Планирование сейсморазведочных работ

Arbeit macht frei 1
1.1
!" # , !" $# -
#" !"% ! & , ! " "! !" & ' ' !"'-
"! ' ! . ( ! ! "" " " !"' "! )
") ! " ), # "! ( * # %" + ) !% -
*" ", !" ," -."" ! " " - !"' "! ' ! . -
" "* ' !" % " # ! "" !" " " " ,
!" #" " ! * ' #'. *"! ,* "' "-
* " ' !"' "! ' ! " # " ! # . ' ! -
%! '. / + &! " ! " ! ! " , !"% ! & ! -
" * " " *," #. 0 ! , !" % #' "
" ', " ! ' " ! " ! .
1" + % ! , * - % ""
* . "! !" ! ) ! !"' "! ' ' # $" -
!" *" # ) " ' "& , !"
"! !" & - # * %! , ! " ! - ! * '
& ' (! .1.1). ! " % , " !" - &" $" "!"-
! .
" ! "! ! + ! ! ! " '
! ' ! ") ,* " !" "! ! + -
" *" "*" " !" ! . ! "! % ! " "
* !" . # ! " " # !"' "! ' ! -
, ! " ! ! " ,
% ' " " )
- ! % . -
* ' !" " % "%-
*"," ! "*" ! "
% * . ) ' "
! "! * " .
% #, ! #! "
", " # " # ,
! " " - )
!"' "! - $" . , -
! "!, * ! % ) ! "! #-
" , ! - ! %! ") *"-
' ! . " + ! & ") # -
#" # " " #
! " ! # ! " " # !"'- .1.1.
"! ' ! *, ! . /
1.2 2
# ! ") &"
! " " # !"' "! ' ! ( " ! " " ! * "!"* "
! .1.2). 3 ' &" #' " ' "' + ' ! &" ! -
#. 4- # ") ! " * ' ! " !" " -
Arbeit macht frei 2
! , ! ! !"% , ! "! !" ! &" - !" -
" # * ' !" " & ' " ,* "
&" " !" " " ! % ) ) + ! & ")
%! *" # .
#* ! * !"% ! & !"' "! ' ") *" ' ',
"!"* " ' ! .1.2, " !" " '- # " ). 0 ! "!, -
! % " ! " " # *," # !" *
! ' " ! " #'. * #, - " " !" ' !"' "! '
") *" '! , ! " " ' " " ! " "!-
" " , ' ! "! - !" ." # " #. "
«*" !"' "! "» $" * - ! ! ! " ".
.1.2. .1.3.
.
(Koen, 1995; A. Cranberg, Aspect Management
Corp.).
1.3 (0 (0 /5 64(00
#."" !" # , ! ", " ", -

"'% * " !" *" # "" * ' '. * ,
3 # * 3 "!% , " ! " " "' %
!"' "! ' ! . 3++ & " "' "+ # ' #' ! % -
!# - !"' "! ' '. ! ) ! ", ! #
# !"% ! ! " *" " 3++ & " "' 13% 1991
% , % ! " # ' "! " ", 44% 1996 % , % , !
!"' "! # ") ! " (Ayler, 1997). ( 3++ & "
"' ! ' "! ' ' # # -
, * " ! " " # !"' "! ) ") ! " ! ," "% * -
" )! .
0" , " " " % # " * " "
$" !"' "! " ! " ' * ', ! " ! -
- ." -. " 3 ! " " " ! " #. 7 "" ! " "+ # "
% !"% ! ! !"' "! " " . #' " #
! ' " ! .
Arbeit macht frei 3
2 3 ! ! # # # &" ") ! " . #
# " " &# -* " # ,* !# * !" % - ! -
" # " ! " !"' "! " $" " !",
% " "" # ! ! " " # '! , ,".
% ) &" # " "! ) "! , 2007 % !"' "!-
) $" ) ! , . , " . 6 ", ! % -
" #! % ! (! .1.3). 3 !" ## &" , % '
. #' " " "" ) !"' "! ) $" (!"* " "
*" !"' "! ' ! '). ! ! " !"% ! & -
' ," ! ) , !" * " " "
!"' "! ) ") ! " ".
/ % " % ' "+ # ' ) "- " ' " !" !
! #, !"% ! & , ! "! !" & !"' "! ' -
' , % !" " " " % - # -
# , !" % " " .( # " " !"% -
! & ") !"' "! ' ', ! +" -
! # ! " " # '! .
1.4 8 0 0 5( 5
8 ! %! - -! ! # !"," # ! ' '

! " " " !"' "! ' ! . 1! , -. # # ! " ),
! , * # " %" + *" ' ', ! -
# ' %" % *" ) + ! & "-. ' # , " "* "
* " " 3 *" " % , " , # *" ' '
# . - . ! , , # ! # # !"," # " " -
" ' !" ! !"% ! & - !"' "! ' ', !" -
* " " ,") "!" ) , ! ,") " ! " " )
% ! !" " " ) . . 0" " " &# -
!"' "! " ! " ! ! " " ! " * ". -
!" & " ' !"' "! ' ! %! , "! # , ! # '
" " , " ! # # - !"' "! ) $" . ! " -
% , ! " "! !" & ! "*" # "! ' ', *" '
! * " % , ! # " " " !" " " # , ! " %
# " !" . " " , !"% ! & # !"' "! ' ") -
*" ' ' " "" 3++" -, * !" # , &" "!-
" , " "* # "" " "! " "! !" & ) "' -
*" ) + ! & .
7- " " %! *" # " " ! # ! ") ! -
#; ! * ", % # # "!" * " ! " . (
& +! - " " , , !"' "! # $" " # " -
! " ! ) " ) ! #! .
! % ) ! , " & +! - " " ," , ! " ! . !"' "!-
) $" % ! " " , -- ! # " --
! % - "' *" - ' ! "! . ! " # # #- # "-
-. ": , "* *" ", ! ! " - " ; "! " " -
" " " #( " !" ," " &" ); ' # -
! - '- !" " " ' ; * "-
!" " " & ,* # %! + .
&" , " # #
! ' ! " . " & " " ) . " !
Arbeit macht frei 4
!"' "! ) $" . ! , " ' !"' "! ' !
! ," "" # "% . !"' "! " ! -
% ! ," " ' " ' ' . 3
& * # # ! -%" % *" " –« " ,-
». !"' "! # $" " " ' " "" « », !"-
" -« ! " &». " ." ' ") " .
0 . , % " "- # % * " " 3 & " -
, !"' "! " ") *" "! * - #3 *" ! -
, " ! ) !" # " "% ' -
.( " # , " *" !" " ! " )
. , % . -. ' ! " - " , !"' "! # $" "
! " " 3 *" ' ! " ). % * , % ! -
% !" # % !" * # ! % ! ! " ' ") -
*" ' '. 0 ! "!, " . &" " % % ! "
, " "! - ! " " ' ! -
!", -.") ! " "' !"' ! " #', * "! -
" !".
" " * " " " *" " 3++ & " "' ! !"
! "*" " !"' "! ' ' ( ! "!, 1:5) ! " !" "
" !"' "! ' '( ! "!, 1:6) " ! ! ! " "-
" !"' "! ) $" (! .1.4). !" , * !# # 6 !
) ' ) $500,000, 5 - $500,000
# ! " " " !"' "! ' '.
6 × $500K=$3,000,000 " !"' "! ' '
5 × $500K=$2,500,000 !"' "!
! =$500,000
9 ! "! " , *
$500,000 *" " ! !"' "! ' '. ! " . '3 *" '
#', 3 !"% ! ! !"' "! " ") *" "
" . " " "" 10 . .
.1.4. 9 !" # !"' "! ) ") -

! " .
Arbeit macht frei 5
Head (1998) !" "" ! % ) &" !"' "! '
'. #3 % "!" !"," ) (decision tree analy-
sis), ! " ! # %" % ! " * ! ! # !","-
# (! .1.5). % !", " #, * " – ! / !"% ! ! -
" " '- !"' "! " ", "- # % * " " *
!"," #. # # " " % *" #, ! !" "-
" " "! # " !" ! " * ' ! , ! "
% *" . - !"' "! ' ' (! .1.6, .1.1). ! -
" ## "! % - .1.1, "! # 3 *" % "' Pes !"-
" #" #
Pes=Psource × Pmigration × Preservoir × Ptrap, (1.1)
" # " " # " * (expected monetary value – EMV) !" " #" -
# " -. ! :
EMV=NPVsuccess × Pes+NPVfailure × Pef (1.2)
. - % 3 *" - &" !"' "!-

