ATM Networks Concepts and Protocols

Copyright 2006, by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 0-07-049500-9 Published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, typeset in Palatino at Tej Composers, WZ-391, Madipur Village, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at New Delhi 110 020 Cover Printer: De-Unique XXXXXXXXXXXX

ATM Networks Concepts and Protocols

Second Edition

Sumit Kasera
Senior Technical Leader, Flextronics Software Systems, Gurgaon, India

Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited

NEW DELHI

McGraw-Hill Offices
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Dedication Page
To My mother Sneha Lata Kasera for making me what I am

Sumit Kasera

Contents

Preface Acknowledgements

xv xxi

PART 1
Background and Introduction CHAPTER 1 Drivers of the Communication World
1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Technological Drivers 1.3 Market Drivers 11 Conclusion 16 Review Questions 17 Further Reading 17 5

1 3

CHAPTER 2 Transfer Modes

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Introduction 18 Circuit Switching 19 Routing 20 Virtual Circuit Switching 22 Comparison of Transfer Modes 24 Conclusion 26 Review Questions 26 Further Reading 27

18

Contents vi

CHAPTER 3 Overview of ATM

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Introduction 28 Motivation for ATM 28 Definition of ATM 31 Genesis of ATM 33 Precursor Technologies 35 Basic Principles of ATM 40 ATM Protocol Reference Model 47 Core Aspects of ATM 51 ATM Network Architecture and Interfaces Interworking with ATM 56 Applications of ATM Networks 57 B-ISDN and ATM 58 ATM Standardization 62 ATM Market Study 63 Conclusion 64 Review Questions 65 Further Reading 65

28

55

PART 2
ATM Protocol Reference Model CHAPTER 4 ATM Physical Layer
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 Introduction 69 Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-layer 69 Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Sub-layer 74 Physical Layer Standards for ATM 74 DS1 ATM Physical Layer Interface 76 DS3 ATM Physical Layer Interface 77 E1 ATM Physical Layer Interface 80 E3 ATM Physical Layer Interface 81 Fractional T1/E1 ATM Physical Layer Interface 82 SONET/SDH-based ATM Physical Layer Interface 82 Universal Test and Operations PHY Interface for ATM (UTOPIA) Conclusion 90 Review Questions 90 Further Reading 91

$% 69

88

Contents

CHAPTER 5 ATM Layer

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Introduction 92 ATM Cell Header Structure at UNI 92 ATM Cell Header Structure at NNI 97 ATM Layer Functions 98 Conclusion 100 Review Questions 100 Further Reading 101

vii

92

CHAPTER 6 ATM Adaptation Layer

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Introduction 102 Service Classes and ATM Adaptation Layer 102 ATM Adaptation Layer 1 (AAL1) 105 ATM Adaptation Layer 2 (AAL2) 112 ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4 (AAL3/4) 118 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) 123 Conclusion 125 Review Questions 126 Further Reading 126

102

PART 3
Core Concepts of ATM CHAPTER 7 ATM Traffic and Service Parameterization
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Introduction 131 ATM Traffic Parameters 131 ATM Service Parameters 135 Factors Affecting QoS Parameters ATM Service Categories 139 QoS and QoS Classes 142 Conclusion 142 Review Questions 142 Further Reading 143

 % 131

136

Contents viii

CHAPTER 8 ATM Traffic Management

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Introduction 144 ATM Traffic Contract Management 145 ATM Traffic shaping 152 ATM Traffic Policing: Usage Parameter Control 152 ATM Priority Control 157 ATM Flow control 158 ATM Congestion Control 162 Dynamics of TCP traffic over the ATM networks 167 Conclusion 168 Review Questions 168 Further Reading 169

144

CHAPTER 9 ATM Switching

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 Introduction 170 Components of a Typical Switch 172 Performance Measures in Switch Design 173 Switching Issues 174 Switching Architectures 184 Shared-memory Architecture 184 Shared-Medium Architecture 186 Space-Division Architecture 187 Switching in ATM 192 ATM User plane functions 196 ATM Control Plane Functions 198 ATM Management Plane Functions 198 Case Study of ATM Switching Architectures 198 Prelude switch 199 Packetized Automated Routing Integrated System (PARIS) Switch 201 9.16 Knockout Switch 202 9.17 Starlite Switch 207 9.18 Moonshine Switch 209 Conclusion 210 Review Questions 211 Further Reading 211

170

Contents

CHAPTER 10 ATM Addressing

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Introduction 212 ATM End System Address (AESA) Format ATM Group Address 214 Acquiring ATM Address 216 ATM Name System (ANS) 216 Conclusion 217 Review Questions 217 Further Reading 217 212

ix

212

CHAPTER 11 ATM Signalling

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Introduction 218 ATM Signalling Protocol Stack 220 Signalling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) UNI Signalling 223 ATM Point-to-Point Signalling 225 ATM Point-to-Multipoint Signalling 241 Conclusion 247 Review Questions 247 Further Reading 248 220

