8 Vigas II PDF

Tema7.ProblemasdeVigas.
Profesorado
GrupoA:MaraTiradoMiranda
GrupoB:JorgePort Durn
GrupoC:Artur Schmitt
Tema7.Problemasvigas.
MaterialelaboradoporJorgePort DurnyJuanFranciscoGmezLopera
1. Obtengayrepresentelassolicitacionesenlavigadelafigura.
Calcularemoslassolicitacionesendosregiones:
S
1
,con0<x<2m,yS
2
,con2m<x<5m
8kN
10kN
2m 4m
B A
S
1
S
2
8kN
10kN
2m 4m
B
A
2
Clculodelasreaccionesexternas
Obtencindereaccionesexternas:
Sustitucindecargasdistribuidas
0 0,
0 10kN 8kN 0 2kN,
0 10m10kN 6m8kN 0 8kNm.
x Ax
y Ay Ay
Az A A
R R
R R R
M M M
= =
= + = =
= + = =
8kN
10kN
2m 4m
B A
A
8kN
10kN
2m 4m
R
Ay
M
A
x
y
R
Ax
B
3
ClculodelasSolicitaciones enseccinS
1
,0<x<4m
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
Propiedades: ' 0 , (0 ) 0 , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (4 ) 0.
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 2kN,
Propiedades: ' 0= , (0 ) 2kN= ,
x Ax
x Ax
y Ay
y Ay
R R N x N x
N N R
N
R R T x T x
T T R
+
= + = =
= = = =
=
= = =
= = ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (4 ) 2kN.
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 8 2 kNm.
Propiedades: ' 2 kN , (0 ) 8kNm , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo,
Az A
A
T
M M xT x M x M x x
M T M M
+
=
= + = =
= = = =
(4 ) 16 kNm. M

=
Clculosprevios
Resolucindelequilibriodelaseccin
S
1
S
2
8kN
10k
2m 4m
B A
R
Ay
M
A
x
y
R
Ax
A
x
N(x)
M(x)
T(x)
4
2
,4m<x<6m
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
Propiedades: ' 0 , (4 ) 0 (4 ),
Valor extremo, (6 ) 0 , todas se cumplen..
0 10kN ( ) 0 ( ) 8kN,
Propiedades: ' 0= , (4
x Ax
x
Bx
y Ay
y
R R N x N x
N N N
N R
R R T x T x
T T
= + = =
= = = =
= =
= + = =
= ) 8kN= (4 ) 10kN,
Valor extremo, (6 ) 8kN=- , todas se cumplen.
0 4m10kN ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 48 8 kNm.
Propiedades: ' 8kN , (4 ) 16kNm= (4 ),
V
By
Az
T
T R
M xT x M x M x x
M T M M
+
+
= +
=
= + = = +
= = =
alor extremo, (6 ) 0 , todas se cumplen.
B
M M
= =
S
1
S
2
8kN
10k
2m 4m
B A
10kN
x-2m
4m
M
A
x
y
R
Ay
M
A
R
Ax
A
x
N(x)
M(x)
T(x)
5
Resultadoyrepresentacin
( ) '( ) 0 ,
( ) 0 ,
( ) '( ) ,
2kN 0<<4m
( ) '( )
8kN 4m<<6m
8 2 kNm 0<<4m
( )
48 8 kNm 4m<<6m
x
y
x N x x
N x x
x T x x
x
T x M x
x
x x
M x
x x
= =
=
= =
= =

=

+
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
M(0
+
)=0,M(4
)=M(4
+
)=16kNm,M(6
)=0.
OBSERVACIN:
Cadafiguraesladerivadadelassiguiente,
loqueayudaensurepresentacin
x (m) 4
8
T=M' (kN)
-2
6
x (m)
4
M (kNm)
-16
6
S
1
S
2
8kN
10kN
2m 4m
B
A
6
2. Obtengayrepresentalassolicitacionesenlavigadelafigura.
3m
2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
3m 2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
S
1
S
2
S
1
,con0<x<2m,yS
2
,con2m<x<5m
7
3m 2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
1 1
2 2
2
2m2kN/m=4kN , 1m,
2
3m
3m6kN/m=18kN , 2m+ 3.5m.
2
d c
d c
m
F x
F x
= = =
= = =
1 1 2 2
1 2
0 2m1kN 5 0 13kN,
0 0,
0 1kN 0 8kN.
Az c d c d B B
x Ax
y Ay d d B Ay
M x F x F R R
R R
R R F F R R
= + + = =
= =
= + + = =
3m 2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
R
Ax
R
Ay R
B
F
d2
F
d1
x
c2
x
c1
x
y
A B
8
1
,0<x<2m
( ) 0kN/m, ( ) 2kN/m, ( ) 2kN/m=2 kN , m.
2
x y d c
x
x x F x x x x = = = =
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 8 2 kN,
Propiedades: ' 2kN/m= , (
x Ax
x Ax
y Ay d
y
R R N x N x
N N R
N
R R F x T x T x x
T T
= + = =
= = = =
=
= = =
=
2
0 ) 8kN= , ambas se cumplen.
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 8 kNm.
Propiedades: ' 8 2 kN , (0 ) 0 , ambas se cumplen.

