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in
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Linear Elastic Solids
Introduction
Stress => load => Newtons second law
kinetics force / traction / moment
Strain => deformation => geometry
kinematics displacement / rotation
Relation between stress & strain constitutive
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Relation between stress & strain constitutive
relations material properties
Various constitutive laws linear elastic, non-
linear elastic, elastic-plastic, power law
Ramberg-Oswgood
Linear elastic Hookean materials
Linear Non-linear Material
Linear and non-linear elastic behavior
Linear elastic behavior

Non-linear elastic behavior

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P
In-elastic behavior
E
Slope constant in elastic region

In-elastic behavior
Slope changes in elastic region
Linear Non-linear Material
Un-loading beyond yield point
OYA => Loading
Y Yield point
AB unloading
Yield point

Y
A
Y
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AB unloading
Permanent deformation -
loaded beyond yield point
OB => Plastic strain -
p
BC => Elastic strain -
e
Elastic strain recoverable
Total strain, =
p
+
e
Plastic strain
E
o
B C

Elastic strain
Generalized Hookes law
Unknowns in stress analysis six stress
components, six strain components and
three displacements => fifteen unknowns
Known equations three stress equilibrium
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Known equations three stress equilibrium
equations, six strain-displacement relations
=> nine equations
Six more relations required for complete
solution
Constitutive equations - = ()
Isotropic material
Same properties in all directions independent of
orientation

(
(
(
(

yy
xx
yy
xx
C
C C
C C C

12 11
12 12 11
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
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(
(
(
(
(
(

xy
zx
yz
zz
xy
zx
yz
zz
C
C Symm
C
C

44
44
44
11
0
0 0
0 0 0
C
44
= (C
11
-C
12
)
Number of non-zero coefficients => 12
Number of independent coefficients => 2
Isotropic material
Poisson ratio
Definition => = lateral strain / longitudinal strain
xx
zz
xx
yy

= =
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P
x
y

xx

yy
w
w
b
b
l
l
zz yy xx
zz yy
xx xx

= = =
=
, ,
If material is constrained in lateral direction more
load is required to get same strain in longitudinal
direction in-plane & out of plane behavior coupled
Isotropic material
Normal stresses & strains

zz
z
E E E
E E E
zz
yy
xx
yy
zz
yy
xx
xx

+ =
=
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xx

yy
x
y
E E E
zz
yy
xx
zz

+ =
No shear is induced by normal stresses
E Youngs modulus
- Poisson ratio
Isotropic material
Shear stresses & strains
B
B

xy
Linear shear strain = BB/AB
Tan = BB/AB
For small angles
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x
y
A
For small angles
infinitesimal strains
=> Tan =
xy
Linear elastic isotropic material Hookes law
G G G
zx
zx
yz
yz
xy
xy

= = = , , G Shear modulus
No Poissons effect in shear
Isotropic material
All six constitutive relations in indices notation
ij kk ij ij
E E

+
=
1
Inverting this equation
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( )( ) ( )

+
= =
+
=
+ =
1 2
,
1 2 1
Where,
2
E
G
E
ij ij kk ij
and => Lames constants
Isotropic material
Decomposition
( )
3
1
3
1
'
'


=
=
ij kk ij ij
ij kk ij
ij
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( ) ( )
2 , 2 , 2
2
3
1
2
2 3
3
1
2
'
33
'
33
'
22
' '
11
'
' '
'
22 11



= = =
=
|

\
|
=
+ + =
ij ij kk ij
ij kk ij ij kk
ij
ij
Deviatoric stresses are like shear stresses change in shape distortion
Constraints on elastic constants
General observation tensile stress =>
tensile strain, compressive stress =>
compressive strain, +ve shear stress => +ve
shear strain
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Youngs and shear modulus => +ve values
Finite values of stresses give finite values
of strains => moduli are finite
E = 2G (1+) Since E and G finite
and +ve => > -1
Constraints on elastic constants
Isotropic body subjected to finite hydrostatic
pressure => finite volume decreases
|