218

CHAPTER 12 ATM Routing

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 Introduction 249 Interim Inter-switch Protocol (IISP) 252 PNNI Protocol 253 PNNI routing hierarchy 253 PNNI Topology Information 260 Routing Information Flows and Route Computation 262 PNNI State Machines 264 Summarization and Aggregation 269 Path Selection and Connection Admission Control 273 PNNI Signalling Protocol 274 Conclusion 279 Review Questions 279 Further Reading 279

249

Contents x

CHAPTER 13 AAL2 Signalling

13.1 Introduction 280 13.2 Relation between ATM Signalling and AAL2 Signalling 281 13.3 AAL2 Signalling Features 282 13.4 AAL2 Signalling Architecture 283 13.5 AAL2 Signalling Functions 285 13.6 AAL2 Signalling Messages 285 13.7 AAL2 Signalling versus ATM Signalling 286 13.8 Issues and Challenges in AAL2 Signalling 290 Conclusion 290 Review Questions 291 Further Reading 291

280

CHAPTER 14 ATM Network Management

14.1 Introduction 292 14.2 Standardization of ATM Network Management Procedures 294 14.3 ATM Network Management Reference Model 295 14.4 Operations and Maintenance (OAM) Procedures 296 14.5 Integrated Layer Management Interface (ILMI) 304 14.6 AToMMIB 310 Conclusion 311 Review Questions 311 Further Reading 312

292

CHAPTER 15 ATM Security

15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Introduction 313 Security Objectives for ATM Networks 313 Security Requirements for ATM Networks 316 ATM Security Model 316 User Plane Security 318 Control Plane Security 319 Conclusion 320 Review Questions 320 Further Reading 320

313

Contents

PART 4
Interworking with ATM CHAPTER 16 ATM Network Interfaces and Architecture
16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Introduction 323 ATM Inter-Network Interface (AINI) 325 B-ISDN Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI) 325 Data Exchange Interface (DXI) 329 Frame-based UNI (FUNI) 334 Frame-based ATM over SONET/SDH Transport (FAST) 337 Frame-based ATM Transport over Ethernet (FATE) 339 Conclusion 343 Review Questions 343 Further Reading 344

xi

321 323

CHAPTER 17 ATM in LAN

17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Introduction 345 Traditional LAN Technologies 345 ATM in LAN 347 LAN Emulation (LANE) 348 Issues and Requirements for LAN Emulation LANE Components 355 LANE Connections 359 LANE Operations 361 Conclusion 364 Review Questions 364 Further Reading 365

345

349

CHAPTER 18 IP Over ATM

18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Introduction 366 Classical IP over ATM 367 Logical IP Sub-network (LIS) 368 Address Resolution in Classical IP Environment Multi-Protocol Encapsulation over AAL5 370 Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) Size 373

366

368

Contents xii 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 373 Multi-Protocol Over ATM (MPOA) 378 MPOA Components 379 MPOA Connections 380 Establishing Shortcut Connection and Forwarding Data Packets 382 Conclusion 383 Review Questions 383 Further Reading 383

PART 5
Application of ATM Network CHAPTER 19 ATM and MPLS Networks
19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Introduction 389 Overview of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) ATM and MPLS 393 MPLS for IP Over ATM 393 ATMMPLS Network Interworking 395 Conclusion 399 Review Questions 400 Further Reading 400 389

385 389

CHAPTER 20 Voice over ATM

20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 Introduction 401 Technical Challenges 402 Carrying Voice over ATM 403 VTOA Standards 404 Circuit Emulation Service (CES) 405 Dynamic Bandwidth Circuit Emulation Services (DBCES) 406 ATM Trunking Using AAL1 for Narrowband Services 408 ATM Trunking Using AAL2 for Narrowband Services 409 Conclusion 411 Review Questions 411 Further Reading 411

401

Contents

CHAPTER 21 ATM and DSL Networks

21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Introduction 412 Overview of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) ATM and DSL 415 Voice over DSL (VoDSL) 418 Conclusion 420 Review Questions 421 Further Reading 421 412

xiii

412

CHAPTER 22 ATM and 3G Networks

22.1 Introduction 422 22.2 Overview of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 422 22.3 UTRAN and ATM 423 Conclusion 430 Review Questions 430 Further Reading 430

