa, croxn-
mne n ropoe n ero oxpecrnocrxx, tnn +na-
xynponant, npnuem na noxsanax anrnncxne
conart ntmnn ns nounnennx o]nnepon n
ntxntnann ns naronon mrarcxym nynnxy n
comsntx unnon, ne nmenmnx uecrn npnnane-
xart x anrnncxo nannn.
3naxyannx tna nacrontxo nocnemna,
uro uacrn ecnopxouno nopocann cnon na-
narxn n apaxn co ncem nx coepxnmtm, xo-
ropoe noneprnoct nemenennomy rpaexy
oxpecrntx eynnon. Vxox, anrnnuane mn-
nnponann nopr Anexcanpnn n nce mocrt ue-
pes xanan
6
n Hnn, coennxmmne Anexcan-
pnm c Kanpom. Heontmne rpynnt canepon
tnn ocrannent nx roro, urot nce +ro nso-
pnart npn noxnnennn npornnnnxa.
* * *
Bect ent 1 nmnx n cneymmee yrpo ue-
pes ropo necnnct ontmne n mante rpyso-
nnxn n uacrnte mamnnt c cemtxmn +naxyn-
ponanmnxcx anrnnuan n enponenen. Ono-
npemenno nauancx maccont ncxo enpeen no
opore x Cy+nxomy xanany. Mne nnuno anr-
nncxne nnacrn raxxe npenoxnnn +naxyn-
ponartcx, no x pemnrentno or +roro orxasan-
cx, ouent xopomo snax anrnncxym +naxya-
nnm ns Honopoccncxa n romnrentnoe sa-
xnmuenne n exencxnx narepxx Tennt ant-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 73
Kenpa cpen ernnercxo nycrtnn n xauecr-
ne rocrx anrnncxoro xoponx
7
. K romy xe x
ne mor ocrannrt na nponsnon cytt cemtm
n nonaran, uro, yyun na cnyxe nerpant-
no epxant n entm pyccxnm, nnuem oco-
enntm ne pncxonan, ecnn nemnt samyr
Ernner.
Hpecearent ernnercxoro npannrentcr-
na npecnonyrt Haxxac-nama yrpom 1 nmnx
no npemx pasronopa no rene]ony c ryepna-
ropom Anexcanpnn, neoxnanno ycntman
no nponoy ryn nymex Pommenx, o roro nc-
nyrancx, uro ryr xe npepnan pasronop, npnxa-
san ryepnaropy nmecro ncxxnx nncrpyxnn,
o xoroptx +ror nocnenn npocnn, ecrno-
nart no ocroxrentcrnam
C +roro momenra ncxxax cnxst c Kanpom
npexparnnact, n ryepnarop copan conema-
nne nx ocyxennx mep na cnyua sanxrnx
ropoa nemenxnmn nocxamn. urot ne nt-
snart nsnnmne nannxn cpen nacenennx n
ne npnnnexart nnnmannx repmancxnx aren-
ron, conemanne cocroxnoct sa ropoom, n o-
no ns xannox nnxxa
8
. Ha nem, nomnmo ry-
epnaropa, npncyrcrnonann: npexrop mynn-
nnnannrera Anexcanpnn, nauantnnx nonn-
nnn n xomanymmn ernnercxnm rapnnso-
nom renepan Myxamme 3axxn-nama. K uecrn
+roro nocnenero nao cxasart, uro on xare-
ropnuecxn saxnnn, uro, necmorpx na orcryn-
nenne anrnnuan, on cunraer cnonm onrom
samnmart ropo o nocnenero cnoero con-
ara, xorx y nero raxontx no xomano t-
no ncero necxontxo coren, nxonnmnx n xo-
mant npornnoannannonno aprnnnepnn.
B 10 uacon neuepa, xax otuno, x ntmen
n conponoxennn rpex xoncrene na oxo
ropoa, norpyxennoro n rycro mpax. Anex-
canpnx, n xoropo ne cnernnoct nn onoro
oxna, nmena xyrxn nn noxnnyroro ropoa.
Croxna meprnax rnmnna, xoropym nspexa
napymann marn sanosanmero npoxoxero, n
npn cnere pyunoro ]onapx ns mpaxa noxnnxn-
cx xya-ro cnemnnmn uenonex c uemoanom
n pyxax.
Bpemx or npemenn ocnemax cee nyrt ys-
xnm nyuom namnouxn, mt opannct, naxo-
nen, o nepe nepnoro xaape. B ontmom
sane, otuno sanonnennom ronno noenntx,
croxn nonympax. B yrny, nosne opxecrpa, ron-
nnnnct mystxanrt n nente, no pymxna-
mn, ncnyrannte aprncrxn, ns rpynnt xoro-
ptx cntmannct ncxnnntnannx. Bce +rn
nente n onentsx nepenyrannte ennnt
tnn oert, xax ncera, n neuepnne nnartx n,
oxpyxnn menx, crann ymonxrt paspemnrt nm
pasornct no omam, rax xax nynnxn nce
panno ne tno nn onoro uenonexa. Cenart
+roro x, onaxo, ne mor, rax xax nonyunn
npnxas no nsexanne nannxn cnenrt sa
rem, urot nce ynecennrentnte yupexennx
ropoa paorann rax, xax ecnn t nnuero ne
cnyunnoct.
Pacrepxnnax amnnncrpannx xaaxa, o-
naxo, saxnnna, uro nporpammt ona nauart
ne n cocroxnnn, rax xax nononnna mystxan-
ron ne xnnnact, a xpome roro mnorne aprncr-
xn, yyun pnrancxnmn noanntmn, tnn
+naxynponant xoncyntcrnom eme neuepom.
Ty xe xaprnny rpenorn x sacran n n py-
rnx xaape n mmsnx-xonnax; noncmy nepco-
nan, mystxanrt n aprncrxn poxo xannct n
xyuy, ne cmex napymart pacnopxxennx nna-
cre n pasornct no omam.
Becenym norxy n mpaunoe nacrpoenne
+ro noun nnec nnmt onn ns npnxepon op-
xecrpa, necent xas-anncr Cema K., oec-
cxn enpe no nponcxoxennm, xoroporo x
namen, xax n ncera, n npexpacnom nacrpoe-
nnn.
A nt uro xe, Cema, cnpocnn x ero c
ynnnennem, nouemy ocrannct n Anexcan-
pnn? Bet y nac xe cocrnennt anromonnt
ecrt n nt onnoxn, xax nepcr?
? c ynnnennem ornernn nonpocom
na nonpoc Cema. Kya xe +ro x noey n ue-
ro pan?
Ho net nt xe enpe, a eme ns Poc-
cnn! Pasne nt ne onacaerect nemnen?
3naere nn, rocnonn xannran, uro x
nam cxaxy, ornernn mne +ror cment ueno-
nex. nnxora nn n xaxne nonnrnxn ne ny-
rancx, a uecrno enan moe eno. uro xe xaca-
ercx nepement nnacrn, rax +ro ne moe eno,
nycrt cee yyr anrnnuane, nemnt, ernnrx-
ne nnn xort +]nont, mne nce panno nnn, xax
y nac n Oecce ronopxr: Kro t nn cnan c
moe mamo on yer mne nana.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 74
* * *
K nonynoun ntmepmn ropo neoxnan-
no oxnn. Ho ynnnam saxpnuann xaprante
anrnncxne ronoca, xaape n apt cpasy na-
nonnnnnct conaramn xaxo-ro rontxo uro
npntnme n ropo uacrn n nnxnx xono-
cxnx mnxnax. Kax oxasanoct, +ro tna ront-
xo uro ntcannmaxcx n nopry npntnmax ns
Cnnex ancrpanncxax pnraa nocnenn
pecypc apmnn Monrromepn
9
, xoropax uepes
na uaca onxna tna trt pomena n o
10
xax nocnenxx naexa cnacrn nonoxenne,
xasanmeecx conepmenno esnaexntm. Ancr-
pannnt snann, uro nx xer, n no +romy cny-
uam nanocneox pasnepnynnct no nce rxx-
xne.
K nym uacam yrpa, xora onn norpysn-
nnct na rpysonnxn, nononnna apon ropoa
tna pasrpomnena orna, n nce xacct nx, ns
xoroptx n yxace exann nce xaccnpmn,
onycroment. Onomxn meenn, sepxan n n-
rym nocyy nayrpo ntmerann opte na ua-
ca. Vnnmart pasomemnxcx noxx tno nexo-
my: noennax nonnnnx cexana eme yrpom, a
ancrpanncxne o]nnept, sacenmne n nyumem
xaaxe, noctnann xanomnxon x uepry n nn
na uro ne pearnponann.
K paccnery, nepnynmnct omo, x ntmen
na anxon, ntxonnmn n cropony nycrtnn.
Ha ropnsonrom croxno cnnomnoe, xonenm-
meecx sapeno aprnnnepncxoro ornx n neccx
rxxent ryn xanonat, or xoroporo snenenn
crexna n poxan ocron cemn+raxnoro xene-
soeronnoro oma Honnt rpenorn n ec-
noxocrna, x npnner oert, urot ncxounrt
uepes uac or rpoxora nsptna re-ro concem
nnsxo. Cnerano, n na ronono napacran ryn
nnxnpymmero a+ponnana. Hemen, cpocnn
rpn omt, yneren, no nn ono opyne npo-
rnnonosymno aprnnnepnn ne ntcrpennno n
ne npononno ero ntcrpenom. Kpyrom croxno
meprnoe monuanne. K moemy ynnnennm, x
npyr samernn, uro ontme ne tno cntmno
ryna nymex, x xoropomy rax npnntxno yxo,
uro nponsnonno crpamnoe nneuarnenne.
Honnt payxntx naex, x pocnncx n
mra noenno nonnnnn, re or ceptx or
yromnennx exypntx rene]onncron ysnan,
uro ancrpanncxax pnraa, nponemax ntx-
nym nout n ropoe, npxmo c rpysonnxon no-
mna n o n camym xpnrnuecxym mnnyry
cpaxennx, n npn ee nomomn nocxa Monrro-
mepn orpasnnn na paccnere nemenxym araxy,
n Pomment orcrynnn or 3nt-Anamena, sana-
nennoro ropamn rpynon.
K neuepy n Anexcanpnm crann nosnpa-
martcx rtnonte anrnncxne uacrn n mrat,
ypanmne n Hopr-Can, n ropo nocrenenno
onxrt npnnxn cno otunt nn noennoro
narepx.
Hpomno 12 ner, n ntne nycrtnx noxpyr
roro mecra, re pemanact cyta nont, cra-
na onxrt esmonnno. Ho noxpyr 3nt-Ana-
mena ntpoc ropo ecxoneuntx xnanm ns
entx xpecron
11
, namxrnnxon ncem rem, xro
nonoxnn cnom ymy sa nyumym xnsnt. Ha
mnorne ecxrxn xnnomerpon n necxax eme
ornnnamr n pxanemr ocrarxn ranxon, a+po-
nnanon n nonomannoro, ncxonepxannoro opy-
xnx. Heocropoxnoro nyrnnxa n +rnx mecrax
o cnx nop xapaynxr nennnmte mnnt, sano-
xennte no npemx nacrynnennx nemnen, xoro-
pte roront xaxym mnnyry nsopnartcx n xa-
xt ro na nnx nornamr ro rypncrt, ro
eynnt, ro ocnt n nepnmt
12
.
Cpen rtcxu n rtcxu xpecron, noxpt-
nammnx ann nnnncxo nycrtnn, nemano
ecrt n raxnx, na xoroptx snauarcx pyccxne
nmena
13
. a yer nm semnx nyxom na ane-
xo uyxnne!
Pvccra +ic.i, Hapur, A 767, 1 umu
1955 e.
1
Ernnercxax xomnaprnx tna opasonana ne-
rom 1922 r. n n rom xe roy npnnxra n Komnn-
repn. Becno 1924 r. tnn apecronant pyxonon-
renn naprnn, nocne uero ona ecrnonana yxe n
nononte.
2
Mycra]a Haxxac (18791965) cran npecea-
renem ypxyasno naprnn Ant-Ba] nocne
cmeprn n cenrxpe 1927 r. ee ocnonarenx Caaa
3arnyna; n mapre 1928 r. nnepnte nosrnannn npa-
nnrentcrno Ernnra.
3
B 1928 r. CCCP saxynnn n Ernnre 479 rtc.
xanrap xnonxa (4-e mecro nocne Anrnnn, upan-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 76
Cpen yuentx, axrnnno yuacrnonanmnx
n cranonnennn oreuecrnenno a]pnxanncrn-
xn, tn oxrop ncropnuecxnx nayx Ieoprn
Anexcanponnu Hepcecon (19231982), yue-
nnx axaemnxa E.B. Tapne
1
.Cnonm xonneram
no Hncrnryry A]pnxn Axaemnn nayx
CCCP, re I.A. Hepcecon paoran crapmnm
nayuntm corpynnxom, on sanomnnncx xax
+neprnunt, xpxn n ocrpoymnt uenonex,
ne snammn xomnpomnccon n nayxe n nens-
menno naxoxmncx na nanonee cnoxntx
yuacrxax paort
2
. Onn ormeuann npncy-
mym emy mnpory ncropnuecxoro xpyroso-
pa, rmarentnocrt anannsa ncropnuecxnx
]axron, coueranmymcx c rnynno nx oc-
mtcnennx
3
. Hcropnxam on nsnecren, npexe
ncero, xax cnennanncr n onacrn nnemne
nonnrnxn Poccnn na Fnnxnem Bocroxe n n
A]pnxe, xax anrop monorpa]nn nnnoma-
rnuecxax ncropnx ernnercxoro xpnsnca 1881
1882 rr. (M., 1979). B ne tn paccmorpen
onn ns xnmuentx nonpocon ncropnn xono-
nnantnoro pasena A]pnxn, npn +rom xnnra
crana ono ns nepntx n oreuecrnenno a]-
pnxanncrnxe, re nce nccneonanne npone-
eno no apxnnntm marepnanam
4
. I.A. Hep-
cecon tn coanropom Honeme ncropnn
A]pnxn
5
, onoro ns nepntx rpyon noo-
noro poa n mnpono a]pnxanncrnxe.