) ") !
" ". " ' " " ' " * (EMV) !"' "!-
" ' !" " #" - , ! # "
! *" ! " " " !"' "! ) $" . . " 3 *" " ' ! "-
! ! " , " " " ! " ," " " "
NPV ! " " * - # ! .1.6. Aylor (1995) " , * , "
*" !"' "! ' $" " * - &" ! " ! "
! ! , . . " ! !" ," .
.1.6. $ -
.1.5. ! , " (Pes)
! - (net present value – NPV).
# .
% # 1.1 % # #
" !"' "!- !"' "!- " " "

Arbeit macht frei 6
' ' -
Psource "! # * % " ! - 90% 90% 0%
Pmigration "! # %! & % " ! - 80% 80% 0%
Preservoir "! # " ! / ! 70% 80% 14%
Ptrap "! # "* #/ ' 30% 40% 33%
NPVsuccess 2 # " . # ", ) $8,000,000 $8,000,000
NPVfailure 2 # " . # ' ) ($1,500,000) ($1,500,000)
Pes "! # 3 *" % "' 15% 23% 52%
Pef "! # 3 *" ) " * 85% 77% 9%
EMV " # " " # " * ($63,000) $688,800
VOI + ! & ( ! "!, ($752,400)

2-D, 3-D, !" "! !" -
& )
!" " ) 3++ & " * # 16% 22% 39%

)
!"' "!
'! " #" # . ,
! ) ! " " , % ! # * %
, " %" %! + *" ' ). ." * ",
, * !"% ! & ' ! " !"
$10 000 $50 000. * " ! !", -. ' ! #
" , ' ! "! ! ," ) ! -, " -
# "." ,". ! % ) ! , !" " (Bouska, 1995) + -
! " (Servodio !., 1997) !"' "! " $" % 3 -
. 3 ! * ' ! " ! !"% ! & " -
" ! &" " % , * !" * " "": " ," # S/N "
! "! . ) " ! !" # ." -
-. ' ! ' ! " ) "! !" & " ' ! -
' (Schroeder Farrington, 1998).
! " #" #, * #" 5-10% -
! '. " ) "! !" & " !" -
, 3 " * .
1.5 /5 ( 1 0 5
!"' "! " ! ! " ! # # ) , !" -

#-.") "!" ( # "! * % $" ). 9 " !" "-
# 3 ! " , ") # ! ! " ! !"' "! ) $" .
! , ! "! , !" " " " # – " #-
$" . 0 ! " " ' %" % *" ' 3 "-
Arbeit macht frei 7
" , ' ! ! " , " # " ! " "
! " ' ! ' ! + ").
! * " , ! % " !"% " $" % , "
." " # '" !"' "! ' ! .0 ! "!, ! * " $" -
"!' ") * ! !" % !" *" ! ' '
. #' "" % ' !"% ' $" , " ' #
! " ) %! & , ) " * " ,", *"
) ! #, " ) ! ! *" " !
! " $" (! .1.7).
.1.7. "! * ) )% ! -
! * " $" .
1.6. 4( (4:0 : 75 ;, ( 6( <= >

(1 005 >
% % %! + # !"% ! & ' "-

! % ! " ") ! " ) !" !"-
. ! " !" " " * - " '
! % ' %! *" ) ! " " ' * , "*" " ! !" ,
* " . "' *" # %! * # 3 !"-
" ) %! + "!" ! " # ! " " ,* * -. " ! -
! " " " ). " * ) !" " ) %! + " " -
! ") , * " " ! &" *" # '
(! .1.8). !" #, !" " " # % , % %! + ", " #" # , ! '
!" " ' . . . !"' "! " ! " , ) .
( ! " !" #) % " 6-8 " " , % #
"" ! ' $" ! ' . #' " !" # "
" "" ' " . 0" ' % " " " ' ! !" " .
" " ) !") . ! " " # !"' "! ' ! "
&" - + ! &- # ! " ! #. 0 ! "!, ' # ." -. '
!" # ), !" " , % " ! + # / ! " "
! + "); "!' ) ! #" % ! )
. !# . ! ! " ! $" " " "! " " "'-
*" " ! " ! . "!" % , # # " "3 " "
! " ! !" " % %! + , " " ' * "-
! " . 0"+ " -. " + ! ! , " " ' -
Arbeit macht frei 8
" ! !"," # !"% ! -. ' !% & ) (regulatory) "!
" ) &" #' " "*" # " !" # " )! . ! 3
" ' * # " '! , " !" # -
! " *" !"," " ! " , # ' 3! "). 0 ! *" "
! , " « "- # " ! !"' "! ' ! ?»
" ' "* ! ") ! " .( ! -
" *"!" - ! " ! % ) ! " , " "
"! , " ! " " ' , . 0" ! " -
! " # ! " " # !"' "! ' ! ! ! " *"!" -,
. "* " - "' % -. * "
* ) % - ! ," # ". 0 ! "!, " !" " ,
! " ! # # " , !" " 3 )-
" ?
! % -*" ! ,
! " " ' * , # -
#- # " -. ". " ! &" !
# " " !"% ! &
' # #- # * " "
! " " # ! ? !" "
! ' ! ' #
' * ? !" " !" " -
# " # # * ! " -
" * ' # ?0 -
" # " " " -
#, ) " " ? ! &" !
* # "+ " -.
# % " " "-
&+ * - + ! , ! "!, -
% ! % " ! ,
% , % #, #
! " . !" # -
"! - # ! '
' ! , " " ,
* " ! &" " * #-
. ( !# * " -
! ) ! *
! , "+ " -. # #
" ' " -* 3 -
.1.8. $
! ! # .
# -* ! , ! ) "* "
" " - "+ " -.")
! " *" -
.
/ % " !# * ! ' % "!" "! * ! ,
! "!, %! + *" - $" , !" " ! ' , "! "
! . 3 ' "!" "!" ' ! * ! ! " #
" # , " " , " " -* # -
. - /" &. " " !" ! # " #
# &" 3 ) " ) , * ! ) !" * )
& +!" .") !"' "! ' ! . " # " #
Arbeit macht frei 9
" "" *" " !" , !"% ! & '.
0" !" " " , " ' " % " #, "
% # * " -* .") .
0 *" " ! * % " ! "! !"% -
! & '. # % ! ! " * ,* ! ! -
# ! . 2 * !" " " *" #, " "
" " ! ) 3 " " ! #. ) ! , " " ! &" "
! - ! " " ". " # ! " " # ! -
% ' ! , , ) ! " #, "! # , * *"!"
" " ! &" .
0" ! " % ! - " " "
" " . * ", " ' " "!"% ! ) ! -
%! " ") *" ' ! " , " " *, ! " ! -
" % ! &" . 1! # &" , ! # * ! . % !
% ," # , !" #" * " " !" ." " !" " " -
# , ! ! ' # " " " )* ! ".
2 " ) ! , !" " ) " " , " # #" -
# *"! -. . ( ! ! " " ! " - "-
! " , ! , "' , ) ! " %! * . -
" # * . " " " # ! ! ! -! , ! ) " "
* ) . " # " ' ! .( !% & "
' ! , " " ! # " ! % - !% & -.
/ " # ! !"," " " &" " " ' *
! . " ! !"," # ! ,"
! ,", *" 3 %! + " ! .1.8, "! . " # '
% # " !"' "! - $" . " " " & %
" ' " " % - ") ! "*" " " , " "
" ! ."! , " " ) ! -. 0" * " " " " #
! " " ! " ") ! " " !" # -
, - ! & # ! * ' " " " &" . 0 ! "!, "!" " *
! + # *"!" % ! " ) -. ) * , " -
! , ! % " " " & ! !"," ". 9 " ) &" -
! ) # "', % 3 " #. > ! , " ," # " " " & % -
! ! - ' * , " " " !* ! # "%*
* " -.") ") ! , ! # ! " # ! 3 ) "
. .2 ! !"," " ! ) " ! ' # "," ", *"
! !"," " % ) " !, " " "* " , -
! ".
( " " " "& ! ! " , ) ! &" "!! ! !"'-
"! ' ! ! # ' ! " " -, # ! %! " #
%! ). * " " , " ' *" " ! " " , " " " ,
" ") # " " " & % " ! ! " ) $" " ,
, ! " " "* ! %! .
" ,") "!", , " 6 ( ! "!, "' ") !"% ! -
&# '- %" + *" ' ' "!' ! ! % % " ! -
! " ! " "% ! !"," # # #" # " ) " # %" + -
*" ! (geophysical trespass). "" # * " # & -
"! !" & " -. ' . #."" !" #, , # *
"+ " -. ' + ! ! % " * " " #, * * ! -
!"," " " ' " " " . # ' ! -
") ). / % " + ! % #- . ! ! , *
! " ! " * , ! " " ! ! ! #" #
Arbeit macht frei 10
! !"," ". "!" ' * " ") " AAPG Explorer, June
1995, % " ! ! " # * ) Burr Ranch #. " # " ! .
-*" " , ! " " ' * , # # "-
-. ": " #! ? " " "-
", " " " ' ! %! ?7 " " " -
# 3 ) + ! & ") !" # * # , * ", "
%! " ! ?
( " " # #' ! %! *" , " " *" -
' " " , " " ' !" " " %
"! % ! + # # ! ! ' ! " ! . % "! )
! ) ! + ! ! " # "! # &" * ! , "
! * ") ! " ! " % ! .", -
" # " , ' !"' "! ' $" . ( ! - # !"' "! " ! -
, ) . , " !" " " # # * " ! .
# , ' $" % !" # ! * " * ") -
! " ( , ! "!, "!"' ) "), ! # " $" "
" " " ' " " "). % " "
# " * ' ! , , !"' "! # $" " *
" '- '! .
%! + "' " "! " ! !"' "! )
$" , "3 % # "% ! ! " ! + #-
. "' % # % ) " " !" " " # (GPS) " "* "
- * $" , # #" # "" ! ) " ), " " ""
! & " ! ) 3 " ! ) " ! (EDM). ++"!" & -
) " GPS, ! ) % " # ' ! , !" " " ) ) -
) , !" % " " "" - * : % ! # *-
#" " "" 1 " ! , "! #– 2 3 " ! . *
" " ! * , " * # !" # ".
" % , !" " " %! , & , ! #. " "! ! # ), "-
* - " " % * %! ") ! " . GPS " ! -
" ' ! , % " % ' ." #', " .
7 "" ! # + ! & # GPS ! # Harris Longaker (1994).
7 !" " ! ' " ! # ! " %! + -
*" ' ! , " ! " . ." * ", # .
! ! " # ! # ") !# !" " , * ! " !
* !" ! " " . ) %! + ! ' ! -
" " ," - # # "', + ! ! " ' ! ! " ,
!"% ! &- '. ! " % , ! . " # ") !#-
,! -."% .
! ! * " ! " " ! # ! " ! -
% (+ , % # !!" #& ). 9 " " '
! " ! ! &" " ! %! !"% ! & ', ""
% ! " .
( ! %! " " " % ! ! " "- " ! -
", " " # ) " " " ". " ! "
" ' ! !"% ! & ' . - - % * . "
" % *" " ! % "! # " -. '
! %! , "" ! ! " " " .") $" " " # -
#.
* " ") !# ! % - ") ! " %! " -
" !" ! " !" " " ) '" ). ") ! " $" -
#- # %! , ! " "!" - + ! & - & +! ) + ! " ! *-
!"% ! ! -."" ! ". " !"% ! & , -
# , !" " # % -*" # !"% -
! ! -." ! -. "! ) " ) "!" * '# -
#" # " " " ! *" # " , % " "!" * ' !"% ! ! -.""
! " ." #" # ! " . * " -
# " I/O RSR, " !"% ! ! - # , " "! *"-
! - # # " " # " . 3 ) " "! -
" # # & ! # !"% ! & ! # *" , " # "!" -
* '.
7 !"% ! ! (« * # » – dog house) "! ) -
" 3 " ! % ! #, ! " #" # !!" #& -
'( # ! ! ), " !"% ! ! ! ") %! ,
! " - ! , " -. " " %! ") ! " -
.
0" ! " ! ! - ! % * , * "
! ' . " " " # ,* " " * /
! " - ! % * " ! . %! *" " !
!"% ! & ' !" " " ' ." " " * -
" *" "), " ' " # " # !"' "! ) $" .
" " " "!" - # ! # ! " #
', , " " ,") # ! ), " -
% ! ". ! * " ! " !-
". # " # $" " " " * " !-
, " * " ) %" " ! $" ! -
" ! * .
"! !" & # %" / / " *" " !" " "
%" % *" ' " " #' . !"' "! ' ! . 7 !" " ! " *-
' 3 & ' " " * " *" #
!" " , * % # ! % ) ) "! !" & .
1.7 ? <= ( 1 05 ( 4
! ! -.") !" %! - -! "% #, " !" –