Ay
Az c d
Az
R
T
M x F x xT x M x M x x x
M x T M M
+
+
=
=
= + = =
= = = =
Valor extremo, (2 ) 12 kNm. M

=
3m 2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
R
Ax
R
Ay R
B
x
y
A B
S
1
S
2
Clculosprevios
x
c
F
d
(x)
R
Ax
R
Ay
x
y
A x
T(x)
N(x)
M(x)
2kN/m
9
2
,2m<x<5m
1 1
( ) 0kN/m, ( ) 6kN/m, 1m, 4kN,
2 2
( ) ( 2)6kN/m=6 12kN , 2 m.
2 2
x y c d
d c
x x x F
x x
F x x x x
= = = =
+
= = + =
1
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
Propiedades: ' 0 , (2 ) 0 (2 ),
0 1 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 17 6 kN,
Propiedades:
x Ax
x
Bx
y Ay d d
R R N x N x
N N N
N R
R R F F x T x T x x
T
= + = =
= = = =
= =
= + = =
2
1 1 2
' 6kN/m= , (2 ) 5kN= (2 ) 1kN,
0 2m1kN ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 10 17 3 kNm.
Propiedades: ' 17 6 kN
y
By B
Az c d c d
T T
T R R
M x F x F x xT x M x M x x x
M x
= = +
= =
= + + = = +
= = , (2 ) 12kNm= (2 ),
Valor extremo, (5 ) 0 , todas se cumplen.
B
T M M
M M
+
=
= =
3m 2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
R
Ax
R
Ay R
B
x
y
A B
S
1
S
2
Clculosprevios
x
c
2m
6kN/m
1kN
R
Ax
R
Ay
x
y
A
F
d
(x)
x
N(x)
M(x)
F
d1
x
c1
2kN/m
10
2
2
( ) '( ) 0 ,
( ) 0 ,
2kN/m 0<<2m
( ) '( )
6kN/m 2m<<5m
8 2 kN 0<<2m
( ) '( )
17 6 kN 2m<<5m
8 kNm 0<<2m
( )
10 17 3 kNm 2m<<5m
x
y
x N x x
N x x
x
x T x
x
x x
T x M x
x x
x x x
M x
x x x
= =
=
= =

= =

=

+
3m 2m
2kN/m
6kN/m
1kN
R
Ax
R
Ay R
B
x
y
A B
S
1
S
2
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
T(0
+
)=8kN,T(2
)=4kN,T(2
+
)=5kN,T(5
)=13kN.
M(0
+
)=0,M(2
)=M(2
+
)=12kNm,M(5
)=0.
T(x)=0 x=2.833mM(x)=14.08kNm.
x (m)
2 5
y
=T' (kN/m)
-6
-2
x (m) 2
5
M (kNm)
2.833
12
14.08
x (m) 2
5
T=M' (kN)
8
4
5
-13
2.833
OBSERVACIN:
Cadafiguraesladerivadadelassiguiente,
loqueayudaensurepresentacin.
11
3. Lavigahomogneadelafigurapesa10kN.Obtengayrepresentelas
solicitaciones.Comentesobreelresultadolaspropiedadesdelas
mismas
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m
3m
Observaciones:
Elpeso,P,representaunacargauniformemente
distribuidade10kN/2m=2kN/m.
S
1
,con0<x<2m,yS
2
,con2m<x<5m
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m 3m
S
1
S
2
2kN/m
12
1 1
2 2
5m
10N , 2.5m
2
3m
2m2kN/m=4kN , 2m 3.5m.
2
d c
d c
F P x
F x
= = = =
= = + =
1 2
1 2 2
0 0,
0 5kN 0 3kN,
0 2.5m (5m ) 0 34kNm.
x Ax
y d d By By
Bz d c d B B
R R
R F F R R
M F x F M M
= =
= + + = =
= + = =
R
By
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m
3m
M
B
F
d2
x
c2
2kN/m
F
d1
=P
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m 3m
Peso=P=10kN
13
1
,0<x<2m
( ) 0kN/m, ( ) 2kN/m,
( ) 2kN/m=2 kN , m.
2
x y
d c
x x
x
F x x x x
= =
= =
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 2 kN,
Propiedades: ' 2kN/m= , (0 ) 0kN=
x
x Ax
y d
y
R N x N x
N N R
N
R F x T x T x x
T T
+
= = =
= = = =
=
= = =
= =
2
, ambas se cumplen.
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) kNm.
Propiedades: ' 2 kN , (0 ) 0 , ambas se cumplen.
Valor
Ay
Az c d
Az
R
T
M x F x xT x M x M x x
M x T M M
+
=
= + = =
= = = =
extremo, (2 ) 4kNm. M

=
Clculosprevios
x
c
F
d
(x)
x
y
A
x
T(x)
N(x)
M(x)
2kN/m
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m 3m
Peso=P=10kN
14
2
,2m<x<5m
1 1
( ) 0kN/m, ( ) 4 2 2kN/m,
1m, ( ) 2 kN,
2 2
( ) ( 2)4kN/m=4 8kN , 2 .
2 2
x y
c d
d c
x x
x F x x
x x
F x x x x
= = =
= =
+
= = + =
1 2
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
Propiedades: ' 0 , (2 ) 0 (2 ),
0 ( ) 5kN+ ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 2 13kN,
Propiedades: '
x
x
Bx
y d d
R N x N x
N N N
N R
R F x F x T x T x x
T
= = =
= = = =
= =
= = =
1 1 2 2
2
2kN/m= ( ), (2 ) 9kN= (2 ) 5kN,
0 ( ) 2m5kN+12kNm+ ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 6 13 k
y
By
Az c d c d
x T T
T R
M x F x x F x xT x M x
M x x x
= =
=
= + =
= + Nm.
Propiedades: ' 13 2 kN , (2 ) 16kNm= (2 ) (12kNm),
Valor extremo, (5 ) 34kNm , todas se cumplen.
B
M x T M M
M M
+
= + = =
= =
Clculosprevios
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m 3m
Peso=P=10kN
N(x)
M(x)
x
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m x-2m
2kN/m
F
d1
(x) en x
c1
F
d2
(x) en x
c2
y
x
T(x)
A
15
2
2
( ) '( ) 0 ,
( ) 0 ,
2kN/m 0<x<2m
( ) '( )
2kN/m 2m<x<5m
2 kN 0<x<2m
( ) '( )
2 13kN 2m<x<5m
kNm 0<x<2m
( )
6 13 kNm 2m<x<5m
x
y
x N x x
N x x
x T x
x
T x M x
x
x
M x
x x
= =
=
= =

