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Summer II – 2009
Because this is a homogeneous set of equations for x, a nontrivial solution (i.e., vector
with at least one component of x is nonzero) will not exist unless the determinant
of the matrix [A − λI] is zero
The vanishing of this determinant yields an algebraic equation of degree n, called the
characteristic equation, for λ when A is a n × n matrix.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of tensors
• For a second-order tensor Φ the characteristic equation yields three eigenvalues λ1, λ2,
and λ3
• At least one of the eigenvalues must be real. The other two may be real and distinct,
real and repeated, or complex conjugates.
• In a Cartesian system, the characteristic equation associated with a second order
tensor can be expressed in the following form;
• I1, I2, and I3 are the invariants Φ as defined in the previous class
• The invariants can also be expressed in terms of the eigenvalues as following;
Example 1
Find the equation of a line (or a set of lines) passing through the terminal point of a
vector A and in the direction of vector B.
Problem 2.3
Prove the following vector identity without the use of a coordinate system
Problem 2.6
Given the following components;