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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE AND
ENGINEERING SCIENCES
PETROVSKAYA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
VLADIMIR STATE UNIVERSITY

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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF


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(29 31 May 2002)

VLADIMIR 2003

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14

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17
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18

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20

ISBN 5-89368-367-6 H[h[s_gb_l_hjbbbijZdlbdbkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby


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gb_ljzo\_ebqbg^\_badhlhjuoaZ\j_fyjZah]j_\Zbaf_gyxlky \ 2
jZaZ\klhjhgmmf_gvr_gby p \jZaZijbqzfdZdihdZau\Z_lijZd
lbdZdZd\klhjhgmmf_gvr_gbylZdb\klhjhgmm\_ebq_gbyLj_lbckhfgh`b
l_ev lh`_ ih^\_j`_g g_dhlhjhfm baf_g_gbx ld \ g_[hevrbo ij_^_eZo baf_
gyxlky U b K B \_jhylghklv lh]h qlh ijhba\_^_gb_ lZdbo i_j_f_gguo ^Zzl
ihklhyggmxaZ\kz\j_fy\_ebqbgmdZdih^kdZau\Z_la^jZ\uckfukeg_\_ebdZ
AgZqbl ^he`ghbaf_gylvky\ijhp_kk_jZah]j_\Z<f_kl_kl_f\ujZ`_gb_  
fh`_l[ulvaZibkZgh\lZdhf\b^_



= FP S = % S
J
J

(2)

Ba\_klgh qlh g_mklZgh\b\rbcky ijhp_kk l_iehijh\h^ghklb hibku\Z_fuc


^bnn_j_gpbZevgufmjZ\g_gb_fiZjZ[hebq_kdh]hlbiZ

G  W G  W G  W (3)
GW

= 3 =  +
+
FP
G7
G\  G] 
G[

24

25


h[eZ^Z_ll_fk\hckl\hfqlh\ebygb_\kydh]hl_ieh\h]h\hafms_gbyjZkijh
kljZgy_lkyf]gh\_gghgZ\kzijhkljZgkl\h<hh[s_]h\hjywlhlj_amevlZlaZ\b
kysbchllbiZbkoh^gh]h^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]hmjZ\g_gbyg_khhl\_lkl\m_l^_c
kl\bl_evghklb>@
Kms_kl\m_l\hegh\hc\ZjbZgll_hjbbl_iehijh\h^ghklb>@hkgh\ZggucgZ
]bihl_a_kms_kl\h\Zgbyl_ieh\hcbg_jpbbgZ]j_\Z_fuol_eijb\h^ys_cd
^bnn_j_gpbZevghfmmjZ\g_gbxg_mklZgh\b\r_]hkyijhp_kkZjZkijhkljZg_gby
l_ieZ]bi_j[hebq_kdh]hlbiZ<g_c\\h^blkyn_ghf_gheh]bq_kdZy]bihl_aZ
kh]eZkghdhlhjhcijbg_jZ\ghf_jghf\h\j_f_gbbaf_g_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuqZklv
ih^\h^bfh]hl_ieZjZkoh^m_lkyg_ihkj_^kl\_gghgZih\ur_gb_l_fi_jZlmju
jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]hl_eZ_^bgbqgh]hh[tzfZZqZklvl_ieZjZkoh^m_lkygZij_
h^he_gb_l_ieh\hcbg_jpbbdhlhjZyijhihjpbhgZevgZijbjZs_gbxijhba\h^
ghcl_fi_jZlmjuih\j_f_gbl_

GW 
4 = FP W

G

(4)