= =

=

+
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
T(0
+
)=0kN,T(2
)=4kN,T(2
+
)=9kN,T(5
)=3kN.
M(0
+
)=0,M(2
)=4kNm,M(2
+
)=16kNm,
M(5
)=34kNm.
OBSERVACIN:
Cadafiguraesladerivadadelassiguiente,lo
queayudaensurepresentacin.
5kN
12kNm
4kN/m
2m 3m
S
1
S
2
2kN/m
x (m) 2 5
y
=T' (kN/m)
2
-2
x (m)
2
5
M (kNm)
-34
-16
-4
x (m)
2 5
T=M' (kN)
-4
-9
-3
16
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
S
1
S
2
S
1
,con0<x<2m,yS
2
,con2m<x<5m
17
1 1
2 2
3m600N/m 2
=900N , 3m 2m,
2 3
5m 3m
2m100N/m=200N , 3m+ 4m.
2
d c
d c
F x
F x
= = =
= = =
1 2
1 1 2 2
0 0,
0 0 1100N,
0 0 2600Nm.
x Ax
y Ay d d Ay
Az A c d c d A
R R
R R F F R
M M x F x F M
= =
= = =
= = =
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
R
Ay
M
A
R
Ax
F
d1
x
c1
F
d2
x
c2
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
18
1
,0<x<3m
2
( ) 0kN/m,
( ) 600N/m
Por semejanza de tringulos, ( ) 200 N/m.
m 3m
( ) 2
( ) ( ) 200 N/m, ( ) 100 N , m.
2 3
x
y d c
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x F x x x x

=
= =
= = = = =
2
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 1100 100 N,
Propiedades: ' 200 N/m
x Ax
x Ax
y Ay d
R R N x N x
N N R
N
R R F x T x T x x
T x
= + = =
= = = =
=
= = =
=
3
2
= ( ), (0 ) 1100N= , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (3 ) 200N.
100
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 2600 1100 Nm.
3
Propiedades: ' 1100 100 N , (0 ) 2600Nm
y Ay
Az A c d
A
x T R
T
M M x F x xT x M x M x x x
M x T M M
+
=
=
= + = = +
= = = = , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (3 ) 200 Nm.
z
M

=
Clculosprevios
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
S
1
S
2
(x)
x
N(x)
M(x)
T(x)
x
R
Ay
M
A
F
d
(x)
R
Ax
x
c
y
19
2
,2m<x<5m
1 1
( ) 0kN/m, ( ) 100N/m, 2m, 900N,
2 3
( ) ( 3)100kN/m=100 300N , 3 m.
2 2
x y c d
d c
x x x F
x x
F x x x x
= = = =
+
= = + =
1
0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0,
Propiedades: ' 0 , (3 ) 0 (3 ),
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 500 100 N,
Propiedades: '
x Ax
x
Bx
y Ay d d
R R N x N x
N N N
N R
R R F F x T x T x x
T
= + = =
= = = =
= =
= = =
2
1 1
100N/m= , (3 ) 200N= (3 ),
Valor extremo, (5 ) 0N=- , todas se cumplen.
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 1250 500 50 Nm.
Propiedades: ' 500 100 N , (3 )
y
By
Az A c d c d
T T
T R
M M x F x F x xT x M x M x x x
M x T M
+
= =
=
= + = = +
= = = 200Nm= (3 ),
B
M
M M
= =
Clculosprevios
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
S
1
S
2
600N/m
100N/m
3m x
c
-2m
R
Ay
M
A
R
Ax
F
d1
x
c1
x
c
F
d
(x)
T(x)
x
y
N(x)
M(x)
20
2
3
2
( ) '( ) 0 ,
( ) 0 ,
200 N/m 0<x<3m
( ) '( )
-100N/m 3m<x<5m
1100 100 N 0<x<3m
( ) '( )
500 100 N 3m<x<5m
100
2600 1100 Nm 0<x<3m
( )
3
1250 500 50 Nm 3m<
x
y
x N x x
N x x
x
x T x
x
T x M x
x
x x
M x
x x
= =
=
= =