" !" ") *" ' '. ' " " ' ! " '
"!"% ! -. - !" , 3 . ! " ! +
* ', ! ' " , " -, ! .2 !"-
" # " " ! " " ! + #, * '! " '
"! " . ' " "). % ! ) "
! % ) ! ) "!! ! , ! " " " "! " # !" #
! ' # ! " " !" "
") " ! -. - !" .
0" ' * " ! . ) ! ! ! *-
" "! %! & . ! ! " "!"' ) ", " " "
, * !" " " " !" # % ! " "!" . " ! ' ! )-
' %! % !" . " "!" # ' ,
*" " " " , " " " # ."! ! - +"!
, , ! "!, ! , ! "* - , -
. 0" ! " "!! ! * " ," ! -.")
!" , * " " %! % ! ! " " ' *!" "-
#' !"." " '- ") *" ' ! , ! !" #
") *" ! !# . 0" " " " & ! , "
, * ") *" ' ! ! "
"+ % . " " , " "' ! , ' ," ) ." " -
- "!" ! " " " ! #" 3 !" # .
% " # % %! * " "! !" " "
!" " % . "% % " "!' " # )
" " , * *" ' !" ' , " #. "!" " " ") !
" " ! " . ' " -
" # ! ,* *, % " ") ! " %! .
/ " # " ' ! "%, * %! .2 ! " "
! + * . "% " ! ," ' "! " "%.
" " # ! " ! " !
" !" ! - * % .
1.8 75 ( 7 ? (0 (1
3D 2D 005 >
* !"' "! ) $" !" - "" * % !" " " #, " "-
* "! ) $" , "! * " ! " ! !"% ! -
& % "" " ' " " # ! %! . 0 ! "!, #
!"' "! ) $" ( * " "! )) " " ' * ' !" " -
# ! ! % ," ! " ! + . " " , ""
* ! !"," " !% ! " #, "" ! !"," " !" -
" , " " " " ." -
-. " ! " , ! ! * -, * ! #% " ! " #.
!"' "! ) $" " ! " " # %! " % ,", *" !
!"% ! & "! ' '. 9 , " !" " #
! ! #.
! ! " # ! ! %! ' !"' "! ' ! * -
% ,", *" * " "! ' ! ( ! "!, 20-40 5-15 -
" " ). !", , * # ! # ! !"," #
! ! % " # " ."% ! " # %" % *" ' 3 " " .
# "! ' ! + ") ") " ! * ") ! " -
# #- # ! ). # ", " " * -
") ! " ! * ( ") ! " ), # #" #
!" " " ' ") " ). ! , " "
" " " " " % , " ! -
# ! !"% ! & !"' "! ' '.
0 "&, 3-D * ") ! " ! % - # . ,
!"' "! " "! ) 3 " " , ! " "
! ! " " "! ' ! . * ( " "% ) " " ' ! , "
! !" " " # . ( "! ! + " "" # ! " ",
! ," ,"" " "% ,* " " !" " ! -
" " $" , ! ) 3 ! " ". 0 ! , !"' "! ) %! -
& ," "! # ! % !" " " # " # ' ).
/ ! ! * ' " ' *" # '- !"' "! %
! " ). !"' "! " " "- . ) ! ! " ! !"% ! -
& ! * " ) . , " " , ' "%*" "!-
!" ! , *" " "! ' ! + "), ! ' ! * "% -
. $" !"' "! ' ' # #" # " !"! , "% "-
! + - ! " . " ! ' & #' "! "
" % "" % ( ! "!, % !" " # * !"-
% - "! " - ! !", -. -
! ! # " ! ).
1.9 ( (4(0 ( ( / 0 3-D
0 ! .1.9 1.10 % ! # ! " & # !"' "! ) $" -