Bawlh]hihke_^g_]hkhhlghr_gbbke_^m_lqlhlhevdhijbebg_cghfaZdhg_
baf_g_gby l_fi_jZlmju l_eZ \h \j_f_gb \lhjh_ keZ]Z_fh_ ijZ\hc qZklb jZ\gh
gmex b l_ieh\Zy bg_jpby g_ ijhy\blky Gh ijb we_dlhjZah]j_\_ aZdhg baf_g_
gby l_fi_jZlmju l_eZ gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Z_l ebg_cguf b ke_^h\Zl_evgh bf__l
f_klh \lhjhc qe_g jZ\_gkl\Z   Ijb wlhf baf_g_gb_ dhebq_kl\Z l_ieZ lZd`_
^he`ghhij_^_eylvkyebg_cghcnmgdpb_c\j_f_gbghijbgZ]j_\_ijh\h^gbdh\
\lhjh]hjh^ZQg_ebg_cghlZddZdg_ebg_cgZnmgdpby.
Hq_\b^ghqlhgZebqb_\lhjh]hqe_gZ\  bfh`_lijhykgblvkblmZpbxdh
]^Zg_\hafh`ghba\ujZ`_gby  \uykgblvqlh`_y\ey_lkyaZ^Zlqbdhfhkpbe
eypbbbpbebI_j_ibr_f  \\b^_

FPGW  GW G  W  G 
J

(5)

?keb pg_ebg_cgZb p' Z3fhghlhggZlhex[h_baf_g_gb_ p Z p =


I 3 Zohlvbfhghlhgghghf_gy_lky^Z_l_sz[he__j_adh_baf_g_gb_p
ijb
qzf kh kf_ghc agZdZ Z \ blh]_ qbkebl_ev \ ijZ\hc qZklb gZqbgZ_l hkpbeebjh
\Zlv:qlh[ujZ\_gkl\hkhojZgbehkvkhhl\_lkl\_gghb dZd\k_]hebrvhlgh
r_gb_ p3lh`_hkpbeebjm_lGh\wlhfwe_]Zglghfh[tykg_gbby\e_gbyhk
pbeeypbb\_ebqbgu ij_^klZ\ey_lkyg_kh\k_fdhjj_dlgufl_jfbgl_ieh\Zy
bg_jpby  bkihevam_fuc  \ KGbI II-3-7 dZd [_ajZaf_jgZy \_ebqbgZ b ij_^
klZ\ey_lkh[hcijhba\_^_gb_l_jfbq_kdh]hkhijhlb\e_gbylhesbh]jZ`^_gbyb
dhwnnbpb_glZ l_iehmk\h_gby : wlh ijhlb\hj_qbl nbabq_kdhfm kfukem bg_j
pbhggh]hqe_gZ\  
G_ljm^ghaZf_lblvqlh^Zggucqe_gkhklhblbaijhba\_^_gby^\mo\_ebqbg
hlghr_gby  d2t / d  oZjZdl_jbamxs_]h  mkdhj_gb_ gZ]j_\Z b  iZjZf_ljZ 
n_ghf_gheh]bq_kdh]hdhwnnbpb_glZLZddZdijZ\ZyqZklvjZ\_gkl\Z  oZjZd