Fnnsxo snanmne I.A. Hepcecona nmn
ormeuann raxxe, uro on tn npexpacntm
nponaranncrom nayuntx snann, ynnexan
pyrnx cnoe npnnxsannocrtm x a]pnxan-
cxo remarnxe. On ymen n nmnn paorart
c monoextm
6
. Hmenno +ra cropona rnopue-
cxo nnunocrn I.A. Hepcecona xpxo pacxpt-
naercx n nexnnn Hepnte pyccxne a]pnxann-
crt, npounranno nm nx xomcomontnen
Hncrnryra A]pnxn AH CCCP 25 max 1979 r.
no cnyuam nx A]pnxn. Texcr nexnnn, panee
ne nynnxonanmncx, onapyxen n nnunom
]one I.A. Hepcecona (]. 1797), xpanxmemcx
n Apxnne Poccncxo axaemnn nayx.
I.A. Hepcecon
Hepnme pyccxne aqpnxannc1m
1. Hayunoe nsyuenne A]pnxn n Poccnn
nauanoct n ocnonnom n XIX nexe. 3ro tn
nex nennxnx reorpa]nuecxnx orxptrn na
uepnom marepnxe nex Hnnnnrcrona
7
,
Cr+nnn
8
n p|yrnx] snamennrtx nyremecr-
nennnxon. Hanomnm, uro o XIX n. enpone-
nam tnn nsnecrnt npenmymecrnenno npn-
pexnte paont A]pnxn. O ee nnyrpennnx
reppnropnxx, o a]pnxancxo rnynnxe n
Enpone snann eme ouent mano, a ro n ne sna-
nn nonce. Conpemennax ]nsnxo-reorpa]nue-
cxax xapra A]pnxn, c xoropo nt nosnaxo-
mnnnct na mxontno cxamte, cocrannena
cpannnrentno neanno. E ner eme n 100 ner.
2. Hrax, nnyrpennmm A]pnxy enpone-
cxne nyremecrnennnxn ocxonantno nsyunnn
rontxo n XIX n. H nemant nxna n orxpt-
rne A]pnxn nnecnn poccncxne nyremecr-
nennnxn. Ocoenno +ro ornocnrcx x cenepo-
nocrouno uacrn xonrnnenra, x raxnm crpa-
nam, xax Cyan, 3]nonnx n conpeentnte c
nnmn paont.
Hnrepec nmenno x +romy pernony nerxo
oxcnnm. Hpexe ncero, +ro nanonee nns-
xax x Poccnn uacrt a]pnxancxoro marepnxa.
K romy xe n nanonee naxnax c rouxn spennx
pasnnrnx pyccxoro mopennanannx n samop-
cxo ropronnn, a raxxe n nonnrnuecxom n no-
enno-crparernuecxom ornomennxx. Ocoenno
nospocno snauenne Cenepo-Bocr|ouno] A]-
pnxn nx Poccnn nocne orxptrnx n 1869 r.
Cy+nxoro xanana, xora uepes Kpacnoe mope
cran npoxonrt xparuamn mopcxo nyrt ns
Enpont n Rxnym Asnm n na antnn Boc-
rox (nporxxennocrt ero coxparnnact n 3
B.I. Byxep1
Y HCTOKOB OTEHECTBEHHOH AmPHKAHHCTHKH
Heonynnxonannan nexnnn I.A. Hepcecona
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 77
pasa). Ho n pantme Poccnx noepxnnana
ropronte n nonnrnuecxne cnxsn c Ernnrom,
no nnacrtm xoroporo c nauana XIX n. naxo-
nncx Bocrount Cyan. uepes Ernner
(Anexcanpnm n Cnnacxn nonyocrpon)
nponerann mapmpyrt pyccxnx nanomnnxon x
cnxrtm mecram n Hanecrnne. annne cnxsn
tnn y Poccnn n c ennonepno 3]nonne
+]noncxax mono]nsnrcxax nepxont, rax xe,
xax n xonrcxax n Ernnre, nnsxa x pyccxo
npanocnanno nepxnn.
Bo nropo nononnne XIX n., xora
3]nonnx crana oexrom +xcnancnn sana-
noenponecxnx epxan, ocoenno Hrannn n
Anrnnn, Poccnx oxastnana nonnrnuecxym
noepxxy 3]nonnn. He ns-sa omnocre
pennrn, xoneuno. A c nentm nomemart sa-
xnary +roro naxnoro n ropronom n crparern-
uecxom ornomennn paona morymecrnennt-
mn enponecxnmn epxanamn, xoropte mor-
nn t nperpanrt Poccnn nyrt na Bocrox
*
.
Vunrtnannct raxxe nosmoxnocrn pasnnrnx
ropronnn c 3]nonne n nacaxennx ram pyc-
cxoro nnnxnnx.
3. Bor rax, xoporxo ronopx, ocronr eno
c npnunnamn ocooro nnrepeca Poccnn x
crpanam Cenepo-Bocrouno A]pnxn. Ho-
cmorpnm renept, xaxo nxna nnecnn pyccxne
nyremecrnennnxn n nccneonanne +roro pe-
rnona raxnx crpan, xax Cyan n 3]nonnx.
Vxe n cepenne XIX n., n 18471848 rr.
n pesyntrare +xcnennnn Eropa Herponnua
Konanencxoro (18111868)
9
tnn nnepnte
ocneonant omnpnte reppnropnn no oe
cropont cyancxo-+]noncxo rpannnt n
accene p. Tymar nenoro npnroxa Iony-
oro Hnna (35 |onrort] 10 m|nport]
yponent Anc-Aet). Mapmpyrt pyc-
cxoro nccneonarenx, nnmyr conercxne
reorpa]t-a]pnxanncrt Iopnynr
10
n One-
nnxon
11
, nosnonnnn cnxrt c xaprt (A]pn-
xn) enoe nxrno n nepxontxx Tymara
(HAP, c. 4546
12
). (Ho raxnx nxren ocranoct
mnoro. Cm. xapry Konanencxoro). Eme onee
snaunrentnt pesyntrart 11-nernero (1875
1886) npetnannx n A]pnxe pyroro pyc-
*
anee sauepxnyro: uepes Cenepo-
Bocrounym A]pnxy.
cxoro nyremecrnennnxa, Bacnnnx Bacnnte-
nnua Rnxepa (18401892). Rnxep mnoro
cenan nx nsyuennx accena pexn Coar
(npant npnrox Fenoro Hnna) n ocoenno
nepxonten V+ne. Coar nporexaer no reppn-
ropnn Cyana n 3]nonnn, a V+ne eper na-
uano n paone rpannnt mexy Cyanom,
Vrano n 3anpom n reuer no cenepno uac-
rn 3anpa. Taxnm opasom, Rnxep ntmen sa
npeent Cenepo-Bocrouno A]pnxn n npo-
nnx n A]pnxy Henrpantnym. Emy npnnane-
xnr nouernoe mecro cpen nepnoorxptnare-
ne reppnropn, xnnxmmnxcx noopasenom
nennxnx a]pnxancxnx pex Hnna n Konro.
o Rnxepa tna nsnecrna nnmt neontmax
uacrt rnporpa]nuecxo rpannnt acce-
non Hnna n Konro (x nmem n nny orxptrnx
nemenxoro nyremecrnennnxa Bnen]ypra
13
n nauane 70-x roon). Hocne nccneonann
Rnxepa nonoxenne pemnrentno nsmenn-
noct. Ho cymecrny, nnmer conercxn
reorpa] mnrpencxn
14
, noopasen Hnn
Konro xax reorpa]nuecxoe nenoe tn or-
xptr Rnxepom
15
.
Hccneonannx eme onoro xpynnoro pyc-
cxoro nyremecrnennnxa Anexcanpa Kca-
neptennua Fynaronnua (18701919) ornocxr-
cx x camomy xonny XIX n. (18961898 rr.).
Onn oxnarnnn npenmymecrnenno mro-sana-
nym uacrt 3]nonnn paon, nponerammn
mexy mxntmn npnroxamn Ionyoro Hnna n
osepom Pyont]a. K uncny nanonee snaun-
rentntx ocrnxenn Fynaronnua ornocnrcx
nccneonanne reuennx rnanno pexn Rxno
3]nonnn Omo, xoropym on npomen or nc-
roxon o ycrtx n nnepnte ycranonnn, uro ona
nnaaer n os. Pyont]a. 3ananee p. Omo Fy-
naronnu orxptn orpomnt npocrnpammn-
cx na necxontxo cor x|nno|m|erpon] ropnt
maccnn. K coxanennm, on nasnan ero ne
cnnmxom yauno xperom nmn|eparopa]
Hnxonax II.
Fynaronnu tn raxxe nepntm ns enpo-
nenen, erantno, xax ronopnrcx, nont n no-
nepex, nsyunnmnm reppnropnm +]noncxo
(mxn|ax] rpannna c Cyanom) nponnnnnn
Ka]]a (K+]a). On cymen xaprorpa]nponart
+ror paon n art ero ocroxrentnym reorpa-
]nuecxym xapaxrepncrnxy.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 78
4. 3ro rontxo nanonee xpynnte pyc-
cxne reorpa]nuecxne orxptrnx n A]pnxe.
Ftno mnoro pyrnx cpennx n menxnx. He
rontxo n cenepo-nocrouno n nenrpantno,
no raxxe n cenepno n sanano uacrxx xon-
rnnenra (Bontn-Porosnncxn
16
n Kamepyne).
Onaxo eno ne rontxo n reorpa]nuecxnx pe-
syntrarax nccneonann namnx cooreuecr-
nennnxon. Ouent naxnt raxxe nx +rnorpa-
]nuecxne n noome omecrnenno-nayunte
marepnant. B xoe +rnx n mnornx pyrnx
pyccxnx nyremecrnn tnn copant nennte
annte o +rnnuecxom cocrane nacenennx
a]pnxancxnx crpan, nx xosxcrne, connant-
nom n nonnrnuecxom crpoe, tre n npanax,
xstxe, xyntrype, pennrnn n r.. 3ro nepno-
xnaccnt ncrounnx nx mnornx noxonenn
yuentx +rnorpa]on, connonoron, nnnrnnc-
ron, ncropnxon. Xouy ormernrt, uro na cne-
ennx pyccxnx nyremecrnennnxon mt onnpa-
emcx ne rontxo rora, xora xornm noccos-
art xnsnt a]pnxancxnx crpan n XIX n., no n
xora neem peut o ropaso onee pannem
npemenn. Bet +rnorpa]nuecxne n pyrne
marepnant XIX n. moryr trt ncnontsonant
n ecrnnrentno ncnontsymrcx nx pexoncr-
pyxnnn oranenntx or nac ncropnuecxnx
+nox, nocxontxy cneennx o nnx, xoroptmn
mt pacnonaraem, ouent n ouent orpannuent.
5. Tenept necxontxo cnon o rom, uro xe
npecrannxnn coo nennxne pyccxne nyre-
mecrnennnxn n A]pnxy, xro onn tnn n uem
nnrepeconannct. Kax nt npexpacno nonnmae-
re, +xcnennnx n A]pnxy axe ceuac, npn
ntnemnnx cpecrnax coomennx, eno opo-
rocroxmee. Tem onee +ro tno rax 100200
ner romy nasa. Pyccxne openonmnnonnte
nayunte yupexennx (raxne, xax Axaemnx
nayx, Pyccxoe reorpa]nuecxoe o|mecr|no,
Mocxoncxn, Herepyprcxn n p. ynnnepcn-
rert) npaxrnuecxn ne pacnonarann cpecrna-
mn nx a]pnxancxnx +xcnennn. Bor noue-
my mnorne pyccxne nyremecrnnx n A]pnxy
oprannsontnannct ne crontxo no nayuno,
cxontxo no rocyapcrnenno nnnnn c noen-
ntmn, nnnomarnuecxnmn n pyrnmn nenx-
mn. B uacrnocrn, snaunrentnt cno pyc-
cxnx nyremecrnennnxon n A]pnxy cocrannx-
mr ]norcxne n apmecxne o]nnept.
Tax, nanpnmep, nepnte pyccxne camo-
croxrentnte onncannx crpan Marpna Ty-
nnca n Anxnpa, onynnxonannte eme n xon-
ne XVIII n.
17
, npnnanexar mopcxomy o]nne-
py, n ro npemx xannrany nroporo panra Mar-
nem Ipnroptennuy Koxonneny (17451793).
On nocernn Cenepnym A]pnxy no saannm
mopcxoro neomcrna c nentm nsyuennx yc-
nonn nx nnanannx n croxnox cyon n mx-
no uacrn Cpensemnoro mopx. Hanomnm,
uro +ro tno no nropo nononnne 1770-x ro-
on, xora Poccnx nocne noeonocno no-
nt c Typnne 17681774 rr. crana npon-
nartcx n pxt cpensemnomopcxnx epxan. B
name nnreparype sa Koxonnentm saxpenn-
noct snanne nepnoro pyccxoro a]pnxann-
cra, xoropoe npncnonn emy n cnoe crarte o
nyremecrnnxx Koxonnena nsnecrnt coner-
cxn +rnorpa] M.O. Kocnen
18
. Hontsyxct co-
npemenntmn nonxrnxmn, mt nasnann t Ko-
xonnena pasneunxom. B Tynnc on npntn n
1776 r. ns Hnnopno na ropronom xopane n
no nnom xommepcanra. Hpannrenm crpant
em Koxonnen npecrannncx xax snarnt
pyccxn nyremecrnennnx, nnrepecymmncx
pasnannnamn Kap]arena. Cnycrx ro Koxon-
nen noxnnncx n Anxnpe yxe n pyrom xaue-
crne n onnxe ]pannysa.
Ho, xoneuno, ne pasnetnarentntmn
anntmn nennt xnnrn Koxonnena n coxpa-
nnnmnecx nocne nero apxnnnte marepnant.