= =

+
=
+ x<5m
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
T(0
+
)=1100N,T(3
)=200N=T(3
+
),T(5
)=0N.
M(0
+
)=2600Nm,M(3
)=200Nm= M(3
+
),M(5
)=0Nm.
OBSERVACIN:
queayudaensurepresentacin
600N/m
100N/m
3m 2m
S
1
S
2
x (m) 3 5
y
=T' (N/m)
100
-600
x (m)
200
5
T=M' (N)
1100
3
x (m)
3
5
M (Nm)
-2600
-200
21
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
0m
2m
5m
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
0m
2m
5m
S
1
S
2
S
1
,con0<x<2m,yS
2
,con2m<x<5m
22
1 1
2 2
2m
2m1kN/m=2kN , 1m,
2
3m2kN/m 2
=3kN , 2m (5m 3m) 4m.
2 3
d c
d c
F x
F x
= = =
= = + =
1 2
1 1 2 2
0 0,
0 4kN 0 5kN,
0 2m4kN 0 18kNm.
x Ax
y Ay d d Ay
Az A c d c d A
R R
R R F F R
M M x F x F M
= =
= + + = =
= + + = =
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
0m
2m
5m
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
2m
5m
R
Ay
M
A
R
Ax
y
x
F
d1
x
c1
F
d2
x
c2
Alnohaberfuerzashorizontales,N(x)=0x yslocalcularemosT(x)y
M(x).
23
1
,0<x<3m
( ) 1kN/ m, ( ) 1kN/m,
( ) ( ) kN , m.
2
y
d c
x x
x
F x x x x x

= =
= = =
2
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 5 kN,
Propiedades: ' 1kN/m= ( ), (0 ) 5kN= , ambas se cumplen.
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 18 5
y Ay d
y Ay
Az A c d
R R F x T x T x x
T x T R
T
x
M M x F x xT x M x M x x
= = =
= =
=
= + = = kNm.
2
Propiedades: ' 5 kN , (0 ) 18kNm , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (2 ) 6 kNm.
Az
M x T M M
M
+
= = = =
=
Clculosprevios
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
0m
2m
5m
S
1
S
2
1kN/m
R
Ay
M
A
R
Ax
y
x
F
d
(x)
x
c
x
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
24
2
,2m<x<5m
2
1
1 1
4 1
0 4kN ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 1.667 kN,
3 3
4 2
Propiedades: ' kN/m= , (2 ) 3kN= (2 ) 4kN,
3 3
Valor extremo, (5 ) 0N=- , todas se cumplen.
0
y Ay d d
y
By
Az A c d
R R F F x T x T x x x
T x T T
T R
M M x F
= + + = = +
= + = +
=
= +
2 3
2
2 4kN+ ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 11.11 1.667 0.667 0.1111 kNm.
4 1
Propiedades: ' 1.667 x kN , (2 ) 6kNm= (2 ),
3 3
Valor extremo, (5 ) 0 , todas se cu
c d
B
m x F x xT x M x
M x x x x
M x T M M
M M
+
+ =
= +
= + = =
= = mplen.
Clculosprevios
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
0m
2m
5m
S
1
S
2
2
( ) 2kN/ m
Por semejanza de tringulos,
( 2)m 3m
2
( ) ( 2)kN/m, ( ) ( ),
3
( 2) ( ) ( 2) 2 2
( ) kN , 2m ( 2m) = ( 1)m.
2 3 3 3
y
d c
x
x
x x x x
x x x
F x x x x
= =

= = = + +
1kN/m
(x)
4kN
2m
y
F
d1
x
c1
x
c
RAy
M
A
R
Ax
M(x)
N(x)
F
d
(x)
x
x
T(x)
x-2m
25
2
2
-1kN/m 0<<2m
( ) '( )
2
( 2)kN/m 2m<<5m
3
5 kN 0<<2m
( ) '( )
4 1
1.667 kN 2m<<5m
3 3
1
18 5 kNm 0<<2m
2
( )
11.
y
x
x T x
x x
x x
T x M x
x x x
x x x
M x
= =

= =

+

=
2 3
1
11 1.667 0.667 kNm 2m<<5m
9
x x x x
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
T(0
+
)=5kN,T(2
)=7kN=T(2
+
),T(5
)=0N.
M(0
+
)=18kNm,M(2
)=6kNm=M(2
+
),M(5
)=0Nm.
OBSERVACIN:
queayudaensurepresentacin
1kN/m
2kN/m
4kN
0m
2m
5m
S
1
S
2
x (m)
2
5
y
=T' (kN/m) 2
-1
x (m)
-3
5
T=M' (kN)
2
-7
-5
x (m) 2
5
M (kNm)
18
6
26
6. Obtengayrepresentelassolicitacionesenlavigadelafigura.
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
Pararesolveresteproblema,aplicaremostresmtodosycompararemosventajase
inconvenientesdecadauno:
1. Utilizacindereasycentroides paralasfuerzasdistribuidasyequilibriodel
tramodevigaalaizquierdadecadaseccin.
2. dem,peroseimpondrequilibrioalapartedelavigaizquierdaoderecha,
segnconvenga.
3. Integracindecargasdistribuidasparaclculodefuerzaymomentosdelas
cargasdistribuidas.
27
MTODO1:UTILIZACINDEREASYCENTROIDESYEQUILIBRIODE
TRAMOIZQUIERDODELAVIGA:
1 1 2 2
4m 6m4kN/m 1
4m2kN/m=8kN , 2m, =12kN , 4m 6m=6m.
2 2 3
d c d c
F x F x = = = = = +
1 1 2 2
1 2
0 0,
0 50+ 4m10kN 10 0 4.6kN,
0 10kN 0 9.4kN,
x Ax
Az c d c d B B
y Ay d d B Ay
R R
M x F x F R R
R R F F R R
= =
= + = =
= + + = =
M(x).
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
4kN/m
2kN/m
4m 6m
50kNm
A
B
R
Ay
R
Ax
R
B
F
d1
F
d2
x
c1
x
c2
10kN
28
MTODO1:UTILIZACINDEREASYCENTROIDESY
EQUILIBRIODETRAMOIZQUIERDODELAVIGA:
1
,0<x<4m
( ) 2kN/ m, ( ) ( ),
( ) ( ) 2 kN , m.
2
y
d c
x x x
x
F x x x x x