G W

l_jbam_lkyihe_aghcfhsghklvxke_^h\Zl_evghijhba\_^_gb_ G  lh`_
y\ey_lkyfhsghklvxBkoh^ybawlh]hfh`ghaZibkZlvkhhlghr_gb_  \\b^_
[ZeZgkZfhsghkl_c
Ihkdhevdm \ ebl_jZlmj_ g_ hk\_s_g \hijhk h lZdhf oZjZdl_j_ l_fi_jZ
lmjghc djb\hc gZ]j_\Z \ kfuke_ _z hilbfZevghklb lh ^ey hl\_lZ gZ \hijhk
dZdbf^he`_g[ulvj_`bfihlj_[ey_fhcfhsghklb3 qlh[udi^[uefZdkb
fZe_g  g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_klb bkke_^h\Zgb_ mjZ\g_gby   gZ wdklj_fmf >ey
wlh]hijbjZ\gy_fG / d = 0
Lh _klv ^ey lh]h qlh[u di^ [ue fZdkbfZe_g g_h[oh^bfh qlh[u ihlj_[
ey_fZyfhsghklv[ueZijhihjpbhgZevgZkdhjhklbjZah]j_\Zkf_kbBa\ujZ`_
gby  e_]dhihemqblvagZq_gb_k hgh[m^_ljZ\ghk = cm /
Ih^\_^_fblh]
1. Ijbex[uoj_`bfZojZah]j_\Zdjhf_hilbfZevgh]h\_ebqbgZdi^oZhlbqgh
imevkbjm_lgZijhly`_gbb\k_]hijhp_kkZjZah]j_\Z
2. <_ebqbgZdi^\ijhp_kk_jZah]j_\ZnmgdpbhgZevghk\yaZgZkhkdhjhklvxjZ
ah]j_\Zkmf_gvr_gb_fp\_ebqbgZj_adhiZ^Z_lijbihklhygghcp ieZ\gh
mf_gvrZ_lkyijbieZ\ghfm\_ebq_gbb p ihklhygghijbj_adhf\hajZklZgbb
p ieZ\ghm\_ebqb\Z_lky
3. >ey klZ[bebaZpbb \_ebqbgu di^ \ ijhp_kk_ jZah]j_\Z kdhjhklv jZah]j_\Z
^he`gZ m\_ebqb\Zlvky ijyfh ijhihjpbhgZevgh jZagbp_ l_fi_jZlmju kf_kb b
hdjm`Zxs_]h\ha^moZZfhsghklvijhihjpbhgZevghkdhjhklbjZah]j_\Zl_\
hilbfZevghf j_`bf_ jZah]j_\Z = const  l_fi_jZlmjZ fhsghklv b ih^Z\Z_
fh_gZwe_dljh^ugZijy`_gb_^he`gujZklbwdkihg_gpbZevgh
4. Ij_^eh`_guaZ\bkbfhklb^eywdkihg_gpbZevgh]hih^t_fZt, P, U bijh]jZf
fZ^eyboj_ZebaZpbb
5. Wdki_jbf_glZevgZyijh\_jdZihdZaZeZh^bgZdh\mxwnn_dlb\ghklvebg_cgh]h
b wdkihg_gpbZevgh]h jhklZ l_fi_jZlmju jZah]j_\Z \ eZ[hjZlhjguo mkeh\byo
ijbghjfZevghcl_fi_jZlmj_
6. Wnn_dlb\ghklvhilbfZevguoj_`bfh\gZ\ur_g_mijZ\ey_fh]hj_`bfZ
7. MijZ\ey_fucj_`bf^Z`_g_hilbfZevgucwnn_dlb\g__g_mijZ\ey_fh]h
Ebl_jZlmjZ
1. =_gb_\=:<ZjbZgl\hegh\hcl_hjbbl_iehijh\h^ghklb
Bkke_^h\Zgbyihl_hjbbbf_lh^ZfjZkq_lZkljhbl_evguodhgkljmd
pbcFKljhcba^ZlK21.
2. Gurtin M.E., Pipkin A.K. A General Theory of Heat Conduction with Finite
Wave Speeds // Archive for Rotatioal Mechanics and Analysis /
1968.Vol.31. jj 113126.

26

ISBN 5-89368-367-6 H[h[s_gb_l_hjbbbijZdlbdbkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby

FFLBLH<
Jhkkby;ZjgZme:el=LMbfBBIheamgh\Z
F?LH>BD:WE?DLJHL?OGBQ?KDH=HJ:KQ?L:
PBDEBQ?KDBOMKLJHCKL<>EYWE?DLJHJ:AH=J?<:
;?LHGGHCKF?KB
K fhf_glZ \hagbdgh\_gby l_ogheh]bb ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h we_dljhjZah]j_\Z
[_lhgghc kf_kb b ^h gZklhys_]h \j_f_gb hlkmlkl\m_l Z^_d\ZlgZy f_lh^bdZ
we_dljhl_ogbq_kdh]hjZkq_lZkbeuebg_cguolhdh\bihlj_[ey_fhcfhsghklb
\kem`Zsbo^eywlhcp_ebih\hjhlguokljhbl_evguo[mgd_jZoh[hjm^h\Zgguo
lj_fy ieZklbgqZlufb we_dljh^Zfb LZd`_ g_l kihkh[h\  k ijb_fe_fhc lhqgh
klvxjZkkqblZlvaZjZg__\j_fyjZah]j_\Z^hlj_[m_fhcl_fi_jZlmjubebl_f
i_jZlmjmjZah]j_\ZaZaZ^Zggh_\j_fy
Kms_kl\mxsb_f_lh^ufh`ghhp_gblvke_^mxsbfh[jZahf<ihemijhba
\h^kl\_gghf WJM h[tzfhf 9[   f k lj_fy ieZklbgqZlufb we_dljh^Zfb
ijhba\h^beky jZah]j_\ [_lhgghc kf_kb NZdlbq_kdb_ j_amevlZlu jZah]j_\Z
kjZ\gb\ZebkvkjZkkqblZggufbihjZaebqguff_lh^bdZfBaZgZebaZj_amevlZ
lh\ke_^m_lqlh\hkgh\ghf\k_nhjfmeuhlebqZxlkyf_klhiheh`_gb_fqe_gZ
.
Bkke_^h\Zgby ijh\_^_ggu_ gZ dZn_^j_ LbFK :el=LM bf Iheamgh\Z ih
a\hebebj_rblvwlmgZkmsgmxijZdlbq_kdmxaZ^Zqm
J_r_gb_aZ^Zqbijhba\h^behkvZgZeblbq_kdbfkihkh[hf]jZnhZgZeblbq_
kdbfb]jZnbq_kdbfkihkh[hf^eyijyfhc :<K bh[jZlghc :K< ihke_^h\Z
l_evghklbnZa<j_amevlZl_\h\k_or_klbkemqZyoihemq_gh^bgblhl`_j_
amevlZlEbg_cguclhdihkj_^g_fmwe_dljh^m<ijbex[hfagZq_gbbkhklZ\
ey_l