Onn ocrannct n ncropnn nayxn xax sanncxn
ouennna, co snannem n, rnannoe, oexrnnno
n opoxenarentno onncanmero apao-ep-
epcxoe nacenenne Anxnpa n Tynnca. Ho-
uepxnnam oexrnnno n opoxenarentno.
Bet Poccnx ne nmena xononnanncrcxnx ne-
ne n ornomennn Cenepno A]pnxn, a n
cam Koxonnen tn uenonexom mnpoxo opa-
sonanntm
*
, ncntranmnm nsnecrnoe nnnxnne
rymanncrnuecxnx ne, onontno mnpoxo
*
anee sauepxnyro: nnmenntm monnnncrn-
uecxnx npepaccyxon. On nocroxnno, x t cxa-
san, nacrounno ormeuan, uro xorx Cenepnym
A]pnxy n Enpone nastnamr Bapnapne, ee na-
cenenne nonce ne napnapt, a napo ocrarouno
pasnnrt, c oraro ncropne n camotrno
xyntrypo.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 79
pacnpocrpannnmnxcx n Poccnn n nocnene
rpern XVIII n. (ncnomnnre uonnnsnna
19
, Ho-
nnxona
20
n p.).
Boenntmn tnn n mnorne pyccxne nyre-
mecrnennnxn n 3]nonnm, esnnmne rya n
xauecrne noenntx conernnxon, c mnccne
Kpacnoro Kpecra, c nnnomarnuecxnmn n
nntmn saannxmn. 3ro n nonxonnnx
H.K. Apramonon
21
, n nopyunx H.C. Heonrt-
en
22
, n yxe snaxomt nam xopner A.K. Fyna-
ronnu. Bnpouem, Fynaronnu, yxe nocne cno-
nx camtx snamennrtx +xcnennn n 1903 r.,
xora emy tno ncero 33 roa, pesxo nsmennn
cnom cyty. Vmen n orcranxy n n 1906 r.
npnnxn cxnmy no nmenem orna Anronnx.
3ro, onaxo, ne nomemano emy yuacrnonart n
nepno mnpono none, no yxe ne n ]opme
rycapcxoro o]nnepa, a n onauennn cnxmen-
nnxa orpxa Kpacnoro Kpecra.
Ouent nnrepecno, na ocnone ceptesntx
nayuntx nstcxann, onncan xnsnt n ex-
rentnocrt Fynaronnua conercxn nocroxone
H.C. Kannentcon
23
n xnnre Ho nensnean-
ntm semnxm 3]nonnn (conm|ecrno] c I. Te-
pexono, M., 1975) n no ncrynnrentno cra-
rte x cpannnrentno neanno ntmememy ne-
pensannm rpyon Fynaronnua
24
. K coxane-
nnm, camo +ro nepensanne cnntno norepxno
n nayunom ornomennn, r.x. paort Fynaronn-
ua nomement n nem co snaunrentntmn xy-
nmpamn, a snaunr, ne moryr ncnontsonartcx
xax ncrounnxn n nayunom nccneonannn.
pyro rnn pyccxoro nyremecrnennnxa
n A]pnxy xnnxn coo Erop Herponnu Kona-
nencxn. Ho opasonannm ropnt nnxenep,
on cnyxnn n Mnnncrepcrne nnocrpanntx
en. B Cyan Konanencxn tn nocnan no
npocte npannrenx Ernnra snamennroro My-
xammea Ann (npannn n 18051849 rr.)
25
.
Ernnercxn nama nyxancx n entrax, n na
Konanencxoro tna nosnoxena saaua ort-
cxannx sonortx pocctne n Cyane n opra-
nnsannn otun sonora, uro on n cenan,
npnuem n onontno xoporxn cpox. Ionopx
conpemenntmn repmnnamn, +xcnennnx no
rnane c Konanencxnm esnna n A]pnxy no nn-
nnn IK3C
26
.
Boome xe Konanencxn n n A]pnxe n
no npemx pyrnx cnonx nyremecrnn ycnem-
no npoxnnn cex na yuenom nonpnme. On
tn nspan cnauana unenom-xoppecnonen-
rom, a sarem nouerntm unenom Axaemnn na-
yx. uenonex nporpeccnnntx nsrnxon, yex-
ennt npornnnnx pacnsma, on sacnyxnn
ynaxenne camtx nepeontx nme cnoero
npemenn, raxnx, nanpnmep, xax Hnxona Ian-
pnnonnu uepntmencxn
27
. Kora roronnnact
snamennrax xnnra Konanencxoro Hyremecr-
nne no nnyrpennmm A]pnxy (CH., 1849) n
n xypnanax crann noxnnxrtcx ee orentnte
rnant, uepntmencxn nncan, uro Konanen-
cxn nonpannncx emy sa ro, uro rax ronopnr
o nerpax; uro onn ponno nnuem ne xyxe
nac (HCC, r. 1, c. 234).
Haxonen moxno nasnart nyremecrnennn-
xon n A]pnxy c uncro nayuntmn nenxmn.
nx +roro nm npnxonnoct nyremecrnonart n
ocnonnom sa cno cocrnennt cuer. Taxym
nosmoxnocrt nmen, n uacrnocrn, B.B. Rn-
xep. Ionopx o Rnxepe, ne mory ne ntpasnrt
coxanenne, uro ero xannrantnt rpexrom-
nt rpy Hyremecrnne no A]pnxe, nann-
cannt n onynnxonannt na nemenxom
xstxe (Doktor W. J unkers. Reisen in Africa.
18751886. WienOlmtz, 18891891), o
cnx nop ne nepeneen nonnocrtm na pyccxn
xstx. Btmno nnmt coxpamennoe, onorom-
noe nsanne n 1949 r.
28
Kcrarn, cpen pyccxnx yuentx, esnn-
mnx n A]pnxy c cyryo nayuntmn nenxmn,
tno nemano ecrecrnoncntrarene reono-
ron, orannxon, soonoron n p. 3ect moxno
nasnart nnexy yuentx, nexoropte ns xoro-
ptx notnann n A]pnxe yxe n cepenne
XIX n. +ro yuacrnnx +xcnennnn Konanen-
cxoro n Cyan H.C. Henxoncxn
29
, unen-xop-
pecnonenr Axaemnn nayx 3.H. 3xen-
nant
30
n axaemnx A.A. Brpayx
31
(onn pao-
rann n Cenepno A]pnxe), n px pyrnx nn-
ntx
*
yuentx.
6. Koneuno, nepnte pyccxne a]pnxann-
crt +ro ne rontxo nyremecrnennnxn, no n
xannernte yuente, npnuem camoro pasnnu-
noro npo]nnx. Ono n nonxrno. Bet repmnn
a]pnxanncrnxa, ecnn ero mnpoxo rpaxro-
nart, nxnmuaer n cex px no cymecrny camo-
*
anee sauepxnyro: ecrecrnoncntrarene.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 80
croxrentntx nayx, raxnx xax apancrnxa
(nsyuenne apacxoro mnpa), ernnronornx
(nsyuenne pennero Ernnra) n p. H nce xe,
npexpacno nonnmax, uro peut ner o ocotx
nayxax, nmemmnx cnon nayunte saaun, pas-
nnnammnxcx cnonm cocrnenntm nyrem, mt
ne moxem ynycxart nx ns nna, xora rono-
pnm o nsyuennn A]pnxn. Tem onee uro
pyccxax openonmnnonnax ernnronornx n
apancrnxa ocrnrnn raxoro yponnx, xoro-
pt cnncxan nm nonnnno mnponoe npnsna-
nne. ocrarouno nasnart, nanpnmep, nmx
Bnanmnpa Cemenonnua Ionennmena (1856
1847)
32
yuenoro ynnnepcantno mnpoxnx
nnrepecon, xpynnemero snaroxa ernnercxo-
ro xstxa n penneernnercxo nnreparypt, a
raxxe apxeonora n +nnrpa]ncra. Ha cuery
Ionennmena 60 nayuntx +xcnennn n noes-
ox n Ernner. On copan n npnnes na ponny
omnpnym xonnexnnm ernnercxnx penno-
cre, xoropym nt moxere renept nnert n
Mysee nsopasnrentntx ncxyccrn na Bon-
xonxe. Ocoenno xouercx ormernrt, uro Io-
nennmen nomen ne rontxo n ncropnm oreue-
crnenno, no n ernnercxo nayxn. On nono-
xnn nauano npenoanannm ernnronornn n
Kanpe, cnococrnonan cosannm mecrno
ernnronornuecxo mxont. O +rom nomnxr
yuente Ernnra, nastnammne Ionennmena
nnonepom ernnronornn n Kanpcxom ynnnep-
cnrere
33
.
Hnrepecno, uro nexoropte cnennanncrt-
ernnronorn nnecnn nenry n pyrne c]ept
nsyuennx A]pnxn. Bostmnre, nanpnmep, ra-
xoro xpynnoro yuenoro, xax Ocxap 3yapo-
nnu Hemm (18561918)
34
. Or ernnronornn on
nepemen x nsyuennm xonron pennero xpn-
crnancxoro nacenennx Ernnra, rounee x nc-
cneonannm xonrcxoro xstxa n nnreparypt.
On cran, no cyrn ena, cosarenem oreuecr-
nenno xonronornn.
Hnn Fopnc Anexcanponnu Typaen
(18681920)
35
snamennrt ncropnx-ernnro-
nor, axaemnx, anrop xnaccnuecxoro rpya
Hcropnx pennero Bocroxa
36
. Typaen npn-
nanexan x uncny nyumnx n mnpe snaroxon
pennrnn n xyntrypt pennero Ernnra. Ho on
xe nnoornopno sannmancx n nponemamn
3]nonnn, sanoenan cee penyrannm ouent
xpynnoro +]nonncra. Bor nnrepecnax erant:
marncrepcxax ncceprannx Typaena xacanact
pennero Ernnra. Ona nastnanact For Tor.
Ontr nccneonannx n onacrn ncropnn pen-
neernnercxo xyntrypt (1898). A nor ox-
ropcxym ncceprannm on nncan yxe na +]n-
oncxym remy, nasnan ee Hccneonannx n o-
nacrn arnonornuecxnx ncrounnxon ncropnn
3]nonnn (1902).
Boome +]nonncrnxa n Poccnn nmeer
annne rpannnn. O +rom cronr nanomnnrt
n cnxsn c npecroxme ncxope Bcecomsno
xon]epennne a]pnxanncron
37
. Homnmo ma-
repnanon pyccxnx nyremecrnennnxon n
3]nonnm n paor Typaena moxno tno t
nasnart eme
*
px rpyon, ornocxmnxcx x nsy-
uennm xstxon n xyntrypt 3]nonnn, ee ncro-
pnn, ocoenno pennrnosno, uro onxrt-raxn
cnxsano c nnsocrtm nyx nepxne mono-
]nsnrcxo n pyccxo npanocnanno. Hsnecr-
nt pyccxn yuent axaemnx F.A. opn
38
eme n 1829 r. nnen n Xaptxoncxom ynnnepcn-
rere npenoananne penne+]noncxoro xstxa
re+s. Bonpocamn nepxonno ncropnn 3]no-
nnn sannmannct enncxon Hop]npn (Vcnen-
cxn, 18041885)
39
, xoroporo Kpauxoncxn
40
nasnan snaroxom xpncrnancxoro Bocroxa
(Ouepxn no ncropnn pyccxo apancrnxn.
M.H., 1950, c. 154)
41
, raxxe unen-xoppec-
nonenr Axaemnn nayx Bacnnn Bacnnte-
nnu Fonoron (18531900)
42
ntnycxnnx, sa-
rem npo]eccop Herepyprcxo yxonno
axaemnn
43
. Kax nnnre, n pyccxoe yxonen-
crno tno npnuacrno x a]pnxanncrnxe.
Ecnn Bt eme ne satnn, ro, ronopx o na-
yuno exrentnocrn F.A. Typaena, x ormeuan
cnxsn +]nonncrnxn c ernnronorne
**
. Hnu-
nax nepconantnax ynnx, ecnn moxno rax cxa-
sart, n c apancrnxo. 3ro ocoenno xpxo
nnno, xora opamaemtcx x norpa]nn xo-
pn]ex oreuecrnenno apancrnxn axaemnxa
Hrnarnx Rnnanonnua Kpauxoncxoro (1883
1951). Fontmax uacrt nayuno exrentnocrn
Kpauxoncxoro ornocnrcx x conercxomy npe-
menn. Ho xax yuent on nauan ]opmnponart-
cx eme o penonmnnn, npnuem coueran apa-
*
anee sauepxnyro: nemano.
**
anee sauepxnyro: Oxastnaercx, uro.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 81
cxne mrynn c sanxrnxmn 3]nonne. Ha no-
npnme +]nonncrnxn Kpauxoncxn tn yue-
nnxom Typaena. H sanxrnx c nnm ne npomnn
nx monooro yuenoro eccneno. On sann-
mancx, nanpnmep, nsyuennem +]noncxo reo-
rpa]nuecxo nnreparypt, a raxxe apao-
+]noncxnx cnxse. Hosnee, yxe n conercxoe
npemx, Kpauxoncxn nanncan ontmym pao-
ry Bneenne n +]noncxym ]nnonornm
44
.
Kont cxopo peut samna o Kpauxoncxom,
ro nao samernrt, uro nx ncropnn pyccxo
a]pnxanncrnxn anexo ne espasnnunt n
rpyt yuentx-apancron. Kax npannno, nn-
xro ns nnx ne sannmancx apacxnmn crpana-
mn A]pnxn, xorx orentnte paort raxoro
poa nt naere n nnnorpa]nxx rpyon
O.H. Cenxoncxoro (apona Fpameyca)
45
,
H.C. Canentena
46
n nexoroptx pyrnx apan-
cron. Ho ne menee naxnt nx nsyuammnx nc-
ropnm, nnreparypy, xyntrypy apacxnx crpan
A]pnxn paort pyccxnx openonmnnonntx
apancron no omnm nponemam apacxoro
mnpa. Tem, xro sannrepecyercx +rnmn cmxe-
ramn, pexomenym monorpa]nm Kpauxoncxo-
ro no ncropnn pyccxo apancrnxn, a raxxe
xnnry F.M. annnra
47
Fnnxnn Bocrox n
pyccxo nayxe n nnreparype (M., 1973).