422

Abbreviations References Glossary

431 440 450

Preface

Raison dtre
It goes without saying that we are now living in a networked world; a world where networking technologies plays a very important role in our lives. Be it the railway booking counter, or automated banking, be it the ubiquitous Internet or the global wireless telephony systems, a life without networks is inconceivable. Among the plethora of networking technologies that have emerged in the last two decades, ATM is considered to be a breakthrough one. The popularity and pervasiveness of ATM lies in the fact that it seamlessly integrates local area network and wide area networka concept also referred to as single network for desktop-to-the-core. Moreover, ATM provides a single platform for voice, video and data, thereby leveraging the process of network convergence. Apart from this, ATM also provides quality of service. All these factors are considered unique selling points of ATM technology. When I first laid my hands on ATM technology and wanted to know more on the subject, I found to my surprise that there was hardly any book that provided a conceptual treatment to ATM. This was despite the fact that ATM technology had attracted widespread interest. Majority of the books were a shadow of ATM standards, derived from ITU-T and ATM Forum publications. Moreover, these books had too many underlying assumptions and were hopefully inadequate in giving an insight into the topic. The concepts got hidden in too many abbreviations and too many jargons. The result was that people were more concerned with whether ATM was a telecommunication network or a datacommunication network, rather than trying to understand what either of them meant. I also observed that authors of technical books wrote with the assumption that technical stuff ought to be complicated because it is technical. Contrary to the above viewpoint, I believed that everything is more or less simple unless made otherwise. Given this, I felt a need to write a book on the subject that was simple, and easy to understand; a book that could solve the problems that I was facing when I was studying; a book that provided a comprehensive overview of ATM, and a book that offered fewer assumptions. This thought provided the motivation to write a book.

Preface xvi

Second Edition
The first edition of this book was released in last quarter of 2000. This book comprised of basic concepts of networking as well as details of ATM Networks. The organization of the book made many reviewers opine that the target audience was unclear. One of the reviewers felt that If the target audience is someone who doesnt know networking, they wont be trying to learn ATM, and if one is trying to learn ATM, the basic networking details are far higher than expected. With such review comments, it was clear that lot of material on the basic concepts of networking were misfit and demanded another form or another manifestation. The options were not many. They could be deleted and hence lost forever. Alternatively, they could be posted on the Internet in a rather raw form. The third option was to put some effort and work on the contents to give it a meaningful shape. To decide this, a quick survey was conducted among the readers of the book; Gurpreet Singh, Yogesh Garg, Paras Shah and L. Sreenivasan were those who provided valuable comments. They were unanimous that the basic concepts should not get lost and that breaking the book into two separate books was a very good idea. The clear verdict led to the birth of this edition (second edition) of ATM networks focusing only on ATM technology and from the first edition a new book on Communication Networks. The book Communication Networks: Principles and Practice is an introductory text on networking. It is recommended that readers go through this text or any equivalent text that provides introductory concepts of networking like OSI reference model. At appropriate places, summarized information from that book is extracted and provided in this book. Truly, breaking the first edition into two books has meant that the second edition is a complete revamp from the first edition. While the first edition had only ten chapters, the second edition has twenty-chapters. The following summarizes the key changes from the first edition: Re-organizing the book in five parts, each focusing on a set of topics. Adding a new part Application Areas of ATM, that covers various applications of ATM. This part has four chapters including ATM in MPLS network, Voice over ATM, ATM in DSL and ATM in Third Generation (3G) Networks. Adding new chapters of AAL2 Signalling, ATM Security and ATM Network Architecture and Interfaces. Adding dedicated sections added for Abbreviations, References and Bibliography, and Glossary. Adding Review Questions and Further Reading sections at the end of each chapter.

The Book
This book tries to cover all the important topics related to ATM. Towards this end, the book is organized into five parts (as shown in Figure P.1). Part 1 introduces some of the important topics/concepts to the readers. To start with, Chapter 1 looks at the technological and marketing drivers that impact a given technology. This is

FIGURE P.1 Organization of This Book

Part 1: Background and Introduction Chapter 1: Drivers of the Communication World Chapter 2: Transfer Modes Chapter 3: ATM Overview Part 5: Application of ATM Networks Chapter 19: ATM and MPLS Networks Chapter 20: Voice over ATM Chapter 21: ATM and DSL Networks Chapter 22: ATM and 3G Networks Part 4: Interworking with ATM Chapter 16: ATM Network Interfaces and Architecture Chapter 17: ATM in Local Area Networks Chapter 18: IP over ATM Part 2: ATM Protocol Reference Model Chapter 4: ATM Physical Layer Chapter 5: ATM Layer Chapter 6: ATM Adaptation Layer

Part 3: Core Concepts of ATM Chapter 7: ATM Traffic and Service Parameterization Chapter 8: ATM Traffic Management Chapter 9: ATM Switching Chapter 10: ATM Addressing Chapter 11: ATM Signalling Chapter 12: ATM Routing Chapter 13: AAL2 Signalling Chapter 14: ATM Network Management Chapter 15: ATM Security