, ! # - ! ! " , - * "! % , " ) 3 )
%".
.1.9. % , & .
"* ": %" *" " -

! ) " " # "-
; , # * * -
' ! "! !" " % )-
' " & ', ! " ! -
. / " !" ! " " ! *"-
"" & % ) "" & ,
" " " !" " " -
' & #' ( ! "!, ! "! -
30 3 " " ! "! 110
).
.1.10. % , #
& .
' ( (unit cell)) ! % )

!"' "! ) $" " 3 "! ! " #" # * , %! *" #
" ! ! + # # " ! " ! + #
(! .1.9 1.12). * " !" #" " , - . !"' "!-
) $" , ! # "! *" - + ! &- $" " &"
( !" " ' * ) ! -). ! % ) $" " !" -
") * ,! " ) ! % &" !" " , "! % '
! * - ") ! " ; ! , ! # ! -
" 3 , "" , ) ) ") $" ".
! % , "' ' "' ' , -
) " &" !" " "" , - " * Xmin. -
* " ! "% ! " # -! "- " 3 # " .
( ) %( # ) 0" , ) !# % ) * , ! ) * "-
" ! "! ( SI ÷ 2) × ( RI ÷ 2) . " !" " * , ! " ' # # ! 3 %
* ( ), * - # ! " . ) ) " .") !" ") *-
" (! .1.10). ! % , " ! , ! "! "
", ! , ! 3 % . -
% ! " # * , ! ! - # ! , * ) ! "-
! .9 " " # # % ,* ! ! #. 9
" ! " % " ' # # ! , -
#" ! ! " - ! !", -. - .
* 0 ! " ", "! " #! " ! -

" ! + # .
' *" !" ' *" , ! " ! - # ! .

> # * " # !" "" *" " ! # $" , !
" #" # #! * ' .
' (fold taper) 6 ! " % %! * % * , -

! ) * "!' ,* * - !
(! .1.11). 2 ! . %! & (migration apron) " -
"!" ! - #, " ." " # !
", ' ! #' . %! & .
* 0 ! " ", ! " " ! "

! + # .
* ,! " # * "!" " " *

") ! " .( ! "! 480- # %! ") ! " ,
) " "! 480 !" ' *" . !" " * * ! " -
- # " # " ! - ! ) %! .
(migration apron) 6 ! %! * % * , ! )
" ' !"' "! ) $" " # " "*" # " .") -
%! & - ) ) + (! .1.11). 9 , ! " # -
" ) "' ! ' $" . > # ) ! -
" ! !" #" ) !"" ! # ", " % , * " #
"! ! %! & (migration aperture). 0 "" !" ."
!"' "! ) $" # #" # "" " *" ! " #.
(patch) 9 "! * - # " " -

" # ") ! " , ! " !"% ! ! - " !" " " %
!"' "! ) $" ". 1! ") ! " * ! " !# -
% , #. ) " ' ! " ' ! " ' ! + "). 1!
"!" ". " # . $" " ! * " " #.
(receiver line) 4 # ( , ! % ! " ),
! ) ! "! ! % - # ") ! " .
# " " ") ! " ! " ! % ! + #
(RI) * ! ) ! "! 3 " ! " . *
" " ! "! - # 3 ' ! + "), -* - #
") ! " . # " " " " ! " ! + -
# * " # RLI (receiver line interval – "! " ! -
" ! + # ). /" ! # ! ' ! " ' ! + ")
" " # #, %" " ! # " ! % --
. ! & .
+ ( !" * " ! !" " *"* % ! " -
-."% $" ( +! % ! -.") * ), % ! " # (scattering angle)
!" " % " "! -. * * -
! " -. ) $" ' #. * ! " -. ) $" -
") ! " .
) ! / ," " 3 "!% % 3 "!% "' .

* * " # S/N.
$ ; (source line) 4 # ( ,
! % ), ! ) ! "! "! ! % - # *
( ! "!, ! " ! !). # " " *
! " ! % ! + # (SI) * ! ) ! "!
! " "!"* % ! + #. # %" " ! # % ! ! " , *
!" " * , & ! " , ! % # *
!" -- * ," "' *" , ! " & ! !" -
. ! + ". # " " " " ! ! -
+ # * " # SLI (source line interval – "! " ! -
! + # ). " * SLI SI !" " #- ( SD – shot
density, *" ! ) " !).
2
$, SD *" / . .9 " * , "-
" *" (NC) ! "! , !" " #" ! .
# 9 "! ( ! % " "! , " ! )

! " #- # %! " " ' . $" " " %! -
% " # # !" " " # ! , !"," ) * ) , -
" # ! ' " ! ' % ! " # "'.
(swath) ! , " 3 "! # ! *

*" # . "! " ( "" ! ! ! " ") *" ": , ! * ,
! ! ' !"% ! &# " % - "!" "." # -
! " , "! " #! ! " ! + # . ! *" , "!-
" ! " - ( " ! % -) %" " ! - ! " ) ! -
, % " ." " " ! ' ! + "), ! " " "-
& ! ' ! + ") "!' .
% (template) !" " " # %! ") ! " , ! # !"% -

! ! " !# . 9 % ' # ! %! ") ! "
"" !" " . " ") !" " " -. ! :
" ") =1! ") ! " + & ! "

Xmax / )!"% ! ! ) , ! ) ! "%

!" ! "! %! ") ! " . * Xmax ! " "
% %! ") ! " . 1! ", "- ! % -
%" " ! -. 7 , " Xmax " ' # ' ! "! % ) *
! !" .
Xmin 0 , ) ) $" " ( . " "!

« " »). % " # LMOS (largest minimum offset – , )
) ). . ! .1.12. / " Xmin " ' # ' ! "! -
"!' ") * ! !" .
( !" , * RLI SLI ! 360 (1320 ), RI SI
! 60 (220 ), ! "! 30 × 30 (110 × 110
). " , ! # # ! " ! " !
! + # , "" % ,! -:
Xmin=(3602 + 3602)1/2 = 509
Xmin=(13202 + 13202)1/2 + = 1867 +
" * Xmin !" " #" , ) ) , !"% ! -

! " ) ", ! ) !" #" ) &" ! " . ! "!"
" # * ") ! " - * " "!" "*" # ! -
+ "); 3 " &" #' ! ." #.
.1.11. % , &
Xmute # " " # # -
!" " " ) ! -.") "!' . 4--
" ! , ! " ! " !" "-
3 % ! # #, " #
% " ! -.") "!' .
Xmute " #" # !" "
! "% .
' 1
1. ) " !" " " " "! "-

! " ! + # .
2. 2 " . %! & ?
.1.12. ) Xmin. 3. !" " Xmin ! % -
) $" " ( ! " ! " "
! + "! " #!-
)?
4. " * "! ?
! " ! " $" % , % *" ' ' ! -

" ! %! *" ), * # #. . ! "
! " ' ! ' ! + ") "* " !" .
!" " *" ! " - ! " !"' "! ' ! , " '
"! !" " " %" + *" " ! " ! (Kerekes, 1998). 0" ! "
! " ! " " *" % - ! ) *"!" ! ! *-
' ! " ! , ! " * " . ")* ." - - "!-
" ! %! , ! " "%* - " "3 ) * .
2.1 74 /( ( 0 @(/
&" 2.1 , !" " #- # *" # ! ,! "!

, Xmin, Xmax, . %! & , ! , ! "
-*" ! " .9 ! " ! # #- # -*" + -
! , ) '! !" 3 )% " 1 " 3.
% # 2.1 & .*
! " ! !" " " # !" #

! 2-D ( -
/ ) ( -
).
= -
× RI ÷ (2 × SLI).
= NRL ÷2.
"! 3 4 ! "!" $" .

! " < Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ ); " .
"! " " "* N *" ( 2 4)
!" -.") * ).
" " # :
λ÷N Vint ÷(N × fdom).
Xmin " " ," % % "!' "% ! ! " '% ! -

, " ," 1.2 3 ) % .
Xmax " $ .
0" " , ,* "' !
!# ) , !" " ) ( "! ' " #'),
( " " ! "-
"!"*' ! + ")), " " -
# .
" ," , " ' % # ! " # )
% ) !" #-.") "!' ( , / ); , " ' -
% # " "*" # # ( δt ! % ! ! ." #) > )
fdom; , !" " % # " >3
, , " ' % # AVO.
" * , , * "!# Xmax
% .
. %! & " & , %
( # ! ) (diffraction width) ( )
30 ., . . Z tan 30 = 0.58Z, # -
" % , Z tan θ.' -
.
! ! " ! " ! "! %! ") ! " ÷ 4.