7. Paccmarpnnax remarnxy pyccxnx ope-
nonmnnonntx nccneonann no nponemam
A]pnxn, ne rpyno samernrt, uro n ont-
mnncrne cnyuaen mt nmeem eno c reorpa]n-
uecxnmn n +rnorpa]nuecxnmn, xstxontmn,
nnreparyponeuecxnmn n pennrnoneuecxn-
mn nccneonannxmn. Hsyuenne rexyme nc-
ropnn (current history, xax ronopxr anrnnua-
ne), ne ronopx yxe o conpemenntx +xonomn-
uecxnx, connantntx n pyrnx noonoro po-
a nponemax, orpannunnanoct n ocnonnom
nanmennxmn n sanncxamn nyremecrnennn-
xon. Ionopm n ocnonnom noromy, uro eme
o penonmnnn nexoropte pyccxne yuente
crann opamartcx x snoonenntm npone-
mam a]pnxancxoro xonrnnenra raxnm, xax
nponemt xononnannsma n anrnxononnant-
no optt.
B +ro cnxsn nao nnont nasnart ]amn-
nnm Konanencxoro, no yxe ne Eropa Herpo-
nnua nccneonarenx Cyana, a ero ono]a-
mnntna, snamennroro ncropnxa, connonora n
npanonea axaemnxa Maxcnma Maxcnmonn-
ua Konanencxoro (18511916)
48
. Maxcnm Ko-
nanencxn, xax nt, xoneuno, snaere, tn
nnsxo snaxom c Mapxcom n 3nrentcom, ne-
pennctnancx c nnmn n, necomnenno, ncntran
onpeenennoe nnnxnne nx nsrnxon, xorx
mapxcncrom rax n ne cran. ymam, snaere nt
n o rom, uro ocnonononoxnnxn mapxcnsma
nennnn rpyt Konanencxoro o centcxo o-
mnne. Tax nor n onom ns nnx xnnre O-
mnnnoe semnennaenne, nsanno n
1879 r.
49
, ontmo pasen tn nocnxmen no-
noxennm n Anxnpe. Konanencxn an sect
ouent rnyoxn nx cnoero npemenn ananns
arpapno nonnrnxn ]pannyscxnx xononnsa-
ropon n nosecrnnx xononnantnoro pexnma
na cytt anxnpcxo omnnt.
K a]pnxancxo remarnxe opamannct n
openonmnnonnoe npemx n nccneonarenn
mapxcncrxo mxont, cpen nnx Mnxann Ha-
sapennu Bentrman (Hannonnu) (18711927)
50
.
3ro onn ns nepntx pyccxnx cnennanncron
no nponeme nmnepnannsma n xononnantntm
nonpocam. Bnocnecrnnn xpynnt coner-
cxn n omecrnennt exrent. On tn n
uncne rnanntx oprannsaropon 1-ro cesa na-
poon Bocroxa n Faxy (1920 r.), a sarem nos-
rnannn cosannym n 1921 r. Bcepoccncxym
nayunym acconnannm nocroxoneennx. Tema
xononnantno +xcnancnn nmnepnannsma, n
uacrnocrn na a]pnxancxom marepnxe, pac-
cmarpnnaercx n pxe paor Hannonnua, nann-
canntx eme n openonmnnonnoe npemx. Ho
urot oxonuarentno ne yromnxrt nac, nasony
nnmt ony pommpy o anrno-ypcxo
none 18991902 rr., nsannym nenocpecr-
nenno n nepno nont
51
. uro xapaxrepno nx
+ro paort Hannonnua. t cxasan, na-
nexrnunocrt noxoa x onenxe xapaxrepa
nont. Hannonnu pasonauan nmnepnanncrn-
uecxym nonnrnxy Anrnnn n Rxno A]pnxe
n noxastnan, uro ypcxne pecnynnxn
Tpancnaant n Opanxenax orcrannamr cnom
nannonantnym nesanncnmocrt. Ho on noxa-
san raxxe n ro, uro, opxct c pnrancxnm xo-
nonnannsmom, ypt n ro xe npemx ntcryna-
mr camn n ponn xononnsaropon no ornome-
nnm x xopennomy, a]pnxancxomy nacenennm
Rxno A]pnxn. H n +rom Hannonnu cnpa-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 82
nennno nnen axnnnecony nxry anrnxononn-
antnoro conpornnnennx n Tpancnaane n
Opanxeno.
Hnoornopnocrt mapxcncrcxoro noxoa
x axryantntm nponemam A]pnxn npoe-
moncrpnponan n ueop Apononnu Pormren
(18711953)
52
. Hsnecrnt penonmnnonep,
nnocnecrnnn nnnt conercxn nnnomar n
yuent, axaemnx, cnennanncr no nono n
noneme ncropnn 3anano Enpont, oco-
enno ncropnn mexynapontx ornomenn.
Monoocrt Pormrena npomna n +mnrpannn,
n Anrnnn. On axrnnno yuacrnonan n pnran-
cxom paouem nnxennn, tn onnm ns cos-
arene pnrancxo xommynncrnuecxo nap-
rnn, a n 1920 r. nepnyncx na Ponny
*
. Xnnx n
Anrnnn, Pormren oparnncx x ncropnn
Ernnra, naxonnmerocx n ro npemx no pn-
rancxnm nnatuecrnom. B orner na xnnry
pnrancxoro nporexropa Ernnra nopa Kpo-
mepa
53
, neannsnponanmero xononnantnt
pexnm xax nonnrnxy nnnnnnsannn n npo-
rpecca, Pormren nanncan cnom xnnry
rnyoxo nayunoe n oxymenrantno oocno-
nannoe nccneonanne Egypts ruin (Paso-
penne Ernnra). Ona tna onynnxonana n
Honone n 1910 r. Vxe camo nasnanne +ro
paort noxastnaer ee anrnxononnantnym
nanpannennocrt. Knnra nmena ontmo peso-
nanc, conpemennnxn nasnann ee Anrn-Kpo-
mepom. B conercxoe npemx ona naxt ns-
ananact (n snaunrentno ononnennom nne)
no nasnannem 3axnar n saxaanenne Ernn-
ra
54
. B camom Ernnre ona nepeneena na
apa|cxn] xstx. o cnx nop paora Por-
mrena ocraercx onnm ns nyumnx n mnpo-
no nayxe nccneonann ncropnn Ernnra no
pnrancxnm nrom. Ha nee nocroxnno cctna-
nnct n cctnamrcx nporpeccnnnte anropt,
nnmymne o Ernnre, naunnax c Post Hmxcem-
ypr
55
n xonuax conpemenntmn apacxnmn
yuentmn. Ho cnonam onoro ns nnx, Hpaxn-
ma Amnpa, Pormren npnnanexnr x uncny
*
anee sauepxnyro: Mnorne ns nac, nepoxr-
no, cntmann o ctne ueopa Apononnua conpe-
mennom anrnncxom ncropnxe-xommynncre 3n-
pm Pormrene, xoropt npoxnnxer nocroxnnt
nnrepec x xononnantno nponemarnxe.
nanonee ntammnxcx ne anrnncxnx ncro-
pnxon, pasonauanmnx nmnepnannsm n Ernn-
re
56
.
Koneuno, n Maxcnm Konanencxn, n
M.H. Hannonnu, n u.A. Pormren ne tnn
npo]eccnonantntmn a]pnxanncramn. Ho
nmenno onn cenann nepnte marn no nyrn
nayunoro ocmtcnennx conpemenntx nponem
A]pnxn r.e. nepnte marn n rom nanpanne-
nnn, xoropoe crano rnanntm, onpeenxmmnm
n pasnnrnn a]pnxancxnx nccneonann n
CCCP.
8. Hpexe uem xonunrt cno oxna, xo-
ren t nanomnnrt eme o ono rpynne poc-
cnxn, notnanmnx n A]pnxe nnn nncanmnx
o ne. nmem n nny npecrannrene rax na-
stnaemtx cnoontx npo]eccn npaue,
xypnanncron, nncarene, xyoxnnxon. Hx
tno nemano, npnuem ncrpeuannct cpen nnx
n snamennrocrn. B 1853 r., no npemx cnoero
ncem nsnecrnoro nnanannx na ]perare Han-
naa, notnan na Mtce opo Haext
xnaccnx name nnreparypt H.A. Ionuapon
57
.
O Ionuapone, a n o pyrnx pyccxnx, not-
nanmnx n Rxno A]pnxe, ouent nnrepecno
paccxastnamr n cnoe xnnre Onnx ane-
xo crpant (1975) npo]|eccop] A.F. a-
nncon
58
n B.A. Maxpymnn
59
. Hacroxrentno
conerym rem, xro eme ne unran ee
**
, ocrart
n npouecrt.
Moxno tno t nasnart eme mnoro
nmen, no cxaxy nnmt o onom xyoxnnxe
n ncxyccrnonee Bnanmnpe Hnanonnue Mar-
nee (18771914)
60
. B A]pnxe on ne tn, no
cenan nx ee nsyuennx ne mentme mnornx
nyremecrnennnxon. Hapxy c nsnecrntm ne-
menxnm ncxyccrnoneom Kapnom 3nmre-
nom
61
Marne npnnanexnr x uncny nepntx
n mnpe nccneonarene a]pnxancxo nnacrn-
xn rpannnonno a]pnxancxo cxyntnry-
pt. K coxanennm, cam Marne nnxora ne
nnen cnoe xnnrn. Ona tna onynnxonana
cnycrx 5 ner nocne ero cmeprn, n 1919 r., no
ncenonnmom B. Mapxon n nastnanact Hc-
xyccrno nerpon. Oparnre nnnmanne na ary
1919 r. B rpynym nopy rpaxancxo no-
nt n nnocrpanno nnrepnennnn monoax Co-
**
anee sauepxnyro: narn.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 83
nercxax Poccnx nstcxana cpecrna n nosmox-
nocrn nx nynnxannn nccneonannx no ra-
xo, xasanoct t, mano axryantno n ro npe-
mx remarnxe, xax a]pnxancxoe ncxyccrno.
Honox nror, moxno es ncxxnx npe-
ynennuenn cxasart, uro conpemennax coner-
cxax a]pnxanncrnxa nmeer cnanntx npeme-
crnennnxon n annne rpannnn. H mt nnpane
ropnrcx nmn.
* * *
oporne pystx. Mt ncnomnnann cero-
nx, n ent A]pnxn, nepntx pyccxnx yue-
ntx, sannmanmnxcx nsyuennem +roro xonrn-
nenra. Hx eno npoonxamr n pasnnnamr
yxe necxontxo noxonenn conercxnx yue-
ntx. Cpen nnx nnnoe mecro sannmaer
xpynnt ncropnx-a]pnxanncr, onn ns cos-
arene namero nncrnryra, nepnt saneym-
mn Cexropom ncropnn, oxrop ncropnue-
cxnx nayx Cepre Py]onnu Cmnpnon
62
. Oce-
ntm ntnemnero roa ncnonnxercx 70 ner co
nx poxennx C.P. Cmnpnona, n x +ro are
yer npnypoueno cnennantnoe nayunoe sa-
ceanne.
Ho x ne cnyuano ncnomnnam o Cmnp-
none na +rom saceannn. Ceronx, 25 max, nc-
nonnnnoct ponno 10 ner co nx ero cmeprn
*
.
Paspemnre npocnrt nac nournrt ncranannem
namxrt namero crapmero ronapnma, a nmecre
c nnm namxrt ncex poccncxnx n conercxnx
yuentx, xoropte sannmannct nponemamn
a]pnxancxoro xonrnnenra n cnococrnonann
cnonmn rpyamn nsanmononnmannm, cnnxe-
nnm n pyxe mexy name crpano n napo-
amn A]pnxn.
Apxue PAH. 4. 1797 (I.A. Hepcecoe).
On. 1. . 34. H. 226. Mauuuonuci c npaero.
*
anee sauepxnyro: Bor nouemy
Hpnueuannn
1
Tapne Enrenn Bnxroponnu (18741955)
ncropnx, axaemnx AH (c 1927 r.).
2
Hamxrn Ieoprnx Anexcanponnua Hepcecona
// Hapot Asnn n A]pnxn, 1982, N 6, c. 209.
3
Tam xe. C. 208.
4
aeuocou A.B. Ieoprn Anexcanponnu Hep-
cecon ncropnx-a]pnxanncr // A]pnxa. Hpone-
mt ncropnn. M., 1986, c. 221.
5
Cm.: Honemax ncropnx A]pnxn. M., 1964;
ns. 2-e. M., 1968.
6
Hamxrn Ieoprnx Anexcanponnua Hepcecona,
c. 209.
7
Hnnnnrcron ann (18131873) anrnn-
cxn nccneonarent A]pnxn.
8
Cr+nnn Ienpn Mopron (nacroxmne nmx n
]amnnnx xon Poynenc) (18411904) xypna-
nncr, nccneonarent A]pnxn.
9
Konanencxn Erop Herponnu (18091868)
nyremecrnennnx n nncarent, renepan-nerenanr,
npexrop Asnarcxoro enapramenra MH (1856
1861), un.-xopp. (c 1856 r.), nouernt unen (c
1857 r.) AH.
10
Iopnynr Mnxann Fopnconnu (po. n 1926 r.)
reorpa], cr. nayunt corpynnx Hncrnryra
reorpa]nn AH (c 1962 r.).
11
Onennxon Hropt Hnxonaennu (19331975)
reorpa].
12
Cm.: Iopuvue M.B., O.euuroe H.H. Ieorpa-
]nuecxoe nsyuenne A]pnxn n Poccnn // Hsyuenne
A]pnxn n Poccnn. M., 1977, c. 3071.