Organization of the Book

Preface xvii

Preface xviii useful in the sense that it provides the perspective as to why ATM is what it is. Chapter 2 looks at the important concept of transfer mode and explains what are the benefits of asynchronous mode. Chapter 3 not only provides an overview of ATM but also summarizes contents of the whole book. Part 2 covers the three layers of ATM protocol reference model. This includes the physical layer covered in Chapter 4, the ATM layer in Chapter 5 and the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) in Chapter 6. Part 3 covers the core concepts of ATM, which include parameterization of traffic and services in ATM networks (Chapter 7), elements of Traffic management (Chapter 8), switch design and architecture (Chapter 9), addressing (Chapter 10), point-to-point and point-tomultipoint signalling (Chapter 11), routing based on PNNI protocol (Chapter 12), AAL2 signalling (Chapter 13), ATM Network management (Chapter 14) and ATM Security (Chapter 15). Part 4 covers the interworking aspects of ATM. In this part, Chapter 16 describes the ATM network architecture and important interfaces defined for interworking. ATM in LAN environment and LAN Emulation (LANE) are explained in Chapter 17. Classical IP over ATM provides mechanisms to transfer IP datagrams over ATM networks. This standard also defines the means for address resolution. This technique is explained in Chapter 18. Another technique for IP over ATM is Multiprotocol over ATM (MPoA). The MPOA technique is also explained in Chapter 18. Part 5 covers the application aspects of ATM. This includes ATM in MPLS Networks (Chapter 19), Voice over ATM (Chapter 20), ATM in DSL Networks (Chapter 21) and ATM in Third Generation (3G) Networks (Chapter 22).

Web-site
To have a greater interaction with the readers even after the publication of the book, the authors have created a website http://atmbook.tripod.com/ and a mirror website managed by the publisher http://www.tatamcgrawhill.com/digital_solutions/sumitnishit. These website offers the following: Preface Table of Contents Errata Feedback and Review Comments References Other Related Material

Readers are encouraged to visit the website and use the available material.

Preface

Suggestions
Your comments, feedback and constructive criticism are valuable to me; so, please free to drop an email at s.kasera@lycos.com. I would be glad to incorporate your comments in the subsequent edition of the book.

xix

Notes to Readers
Since standardization is an ongoing activity, some of the standards quoted in this book have been superseded by newer specifications. Some of these have been explicitly mentioned in the reference section. For others, the reader is advised to cross-check from the appropriate governing body. For ATM Forum specifications, the reader could browse www.atmforum.com. For ITUT recommendations, could go to www.itu.ch. For Internet RFCs, the reader could browse http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html.

Copyrights
It may be acknowledged That some text extracted from ITU material is reproduced with the prior authorization of the Union as copyright holder; The sole responsibility for selecting extracts for reproduction lies with the beneficiary of this authorization alone and can in no way be attributed to the ITU; The complete volume(s) of the ITU material, from which the texts reproduced are extracted, can be obtained from: International Telecommunications Union Sales and Marketing Service Place Des Nations- CH- 1211 Geneva 20 (Switzerland) Telephone: +41 22 730 61 41 (English) / +41 22 730 61 42 (French) / +41 22 730 61 43 (Spanish) Telex: 421 000 uit ch / Fax +41 22 730 51 94 X.400: S=sales; P=itu; A=400net; C=ch Email: sales@itu.int / http://www.itu.int/publications

Sumit Kasera

Acknowledgements

I would first like to thank my organizationFlextronics Software Systems, (formerly Hughes Software Systems), Gurgaon, Indiafor providing me the right environment for learning and growth. It goes without saying that Hughes Software Systems is one of the best communication software companies in the country. The tremendous support I got from the company in terms of resources, time and motivation is sincerely appreciated. I would also thank various persons with whom I am/was associated in the company. In particular, I would thank Dr Ravi Mittal, Mr. Arun Punj, Mr. Vinod Sood and Mr. Gautam Brahma. I would then like to thank the technical reviewers, Rajiv Gupta, Nishit Narang, and K. R. K. Mohan, who painstakingly reviewed the whole manuscript and provided valuable comments. I would thank Nishit Narang again for contributing three Chapters of this book, viz. ATM and MPLS Networks, ATM and DSL Networks and ATM Network Architecture and Interfaces. I would thank Gurpreet Singh, Yogesh Garg, Paras Shah and L. Sreenivasan for providing constructive suggestion for the helping in bringing the second edition. Then, I would like to thank the entire team at Tata McGraw-Hill for helping in producing and marketing this book. I would also thank my alma mater Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur, India), and all its professors for providing me the necessary technical foundation to write a book. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the role of my family in making this book a reality. Among all the family members, my mother Sneha Lata Kaseras contribution stands out and hence the dedication. I would also like to thank my father J. P. Kasera, wife Manisha, baby Raj (who is unawares of the happenings in this world!), sister Smita, brother-in-law Gaurav and brother Rajiv for their continued support.

Sumit Kasera