* ) # ' ' % ! , .
%! & +! & .
*7 "" " !" # ! . " " !" " " # )
!".
2.2 1 0 4:0 1( /(
! ! " " ' ' !"' "! ' ! , ! " ! " "
! + * ! % - # "! " #! . "! " "
"%* " $" " " "! *" - " #. ! " " ! -
+ % ! " ! , ! " ! + –
" "! -% ( ! .2.1), ! .9 " #"
! "! ! " "!" !" "!" "." " %!
") ! " . ! ) '" " !"% ! ! - # " , ! " "
" " ! " ! + # , %! ") ! " "!" "-
. " # ! + -( " ! + # ), " *"% ! &"
!#" #. 2 !"' "! ) ! ! .2.1a, "" "-
" ! " "– ! .2.1b. % ' 2, 3 4 " " !" * -
" # 3 " "! . ! % " " , ! " % ""
' #. # !"," # !" " " ' *, ! !" 1 " 5.
2.3 0 :
! ! # ( ! ! " #) – 3 *"-
" ' ! , ! " # ! - ! , .". -
*" !" ' *" .9 " *" "!" ! -. '-
# * !" ' *" (midpoint areas); . " 5.2.
.2.1b. )
.2.1a. ) & . .
! ! ! " ," " % / "' (S/N). ( !

" #, ," " % / "' " * " # 41% (! .2.2). #
," # " * S/N ! " ' " * ! *" !"
! (" !" ,* "' ! !" " #- # * ) ! , .".
" - % !
!" " " -). 2 ! # !"," " ! ,
! # !" . '- !"' "! ! . , &"
Xmin Xmax (Cordsen, 1995b), " ! ". ! 3 " '
, * ! (DMO) !"' "! # %! & # % 3++" -
! .
Krey (1987) ,* ," " ! 3-D ! 2-D -
* " #" # " -. ! :
3-D = !
! 2-D × * ×C (2.1)
% "C– ! # # #.
0 ! "!, " C=0.01, ! 2-D ! 40, ! 3-D ! -
20 ! 50 1& 40 ! 100 1&.
" : # " :
3-D=1\2( 2-D).
0 ! "!, " ! 2-D ! 40, ! 3-D ! 1/2 × 40=20.

* " " ! 3 ," " S/N * "! -
. ! " ) !" ! ( " " - # "
* , ! "!, "" 100 1&), !" " ! 3-D, ! -
! 2-D.
% !" " &# " ! ' ! " ! . , ! 3-D
! ) ) !" ! 2-D, " " ,". # #
" * " ! " " " !" * ", "
. - " # *" ' ! ,"" ," " S/N, " ! " -
) # #- # " * " . "! $" 3-D ' !"'
"!" #' " "" ! - !!" #& - " ! + # ,
" " * " 2-D '; " " , " # ! ! " "-
.
.2.2. ' !
/ (S/N).
7 "" #+ ! Krey (1987) # ! 3-D "" :
! 3-D= ! 2-D ×
(! # " " 3-D- )2 × * × π × 0.401 (2.2)
(! # " " 2-D 1 ) × !
0 ! "!, " ! 2-D ! 30:

30 2 × 50 × π × 0.4
2
! 3-D= 30 × = 19
20 × 4500 /
110 2 × 50
2
× π × 0 .4
3-D= 30 × = 28
55 ×15000 /
( ! # " " 2-D ! % " ," ! "! 3-D -

, ! 3-D " ," (3 " ' # -
*" # !" , ' ! " " 2-D). , " -
* "* ")* *" ,* %" "! " $" -
% ! ! # " " ! ) ! -
-. " " , %' "! ' $" ' ! ,", *" 3
" ' . 3 "% " " , ! # ! 2-D 3-D.
"), - "! ) ! 3-D ! !"
! ( ! ), " " ) ") ! " . 7 , "
*" ") ! " %! " " "* " "" - !
! !" , " *, *" ', % " 24 ") ! "
! ! . 24 ") ! " %! " # -
" " "* - "" " *" ', *" %! 6 ") -
! " . %* # * : 3 "!% #, *" # ! !
! ) " ! (sweep effort per square kilometer) !" " #" # -
% -, ! " " 1 "6( * , . ! " " (6.2)).
"" # " ! *" ! ; ' " "
# #" # , * " !" ' *" , "" # !"% -
! ! -. ' .( " ' # # ! " " ' !" " ' !"-
% ! & , " ! " " ! "" :
= SD × NC × B 2 × U (2.3a)
% " SD – *" " * - . ; NC – *" ;B–

! "! ( # ! ' );
U= 3++ & " ! "! (10-6 # / ; 0.03587 ×10-6

2
/ 2
).
! " # (2.3a):
*" !" ' *" = *" ×NC

* SD= *" /! "! $"
- " " :
*" !" ' *" /NC=SD ×! "! $"
"! $" = *" ×! "! B2
= SD × NC × B 2 × U
! "!: !" ,* SD=46/ 2 (96/ 2
), *" NC=720,
! "! B=30 (110 ). % :
! =46 ×720 ×30 ×30 2

/ 2
×U=30,000,000 ×10-6=30
=96 ×720 ×110 2

/ 2
×U=835,352,000 ×10-6=30
9 + ! !" #" ) ! ) ! *" ! .
2 "" " !" " " " ! , " ' "-
"" ! * " #-. ". ! " " ' " ! "! ' !" -
% " #, * ! )! "! * ,* " !# ! -
"! # ! # "! '* .
! % ) %" " ! , " ! " ! -
' ! + ") "! " #! , " "! " ! " -
! ! + # - !" " #- ! ! #.
* " ! "! " * - " # " #
! , " # ! "! , * *" !"-
" ' .
! %) !"," # ! " # (2.3a) -* " # !"," #
*" NC. " !" " " # !" ) ! ! "!
, "! " * , * - " # ! + # , -
*" " ! * " -. ! :
NC = ÷ ( SD × B 2 × U ) = × SLI × SI ÷ B 2 (2.3b)
2.4 0 : 0 4(0 (/0 1 8 4
# ! % ) $" !# ") ! + # , !
! " ! " % ! + # !" " #" # ", # "! ' -
'. 8 ! "" " -. ) :
! ! " ! " % ! + #=
*" ") ! " × "! " * - " #
2×( "! " * ! " ! " % ! + #)
! ! " ! " % ! + #=
*" ") ! " × RI
2 × SLI
=! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! " % ! + # (2.4)

2 × SLI
"! " !! + # !" " #" ,

! " %- ! " % ! + #. # # ! " -
"% * !" ' *" , ! " (2.4) " '
( *" ") ! " ) × (RI). !" % " #, * 3 '+ ! '
" ") ! " " ' # !" " % " %
. 0 ! .2.3a ! !" " " " ! ! ! -
+ -, ! " " " " -. ' ! " ! !"% ! & '
( ") -. ) ! " ) ! + *" &" ):
"! " ") ! " 60 220

"! " ! " ! + # 360 1320
! " % ! + # 4320 15 840 ( !" " '
%! ") -
! " )
"! " * 60 220
"! " ! ! + # 360 1320
%! ") ! " =10 ! + ") 72 ") ! "
" " ,
! ! " ! " % ! + #=4320 /(2 × 360 )=6
=15 840 /(2 × 1320) =6
( !" - # "" " , ! ! " ! '

! + ") " " ! "". ( " %! 9 × 80
%! 10 × 72, " " # " " *" (720), ! -
" % ! + # #" 80 × 60 =4800 (80 × 220 + =17600 + ).
3 * ",
! ! " ! " % ! + #=4800 /(2 × 360 )=6.7
=17 600 /(2 × 1320) =6,7
") " " * , ! ! " ! -

" % ! + # ")* " # #" # &" ) " * ) " ! ! " -
* , ! .2.3b. 0" ! " *" # ! ! 6, "-
! " – 7, !" " *"% !" ## ! %! ! 6.7. *-
! " # " " " # " " ,
," ! " %# " - ! % , *" 7 ! .
.2.3a. ' .2.3b. '

10 × 72 . 9 × 80 .
.2.4b ! ! - ) # %! ") -
.2.4 ' -
9 × 80.
10 × 72.
! "
2.5 0 : 0 4(0 5 0 1 8 4
%* !" ." * -, ! ! " ! %