,% =

8e
5

(1)

Ebg_cgu_lhdbIZ bIkgZijZdlbd_dZdijZ\behg_jZ\guf_`^mkh[hcg_
jZ\guI<Bog_jZ\_gkl\hI\ h[mkeh\e_ghaZdhghf_jghklyfbijhl_dZgbylhdZ\
ko_f_bih^^Z_lkyjZkq_lmG_jZ\_gkl\hIZ bIk f_`^mkh[hcgZijZdlbd_ ohly
ihjZkq_lmhgbjZ\gu h[mkeh\e_ghy\e_gb_fwe_dljhfZ]gblgh]hi_j_ghkZwg_j
]bbkh^ghcnZaugZ^jm]mxlgy\e_gb_^bdhcbf_jl\hcnZauGhkj_^
g_Zjbnf_lbq_kdh_boagZq_gb_kljh]hkhhl\_lkl\m_ljZkq_lm

,D + ,F 8 e

+ +
=


5

(2)

>ey mf_gvr_gby y\e_gby ^bdhc b f_jl\hc  nZa j_dhf_g^m_lky ijbf_


gylv h[jZlgmx  ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv nZa ba[_]Zlv [hevrbo jZkklhygbc  hl
ljZgknhjfZlhjZ  ^h [mgd_jZ b ijb g_ba[_`ghklb  wlh]h ^_eblv dZ[_ev gZ ljb
jZ\gu_qZklbih^ebg_b^_eZlvgZkh_^bg_gbyok^\b`dmnZagZ

27

28

29

J_amevlZluwdki_jbf_glZevghcijh\_jdbZ^_d\Zlghklbij_^eh`_gghcf_lh^bdb
hkgh\ZgugZj_r_gbbaZ^Zqbhwd\b\Ze_glghcwe_dljbq_kdhcp_ib[mgd_jZ
Djbl_jb_fZ^_d\Zlghklbkem`blkh\iZ^_gb_nZdlbq_kdboiZjZf_ljh\kjZkq_l
gufbij_`^_\k_]hihebg_cghfmlhdmjZah]j_\ZgZkj_^g_fbdjZcg_fwe_d
ljh^_bJkj.
Ihemq_ggu_\ujZ`_gby  b  fh]mlkem`blvhkgh\hc^eyf_lh^bdbjZk
q_lZ:e]hjblff_lh^bdbfh`_l[ulv\_kvfZjZaebqguf\Z`ghqlh[u\hkgh\_
e_`Zeb\ur_ijb\_^_ggu_\ujZ`_gbyBlZd
 < nhjfhqd_ k_q_gb_f  0,15 f ^ebghc Lh  k we_dljh^Zfb ba lhgdhc
q_jghc`_klbbaf_jy_lkym^_evgh_khijhlb\e_gb_[_lhgghckf_kbgZUnIjb
wlhf\_kvfZ`_eZl_evghqlh[u\_ebqbgZhij_^_eyeZkvdZ`^mxfbgmlmbeb
\ dZ`^uc fhf_gl djZlguc  hK B _keb ij_^iheZ]Z_lky \ [mgd_j_ gZ]j_\Zlv
[_lhggmxkf_kvk hK^h hKl_t = 55 hKlhbjhij_^_ey_lkydZdkj_^
g_]Zjfhgbq_kdZy  \_ebqbgZ ba agZq_gbc  \ nhjfhqd_ ihemq_gguo gZ ^Zgghf
l_fi_jZlmjghfbgl_j\Ze_
 Ih^kqblu\Z_lky khijhlb\e_gb_ h[t_fZ [_lhgZ \ h^ghf ba p_gljZevguo
f_`we_dljh^guoh[t_fh\
p =