= =
= = =
0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 9.4 2 kN,
Propiedades: ' 2kN/m= ( ), (0 ) 9.4kN= , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (4 ) 17.4kN.
0 50 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 ( ) 50
y Ay d
y Ay
Az c d
R R F x T x T x x
T x T R
T
M x F x xT x M x M x
= + = = +
= =
=
= + + = = +
2
9.4 kNm.
Propiedades: ' 9.4 2 kN , (0 ) 50kNm , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (4 ) 3.6 kNm.
Az
x x
M x T M M
M
+
+
= + = = =
=
Clculosprevios
S
1
S
2
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
2kN/m
50kNm
A
R
Ay
R
Ax
x
c
F
d
(x)
x
x
T(x)
M(x)
N(x)
y
29
MTODO1:UTILIZACINDEREASYCENTROIDESY
EQUILIBRIODETRAMOIZQUIERDODELAVIGA:
2
,4m<x<10m
Zonarectangular,desde0a4m:
Zonatrapezoidal,desde4max:
Determinacincargaunitaria,(x).Porsemejanzade
tringulos:
1 1 1
4m
4m2kN/m=8kN , 2m,
2
d c
F S x = = =
S
1
S
2
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
4kN/m
2kN/m
4m
x
c
-4m
50kNm
A
R
Ay
R
Ax
F
d1
x
c1
x
c
10kN
F
d
(x)
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
y
x
x
(x)
( ) 4kN/ m 2
( ) (10 )kN/m, ( ) ( ).
(10 ) 6m 3
y
x
x x x x
m x
= = =
30
Descomposicindeltrapecioenrectnguloytringulo
2
1 ( 4)
La carga triangular equivale a ( )= ( 4 )(4kN/ m ( )) kN,
2 3
1 (8 )
localizada en 4m ( 4m) m.
3 3
2
La carga rectangular equivale a ( )=( 4m) ( ) ( 4m)(10 )kN,
3
localizada e
dT
cT
dR
x
F x x m x
x
x x
F x x x x x
=
+
= + =
=
1 (4 )
n 4m ( 4m) m.
2 2
La carga trapeziodal equivale a una sola fuerza ( ) = ( ) ( ),
( ) ( )
localizada en m ,
(
ESTOS VALORES ( ) Y SON ENGORROSOS,
AFOR
)

T
cT
d dT dR
cT dT cR dR
cT
c
d
d T
x
x x
F x F x F x
x F x x F x
x
F
x x
x
F
+
= + =
+
+
=
.
SEGUIREMOS CON ESTE PROCESO BASADO EN
UNADAMENTE, BASTA MANEJ AR LA FUERZA ( ) Y ( ) POR SEPARADO
MS ADELANTE PROPONDREMOS OTROS MTODOS MS PRCTIC
REAS,
OS.
dT dR
F x F x
4kN/m
4m
F
dT
(x)
x
(x) (x)
4kN/m-(x)
F
dR
(x)
x
cR
x
cT
x-4m
31
MTODO1:UTILIZACIN DEREASYCENTROIDESY
EQUILIBRIODETRAMOIZQUIERDODELAVIGA
2
,4m<x<10m
1
2
2
0 10kN ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( 4) ( 4)( 16)
9.4kN+8kN 10kN kN kN ( ) 0
3 3
1
( ) 28.733 6.667 kN.
3
2
Propiedades: ' 6.667 kN/m= , (4 ) 7.3984kN 7.4kN
3
y Ay d dT dR
y
R R F F x F x T x
x x x
T x
T x x x
T x T
+
= + =
+
=
= +
= = = (4 ) 10kN,
Valor extremo, (10 ) -4.6037kN 4.6kN=- , todas se cumplen.
B
T
T R
=
Resolucindelequilibriodelaseccin:Fuerza
Cortante
4kN/m
2kN/m
4m
50kNm
A
R
Ay
R
Ax
10kN
F
dT
(x) en x
cT
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
y
x
x
(x)
F
dR
(x) en x
cR
F
d1
en x
c1
32
1 1
Para deternminar ( ), calcularemos el momento total, respecto del extremo derecho, ,
lo que simplifica algo las operaciones:
0 50kNm ( ) ( 4m)10kN+( ) ( )

Xz
Xz Ay c d cT dT
M x M
M x R x x F x x x F x = + +
2
2
+( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 ( 4)
50kNm 9.4kN ( 2m)8kN ( 4m)10kN+ ( 4m) kN+
3 3
( 4m) 2( 4)(10 )
kN ( ) 0
2 3
( ) 65.11 28.733 3.333 0
cR dR
x x F x M x
x
x x x x
x x x
M x
M x x x
+ =
+

+ + =
= + +
3
2
.1111 kNm.
1
Propiedades: ' 28.733 6.666 kN , (4 ) 3.6kNm= (4 ),
3
B
x
M x x T M M
M M
+
= + = =
= =
4kN/m
2kN/m
4m
50kNm
A
R
Ay
R
Ax
10kN
F
dT
(x) en x
cT
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
y
x
x
(x)
F
dR
(x) en x
cR
F
d1
en x
c1
Resolucindelequilibriodelaseccin:Momento
Flector
MTODO1:UTILIZACIN DEREASYCENTROIDESY
EQUILIBRIODETRAMOIZQUIERDODELAVIGA
2
,4m<x<10m
33
2
2
2kN/m 0<<4m
( ) '( )
2
(10 )kN/m 4m<<10m
3
9.4 2 kN 0<<4m
( ) '( )
1
28.733 6.667 kN 4m<<10m
3
50 9.4
( )
y
x
x T x
x x
x x
T x M x
x x x
x x
M x
= =