13
Bnen]ypr Ieopr Anrycr (18361925) ec-
recrnoncntrarent n orannx, nccneonarent A]-
pnxn.
14
mnrpnencxn Rpn mnrpnennu (1920
2001) reorpa].
15
+umpeecru P.. Pyccxne nccneonarenn
npnpot Bocrounoro Cyana // Vuente sanncxn
Bonorocxoro nearornuecxoro nncrnryra. Bono-
ra, 1952, r. 10, c. 58.
16
Bontn-Porosnncxn Cre]an Hmnnronnu
(18601896) mnuman, nnnnnarop n pyxonon-
rent nayuno +xcnennnn n Kamepyn n 1883
1884 rr.
17
Cm.: Koroeee M.I. Onncanne Apxnnenara n
Bapnapncxoro epera. CH., 1786; ou re. oc-
ronepnte nsnecrnx o Antxnpe. CH., 1787.
18
Kocnen Mapx Ocnnonnu (18851967) +r-
norpa], ncropnx, npo]eccop MIV (19341954),
cr. nayunt corpynnx Hncrnryra +rnorpa]nn
AH (19351937, 19431965). (Cm.: Koceeu M.O.
Hepnt pyccxn a]pnxanncr M.I. Koxonnen //
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 84
Conercxoe nocroxoneenne, 1956, N 2, c. 91
95).
19
uonnnsnn ennc Hnanonnu (1744 nnn 1745
1792) nncarent, npocnernrent.
20
Honnxon Hnxona Hnanonnu (17441818)
npocnernrent, nncarent, xypnanncr, nsarent.
21
Apramonon Heonn Koncranrnnonnu (1859
1932) renepan or nn]anrepnn, xomannp 1-ro
apmecxoro xopnyca (19111914), nauantnnx 18-
Cnnpcxo nexorno nnnsnn (1917), noennt
conernnx neryca Menennxa II (1898).
22
Heonrten Hnxona Crenanonnu (1862?)
rnapnn nopyunx, noennt conernnx neryca Me-
nennxa II (18951896).
23
Kannentcon Hcnop Cannnu (19101981)
ernnronor, cr. nayunt corpynnx Hncrnryra
nocroxoneennx AH CCCP.
24
Cm.: Kaue.icou H.C. A.K. Fynaronnu ry-
cap, semnenpoxoen, cxnmnnx // Fynaronnu A.K. C
nocxamn Menennxa II. M., 1971, c. 331.
25
Myxamme Ann-nama (17691849) npann-
rent Ernnra.
26
Hmeercx n nny Iocyapcrnennt xomnrer
Conera mnnncrpon CCCP no nnemne+xonomnue-
cxnm cnxsxm.
27
uepntmencxn Hnxona Ianpnnonnu
(18281889) penonmnnonep-emoxpar, yuent,
nncarent, nnreparypnt xpnrnx.
28
Cm.: Purep B.B. Hyremecrnnx no A]pnxe.
M., 1949.
29
Henxoncxn Hen Cemenonnu (18221887)
orannx, nporncronor n axrepnonor, un.-xopp.
AH (c 1881 r.).
30
3xennant 3yap Hnanonnu (Kapn 3y-
ap) ecrecrnoncntrarent n naneonronor, un.-
xopp. AH (c 1826 r.).
31
Brpayx Anexcanp Anexcanponnu (1832
1893) soonor, npexrop 3oonornuecxoro mysex
AH (18791890), axaemnx AH (c 1870 r.).
32
Ionennmen Bnanmnp Cemenonnu (1856
1947) ernnronor.
33
Ionennmen ocnonan xa]epy ernnronornn n
Vnnnepcnrere xoponx uyaa n Kanpe.
34
Hemm Ocxap 3yaponnu (18561918)
ernnronor.
35
Typaen Fopnc Anexcanponnu (18681920)
nocroxone, axaemnx AH (c 1918 r.).
36
Cm.: Tvpaee B.A. Hcropnx pennero Bocro-
xa. CH., 1913.
37
III Bcecomsnax xon]epennnx a]pnxanncron
cocroxnact n Mocxne 1517 oxrxpx 1979 r.
38
opn Fopnc Anpeennu (Horann Antpexr
Fepnrap) (18051881) nocroxone-ncropnx,
npanncr, npo]eccop Xaptxoncxoro ynnnepcnrera
(18271835), axaemnx AH (c 1842 r.).
39
Hop]npn (Koncranrnn Anexcanponnu
Vcnencxn, 18041885) nocroxone, nnsanro-
nor, apxeonor, enncxon unrnpnncxn, nnxapn
Knencxo enapxnn (18651878).
40
Kpauxoncxn Hrnarn Rnnanonnu (1883
1951) nocroxone-apancr, axaemnx AH (c
1921 r.).
41
Cm.: Hopqupu (Vcneucru). Bocrox xpn-
crnancxn. Anccnnnx. Hepxonnoe n nonnrnue-
cxoe cocroxnne Anccnnnn c pennemnx npemen
o namnx ne // Tpyt Knencxo yxonno axa-
emnn. Knen, 1866, N 36; ou re. Bocrox xpn-
crnancxn. Vuacrne Poccnn n cyte Anccnnnn
// Tam xe. 1866, N 8, c. 420421.
42
Fonoron Bacnnn Bacnntennu (18531900)
ncropnx npanocnanno nepxnn, un.-xopp. AH (c
1893 r.).
43
Cm.: Bo.omoe B.B. Hecxontxo crpannn ns
nepxonno ncropnn 3]nonnn // Xpncrnancxoe
urenne, 1888, N 34, c. 450469; N 78, c. 3062;
N 1112, c. 775832.
44
Kpa:roecru H.P. Bneenne n +]noncxym
]nnonornm. H., 1955.
45
Cenxoncxn Ocnn (Rnnan) Hnanonnu
(18001858) nncarent, xypnanncr, nocroxone,
peaxrop n nsarent xypnana Fnnnorexa nx
urennx, un.-xopp. AH (c 1828 r.).
46
Canenten Hanen Crenanonnu (18141859)
apxeonor, nocroxone-apancr, nymnsmar.
47
annnr Fopnc Monceennu (18961973) nc-
ropnx, nayunt corpynnx Hncrnryra nocroxo-
neennx AH (c 1955 r.).
48
Konanencxn Maxcnm Maxcnmonnu (1851
1916) ncropnx, mpncr, connonor, axaemnx AH
(c 1914 r.).
49
Cm.: Koea.eecru M.M. Omnnnoe semne-
nnaenne, npnunnt, xo n nocnecrnnx ero pas-
noxennx. M.,1879, u. 1.
50
Hannonnu Mnxann Hannonnu (nacroxmne
nmx n ]amnnnx Mnxann Hasapennu Bentrman,
18711927) exrent penonmnnonnoro nnxe-
nnx, nocroxone, pexrop Mocxoncxoro nncrnryra
nocroxoneennx (c 1921 r.).
51
Be.im+au M.H. uro oxasana anrno-ypcxax
nona? Oecca, 1901.
52
Pormren ueop Apononnu (18711953)
ncropnx, nnnomar, nonnpe n Hepcnn (1921
1922), npexrop Hncrnryra mnponoro xosxcrna n
mnpono nonnrnxn (19241925), ornercrnennt
peaxrop xypnana Mexynaponax xnsnt,
axaemnx AH (c 1934 r.).
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 86
Ocoennocrtm cranonnennx n pasnnrnx
poccncxo-xnracxnx ornomenn tno or-
cyrcrnne noennoro npeneenra. B ornnune
or noannxmmero ontmnncrna conpemen-
ntx rocyapcrnenntx rpannn, rpannna mex-
y Poccne n Knraem cnoxnnact ne n pesynt-
rare non, a nyrem neperonopon, naroapx
nnnomarnuecxnm ycnnnxm oenx cropon
1
. B
+ro cnryannn upesntuano naxnym pont
nrpan n npoonxaer nrpart npecnonyrt
uenoneuecxn ]axrop. B annom cnyuae
xaponax nonnrnxa, na ocnone xoropo n
nponcxonr ]opmnponanne +menona neno-
cpecrnenntx ncnonnnrene rocyapcrnen-
ntx nnrepecon, a raxxe ocymecrnnenne no-
roronxn ncecroponnnx cnennanncron, mory-
mnx npn neoxonmocrn npenpamartcx ns
yuentx n nnnomaron, ns nnnomaron n ne-
aroron, xypnanncron n r.., a nno pas n co-
nmemart necxontxo nasnanntx ]ynxnn n
cnoe npo]eccnonantno exrentnocrn. B
npenaraemo crarte anrop namepen paccmor-
pert nexoropte ocoennocrn ncropnn ]op-
mnponannx pxon poccncxnx nocroxoneon
cnennanncron no Knram n nonnn n ope-
nonmnnonnt nepno, a raxxe nponecrn
npnmept ns conpemennocrn.
Poccnn n Kn1an: nepnme xon1ax1m
n nepnme cnennannc1m
Hepnax nsnecrnax nontrxa pyccxnx npo-
nnxnyrt n Knra ornocnrcx x 1608 r., xora
romcxn noenoa B.B. Bontncxn nocnan or-
px xasaxon no xomano Hnana Fenoronona
nx nccneonannx nyre n crpany, o xoropo
xonnn nerent. Onaxo ncnecrnne orcyrcr-
nnx npononnxon n neocrarouno nororon-
xn noxo copnancx na camom pannem +rane.
Bropax nontrxa tna npenpnnxra cemt ner
cnycrx (anrycr 1615 r.), yxe npn nono nna-
crnn Pomanontx, no roxe camonontno ro-
ontcxn noenoa Kypaxnn nanpannn orpx
romcxnx xasaxon (araman B. Tmmenen) n Mon-
rontcxym semnm n Knra. Ha ce pas xasaxn
omnn o nepxonten pexn Aaxan (conpemen-
nax Pecnynnxa Xaxacnx) n anee, re n pa-
one osepa Vcy-Hyp (ntne norpannute
Monrontcxo Hapono Pecnynnxn n Pec-
nynnxn Ttna n cocrane Poccncxo ueepa-
nnn) onn npnnxnn npncxry na nepnocrt pyc-
cxomy napm y mecrnoro monrontcxoro xana,
nonyrno copan nexoropte cneennx o Knrae.
Hoonte pernonantnte nnnnnarnnt
cnnpcxnx nnacre ne npannnnct nenrpant-
nomy npannrentcrny n Mocxne. Cnennant-
ntm npnronopom Foxpcxax yma sanpernna
31 exapx 1616 r. cnnpxxam camonontno
ornpannxrt nocontcrna n Monronnm n Kn-
ra
2
. Xenannem nsxrt +ror nponecc no rocy-
apcrnennt xonrpont crano pemenne o or-
npanxe 9 max 1618 r. ns Tomcxa nono mnc-
cnn (rnana H. Herennn, no pyrnm ncrounn-
xam H. Hernnn), na +ror pas nenocpecr-
nenno n Knra.
1 cenrxpx 1618 r. pyccxne nnnomarnue-
cxne npecrannrenn nnepnte n ncropnn ncry-
nnnn na reppnropnm Hexnna, n xoropom onn
npotnn n ome cnoxnocrn nourn na mecx-
na (o 24 oxrxpx 1618 r.). Bosnpamaxct na
ponny, onn nesnn c coo nnctmo nmneparo-
pa uxy Hnsmnx (nnacrnx Mnn), xoropoe, o-
naxo, ne tno npounrano n Mocxne nnnort o
1675 r. (!) ns-sa orcyrcrnnx ram nepenounxon
c xnracxoro xstxa. Tax nnepnte oosnaun-
nact nponema orcyrcrnnx nepenounxon, sna-
xomtx c xstxom Honeecno nmnepnn. o-
poxnte sanncn, xoropte H. Herennn nen n re-
uenne nce +xcnennnn, tnn nnepnte nsa-
nt n Anrnnn, n 1625 r.
3
B Poccnn xe nx nane-
uarann rontxo n 1818 r.
4
B 1689 r. tn saxnm-
uen Hepunncxn oronop nepnt oronop
Knrax c sanano epxano (xaxono, es co-
mnennx, xnnxnact nx Honeecno axe o-
H.3. Hoanxo
KHTAHCKHH mAKTOP B CHCTEME OBYHEHHR
POCCHHCKHX YHEHLX-BOCTOKOBEOB H HHAOMATOB
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 87
nerponcxax Poccnx). 3ro nponsomno nourn na
necrn ner pantme, uem tnn saxnmuent no-
onte oronopt Knrax c ocnonntmn enpo-
necxnmn rocyapcrnamn. Ero ouennnax ne-
ntronocrt nx Poccnn, npnnemax x reppn-
ropnantntm ycrynxam n Hpnamypte, no mno-
rom tna oycnonnena orcyrcrnnem no-npex-
nemy y pyccxo cropont snaroxon xnracxoro
xstxa n opxa. Taxnm opasom, norpenocrt
n oyuenntx xapax tna cnnmxom ocrpa,
urot n anee ee nrnopnponart. 18 nmnx
1700 r. Herp I ntnycrnn yxas mnrpononnry
Knencxomy Bapnaamy cnncxomy o naope
monotx nme nx nsyuennx xnracxoro n
monrontcxoro xstxon npn Hpanocnanno mnc-
cnn n Hexnne n nororonxn yymnx paro-
manon (nepenounxon). Hepnax o]nnnantnax
npanocnannax mnccnx n cocrane 10 uenonex,
nxnmuax cemeptx npnuernnxon (yymnx
nepntx pyccxnx oyuenntx xnrancron)
npntna n Hexnn n xnnape 1716 r.