! + #! * " # " -. ! :
! ! " ! % ! + #=
! % ! + #
2× "! " ! " ! + #
= ! "! %! ") ! " ! ! + - (2.5)
2 × RLI
" " ,
! ! " ! % ! + #=
*" ! " ' ! + ")× RLI = N (2.6)
RL
2 × RLI 2
2 !" " " " ) * !" ' *" , ! " #'

(2.5) (2.6) " ' ( *" ! " ' ! + ")) × (RLI).
! ." % !#, ! ! " ! % ! + # ! "
*" ") -. ' ! " ' ! + ") !"% ! ! -.") %! " ") -
! " (3 ! " # ,") * ! %" " ! ; -
-*" # ! !" 1 " 9).
# "! * % ! "! 10 ! " ! + # 72 ") -
! " :
10
! ! " ! % ! + #= =5
2
0 ! .2.4a # ! , %" ! ) ! + ( -
*" ! &" ) !"% ! ! " # " # - ! " ! + # . 0
! .2.4b , * ! ' , % %! " ") " "*" " *
! " ' ! + ") ( ! "!, 9). 3 * ", ! ! "
! % ! + # " #" # 4 5,
9
! ! " ! % ! + #= = 4 .5
2
." * ", ! " * ! ! "

! % ! + # # " ." " ) ! " *" *"-
! " ' ! + "), !" , 15, " " " 7 8
(15 ÷ 2=7.5) ! &" ," (12.5%) % " ,", *" " " "
4 5 (20%). " " " "", )! , % ) %! ") ! " -
# #" # "*" "* ! + "), " " " " ! # -
* . " " , , " " !"' "! " $" !"% ! -
! - # *" * ") -. ' ! " ' ! + ") %! " ") -
! " .
2.6 40 0 :
# # ! 3-D !" #" ) ! " " "

! ! " ! " % ! + # ! ! "
! % ! + #:
# # ! =
( ! ! " ! " % ! + #) × ( ! ! " ! % ! + #) (2.6)
# ! "! %! ) ") ! " 10 × 72 (! .2.5a), # -

# ! =6 × 5=30. 9 " # " * , ! # "! * -
! * ! " -:
! =SD × NC × B2 (2.8)
# %! 9 × 80, ! ! " ! " % ! + #

" #" # 6 7, ! ! " ! % ! + # " #" -
# 4 5; " " , # ! " #" # 24 35
(! .2.5b). " " " ! 3-D " " " # #" # !" -
" # ! " ' ! + "). "! " * ") -
! " , " ! + # - # " " " ).
( : ,
"
, , ,
. ,
.
.2.5a. - .2.5b. -
10 × 72. 9 × 80
! *" ") % *
-. ' ! " ' ! + ") " &" "
*" " ! " ! ""
!" " " " ! " ! %
! + #. ( ! ! " ! " ' ! ' ! + ") -
! " # ! ) " * ), ! !" " " " ! 3-D * )
' ! "!. ( ) # !" , " ! # " --
% - ) !" " ' %! ") ! " , "" "
! !" " " " ! " * " &" * " ' *" ) !
! " ! " ' ! ' ! + ") (Cordsen, 1995b). . " )
! %" " ! *" ) + %! & ") -.") %! ") ! " ,
*" , # #" # ) "" * ' #-. ' ! " ! -
# !"' "! ' ! . 3 % " , ! & ! " ! #
. " -. ! :
! ! " ! " % ! + #=
! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! " % ! + # (2.9)

2 × SLI
! ! " ! % ! + #=
! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! % ! + # (2.9)

2 × RLI
$" ## 3 ! " #, *" - ! :
# ! =
! ! " ! " % ! + #× (2.11)
! ! " ! % ! + #
# ! =
! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! " % ! + #
2 × SLI
× ! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! % ! + # (2.12)

2 × RLI
.".
# ! =(! "! %! ") ! " )/4 × SLI × RLI (2.13)
" " ,
# ! =(! "! %! ") ! " )/4 × ! "! " (2.14)
9 + ! " # ") " ) # "!" ". -. ' # "-

) ") ! " ! + ") ( . 1 9). " , * 1/4 .
%! ") ! " !" #" ) * % ", ' "-
) !" * . " " , ! "!" "." " ) ") -
! " ! + "), * !" ' *" "!" ! - # *" "! ,
! # ! .
," " . ! % . ! ) %!
") ! " ! πR ÷ (!
2
"! %! ), ! ! !
! R ( ! " ! " " (2.14)) ! " -. ! -
:
πR 2 πR 2
R = = (2.15)
4 × SLI × RLI 4 × b.s.
% " b.s. – ! "! " (block size).

9 ! " " ! " , ") . ! ) %! ", -
!# " ", ") - ! ! R, ") !"
! - " !"! " ! ". " ! " " &" " ! #
% "!" -."% % ! (% ), !" " " + & ")
" #3 % % ! ( Xmute). ! " " (2.15) ! * " !
# ! % ' %! ") !" . " " " ,* -
" ! # # " * - " #, !" !" " #"
, ! "! .
Goodway Ragan (1995) ! ! 2-D 3-D # !" " " -
% R. # "! ' ' ! ! * " # " -.
! :
! 2-DR= R/( "! " * ) (2.16)
," " ! 3-D 2-D ! " R !" " "-

-. ! :
," " ! (3-D/2-D)R=

( πR × "! " * 2-D)/4 × SLI × RLI (2.17)
9 " * ") " #" # R. ! , ! #-

" !+ # ( ! %! ) ! ") ," " ! " , " -
#, * " !" " # % ' $" ( ' '
! ." " ! " ). " ," " ! # # " ! + #-
! " *" - ," # ! , " " , ! ! -
" ", * % !# # $" "!' ") * ! -
!" . # - - %! ( . " 3.3), *
! % ! !" " " " ! .
2.7 4 0 0
!% + ! , ! ) " ' * ! ! *" "

! ,# #" # ! (fold taper). 9 ! " ! " -
. !% * ) ! , !) ! ' ! "
! . 6 ! 3 ) " # " ! " #'
!" % ! % ! + "), ! * " :
, ! ! " !" ' ! + ")=

{[( ! ! " !" ' ! + "))/2]–0.5} × SLI (2.18)
, ! ! " ! ' ! + ")=

{[( ! ! " ! ' ! + "))/2]–0.5} × RLI (2.19)
## + ! # ! ! " #' ! " ' ! -

' !+ "), " " -. - " -+ ! 3 ' ! " ):
, ! ! " !" ' !+ ")= (2.20)

[(! "! %! ") !" ! " ! ' !+ "))/4]–SLI/2
, ! ! " ! ' !+ ")= (2.21)

[(! "! %! ") !" ! " ! ' !+ "))/4]–RLI/2
" : " "

.
9 ! " # !" " #- ! " !' . 4 *," "%

! ! "! ' " ! !" !+ -
# , 3 !" " " " !. " " " # #
! ! ! !" ! ! . #3 % # "! « -
! " " # ! » (fold rate), ! !" " #" # " *" "
! "! " !+ # !" " " ! " ,
! " " # ! ! " !" ' !+ ")= (2.22)

( # ! × SLI)/( ! ! " !" ' !+ "))
! " " # ! ! " ! ' !+ ")= (2.22)

( # ! × RLI)/( ! ! " ! ' !+ "))
! "!" %! ) 10 × 72, ! ! " " # !

!" " #" # " -. ! :
6
! " !" ' !+ ")= − 0.5 × 360 = 900
2
5
! " ! ' !+ ")= − 0.5 × 360 = 720
2
! " " # ! ! " !" ' !+ ")=

30 × 360
= 12 SLI
900
* #" 2.5 "! " ! !+ # ! ,
! " " # ! ! " ! ' !+ ")=

30 × 360
= 12 RLI
720
* #" 2 "! " !" !+ # .