= =

+
+ +
=
2 3
0<<4m
65.11 28.733 3.333 0.1111 kNm 4m<<1m
x
x x x x
+ +
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
T(0
+
)9.45kN,T(4
)=17.4kN, T(4
+
)=7.4kN,T(10
)=4.6kN.
M(0
+
)=50kNm,M(4
)=3.6kNm=M(4
+
),M(10
)=0kNm.
T(x
0
)=0x
0
=6.279m,M(x
0
)=0=11.402kNm.
S
1
S
2
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
x (m)
7.4
10
T=M' (kN)
4
-4.6
9.4
17.4
x
0
x
0
=6.279m
x (m)
4
10
M (kNm)
-50
3.6
11.402
x (m)
4
10
y
=T' (kN/m)
-4
2
34
MTODO2:UTILIZACINDEREASYCENTROIDESYEQUILIBRIODE
TRAMODELAVIGAMSCONVENIENTE
El Calculo de las fuerzas externas y de la seccin 1, imponiendo el equilibrio del
tramo de viga a la izquierda de la seccin en x ha sido sencillo, pero el clculo de la
fuerza distribuida de la zona trapezoidal, seccin 2, ha resultado engorroso.
El clculo de las solicitaciones en la seccin 2 es ms simple si se impone equilibrio
al tramo de viga comprendido entre el corte en x y el extremo x=L.
El esquema a considerar para la seccin 2 sera el de la figura.
Ahora slo hay una carga triangular de base 10-x y altura (x)=2(10-x)/3 kN/m.
La fuerza distribuida triangular equivale a
Aplicada en
A una distancia (10m-x)/3 del punto x.
2
1 1 2 (10m- )
( )= ( )(10m ) (10m )(10m ) kN,
2 2 3 3
d
x
F x x x x x = =
10m-x
B
R
B
x
c
F
d
(x)
(x)
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
10m
y
x
x
O
1 10m 2
(10m ) ,
3 3
cT
x
x x x
+
= + =
Notarsignoopuestode
solicitaciones:3leyNewton
35
2
2
2
2
0 ( ) ( ) 0
(10 )
( ) kN 4.6kN=0
3
(10 ) 1
( ) kN-4.6kN 28.733 6.667 kN.
3 3
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) (10m ) 0
(10m ) (10 ) kN
( ) (1
3 3
y d B
Xz c d B
R T x F x R
x
T x
x
T x x x
M M x x x F x x R
x x
M x
= + =
= = +
= + =

+
2 3
0m )4.6kN 0
( ) 65.11 28.733 3.333 0.1111 kNm.
x
M x x x x
=
= + +
MTODO2:Resolucindelequilibriodelaseccin2,
TRAMODERECHO:FuerzaCortanteyMomentoFlector
10m-x
B
R
B
x
c
F
d
(x)
(x)
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
10m
y
x
x
O
Ntesequeelclculoahoramssencilloporquelacargatriangularesms
simplequeenelcasotrapezoidalrequeridosiseimponeequilibriodelaparte
izquierda.
Lacomprobacindelaspropiedadesdeambassolicitaciones(derivada,
continuidadyvaloresextremos)yelrestodelejercicioserealizacomoenel
mtodoanterior.
36
MTODO3:UTILIZACINDEFUNCINDENSIDADDECARGAEINTEGRACIN
DEESTAFUNCINPARACALCULARLAFUERZAYMOMENTODECARGAS
DISTRIBUIDAS.
( ) 0 ,
2kN/m 0<<4m,
( ) '( )
2
(10 )kN/m 4m<<10m.
3
x
y
x x
x
x T x
x x
= =

Lafuncindensidaddecargaalo
largodelavigavienedadapor:
y
x
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
Lacargacorrespondienteauntramodeviga
comprendidoentre0yx, equivaleaunafuerza
localizada,F
d
(x), decomponentesF
dx
(x), yF
dy
(x), ,
localizadaenunpuntodecoordenadas(x
p
,0),que
ejerceunmomentoM
0d
,respectodelorigende
coordenadas.
Elclculodeestasmagnitudesserealizamediantelas
siguientesexpresiones:
0
0 0 0
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) .
x x x
dx x dy y d p dy y
F x d F x d M x x F x d

= = =
= = = =

y
x
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
50kNm
A
F
d
(x)
x
p x
T(x)
M(x)
N(x)
37
MTODO3:UTILIZACINDEFUNCINDENSIDADDECARGA:
Obtencindereaccionescargadistribuidaequivalenteparatodalaviga
[ ]
10m
0
10m
10m 4m 10m 2
4m
0
0 0 0 4m
10m 4m
0
0 0
(10m) ( ) 0.
2 2
(10m) ( ) 2 (10 ) 2 10 4kN.
3 3 2
El momento respecto del origen es, componente :
( ) 2
dx dx x
dy dy y
d y
F F d
F F d d d
z
M d d