5
Bnocne-
crnnn craryc pyccxo mnccnn tn saxpennen
Kxxrnncxnm oronopom (1728 r.). Cornacno
+romy oronopy npannrentcrno Knrax paspe-
mnno npnctnart xaxte ecxrt ner n Hexnn
mnccnm n cocrane nce rex xe ecxrn uenonex:
apxnmanpnra, nyx nepomonaxon, nepona-
xona, nyx npnuernnxon n uertpex cemnna-
pncron, n oxsannocrn xoroptx, nomnmo o]n-
nnantntx npanocnanntx ]ynxnn, nxonno
raxxe nsyuenne xnracxoro xstxa. 3rnm, n
uacrnocrn, oxcnxercx ror ]axr, uro nepnt-
mn cnennanncramn-xnraeneamn n Poccnn cra-
nn nnna yxonnoro snannx (nmn xe cosant
nepnte namn nyxstunte cnonapn
6
). Bno-
cnecrnnn xnracxn xstx n noome nce xn-
racxoe crano paccmarpnnartcx xax asonte
snannx nx nsyuennx nmo crpant n xyntry-
pt antnero Bocroxa, uro ntsnano noxnnenne
nycocranntx orenenn nocrouno cne-
nnannsannn n roramnnx poccncxnx ynnnep-
cnrerax, xax-ro: xnracxo-monrontcxoe, xn-
racxo-mantuxypcxoe n r..
Kn1ancxnn axnen1 poccnncxoro
nnononeennn
O]nnnantnax ncropnx npenoanannx n
Poccnn xnoncxoro xstxa n ocnon xnoncxo
xyntrypt nourn cront xe nnnna, xax n n
cnyuae c Knraem. Onaxo ecrnnrentnte
pesyntrart nsyuennx nonnn n reuenne nn-
rentnoro npemenn tnn onee uem cxpomnt-
mn. 8 xnnapx 1702 r. n cene Hpeopaxencxom
nponsomna nsnecrnax ncrpeua Herpa Bennxo-
ro c norepnenmnm xopanexpymenne y epe-
ron Kamuarxn xnonnem +m+em. Hpnnxro
cunrart, uro +ra ncrpeua nonoxnna nauano
npannrentcrnennomy nnrepecy x nepcnexrnne
ycranonnennx roprontx n nnnomarnuecxnx
ornomenn c nonne n sanoxnna ocnont
npenoanannx n Poccnn xnoncxoro xstxa.
Hpnuem, n ornnune or xnracxoro xstxa,
xnoncxn yxe na nepntx nopax npenoanann
nocnrenn +roro xstxa, xaxontmn xnnxnnct n
+m+, n nce nocneymmne xnonnt, nona-
anmne n Poccnm ananornuntm nyrem, uro n
on. Onaxo +rn npenoanarenn tnn n oc-
nonnom nonyrpamorntmn ptaxamn. Honn-
rnuecxax xe saxptrocrt n reorpa]nuecxax
yanennocrt nonnn, a rnannoe orcyrcrnne
peantno norpenocrn n ycranonnennn
cxontxo-nnyt ceptesntx nycroponnnx or-
nomenn npnnenn x romy, uro Bxona xnon-
cxoro xstxa, orxptrax n Herepypre n coor-
nercrnnn c npnxasom Herpa
7
, npocymecrno-
nan onee cra ner, n 1816 r. saxptnact
8
, xax
ne onpananmax naex. Honoxenne nauano
menxrtcx rontxo n xanyn XX nexa, n ne n
cronnne, a na anexo nepn]epnn.
Hepe orxptnmnmcx 21 oxrxpx 1899 r.
no Bnannocroxe Bocrountm nncrnryrom
croxna saaua nororonnxrt yuamnxcx n
nem nnn x cnyxe n amnnncrparnnntx n
roprono-npomtmnenntx yupexennxx Boc-
rouno-asnarcxo Poccnn n npnnerammnx x
ne rocyapcrn. nx +roro napxy c npeno-
anannem xnntx xstxon crpan antnero
Bocroxa ram nnepnte crannnact saaua no-
roronxn ncecroponnnx cnennanncron no +rnm
crpanam
9
, r.e. xstx xax raxono ne xnnxncx
enncrnenntm npnopnrerom. Hanpnmep, n
Herepyprcxom ynnnepcnrere xnoncxn xstx
x romy npemenn yxe npenoanancx (c
1888 r.
10
), no ]axyntrarnnno, r.e. no xena-
nnm cryenron, n es onxnoro ycepnx (a
rnannoe es ocrarouno xnann]nxannn)
npenoanarene. Oxsarentntm xe npeme-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 88
rom on cran rontxo n 1908 r.
11
B ro xe npemx
n Herepypre cymecrnonana annxx n xopo-
max rpannnx nsyuennx pyrnx nocrountx
xstxon, n uacrnocrn xnracxoro n monront-
cxoro. Hepntmn poccncxnmn xnononeamn
(n cnom ouepet nororonnnmnmn necxontxo
ner cnycrx nepnt nnnomnponannt nt-
nycx Bocrounoro nncrnryra) tnn ]axrnue-
cxne xnraenet, oxonunnmne Bocrount ]a-
xyntrer Herepyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera no xn-
racxo-mantuxypcxo-monrontcxomy paspxy,
raxne, xax E.I. Cnantnnn n .M. Hosneen.
Ouennno, uro noonoe mnorounen-
noe crpoenne orenenn Bocrounoro ]a-
xyntrera n Herepypre oxasano onpeenen-
noe nnnxnne na nont Bocrount nncrnryr.
Vxe nocne nepnoro (omeopasonarentnoro)
xypca ram cymecrnonano pasenenne na camo-
croxrentnte xnracxo-xnoncxoe, xnracxo-
xopecxoe, xnracxo-mantuxypcxoe n xnra-
cxo-monrontcxoe orenennx. Tpn nocneym-
mnx roa mna ]axrnuecxax cnennannsannx,
npn coxpanennn xnracxoro +nemenra n xaue-
crne asonoro, c rouxn spennx nponcxoxe-
nnx xstxon n xyntryp pernona.
Knracxn xstx nrpan n Hncrnryre pont
cnoeopasno nartnn antnero Bocroxa, n
erantnoe osnaxomnenne c Knraem n xnra-
cxnmn peannxmn xnnxnoct oxsarentntm yc-
nonnem nx ncex cryenron, nesanncnmo or
xstxa antneme cnennannsannn. Omne
nx ncex orenenn npemert nxnmuann rax-
xe anrnncxn xstx (a no xenannm eme n
]pannyscxn), orocnonne, xypct ome n
xommepuecxo reorpa]nn, +rnorpa]nn, nonn-
rnuecxo n noneme ncropnn crpan Bocrou-
no Asnn, rocyapcrnennoe ycrpocrno Poc-
cnn n neymnx crpan Enpont, mexynapo-
noe rpaxancxoe n ropronoe npano, ncropnm
antnero Bocroxa, nonnr+xonomnm, cuero-
nocrno, ronaponeenne. Cpen cnennantntx
npemeron xnononet, x npnmepy, nsyuann
osop nonnrnuecxoro ycrpocrna n roprono-
npomtmnenno exrentnocrn nonnn. nx
conepmencrnonannx nsyuaemtx xstxon cry-
enrt n nepno nernnx xannxyn nanpannx-
nnct n coornercrnymmne crpant, npnuem ec-
nn npenoanarent onxen tn nocemart nsy-
uaemym nm crpany ne pexe onoro pasa n rpn
roa, ro nx cryenron raxax craxnponxa t-
na npeycmorpena yxe nocne nepnoro xyp-
ca
12
. 3ro tno nornuno, nocxontxy cpox oy-
uennx cocrannxn ncero uertpe roa. ant-
nemee npoxoxenne xaptept sannceno or
mnoxecrna ]axropon, anexo ne ncera na-
ronpnxrntx x tnmnm cryenram. Hnrepec-
no, uro yxe na nropom xypce cryenrt n cny-
marenn xnoncxoro orenennx onxnt tnn
ymert unrart xnoncxne rasert n xypnant,
pasnpartcx n cxoponncn, necrn pasronop na
ometronte remt. Ko npemenn xe oxonua-
nnx nocnenero, 4-ro xypca nm nonaranoct
nnaert nepornn]nxo n oeme o 3000 sna-
xon, nepenonrt noenno-nonnrnuecxne cra-
rtn, cocrannxrt enonte ymarn, snart ocno-
nt uacrno n o]nnnantno nepenncxn
13
.
axe ernt nsrnx na nepeuent npe-
meron n, n ocoennocrn, na rpeonannx,
npexnnxnmnecx x oemy snann ntnycx-
nnxon-xnononeon, sacrannxer, c ono cro-
pont, ycomnnrtcx n peantnom ycnoennn nmn
ncero nepeuncnennoro (no yxasannte ntme
nopmt cymecrnenno npentmamr re, xoropte
npaxrnxymrcx n nacroxmee npemx nx ntny-
cxnnxon nocroxoneuecxnx ]axyntreron poc-
cncxnx ynnnepcnreron), a c pyro cropont
sacrannxmr saymartcx o nosmoxntx cno-
coax ocrnxennx +rnx snann. ymaercx,
uro ne nocnenmm pont n +rom nrpano nsyue-
nne xnracxoro xstxa n xyntrypt, ocoenno
ecnn peut ner o ycnoennn nepornn]nxn,
cxoponncn, paore c rexcrom n r..
Cronr ormernrt n eme onn naxnt mo-
menr: neoxonmocrt n cnennanncrax no
nonnn n Kopee no mnorom nosnnxna n cnxsn
c nnesanno (xax nx ontmnncrna conpe-
mennnxon, rax no mnorom n nx camo pyc-
cxo amnnncrpannn) axrnnnsanne poccn-
cxo nnemne nonnrnxn n antnenocrounom
pernone. Horpenocrt xe n mantuxypo-, n
axe monrononeax, tna, cxopee ncero, na
ene ne cront nennxa, a n camn +rn xstxn ne
npecrannxnnct n ro npemx upesmepno nax-
ntmn n rpyntmn nx ycnoennx. Ho nnxro
ne comnenancx n naxnocrn nx Poccnn xnra-
cxoro cocecrna, xax +xonomnuecxo, rax n
nonnrnuecxo, n nocneonarentnax noro-
ronxa cnennanncron no mentmnm xst-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 89
xam/crpanam nosnonxna n cnyuae neoxon-
mocrn tcrpo nepenpo]nnnponart nyxnoe
xonnuecrno monrono-, mantuxypo-, xnono-, n
xopeeneon na xnracxym remarnxy. 3ra rn-
noresa anropa crartn oruacrn nornepxaer-
cx xax mecramn nocneymme cnyxt o]n-
nepon-cnymarene Bocrounoro nncrnryra
(nne sanncnmocrn or orenennx ocnonno
cnennannsannn), rax n erntm osopom
onynnxonanntx nmn nayuntx n nonynxp-
ntx paor
14
. Onaxo ntstnaer ynnnenne or-
cyrcrnne n Bocrounom nncrnryre cocrnenno
xnracxo cnennannsannn, r.e. nororonxn
ysxonpo]eccnonantntx xnrancron, es no-
cneymmero nepexoa na xaxo-nno pyro
xstx
15
. Ouennno, +ro tno ntsnano xax co-
mnennxmn n ornomennn nonnrnuecxo y-
ymnocrn camoro xnracxoro rocyapcrna n
ror nepno, rax n cyryo yrnnnrapntmn sa-
auamn, croxnmnmn nepe poccncxo amn-
nncrpanne na antnem Bocroxe. Bsanmo-
ecrnne c mantuxypcxo nepxymxo xonrn-
nenrantnoro Knrax, crpemnenne nponnxnyrt
nrnyt Kopecxoro nonyocrpona, sapoxam-
mnecx xonraxrt c nonne n rpansnr uepes
monrontcxym reppnropnm oycnonnnnann
nontmennt nnrepec x coornercrnymmnm
xstxam n xyntrypam. Taxnm opasom, orxa-
stnax Knram n paccmorpennn ero xax panno-
npannoro naprnepa, poccncxax cropona npn-
snanana naxnocrt nsyuennx Knrax n xnra-
cxoro xstxa nx ocnoennx nocrountx oxpann
n saxpennennx na eperax Tnxoro oxeana.
B ro xe npemx nponecc oyuennx nym
nocrountm xstxam tn xpane cnoxen xax
ns-sa uncro xstxontx rpynocre (no cyrn,
oennxmmnm momenrom y ncex nasnanntx
ntme xstxon tna rontxo xnracxax nepor-
nn]nxa, x romy xe ne cront oxsarentnax
nx npaxrnuecxoro npnmenennx y monrono- n
mantuxyponeon), rax n sa orcyrcrnnem
onxnoro ontra y npenoanarene n neoc-
rarountm yponnem ome nororonnennocrn
ontmnncrna cryenron n cnymarene. Pe-
syntrarom naxonnnmnxcx npornnopeun cra-
no opamenne npexropa Bocrounoro nncrn-
ryra A.B. Pyaxona n mapre 1911 r. x npn-
amypcxomy renepan-ryepnaropy H.H. Ion-
arrn no nonpocy o neoxonmtx nsmenenn-
xx n yuentx nnanax nncrnryra, cocrannen-
noe na ocnonannn noctmn oxnantx sann-
cox, npecrannenntx ero roramnnmn npeno-
anarenxmn, cunranmnmn noont mero
nepannonantntm. B xauecrne rnanno npnun-
nt neoxonmocrn nsmenennx cncremt oy-
uennx yxastnanoct, uro cryenrt ne ycnena-
mr ycnannart yuent marepnan, rax uro n
nonyuaemtx nmn snannxx opasymrcx cyme-
crnennte npoent
16
. B nrore n yuente npo-
rpammt nncrnryra tnn nnecent nsmenennx.
Onaxo no pxy npnunn nnant nneennx no-
no, xnono-xopecxo cnennannsannn (nsa-
men xnracxo-xopecxo n xnracxo-xnon-
cxo) n nocrenennoro nsxrnx xnracxoro
xomnonenra ns nponecca oyuennx pyrnm
xstxam ne tnn nonnocrtm ocymecrnnent
17
.