L =Q

  4
L =

O
R = p
6

(3)

(4)

ijbq_fS wlh]_hf_ljbq_kdZyiehsZ^viehkdh]hwe_dljh^Z
Ih^kqblu\Z_lkykj_^g__ihl_ieh\hfmwnn_dlmaZ\j_fyjZah]j_\ZagZq_
gb_kbeuebg_cgh]hlhdZ\p_gljZevghfwe_dljh^_

,% =

8e

5

(5)

A^_kv `_ ih^kqblu\Z_lky  kj_^g__ ba ^\mo agZq_gbc kbeu ebg_cguo  lhdh\
ihdjZ_\ufwe_dljh^Zf

,D + ,F 8 e

+ +
=


5

(6)

Ih^kqblu\Z_lkykj_^g__ihl_ieh\hfmwnn_dlmaZ\j_fyjZah]j_\ZagZq_
gb_fhsghklbihlj_[ey_fhc[mgd_jhf

, + ,F
3 =  8 n , % + 8 n D

 

(7)

Ke_^m_l kdZaZlv qlh lhqghklv jZkq_lh\ ih nhjfmeZf     ebfblbjm_lky


ebrvlhqghklvxwe_dljbq_kdbobaf_j_gbcbZjbnf_lbq_kdboih^kq_lh\G_hi
j_^_e_gghklvjZkq_lh\\hagbdZ_lebrvijbhij_^_e_gbb\j_f_gbjZah]j_\Zbeb

l_fi_jZlmjgh]hbgl_j\ZeZjZah]j_\Zl_ijbbkihevah\ZgbbagZq_gby\_ebqbgu
DI> .
<j_fyjZah]j_\Zhij_^_ey_lkyihba\_klghcnhjfme_

7S =
Bebba  hij_^_ey_lkyt

W =

FPW
3
7 S 3
FP

(8)

(9)

DZdmklZgh\e_ghbkke_^h\Zgbyfbijh\_^_ggufb\:el=LM\_ebqbgZ ijb
ijhqbo jZ\guo mkeh\byo aZ\bkbl ij_`^_ \k_]h hl j_`bfZ  ihlj_[ey_fhc fhs
ghklbBlhevdhlZf]^_klZ[bevghiblZxs__gZijy`_gb_l__klvih\lhjy_
fhklv j_`bfZ ihlj_[ey_fhc fhsghklb _klv b ijb_fe_fZy   ih\lhjy_fhklv  \
\_ebqbg_ <h\k_ohklZevguokemqZyo\_ebqbgZfh`_ldhe_[Zlvkyhl^h
bkhhl\_lkl\_ggh\lZdhf`_^bZiZahg_dhe_[e_lkyLjbebtWlhh[klhy
l_evkl\hg_h[oh^bfhmqblu\Zlvijbijh_dlbjh\Zgbbl_ogheh]bb
Ij_^eZ]Z_fZy f_lh^bdZ iha\hey_l jZkkqblu\Zlv we_dljhl_ogbq_kdb_ iZjZ
f_ljuIe bJkij_^_evgh\hafh`ghclhqghklvxbl_ogheh]bq_kdb_iZ
jZf_ljuLjbtklhqghklvxhij_^_ey_fhclhqghklvx\_ebqbgu.
>ZggZy f_lh^bdZ iha\hey_l [he__ lhqgh hij_^_eblv  ihlj_[ey_fmx fhs
ghklv J b gZ wlhc hkgh\_ \hafh`gh jZkrbj_gb_  h[eZklb ijbf_g_gby f_lh^Z
ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h we_dljhjZah]j_\Z [_lhgghc kf_kb ba q_]h b \hagbdZ_l iheh
`bl_evgucwnn_dl