=
=
= = = =
= =
= = =

= = = + = + =

= =

4m 10m
10m 2 2 3
0 0 4m
0
2 2
(10 ) 2 10 56kNm.
3 2 3 2 3
Esto significa que se aplica en / 56kNm/ ( 4kN)=14m.
d p d dy
d
F x M F

= = =

+ = + =

= =
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
y
x
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
F
d
x
p
R
B
R
Ax
R
Ay
38
0
0 0 0.
0 50kNm+ 4m10kN 10 0
50kNm-56kNm 4m10kN 10 0 4.6kN.
0 10kN 0
( 4kN) 10kN 4.6kN 0 9.4kN.
x Ax dx Ax dx
Az d B
B B
y Ay dy B
Ay Ay
R R F R F
M M R
R R
R R F R
R R
= + = = =
= + =
+ = =
= + + =
+ + = =
M(x).
y
x
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
F
d
x
p
R
B
R
Ax
R
Ay
39
1
,0<x<4m
S
1
S
2
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
2kN/m
50kNm
A
R
Ay
R
Ax
x
p
F
d
(x)
x
x
T(x)
M(x)
N(x)
y
0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) .
x
dx x
x
dy y
x
d p dy y
F x d
F x d
M x x F x d

=
=
=
=
=
= =
0
0
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 9.4 2 9.4 2 kN,
Propiedades:
' 2kN/m= ( ), (0 ) 9.4kN= , ambas se cumplen.
0 50
x
y Ay dy Ay y
x
y Ay
Az
R R F x T x R d T x
T x d x
T x T R
T
M

= + = + =
= + = +
= =
=
=
0
0
2
0
( ) ( ) 50 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 50 2 ( ) ( ) 50 9.4 kNm.
Propiedades:
' 9.4 2 kN , (0 ) 50kNm , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (4 )
x
d y
x
Az
M xT x M x d xT x M x
M x d xT x M x x x
M x T M M
M

+
+ + = + + =
= + = + +
= + = = =
=
3.6 kNm.
40
S
1
S
2
4kN/m
2kN/m
10kN
4m
6m
50kNm
A
B
0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) .
x
dx x
x
dy y
x
d p dy y
F x d
F x d
M x x F x d

=
=
=
=
=
= =
0
4
2 2
0 4
2
0 ( ) 10 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2
( ) 9.4 2 (10 ) 10 0.6 24 10( 4) ( 4 )
3 3 3
1
( ) 28.733 6.667 kN,
3
Propiedades:
' 2kN/m= ( ), (0 ) 9.4k
x
y Ay dy Ay y
x
y
R R F x T x R d T x
T x d d x x
T x x x
T x T

+
= + = + =
= + + = + +
= +
= =

0
0
4
2
0 4
N= , ambas se cumplen.
0 50 410 ( ) ( ) 10 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2
( ) 10 2 (10 ) ( ) ( ) 50 9.4 kNm.
3
Propiedades:

Ay
x
Az d y
x
R
T
M M xT x M x d xT x M x
M x d d xT x M x x x

=
= + + = + + =
= + = + +

Valor extremo, (4 ) 3.6 kNm.
Az
M x T M M
M
+
= + = = =
=
4kN/m
2kN/m
4m
50kNm
A
R
Ay
R
Ax x
p
10kN
F
d
(x)
M(x)
N(x)
T(x)
y
x
x
(x)
2
,4m<x<10m
41
CONSIDERACIONESFINALESACERCADELAELECCINDELMTODO
Alresolverunproblemadevigasdebentenerseencuentalosdistintosmtodosyelegir
culeselmsadecuado.
Elqueconsideraquelasfuerzasdistribuidassonsustituidasporfuerzasigualesalrea
delacargadistribuidaaplicadasenelcentroideesintuitivo,peronosiempreesfcil
cuandolacargadistribuidanoessimple.
Paraobtenerlassolicitacionesenunpuntox delavigasepuedeimponerelequilibrio
deltramodevigaalaizquierdaoaladerechadelaseccin.Esconvenienteelegirel
tramomssencillo.
Cuandolacargadistribuidaescomplejasueleserconvenienteutilizarlassiguientes
integracionesparaobtenerlafuerzayelmomentorespectodelorigenqueejercela
cargacomprendidaentre0yx:
Enesteltimocaso,esimportanterecordarqueELMOMENTOCALCULADOSETOMA
RESPECTODELORIGENDECOORDENADAS.
Lomstilsueleserutilizarunmtodohbridoqueutiliceelmodomsadecuadoen
cadaparteelejercicio.
42
0
0 0 0
( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) .
x x x
dx x dy y d p dy y
F x d F x d M x x F x d

= = =
= = = =

MaterialelaboradoporJorgePort DurnyJuanFranciscoGmezLopera 42
6. Obtengayrepresentelassolicitacionesenlavigadelafigura
utilizandolafuncindensidaddecarga.
OBSERVACIONESPREVIAS
Lacargalinealcruzaelejedelavigaenx=6m,perono
definedossecciones,pueslacarganovara,sinoque
slopasaporceroenesepunto.
Lacargalocalizadade5kNsdefineunareginantesy
despusdeesepunto.
Portanto,resolveremosunaseccinS
1
para0<x<6my
unaseccinS
2
,para6m<x<10m.
A
B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
A
B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
S
2
S
1
S
1
Misma Seccin
43
A B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
R
B
x
y
R
A
F
d
x
p
( ) 0, ( ) .
Condiciones:
(0) 0 4kN/m
1kN/m y 4kN/m.
(10m) 10 6kNm
x y
y
y
x x ax b
a b
a b
a b