Hponecc +ror sanepmnncx nnmt n 1920-x ro-
ax. C rex nop nyst Poccnn nseramr nno-
nrt n cnon yuente nporpammt npenoana-
nne nyx n onee antnenocrountx xstxon n
pamxax npo]eccnonantno cnennannsannn
cryenron
18
.
nnnoua1m n noennme
Hapcxax Poccnx n nauane XX n., n nepno
nanontme axrnnnsannn cnoe nnnomarn-
uecxo exrentnocrn na antnem Bocroxe,
nmena, nomnmo mnccn n Hexnne (c 1861 r.),
Toxno (c 1908 r. n panre nocontcrna) n Ce-
yne (c 1885 r.), raxxe mnoxecrno xoncyntcrn
n xoncyntcxnx nynxron. 24 ns nnx naxon-
nnct na reppnropnn Hnntcxoro Knrax
19
(n rom
uncne 5 n nponnnnnn Cnntnsxn n 8 n
Mantuxypnn), 4 n Monronnn, raxxe tn-
me rora n ]opmantnom nounnennn Hnnt-
cxo nmnepnn
20
, 5 n Kopee n 5 n nonnn.
Hpn +rom xoncyntcrna n Kopee oxasannct ne-
penounnent nocontcrny Poccnn n Toxno c
momenra nxnmuennx Kopen n cocran non-
cxo nmnepnn cornacno Axry o npncoenne-
nnn Kopen or 1910 r. Cornacno nocueram
amepnxancxoro nccneonarenx x. Hencena,
ncero na antnem Bocroxe n nepno c 1858
(saxnmuenne Aryntcxoro oronopa c Knraem,
ycranonnnmero rpannny no p. Amyp) no 1924
ro (nocnenn ro paort craporo nocont-
crna n Toxno c nocneymmnm npnsnannem Co-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 90
nercxoro npannrentcrna ncemn crpanamn pe-
rnona) n crpanax antnero Bocroxa npocny-
xnn 331 pyccxn nnnomar (nxnmuax rpax-
ancxnx n noenntx npecrannrene). Hs nnx
onee nononnnt paorano n pasnnuntx pa-
onax Knrax n Monronnn, oxono 20 nponenron
n nonnn, n oxono 15 nponenron n nyx n
onee crpanax
21
. Hs 331 nnnomara 85 ueno-
nex (r.e. nourn xaxt uerneprt) npocnyxn-
nn na antnem Bocroxe ecxrt n onee ner.
Hpnmennrentno x Knram, ns 15 nonnomountx
npecrannrene, nocnannnxon n upesntua-
ntx nocnannnxon Poccnn (nxnmuax amnpana
rpa]a E.B. Hyrxrnna, saxnmunnmero Hexnn-
cxn oronop 1860 r.) rontxo mecrepo o na-
snauennx n +ry crpany ne nmenn ontra paort
n Bocrouno Asnn; npoune xe nno snaxomn-
nnct c +ro crpano n xauecrne xstxontx cra-
xepon, nno ycnenn npotrt xaxoe-ro npemx
na nnsmnx onxnocrxx n Knrae, nonnn nnn
Kopee n rem camtm nororonnrtcx n ocra-
rouno mnpoxom ncropnxo-xyntrypnom nnane
x sanxrnm nono onxnocrn. B npornnono-
noxnocrt +romy, ns ecxrxa pyccxnx nocnan-
nnxon n nocnon n nonnn sa ror xe nepno
rontxo noe P.P. Posen n B.H. Kpynencxn
nmenn ontr npemecrnymme paort na
Bocroxe (n nonnn n Knrae, coornercrnen-
no
22
). Hmenno onn oxasannct n nrore nano-
nee npnsnant c rouxn spennx npo]eccnonant-
noro anropnrera xax cnonm nauantcrnom, rax
n xnoncxnmn nnacrxmn. Posen yuacrnonan n
Hoprcmyrcxo mnpno xon]epennnn 1905 r. n
xauecrne nroporo o]nnnantnoro npecrannre-
nx Poccnn (nepntm tn yymn rpa]
C.R. Bnrre), a Kpynencxn (nasnauen nocnom
n nonnm n 1916 r.), no nexoroptm anntm,
axe ycnen notrt xaxoe-ro npemx yaenom
ncero nnnomarnuecxoro xopnyca n Toxno (on
noxnnyn crpany n 1921 r.). Cneyer raxxe or-
mernrt, uro mnorne poccncxne nnnomart,
cnyxnnmne n nonnn, nonaann rya uepes
Knra, npox ram craxnponxy nno npocny-
xnn nexoropoe npemx n onom ns poccncxnx
npecrannrentcrn. Fnaroapx raxo opaor-
xe xnracxo cpeo, onn ocnannannct n
Asnn
23
. Cronr npnnecrn cnona onoro ns ra-
xnx nnnomaron, snaxomtx c xnsntm n pao-
ro n oenx crpanax, .H. Apnxocona
24
. On
cran nocnennm npecrannrenem crapo Poc-
cnn n nonnn, npnsnanaemtm mecrntmn
nnacrxmn (nocne oresa B.H. Kpynencxoro
ocentm 1921 r.), n nponen na Bocroxe n ome
cnoxnocrn cntme rpnnarn ner (19121913,
19161946 rr.). Ho opnrnnantnomy onpeene-
nnm Apnxocona, pyccxne oruero-ro uyncr-
nymr cex n Knrae onee no-cnocxn, uem n
nonnn
25
.
Hyaen nn cenuac xn1ancxnn nsmx
nnononeau?
B nponecce paort na crarte anrop
nponen onpoc pxa cnonx xonner-nocroxone-
on, xnnymnx n paorammnx n nonnn (e-
nxrt uenonex, nxnmuax camoro anropa), a rax-
xe n Poccnn (rpn uenonexa), urot ysnart nx
ornomenne x xnracxomy xstxy c rouxn spe-
nnx ero reopernuecxo naxnocrn n npaxrnue-
cxo neoxonmocrn nx npo]eccnonantntx
xnononeon. Onpomennte xnnxmrcx ntnycx-
nnxamn nxrn ynnnepcnreron Poccnn Herep-
ypra, Mocxnt, Exarepnnypra, Honocnnp-
cxa n Bnannocroxa n, raxnm opasom,
npecrannxmr pasnte mxont npenoanannx
nocrountx xstxon. Cpen nnx nanmaercx
xax onpeenennax npeemcrnennocrt rpan-
nn (Herepypr Bnannocrox), rax n conep-
mennax camocroxrentnocrt noxoa x npeno-
anannm xnoncxoro xstxa (Honocnnpcx n
Exarepnnypr, npnuem nocnenn npecran-
nxer camym monoym mxony nororonxn noc-
roxoneon ns npnnxnmnx yuacrne n onpoce).
B cocran pecnonenron nomnn ecxrt xnono-
neon (ns xoroptx enxrt uenonex n nacrox-
mee npemx xnnyr n paoramr n nonnn) n
na xnraenea (oa xnnyr n paoramr n Poc-
cnn). Hepno oyuennx pecnonenron oxna-
rtnaer 45 ner (19531997 rr.), cpox oyuennx
xaxoro 5 ner, cpox oyuennx npo]nnn-
pymmemy xstxy 5 ner, nomnmo +roro nsy-
uann: xnraenet xnoncxn xstx xax 2-
nocrount (2 uenonexa, cpox oyuennx 2 ro-
a); xnononet xnracxn xstx xax 2-
nocrount (3 uenonexa, cpox oyuennx 2 ro-
a), ynro xax samena xnracxomy xstxy n
xauecrne 2-ro nocrounoro (3 uenonexa, cpox
oyuennx 1 ro, nxnmuax sanxrnx no npeme-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 91
ry xamyn); ne nmenn 2-ro nocrounoro xst-
xa 4 uenonexa. Ornocnrentno neoxonmo-
crn/naxnocrn npenoanannx xnracxoro xst-
xa cryenram-xnononeam nonyuent ornert
(nxnmuax ornert xnraeneon): nyxen 6,
ne nyxen 1, nyxen c oronopxamn 5.
Hnrepecno, uro ontmnncrno oronopox orno-
cxrcx x xareropnn: moxer trt, ncem +ror
xstx n ne oxsarentno nsyuart, no nnuno mne
on n antnemem oxasancx nyxen (3 orne-
ra), nno xax napnanr: nyxen rem, xro con-
paercx sannmartcx nayxo, a ne npaxrnue-
cxo exrentnocrtm (1 orner). Onn ns no-
nyuenntx orneron ocrannxer orxptrtm no-
npoc o neoxonmocrn nsyuennx nroporo
nocrounoro xstxa (ne snam, nyxen nn on),
no ononpemenno coepxnr yrnepxenne,
uro xyntrypa n ]nnoco]nx Knrax nyx-
nt. Hpn +rom nonnocrtm orpnnarentnt
orner nonyuen or xnononea, ne nsyuanmero
n npomnom xnracxn xstx nn n xaxo ]op-
me, nxnmuax ynro/xamyn. He nperen-
yx na aconmrnt xapaxrep nonyuenntx
pesyntraron (x cnony, cam anrop c ontmnm
neonepnem ornocnrcx x pasnnunoro poa on-
pocam, crapaxct no nosmoxnocrn pexe npn-
erart n cnoe paore x +romy cnocoy nony-
uennx nn]opmannn, rax uro sect mt nmeem
cnoero poa ncxnmuenne ns nnunoro npann-
na), moxno xoncrarnponart onpeenennym
renennnm ocosnannx xnononeamn naxno-
crn nsyuennx xnracxoro xstxa n xyntrypt
no mepe nxoxennx n cnom npo]eccnonant-
nym exrentnocrt. K coxanennm, cymecr-
nymmax n nacroxmee npemx n Poccnn cncre-
ma npenoanannx nocrountx xstxon ne npe-
nonaraer cxontxo-nnyt ceptesnoro nsyue-
nnx xnononeamn xnracxoro xstxa xax
nroporo nocrounoro (nroptm nnocrpan-
ntm xstxom otuno xnnxercx anrnncxn,
xpome cnyuaen, xora nroporo xstxa noome
ne npeycmorpeno yueno nporpammo, xax
+ro tno y camoro anropa).
Buec1o saxnmuennn
4 noxpx 2008 r. n Banxae npomen mex-
ynapont cnmnosnym Tpncra ner npeno-
anannx pyccxoro xstxa n Knrae. Fonee 200
cnennanncron n +ro onacrn paccmorpenn
nrorn pasnnrnx nponecca oyuennx pyccxomy
xstxy n Knrae, onennnn ero nnxamne nep-
cnexrnnt c rouxn spennx norpenocre cero-
nxmnero n sanrpamnero nx. Hpn +rom yua-
crnnxn cnmnosnyma ormernnn, uro n xnra-
cxnx nysax nocroxnno pacmnpxmrcx macmra-
t npnema anrypnenron na pyccxne orene-
nnx, uro upesntuano noxasarentno c rouxn
spennx peantnoro cnpoca n npenoxennx.
Ocoenntm nnnmannem tnn ormeuent na
cnmnosnyme merot nororonxn xnann]nnn-
ponanntx pycncron c nentm yonnernopennx
norpenocre nnnomarnn, nnemneroprontx
xonraxron n pasnnunoro poa nporpamm n
c]epe mexynapontx omenon
26
.
B ror xe ent (4 noxpx 2008 r.) n no-
nnn, n r. Xaxoar+, na reppnropnn mecrnoro
]nnnana antnenocrounoro rocyapcrnenno-
ro ynnnepcnrera (Poccnx), orxptncx Pyc-
cxn nenrp nepnt n nonnn n onnna-
nart no cuery cpen noontx nenrpon,
cosanaemtx n pamxax mexynaponoro
xyntrypnoro npoexra no +rno ]ona
Pyccxn mnp na reppnropnn Poccnn n n sa-
pyexntx crpanax
27
.
ymaercx, uro neconsmepnmocrt nyx
ntmenasnanntx meponpnxrn (necmorpx na
connaenne ar n nexoropoe nnemnee cxocr-
no remarnxn pacnpocrpanenne pyccxoro
xstxa n xyntrypt) xnnxercx ocrarouno rn-
nnuntm npnmepom pasnocrn macmraon xn-
nennn n cotrn, xoropax nosnnxaer nourn
ncera, ecnn peut saxonr o Poccnn, c ono
cropont, n Knrae n nonnn (xax oexrax
nsanmocpannenn) c pyro.
Hpnneem eme necxontxo npnmepon. B
1977 r. Mnnncrepcrno ntcmero n cpenero
cnennantnoro opasonannx CCCP n uecrt 10-
nernx Mexynapono acconnannn npenoa-
narene pyccxoro xstxa n nnreparypt yupe-
nna Meant nmenn A.C. Hymxnna. E na-
rpaxamrcx poccncxne n sapyexnte ome-
crnennte n rocyapcrnennte exrenn, yue-
nte, nearorn, nnecmne snaunrentnt nxna
n pacnpocrpanenne pyccxoro xstxa, nnrepa-
rypt n xax pesyntrar nocnenero pyccxo
xyntrypt n sapyexntx crpanax. Exerono
npncyxaercx ne onee 10 meane (nepnoe
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 92
narpaxenne cocroxnoct n Fepnnne nerom
1979 r.). B nocnenne rot nce ontmee xo-
nnuecrno +ro n noontx narpa yesxamr n
KHP. Tax, n 2008 r. Meant nmenn
A.C. Hymxnna nonyunnn 4 xnracxnx pycn-
cra, n rom uncne npexrop Hncrnryra pyccxo-
ro xstxa Hexnncxoro ynnnepcnrera nno-
crpanntx xstxon Bn T+nxn n npexrop Hn-
crnryra pyccxoro xstxa ynnnepcnrera X+-
nynnsxn Ban Mnnm. Bce +ro xnnxercx no-
rnepxennem nospacrannx nnrepeca x nsyue-
nnm pyccxoro xstxa, ncropnn n xyntrypt
Poccnn, nauanmerocx n Knrae c cepennt
1980-x roon, onnm ns pesyntraron uero
crano noxnnenne ontmoro uncna nontx
yuentx nocon, cosanaemtx c yuerom ns-
menenn, nponcxoxmnx n mnpe n Poccnn.