ISBN 5-89368-367-6 H[h[s_gb_l_hjbbbijZdlbdbkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby

30

31

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[1].
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b^jm]boijb_fh\Kh\hdmighklvmdZaZgguo\ha^_ckl\bcZ\lhjhfgZa\ZgZl_j
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32

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34

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46

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47
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51
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52

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53
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54

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56

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58

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1

60

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jbyBJIjb]h`bgZ

61

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62

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63
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ylbc gZ ^hex dhlhjuo ijboh^blky hdheh  h[s_]h h[t_fZ aZljZl L_f g_
f_g__ bggh\Zpbb \ kljhbl_evkl\_ y\eyxlky h[t_dlb\gh g_h[oh^bfuf ijhp_k
khfHgbh[mkeh\eb\Zxljhklh[t_fh\ijhba\h^kl\Zih\ur_gb_dZq_kl\Zijh
^mdpbb ij_^ijbylbc kljhcbg^mkljbb Z lZd`_ dZq_kl\h kljhbl_evkl\Z b dZd
ke_^kl\b_ih\ur_gb_dhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklbij_^ijbylbc
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gh_ WB; \b[jhwe_dljh[_lhgbjh\Zgb_ <W; kbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgb_ KW; 
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wg_j]_lbq_kdbo aZljZl Z lZd`_ h[_ki_qb\Z_l ih\ur_gb_ ijhqghklb [_lhgZ
WlZiu jZajZ[hldb l_ogheh]bc k wg_j]hh[jZ[hldhc kf_kb b bo l_ogbdhwdhghfbq_kdZywnn_dlb\ghklvij_^klZ\e_gu\lZ[ebp_
L_ogheh]by

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WL;
WB;
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60 - _
70 - _
80 - _
90 - _

Kgb`_gb_
klhbfhklb\
5 10
10 20
20 30
30 40

Ijhqghklv[_lhgZ
\ kml
50/110
70/130
90/150
110/170

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l_evgh_memqr_gb_l_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdboihdZaZl_e_cDjhf_lh]hdZdihdZ
aZeb jZkq_lu dZ`^Zy ihke_^mxsZy l_ogheh]by h[mkeh\eb\ZeZ ih\ur_gb_
mjh\gy dhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklb ba^_ebc JZa\blu_ jughqgu_ hlghr_gby ih[m
`^Zeb [u ij_^ijbylby hkms_kl\eylv eb[h j_Zdlb\gu_ eb[h kljZl_]bq_kdb_
bggh\Zpbb J_Zdlb\gmx bggh\Zpbx ij_^ijbylb_ \ugm`^_gh hkms_kl\eylv
\ke_^ aZ gh\h\\_^_gb_f dhgdmj_glZ qlh[u [ulv \ khklhygbb \_klb [hjv[m gZ
jugd_b\dhg_qghfkq_l_\u`blv>eyihemq_gbydhgdmj_glguoij_bfms_kl\\
i_jki_dlb\_ ij_^ijbylbx g_h[oh^bfh hkms_kl\eylv kljZl_]bq_kdmx bggh\Z
pbx
DZdihdZaZebbkke_^h\Zgbyh^bgblhl`_mjh\_gvwnn_dlb\ghklbijbhkm
s_kl\e_gbbkljZl_]bq_kdbobggh\Zpbc^hklb]Z_lkykf_gvrbfbaZljZlZfbq_f
ijb hkms_kl\e_gbb j_Zdlb\guo bggh\Zpbc Ke_^h\Zl_evgh jZa\bluc jughd
h[mkeh\be [u \g_^j_gb_ l_ogheh]bb k we_dljhjZah]j_\hf [_lhgghc kf_kb gZ
[hevrbgkl\_ ij_^ijbylbc kljhcbg^mkljbb b kljhcdZo Jhkkbb h[_ki_qb\ ^Zev
g_cr__jZa\blb_wlboij_^ijbylbcbbonbgZgkh\mxmklhcqb\hklv