2.8 0 6 (0 ( 10 4/ /(> (S/N)
# ! ' , " * S/N !# ! !& "

) ! (! .2.6). " " , , " * " " " " "
!" ! "! " * " " # " ! -
," " % / "' . ! !" ! !"' "! ) $" " '
" *" " * " !" " " # 3 ' ! " ! , * " -
& !" . ( ! " " !" " % ! # #
" ' ,3 " # " * " ,* $" ' !" !-
. ," " ! " * " - " * $" ", !#
' ," #' ! " ! * '!, , " ! "
" !" " " " ! # " !" # !" ) ! -
" ' .
.2.6. ) ! / - .2.7. '

# . # .
2.9 /( 7 0
! ! * "! "! " . "! –

3 . , ! ) ! - # ! . "! " !"-
" #" , ! # ! - #3 ! .2 "! «! "!
» « "! " » - # " #" " ( -
! "!, #.") ! "), " " " * "-
" *" ", % % ! * # ( ! "!, + " -
% (flex-binning) ! '! ').
!! "! ! # " ). ! –3
! * #+ &# ) ! (! .2.7). " ! "-
" ! , " " " " " 2.3, " ,* # " ,"-
" ! ! ! "! !" #" ) !" '
*" ( .". *" !" ' *" " * - . ),
= SD × NC × B 2 (2.24)
!" * " )+ ! ) # #" # ! . !# % " -

% # # *"! # !" " " ' %" % *" ' 3 "-
" * ", " !" " # ! !", -. # -
! " *" # !" " ) ! !", -.") ! % -
! " . ! " % , !" # ! ! ) " ! " # %! &
% " # ! !* ' " ). % ! " #
- ! # " " " # ") ! " , -
! " *" # "! " ; " " , ! "! "
" # #. " ! ' * #', !# % " % ! -
" , " ,"" *" "!" ) ! " ) -
! %! * " ! !"," " %" % *" '3 " " 3 ! -
" .
"! !" " , ! # ! + ! :! "! $-

" , - " "! -* , " - ,
% ! - ! !", -. - . 0 " , )! "! , -
*" ) !" " , "!" # *" " ! " % ! " ! .
2.9.1 #&
." * ", " ! ! , ! " " ! ,

* ! ' *"!" " , ) $" , % ! ! - , * 3
$" " " !"' "! ) ! " , 3 *" , *
!" " !" " "!" -."% % ! , $" "
# *" !"' " # ! . 0 ! "!, " $" !" -
#" ) " , )! + "! , " " " ,
* ,* " "* ! ' " " *"!" $" " " ""
' ( *," !"') ! . " !" " " "! * - ( *
, , -) &" ! "! :
"! ≤ (! "! $" )/3 (2.25)
! ! "!, % " !"' "! # $" "! " "!" " ! -

, ! ) 300 (1/5 ) (Cordsen, 1993b), ! " !" "-
"! . ! 3 % % ! , !"' "! ' '
(! .2.8) " + &! -, ! ) 100 (1/16 ), -
! # " " , ! " % . ! ! "! 24 × 24
(78 × 768 ) " ! " *"-
!"' ! ', "!" " -. ' ! . *" !"' ! ' # #" # -
, ! ) " ' # ! # $" , -
"! !" ! .( " * ! "! , # " #
" ).
.2.8 # #& .
!"' "! ' ' ,* "! !" ! " #-
- "!"* ! + " " -. "!"*
! + " " !"! " ! " ") *" .
! " "! " " " " ! " '
! ! 3 ) " * ) $" ; " !"' "! ' '
! !" " "+ # ' .
2.9.2 ,
# # + "" - "-
"! -* f "!" %! & "), ! # ! $"
, " * %" % *" % " # θ ! "! B. %
! .2.9a, 3 ! " ! # " -. ! :
V × ∆t
sin θ =
B (2.26)
" " * + , * ∆t !" #" 1/4

, "!#" # " !" # ! "% , # " # ! -
# "! )* !" - # " ! . " -
" :
λ 1
∆t = =
4 ×V 4× f (2.27)
" ∆t :
V
sin θ =
4× B × f (2.28)
" " ,
V
f =
4 × B × sin θ (2.29)
V
B=
4 × f × sin θ (2.30)
3 ' ! " #' " " % " # ! -.") "!' -

θ . !" " !" ) + ! ! " *" , " *" # #
,"% ! "! , ! ) " ! ! - "! )
* , # ) " "! )* ./ ) 90
%! " ,"" %! *" " 3 ! *" . ) -
! -* " # !" ! ") * # ! *" ! "! .
* # ! !" # ) ! - " # !" ## !
Vave !" -. # * fdom ( ! .2.9a 2.9b):
Vave
f dom = (2.31)
4 × B × sin θ
.2.9. # -
; a. , b. -
, c. .
0 ! "!:
2500 /
f dom = = 97
4 × 25 × sin 15 ο
7500 /
f dom = = 88
4 × 82.5 × sin 15 ο
", ! " " #! "! B:
V ave
B= (2.32)
4 × f dom × sin θ
* ! " #* 60
1&:
2500 /
B= = 40
4 × 60 × sin 15 ο
7500 /
B= = 121
4 × 60 × sin 15 ο
7 , #* %" % *" ' &" ! " " " # !" -

% !" # ) ! -. %' ") ', ! *," "%
" # ") ) + & ") % :
V z = V 0 + kZ (2.33)
% " Vz – , !
" #-. # # % ), V0 – ! "!' , k–
* ( ," 0), Z – % . Margrave (1997) 3
! , " #-. - # % ), # !" " " # ! "! .
2 " , "% %! *" # ! "! , " ' *-
% " * (Bee !., 1994). ! "! % # *
! .2.9c ( Liner Gobeli, 1997). ! " ! ! " # ! " ! *
p, ! " ! # "!' " - " %" ! -.") "!' .
! " ! * p !" #" ) # -, !# " % -
!" " #" #
sin θ 0
p= (2.34)
Vz
% " θ0 – % ' (take-off angle) * , " %" % *" " " ". "!
# " ! , " #-.") # % ), " ! *
" -. ! :
Vz
B= (2.35)
4 × f max × sin θ
# ! *" ! "! $" # -

"! # ! Vint " !" " %! ( Vz ! "
(2.35)), " !" ## ! . ) !! "! %! !" ,* -
#* $" fmax " " "! ) ! %" " #
! -.") "!' θ. " " ,
Vint
f max = (2.36)
4 × B × sin θ
0 ! "!:
3000 /
f max = = 116
4 × 25 × sin 15 ο
10000 /
f max = = 118
4 × 82.5 × sin 15 ο
", ! " " #! "! B:
Vint
B= (2.37)
0 ! "!, " fmax=80 1&, *" :
30000 /
! "! B= = 36
4 × 80 × sin 15 ο
10000 /
" B= = 120
4 × 80 × sin 15 ο
4- " * "!" -.") ", ! " ," fmax,

"! * "!" %! & "). ! % , )
+ " "! # * ', ! " " ," 3 )
" * . " -. ' " #' - # #*
"! # ! $" .
! " " " ," ! " # - # !"% ! & ' -
! )* . / %" -
! % " !" #, % ! *" ! " * " #
!"'-*" !"' !" -.") * ( % 3 " *
" ! ), ! "!, 2.8), * * " " , " ! "!
, " .
" , * ! &" %! & " * "' '
#' + ; " " , *" ," % " #, " "*
" %! & . 4- " # " " "! '* "!" %! & ") "
%# " * # "! # " %! & - " % %-
! %! & . ! ) !! "! " '! " -
!" " ) )* %! & . # " ! "!
B * ) fmax " %! & !" " #" # ! ! " #
( . ,"), % " sin θ " #" # tan θ (! .2.9b).
! "! ! " " " " ! *" '" &:
Vint
# ! " " f max = , ! * " fmax # " -. ' !"'
4 × B × sin θ
! " * (Vint=3000 / ):
0 ( %! ') B( " ! ') fmax ( %"!& ')

5 100
20 25
35 15
V int
# ! " " B= , ! * " ! "! B # "-
-. ' !"' ! " * (Vint=3000 / ):
0 ( %! ') fmax ( %"!& ') B( " ! ')

15 100
25 60
40 40
%:
Vint
) " f max = , fmax #
4 × B × sin θ
(Vint=10000 / ):
( ) B( ) fmax ( % )
5 440
20 110
45 55
V int
) " B= , " B -
# (Vint=10000 / ):
( ) fmax ( % ) B( )
15 80
20 60
30 40
% # :
Vint=3000 /
% # 2.2 fmax
Vint
f max =
4 × B × sin θ
0 ( %! ') # " " ! ! !" " ( " ! ')
10 15 20 25 30 50 100
5 861 574 430 344 287 172 86
10 432 288 216 173 144 86 43
15 290 193 145 116 97 58 29
20 219 146 110 88 73 44 22
25 177 118 89 71 59 35 18
30 150 100 75 60 50 30 15
35 131 87 65 52 44 26 13
40 117 78 58 47 39 23 12
45 106 71 53 42 35 21 11
%"!& '
% # 2.3 # B.
V int
B=
0 ( %! ') fmax ( %"!& ')