\
|
=
V
V d
K dp
K => finite and +ve
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\
V
E = 3K(1-2)
Both E and K +ve and finite
1>2 => <
-1< < 0.5
Thermo elasticity
Structures subjected to high or low
temperatures
Temperature rise or fall size of body
increases or decreases unconstrained
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T L L =
L, E, A, , T
L
T
L
L
T
=

=
Thermal strain =
Thermal strain depends on coefficient of thermal
expansion and temperature rise
Thermo elasticity
If the body is constrained no free
expansion takes place
Initial length => L + L T
Final length => L
Change in length = Final initial
L = L (L + L T) = - L T
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L, E, A, , T
L
=
+
L
F
L = L (L + L T) = - L T
Strain, = L /(L + L T)
= - L T/(L + L T)
L >> L T
= - L T/L = - = - T
Compressive strain
Stress = E * Strain
Linear elastic material Hookes
law
Thermo elasticity
Body subjected to external load and
temperature change not constrained
L, E, A, , T
L
T
F
L
M
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T M t
+ =

t
= Total strain

M
= Mechanical strain

T
= Thermal strain
Linear elastic materials Hookes law
holds good
Mechanical strain is related to stress
E
E
M M

= => =
Thermal strain,
L, E, A, , T
L
T

T
= T
Thermo elasticity
Total strain in 1D case
( ) T E T
E
T
E
t t
T M t
= => =
+ = + =

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In 3D writing in indices form
( ) T E T
E
t t
= => =
T
ij
T
ij
T
ij
M
ij ij
=
+ =


If the material is isotropic,
ij
is same
in all direction & doesnt induce any
shear stresses
Only normal strains get modified
ij
T
ij
T =
Thermo elasticity
Isotropic materials no shear strains when
there is a change in temperature
y
y
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x O
x O
No change in angle between two orthogonal lines
ox oy before and after heating => No shear is induced due to T
2D Thermo elasticity
Linear elastic materials superposition
holds good
T

yy

xy

yy

xy
T
= + +
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T

xx

xx
T
= + +
Total strain = strain due to normal stress + strain due to shear stress +
strain due to temperature rise
=
N
+
S
+
T
2D Thermo elasticity
Plane stress
( )
yy xx yy xx yy
yy xx yy xx xx
T
E E
T
E E
T
E E
T
E E

+ + = + + + =
+ = + + =

1
0
1

1
0
1
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( )
xy
xy
xy
E G
E E E E

+
= + + + =
1 2
0 0 0
Write in matrix form
( )

)

(
(
(
(
(
(

0
1
1

1 2
0 0
0
1
0
1
T
E
E E
E E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx

2D Thermo elasticity
Strains
( ) 1 2
0
1
0
1
0
1
1

(
(
(
(
(
(

E E
E E
T
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
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( )
{ } { } ( ) [ ]{ } matrix complaince [S] ;
1 2
0 0
0
=> =

(
(

S
E
T
xy xy
{ } [ ] { } { } ( ) [ ] { } { } ( )
T T
C S = =
1
Thermo elastic plane strain
Plane strain

z
= 0,
yz
= 0,
xz
= 0
( )
( ) + + + =
+ + =

1

1
T
E E
T
E E
yy zz xx yy
zz yy xx xx

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( ) ( )
( )

(
(
(

\
|
+
=

+
=
+ = => + + = =
0
1
1

2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
1 2
1
0
T
E
E
E E
E E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
xy xy
yy xx zz zz yy xx zz

Thermo elastic plane strain

( )

(
(
(

\
|
+
=

0
1
1
1
2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1

T
E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
{ } [ ]{ } { } [ ]{ } { } { } S S = => + =
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{ } [ ]{ } { } [ ]{ } { } { }
{ } [ ] { } { } ( )
[ ]{ } { } { } ( )
T
T
T T
C
S
S S



=
=
= => + =
1
( )( )
( )
( )

+
+
(
(
(
(

+
=

xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
T
T
E

1
1
2
2 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
2 1 1