64

65
J?R?GB?
IIIF_`^mgZjh^ghcgZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdhcdhgn_j_gpbb
H[h[s_gb_l_hjbbbijZdlbdbkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby
29 3fZy]<eZ^bfbj

IJBEH@?GBY

AZkemrZ\bh[km^b\^hdeZ^ubkhh[s_gbyih\hijhkZfkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Z
gbygZaZ\h^ZobkljhcdZoJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbbkihfhsvxmklZgh\hdg_ij_
ju\gh]h^_ckl\bydhgn_j_gpbyhlf_qZ_l
1. AZeh`_gul_hj_lbq_kdb_hkgh\ukbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\ZgbyaZdexqZxsb_
ky\dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghf\g_k_gbbwe_dljhfZ]gblghcb^jm]hcwg_j]bb
\\b[jhih^\b`gmx[_lhggmxkf_kv
2. H[h[s_ghiul[_lhgbjh\ZgbygZkljhcdZobaZ\h^Zo\]hjh^ZoFhkd\Z
KZgdl-I_l_j[mj] <eZ^bfbj Gh\hdmag_pd ;ZjgZme b ^j dhlhjuc ih
dZau\Z_l qlh kbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgb_ y\ey_lky gh\uf wnn_dlb\guf gZ
ijZ\e_gb_f\l_ogheh]bb[_lhgguojZ[hliha\heyxsbcgZhkgh\_bk
ihevah\Zgby dhfie_dkZ nmg^Zf_glZevguo aZdhgh\ ijbjh^u ^hklbqv
mjh\gy \ukhdbo l_ogheh]bc g_ bf_xsbo ZgZeh]h\ aZ jm[_`hf b y\
eyxs_]hkyiheghklvxhl_q_kl\_gghcjZajZ[hldhc
3. L_ogheh]bykbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\ZgbyhlghkblkydgZb[he__wdhghfbqguf
f_lh^Zf we_dljhl_jfhh[jZ[hldb [_lhgZ Ih jZkoh^m we_dljhwg_j]bb
hgZ y\ey_lky gZb[he__ we_dljhk[_j_]Zxsbf f_lh^hf k gZbf_gvrbf
m^_evgufjZkoh^hfwg_j]bb
4. AZihke_^gb_g_kdhevdhe_lmq_gufbkh\f_klghkijhba\h^kl\_ggbdZfb
jZajZ[hlZg jy^ \ukhdhijhba\h^bl_evguo b ^he]h\_qguo mkljhckl\ g_
ij_ju\gh]h^_ckl\byqlhiha\hey_lm\_ebqblv\hafh`ghklb^ey[he__
rbjhdh]h jZkijhkljZg_gby l_ogheh]bb kbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby ih \k_c
kljZg_.
Dhgn_j_gpbyihklZgh\ey_l
1. Ijh^he`Zlvb\k_f_jghjZa\b\Zlvbkke_^h\ZgbybjZajZ[hldbihgZmq
ghfmh[hkgh\Zgbxb^_cbf_lh^h\l_ogheh]bbkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby
ihbkdm gh\uo iml_c b gZijZ\e_gbc kbgwj]_lbq_kdbo \ha^_ckl\bc gZ
[_lhggmxkf_kv
2. :dlb\babjh\Zlv jZ[hlu ih kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx kihkh[h\ b mkljhckl\
jZaebqgh]hlbiZ^eyZdlb\Zpbb[_lhgghckf_kbiml_fkbgwj]hh[jZ[hl
dbb^jm]bol_ogheh]bq_kdbo\ha^_ckl\bckhklZ\eyxsbokmlvkbgwj]h
[_lhgbjh\Zgby
3. Ij_^eh`blv <eZ^bfbjkdhfm ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfm mgb\_jkbl_lm kh\f_kl
gh k GBB@; b ^jm]bfb aZbgl_j_kh\Zggufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb b ki_pbZ
ebklZfbjZajZ[hlZlvJmdh\h^kl\hihkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgbxkmq_lhf
j_amevlZlh\bkke_^h\Zgbc^heh`_gguobh^h[j_gguogZdhgn_j_gpbb
4. <p_eyo[he__rbjhdh]hbwnn_dlb\gh]h\g_^j_gbyl_ogheh]bbkbgwj
]h[_lhgbjh\Zgby \ ^Zevg_cr_f ijh\h^blv k_fbgZju gZ [Za_ kms_kl
\mxsboijhba\h^kl\]^_ijbf_gy_lkykbgwj]hh[jZ[hldZkf_kb

66

67
5.