Tax, n 1986 r. tn ntnymen yuennx Crpa-
noneenne Conercxoro Comsa (peaxrop
Hn Mnntnnt, npo]eccop Hexnncxoro ynn-
nepcnrera), a n 1996 r. Kypc nnnrnocrpa-
noneennx (peaxrop Tant Hnnt, npo]ec-
cop ynnnepcnrera Hsnnnn). Ioronxrcx n py-
rne noconx n yuennxn. ymaercx, uro na-
crano npemx n Poccnn orxnnxnyrtcx na +ror
nnrepec mxnoro cocea coornercrnymmnm
nnnmannem x ero xstxy n xyntrype, rem naue
uro +romy ecrt nennoxne npeneenrt, n rom
uncne n n neannem npomnom. Haexy na
+ro ncenxmr o]nnnantno oxnnennte n na-
mnx crpanax nnnrnncrnuecxnmn na no-
cnennx roa: n 2009 r. npomen Io pyccxoro
xstxa n Knrae, a n 2010 r. Io xnracxoro
xstxa n Poccnn.
Hpnueuannn
1
Anrop namepenno ncxnmuaer ynomnnanne o
raxnx nnnnenrax ns annero n cpannnrentno
neannero npomnoro, xax ocaa mantuxypamn n
xnranamn xpenocrn Anasnn n XVII nexe, noen-
noe oocrpenne na conercxo-xnracxo rpannne n
xonne 1960-x nauane 1970-x roon, n r.., no
xorx no ncex nasnanntx cnyuaxx oe cropont n
npnerann x opyxnm, nmennct xeprnt, cxnat-
nanmaxcx cnryannx cxopee nonaaer no onpe-
enenne noopyxennoro xon]nnxra mecrnoro sna-
uennx, no nnxax ne nonnomacmrano nont.
Hpannrentcrna o nocnenero momenra nosep-
xnnannct or nonnrnuecxnx saxnnenn, o]nnn-
antno nont ne oxnnxnnct, mnpnte oronopt
ne saxnmuannct n r..
2
Ponna, N10, 2004, c. 9. Honropnt sanper
na o]nnnantnte neperonopt c Knraem tn na-
noxen n 1620 r. // Tam xe, c.11.
3
Purchas S. Hakluytes Posthumus or Purchas
his pilgrims, containing a history of the World in sea
voyagers and land travels by Englishmen and others.
London, 1625. Vol. 3, p. 797.
4
Cnnpcxn necrnnx, 1818, u. 2, c. 136.
5
uaxrnuecxn n Hexnne yxe c cepennt
1680-x roon cymecrnonana neontmax pyccxax
xononnx, npn xoropo tn nocrpoen n n 1695 r.
ocnxmen xpam cn. Co]nn.
6
Hoxasarentno, uro n n nauane XX n. roram-
nn neymn xnonone Bocrounoro nncrnryra
E.I. Cnantnnn, n npomnom ntnycxnnx Herep-
yprcxoro ynnnepcnrera no xnracxo-
mantuxypcxo-monrontcxomy paspxy, cocrannxx
cnncxn xnnr, neoxonmtx nx npnoperennx n
nncrnryrcxym nnnorexy, cnennantno yxasan
cnonapn n pyrne nsannx Hexnncxo yxonno
mnccnn n uncne naxnemnx yuentx nocon.
Cm.: E.aueea O.H. E.I. Cnantnnn xax nnnore-
xapt Bocrounoro nncrnryra // Hepnt npo]ec-
cnonantnt xnonone Poccnn. Bnannocrox,
2007, c. 107.
7
Ecnn trt rountm, ro npnxas Herpa xacancx
onoro +m+x, or xoroporo oxnann, uro on
cmoxer oyunrt cnoemy xstxy nxrtmecrt po-
xr; cocrnenno mxona tna orxptra yxe n
+noxy Annt Hoannonnt, n 1736 r.
8
B Hpxyrcxe, xya mxona tna nepeneena
yxe no pacnopxxennm Ennsanert Herponnt, n
1754 r.
9
Honnoe copanne saxonon Poccncxo nmne-
pnn. Copanne 3, r. 9, CH, 1902, c. 518; Hsnec-
rnx Bocrounoro nncrnryra. 1994, c. 1436, 3747.
10
Ho pyrnm anntm c 1870 r. xnoncxn
xstx npenoanancx cryenram 34 xypcon xnra-
cxo-mantuxypcxo-monrontcxoro paspxa Herep-
yprcxoro ynnnepcnrera. Herepypr cran rpertnm
mecrom n Enpone, re nnenn oyuenne xnoncxomy
xstxy (nocne Hapnxa n Bent). // Hepnt npo-
]eccnonantnt xnonone Poccnn, c. 61.
11
3rnm, n uacrnocrn, oxcnxercx ror ]axr,
uro no npemx Pyccxo-xnoncxo nont 19041905
roon Herepyprcxn ynnnepcnrer ne cmor art
apmnn nn onoro (!) nepenounxa-xnonncra, ne-
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 94
CBRTOCAAB HIOPEBHH HOTABEHKO
(19232011)
C ntnemnero nomepa na onoxxax Bocrounoro apxnna yer onn n ror xe pncynox:
13 max ne crano Cnxrocnana Hropennua Horaenxo. 3ro on n cnoe npemx npnyman xyoxecr-
nennoe o]opmnenne nx namero xypnana n x onoxxe xaxoro ero nomepa pnconan xaprnnxy,
orpaxammym remy ono ns crare.
onrax xnsnt Cnxrocnana Hropennua noome tna recnemnm opasom cnxsana c ncxyc-
crnom ne rontxo xax sanxrnem nx ymn, no n xax npo]eccne. Kannar ncxyccrnoneennx,
on tn xpynnemnm snaroxom nnncxoro ncxyccrna. Horaenxo onynnxonan nxrt monorpa-
]nuecxnx nccneonann n ecxrxn crare. Ero antom-monorpa]nx Tema Hnnn n paorax
pyccxnx n conercxnx xyoxnnxon onynnxonan n Hnnn. Hocnenn xpynnt rpy ntme-
mee n cner n 2003 r. nccneonanne Hcxyccrno nesanncnmo Hnnn.
B rot nont C.H. Horaenxo nanpannnn yunrtcx n Boennt nncrnryr nnocrpanntx xst-
xon. Tam on ne rontxo ocnonn ypy n xnnn, no n ncrpernn yymym cnyrnnny nce ero xnsnn,
Harantm Pomanonny Iyceny, npenoananmym xypcanram +rnorpa]nm n xyntrypy Hnnn. Horom
tna cnyxa n Tamxenre, a nocne emonnnsannn ns apmnn paora n Hncrnryre nocroxonee-
nnx. Hpeptnann ee nenaonro xomannponxn. Camax namxrnax n Hnnm, re n 19621964 rr.
Cnxrocnan Hropennu paoran npexropom oma conercxo xyntrypt n enn. Hmenno ram on
nnepnte nynnuno ntcrannxn cnon xaprnnt, nmenno ram nosnaxomnncx c neymnmn nnncxn-
mn xyoxnnxamn. C nexoroptmn ns nnx Horaenxo norom mnoro ner nepennctnancx, nx paort
nernn n ocnony ero nayuntx rpyon. Tnopuecrno pyccxoro npexropa samernnn nnnnt, non-
mxnnt mecrntx raser saxastnann emy pncynxn n c yonontcrnnem neuarann nx.
V menx ecrt cnox saaua cnenrt sa pasnnrnem nnncxoro ncxyccrna, nanmart sa
rem, xax ono (axrnnno nno nopo naccnnno) npornnocronr sanano anrn+crernxe, rono-
pnn Cnxrocnan Hropennu naxanyne cnoero 85-nernx (cm. Bocrount apxnn, N 18, 2008). 3ra
saaua tna enom nce ero xnsnn.
Ho y C.H. Horaenxo tnn n pyrne, roxe naxnte, saaun. Ha nporxxennn mnornx ner on
axrnnno yuacrnonan n peannsannn nporpamm RHECKO no nsyuennm xyntryp Henrpantno
Asnn. Cnxrocnan Hropennu nxonn n cocran Conera Mexynapono acconnannn no nsyuennm
nnnnnnsann Henrpantno Asnn, sannman onxnocrt yuenoro cexperapx Poccncxoro nanno-
nantnoro xomnrera +ro oprannsannn. Concem neanno naroapx ero nnnnnarnne n rpyam
tn onynnxonan nepnt ntnycx antmanaxa Henrpantnax Asnx n Rxnax Cnnpt.
Cnxrocnan Hropennu mepo ennncx cnonmn snannxmn n ymennxmn c pyrnmn. Ho npoct-
e npexnnn HB PAH on paspaoran n ocymecrnnn opnenrantnoe o]opmnenne nomemenn nn-
crnryra, a sarem n ero o]nnnantnoro cara. Hourn na ecxrnnernx unran nexnnn no ncxyccr-
ny Hnnn n Bocrounom ynnnepcnrere. V nexoroptx ns nac ocrannct na namxrt o C.H. Hora-
enxo ero pyxecxne mapxn, noapennte nm x namnm mnnexm n napnconannte c ntymxo
n mxrxnm mmopom.
Boome Cnxrocnan Hropennu tn uenonexom cnerntm, optm, xnsnenmnntm. Bosmox-
no, on n ceuac t spancrnonan n pnconan ouepenym xaprnnxy na onoxxy Bocrounoro ap-
xnna, ecnn t n anpene 2010 r. ne nonyunn or xnsnn xecroxn yap: cxonuanact ero xena n
yunrentnnna Harantx Pomanonna. Fes nee Cnxrocnan Hropennu npoxnn neonro
uenonex, ymemn ns xnsnn, ocraercx n namxrn snanmnx ero nme. Ho n onn ne neu-
nt uenonex xe, nmenmn n xnsnn CBOE EHO, xax Cnxrocnan Hropennu Horaenxo, ocra-
ercx n namxrn noxonenn nnoamn cnonx rpyon xnnr, crare, xaprnn. K nnm ne pas eme y-
yr nosnpamartcx re, xoro ne ocrannxer pannoymntm nennxax xyntrypa Hnnn.
Pexonnernn
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 95
Hnctuo coonesnonannn Hocontc1na Hnnn n Poccnn
oxropy Bnrannm B. Haymxnny,
npexropy Hncrnryra nocroxoneennx
Poccncxo axaemnn nayx
Vnaxaemt -p Haymxnn,
Mt c rnyoxnm npncxopnem ysnann o xonunne Cnxrocnana Hropennua Horaenxo. Ero
xnsnt n paora orpaxann ero ecxoneunym nmont n npeannocrt Hnnn n ee napoy. Ero
ncera yyr nomnnrt xax nennxoro yuenoro n xyoxnnxa, xoropt nnec orpomnt nxna n
xyntrypnoe corpynnuecrno mexy Hnne n Poccne.
Mt npncoennxemcx x Bam n +ror ropecrnt uac n monnmcx, urot Bcemorymn an Bam
cnnt nepenecrn ont +ro nenocnonnnmo yrpart. Mt raxxe npocnm Bac nepeart namn nc-
xpennne coonesnonannx ero cemte.
C ynaxennem,
Hyran K. Maxannp,
conernnx (oren nn]opmannn)
n npexrop Kyntrypnoro nenrpa
nm. xanaxapnana Hepy.
16 max 2011.
Bocmouum apxue X 2 (24), 2011 96
HAmH ABTOPL
BEARKOB Bnanunp Bnanunponnu oxrop ncropnuecxnx nayx, neymn nayunt
corpynnx Hncrnryra nocroxoneennx PAH. E-mail: beliakov2007@yandex.ru;
www.belyakovv.com
BYXEPT Bnanunp Ienpnxonnu crapmn nayunt corpynnx Apxnna Poccncxo
axaemnn nayx. E-mail: buhert-1955@mail.ru
BAAEEB Paunnt Mnpracnuonnu oxrop ncropnuecxnx nayx, npo]eccop, saneymmn
xa]epo Hncrnryra nocroxoneennx Kasancxoro rocyapcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera. E-mail:
east.inst@ksu.ru
MOAORKOB Bacnnnn 3nnnapxonnu oxrop nonnrnuecxnx nayx, npnrnamennt
npo]eccop ynnnepcnrera Taxycexy (Toxno). E-mail: dottore68@mail.ru,
http://molodiakov.livejournal.com
HOAAKO He1p 3yaponnu npo]eccop ynnnepcnrera Aoxma Iaxynn (Toxno). E-
mail: podalko@sipeb.aoyama.ac.jp
POCOB Bnanunp Anpeennu oxrop ncropnuecxnx nayx, saneymmn orenom na-
cnenx Pepnxon Mysex Bocroxa (Mocxna). E-mail: rosov@yandex.ru
THMOXHH un1pnn Mnxannonnu xannar ncropnuecxnx nayx, mnamn nayunt
corpynnx Hncrnryra nocroxoneennx PAH. E-mail: horezm83@mail.ru
THXOHOB Kpnn Hnxonaennu oxrop ncropnuecxnx nayx, npo]eccop Hnnenxoro ro-
cyapcrnennoro nearornuecxoro ynnnepcnrera. E-mail: alfokdo@mail.ru
mHAHHHOBA Ta1tnna Anexcanponna xannar ncropnuecxnx nayx, samecrnrent
rnannoro peaxropa me]-peaxrop xypnana Ponna. E-mail: filipova2006@yandex.ru
mPYMHH Mn1n xannar reorpa]nuecxnx nayx, oxropanr xa]ept reorpa]nn En-
pecxoro ynnnepcnrera n Hepycannme. E-mail: mitiaf@gmail.com
3MHHOB Pyc1eu Pycnanonnu saneymmn +rnorpa]nuecxnm orenom Mysex ncro-
pnn n xyntrypt xptmcxnx rarap (]nnnan Kptmcxoro pecnynnxancxoro yupexennx Faxun-
capacxn ncropnxo-xyntrypnt sanonennx). E-mail: rustem.eminov@gmail.com