= = +
= + =

= =
= + =

Determinacindeladensidaddecarga:
ClculodeFuerzasequivalentesalacargadistribuida:
10m
0
10m
10m 10m
2
0 0
0
1
10m 10m
2 3
0
0 0
0
(10m) ( ) 0.
(10m) ( ) (4 ) 4 10kN.
2
El momento respecto del origen es, componente :
( ) (4 ) 4
2 3
dx dx x
dy dy y
d y
F F d
F F d d
z
M d d

=
= =
=
= =
=
= = =

= = = = =

= = =

0m
0
0
133.3kNm.
Esto significa que se aplica en / 133.3kNm/ ( 10kN)=13.33m.
Este dato, , no ser necesario, pues en las ecuaciones de equilibrio usaremos el momento, .
d p d dy
p d
F x M F
x M
=
= =
44
0
0 0 0 ( ) 0 .
0 6m5kN+ 10 0
30kNm-133.3kNm 10 0 10.33kN.
0 5kN 0
( 10kN)+5kN 10.33kN 0 5.33kN
x Ax dx Ax dx
Az d B
B B
y Ay dy B
Ay Ay
R R F R F N x x
M M R
R R
R R F R
R R
= + = = = =
= + =
+ = =
= + + + =
+ + = = .
A
B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
R
B
x
y
R
A
F
d
x
p
Condicionesdeequilibriodelaviga:
0
0,
10kN ,
133.3kNm.
dx
dy
d
F
F
M
=
=
=
45
1
,0<x<6m
0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) .
x
dx x
x
dy y
x
d p dy y
F x d
F x d
M x x F x d

=
=
=
=
=
= =
0
2
0
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 5.33 (4 ) 5.33 4 kN.
2
Propiedades:
' 24 kN/m= ( ), (0 ) 5.33kN= , ambas se cumplen.
Valor extremo, (6 )
x
y Ay dy Ay y
x
y Ay
R R F x T x R d T x
x
T x d x
T x x T R
T

= + = + =
= + = +
= =
=
0
0
3
2
0
2
0.667kN.
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) (4 ) ( ) ( ) 5.33 2 kNm.
6
Propiedades:
2
V
x
Az d y
x
Az
x
M x d xT x M x x x
x
M x T M M

+
= + = + =
= + = +
= + = = =
alor extremo, (6 ) 4 kNm. M

=
A
4kN/m
x
y
R
A
F
d
(x) en x
p
N(x)
M(x)
x
y
(x)
T(x)
Dosesquemas
vlidosparala
seccin1
A
4kN/m
x
y
N(x)
M(x)
x
R
A
F
d
(x) en x
p
y
(x)
T(x)
A
B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
S
2
S
1
S
1
MismaSeccin
46
0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ) ( ) .
x
dx x
x
dy y
x
d p dy y
F x d
F x d
M x x F x d

=
=
=
=
=
= =
0
2
0
0 ( ) 5 ( ) ( ) 5 ( ) 0
( ) 0.33 (4 ) 0.33 4 kN.
2
Propiedades:
' 4 kN/m= ( ), (6 ) 5.667kN= (6 ) 5kN,
valor extremo, (10 ) 10.33kN
x
y Ay dy Ay y
x
y
R R F x T x R d T x
x
T x d x
T x x T T
T

= + + = + + =
= + = +
= = +
=
0
0
3
2
0
2
= , todas se cumplen.
0 6m5kN ( ) ( ) 30 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) 30 (4 ) ( ) ( ) 30 0.33 2 kNm.
6
Propiedades:
' 0.33 4 kN , (6 ) 4kNm (6
2
By
x
Az d y
x
R
x
M x d xT x M x x x
x
M x T M M

+
= + + = + + =
= + = +
= + = = =
),
valor extremo, (10 ) 0 kNm= , todas se cumplen.
B
M M
=
2
,6m<x<10m
A
4kN/m
x
y
N(x)
M(x)
x
R
A
F
d
(x) en x
p
y
(x)
T(x)
A
B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
S
2
S
1
S
1
MismaSeccin
47
2
2
2
( ) '( ) 4 kN/m 0<<10m
5.33 4 kN 0<<6m
2
( ) '( )
0.33 4 kN 6m<<10m
2
5.33 4 0<<4m
2
( )
30 0.333
y
x T x x x
x
x x
T x M x
x
x x
x
x x
M x
x
= =
= =

+
=
+
3
3
2
2 kNm 6m<<10m
6
x
x x
Funciones
Valoresconocidos:
T(0
+
)=5.33kN,T(6
)=0.667kN, T(6
+
)=5.667kN,T(10
)=10.33kN.
M(0
+
)=0kNm,M(6
)=4kNm=M(6
+
),M(10
)=0kNm.
Seccin1: T(x
1
)=0x
1
=1.691m,M(x
1
)=0=4.105kNm.
y
(4m)=M(4m)=04mespuntodeinflexinenM
M(x
1
)=0=1.310
3
kNm
Seccin2: T(x
2
)=0x
2
=7.916m,M(x
2
)=0=10.02kNm.
A
B
6m
6kN/m
4kN/m
5kN
4m
S
2
S
1
S
1
Misma Seccin
x (m) 4
-6
y
(x)=T' (kN/m)
4
10
x (m) 4
T(x)=M' (kN)
5.67
10
0.67
2.67
-10.33
x
1
x
2
x (m) 4
M(kNm)
10.0
10
4
6
x
1
x
2
-4.105
48

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alor extremo, (6 ) 4 kNm. M

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