6.
7.

H[jZlblvky \ J::KG k ijhkv[hc h jZkkfhlj_gbb j_amevlZlh\ ^hklb]


gmluo ijb kbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgbb b ^jm]bo ZgZeh]bqguo l_ogheh]bc
[_lhgbjh\Zgby
Ijhkblvj_dlhjZl<e=Mhim[ebdh\ZlvfZl_jbZeudhgn_j_gpbb
Ijhkblv Z^fbgbkljZpbx <e=M ijh\_klb  ] IV F_`^mgZjh^gmx
dhgn_j_gpbx ih ^Zevg_cr_fm jZa\blbx b \g_^j_gbx kbgwj]h[_lhgb
jh\Zgby

Ij_^k_^Zl_evdhgn_j_gpbb
:dZ^_fbdJ::KG^lgijhn_kkhj
GBB@;=hkkljhyJN
K_dj_lZjvdhgn_j_gpbb
^_dZgZjobl_dlmjghkljhbl_evgh]h
nZdmevl_lZ<e=M^lgijhn_kkhj
AZkem`_gguckljhbl_evJN

;:Djueh\

;=Dbf

Ijbeh`_gb_
I_j_q_gv`mjgZevguoklZl_cihkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgbx
:j[_gv_\:KH[_lhgbjh\ZgbbdjmighjZaf_jguoba^_ebcFIjhfur
e_ggh_b]jZ`^Zgkdh_kljhbl_evkl\h- 1999.--K-37
2. KhehfZlh\<B:j[_gv_\:Kb^jH[hkgh\Zgb_aZ\bkbfhklbijhqghklb
[_lhgZhljZkoh^ZbZdlb\ghklbp_f_glZF;_lhgb`_e_ah[_lhg-1999.K4
3. :j[_gv_\:KKbg_j]_lbdZwe_dljhjZah]j_\Zl_evguomkljhckl\F_oZgbaZpbykljhbl_evkl\Z- 2000. --K-12
4. Djueh\;::j[_gv_\:KHklu\Zgb_[_lhgZgZfhjha_F;_lhgb`_e_
ah[_lhg- 1993. --K-24
5. :j[_gv_\:KQ_luj_ijbgpbiZkbgwj]h[_lhgbjh\Zgbykwe_dljhjZah]j_\hfkf_kbFKljhbl_evgu_fZl_jbZeuh[hjm^h\Zgb_l_ogheh]bbXXI
\_dZ- 2001.--K-35
6. IrhgdbgG=Dhfie_dkgZyh[jZ[hldZ[_lhgguokf_k_c\ljZgkihjlbjmxsboljm[Zo;_lhgb`_e_ah[_lhg- 1992. --K-24.
7. IrhgdbgG=G_ij_ju\gucwe_dljhjZah]j_\[_lhgguokf_k_c\\bglh\uo
dhg\_c_jZoBa\\mah\Kljhbl_evkl\hbZjobl_dlmjZ- 1991.--K74.
8. Dheq_^Zgp_\EF>jha^h\:>Am[h\G:Wnn_dlb\gZyl_ogheh]bymkdh
j_gbyl\_j^_gby[_lhgZbabfg_]h[_lhgbjh\ZgbyKljhbl_evguc\_klgbd
Lxf_gkdhch[eZklb-Lxf_gv-  -K-31
9. Dheq_^Zgp_\EFBgl_gkbnbpbjh\ZggZyl_ogheh]by[_lhgbjh\Zgbykj_^g_
fZkkb\guodhgkljmdpbcFhglZ`gu_bki_pbZevgu_jZ[hlu\kljhbl_evkl\_
- 1998. --K-11
10. Eb:BDjueh\;:We_dljhjZah]j_\[_lhgguokf_k_cbi_jki_dlb\gu_h[
eZklb_]hijbf_g_gbyKljhbl_evgu_fZl_jbZeu- 2002. --K-10
1.

68

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54

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