40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5 215 172 143 123 108 96 86
10 108 86 72 62 54 48 43
15 72 58 48 41 36 32 29
20 55 44 37 31 27 24 22
25 44 35 30 25 22 20 18
30 38 30 25 21 19 17 15
35 33 26 22 19 16 15 13
40 29 23 19 17 15 13 12
45 27 21 18 15 13 12 11
" ! '
* % "
Vint=10000 /
* % 2.4. ! fmax
Vint
f max =
4 × B × sin θ
0 ( %! ') # " " ! ! !" " ( + ')

41 55 82.5 110 165 220 440
5 700 522 348 261 174 130 65
10 351 262 175 131 87 65 33
15 236 176 117 88 59 44 22
20 178 133 89 66 44 33 17
25 144 108 72 54 36 27 13
30 122 91 61 45 30 23 11
35 106 79 53 40 26 20 10
40 95 71 47 35 24 18 9
45 86 64 43 32 21 16 8
%
* % 2.5 ! " B.
V int
B=
( ) fmax ( % )
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5 717 574 478 410 359 319 287
10 360 288 240 206 180 160 144
15 241 193 161 138 121 107 97
20 183 146 122 104 91 81 73
25 148 118 99 85 74 66 59
30 125 100 83 71 63 56 50
35 109 87 73 62 54 48 44
40 97 78 65 56 49 43 39
45 88 71 59 51 44 39 35
" & "! '* "% ! * # ! %' "!-

' ! ") Vint "!" -.") . .
2.9.3 ! " #
"!" %! & "), " +! % ! " " ! !", - #, "

! # " " " ," " ! "! ) 8!" " #. 9 " !
* !" #" ) , - " * (500 "") *" ,
* ' , " , "! , ! " " ! %-
, % ! ." . " %! & , %! # ! !", -. #
)* , ! # ! " # "!"-
-.") . 0" " ! * " !" "-
" # ! " # #% ! )! !", -.") .
Denham (1980):
RV
RH =
sin θ
%" θ – ) % *, ! ) %! & -, RH – % ! -
#! !", -. # , RV – "! # ! !", -. # -
.
Claerbout (1985):
« !", -. # * !" " #" # 3++" )

…»
Embree (1985):
0.3 × V
dX r =
f max × sin θ
Freedland Hogg (1990):
V
RL = RV =
2B
% " RL – % ! # ! !", -. # , RV – "! #! -
!", -. # ,B–, ! .
Ebrom !. (1995):
λmin
RL =
4 × sin θ
1 L
% " λ min = , θ = arctan
f max 2Z
L
– ! + #, Z – % $" .
2
Vermeer (1997):
V
Rx =
4 × f max × sin θ x , max
Vmin
Vermeer "! !" ! " 3 , % " Vmin – # . ##
4 × f max
! P- , θ x , max – % ! " #, " % " # ! -.")
"!' .
* " " "! ! !"% ! & (finite recording apertures) ! -
! " !" " - ) "* " % ! -
! " - !" " % " " # " ! % %! ! %
! !" (Margrave, 1997). 0" ) % # !" " " " ! !", -.")
: 3 !" -.") (Claerbout, 1985;
Freeland Hogg, 1990), *" "! ) (Ebrom
!., 1995; Vermeer, 1997), * - !" "" (Embree, 1985)? -*"-
' ! , #. ' # ! !", -.") –3 -
"! !" ! ! ! !", " ) 3 " " . "! !" -
! * # ! !" ! "! .
!"' "! ' $" ' "! ! %! & " #" # ! # "
$" - ! " ' 3++" . " " , ""
% "! ! %! & 30 %! ( + ! " Vermeer). ! " % , "-
" " " # ! !", -.") 2! ! " .
"" &" ! . ." " "' ( "!' ) , ! ' ) -
" "), - "!- ! !", -.") " * , -
! # * " #« ) ! !", -.") -» (achiev-
able resolution). 0 ! ", « ") " # ! !", -. # » -
" " ," « ) ! !", -.") » - , ! -
", ' " " ! ) ! ) " , " %
! #+ . .
# &" ") #."% " # !" % " #, * % ! #
! !", -. # " ' # " ) *" "! - )
! ) !" -.") . !" -. # "
"!" " !" " ") *" ! !" "; ! "!
!" ! ! " " :
Vint
"! B= (2.38)
N × f dom
%" N " #" # 2 4. !" , * !" -. # * fdom
! % $" ! 50 1&. ( "! # ! " -
!" " 3 $" ! 3000 / (10 000 / ), ! ! " -
# " !" " "
3000 / 10000 /
λ dom = = 60 = 200 ,
50 50
3000 /
! "! ," # B= = 30 ( 15 ! N=4),
2 × 50
10000 /
" B= = 100 ( 50 N=4).
2 × 50
( ! "! " ' " ' ! &, % ! -

# ! !", -. # !" " #" '! "!
,! % 15 (50 ) !" " % 30
(100 ) ( & 2.6). 1 !# !" ! "! , ! ) " ,",
*" !" " # # % ! ) ! !", -.") , " " "-
, * " ,"% ! "! " " " ) + ! & . -
" " , ! " *" ." " , * " ! "
+ " ! !"," %! ! " .
"! " "" ) *" "! !" -.") !-
* ) !" & " " " ) + ! & .( -
! "! !" , " !" -.") , # #- -
# ! ! " " "! "* ! + ! & .
% # 2.6. $ # # .
! " ! "!
"! $" 33 (100 )
/ # " "! #* 36 (120 )
1! # ! !", -. # 15-30 (50-100 )
# % ! "! ! ! "! 30 .
2.9.3.1 ! " #
1! - ! !", -. - " %! &

$# , # ! .2.10. *" !" + f-k
" %! & . 9++" %! & -* " # ! !" " " '
* "* ! " * ". " * "!"-
"." # ! " ," " % * k. 9 3++" ") "
! - % ! " %! & . -*" " ! "! , "*" " %! & -,
" -. ":
+ " " : 9 "!% # # "' % ! ' ")

+ ! % " # * %! * " # ) ! -
# ! " % % . / %! & # " " # # % ! -
" + .
" : ! %! & , + ! " *-

!" ! - # + "" ,
- ."" " "* "- " , -, ! .
' : + , ! # "!" %! & ") "" -

) , " %! & % # " # % 90
%! , " "" * %! ! ' ' % # "."-
" # % (dc bias).
"!" : %! & "), +! % ! # "
- ! ," - %! *" ), ! ) . " %! & , -
+! % ! # ! ! , " # " - ! ," - ! )
* ! .2.10. / %! & # ! !" " #" * f-k ! % " * !
" , '* '. ")* +! % ! # "" * #
)* "!" %! & "), " * # -
) ! ! " )* . +! % ! # !" ! " #
" * ) %! *" ) ", * '* -
" . (% !" " # ! !", -. # ( -
)* )! ! ! " ) ! !", -.") ( ) "
)* , ! " ) ! ! " '" & ').
.2.10. ! " #-
.
(1- 1 ! # ! -. # "!' ; 2-
0 # ! -. # "!' ; 3- / -
) ; 4- +! % ! '
; 5- "!" %! & "); 6- " %! & )
2.9.3.2 )
! " " " " *" !" ! " # " *" ' ' -
+! % ! -. ' $" , ! " ! " " # ! " * ! -
. # " " ! – 10 (33 ), ! – 3000 / (10 000
/ ); " " , * +! & ! " " 30 (100 ).
.2.11a. - .2.11b. -
; 100 , - ' ; 100 .
30 (100 ).
"! ) !" ! (! .2.11a – "!" %! & "), ! .2.11b – "

%! & ), #* 100 1&, " %! & ' !,
! *- # ! " #. 8 *" ,3 * ) # #" # !" " ! -
!", -.") # )* ! # # " ! " # .
! ! " # ! 30 (100 ), * " " + -
,* ) +! % ! -. ) $" " %! & ' # -
", * " ! " # "- # " ! ( ). -
! * , # ! " ":
Vint = f max × λ max (2.39)
Vimt
λ max = (2.40)
f max
V int
λ dom = ≅ 2λ max (2.41)
f dom
% " Vint – ! " !" " $" , fmax – #
1
* , fdom – !" -. # * ≅ f max , λ max – ! fmax,
2
λ dom – ! fdom.
3 ! "!":
3000 /
! ! " # = = 30
100
10000 /
= = 100
100
! ! " # ! !", -. # " ! 30 (100

), .". ) " )* , "
!" -.") * . 3 * " # ! *" -
#* . " !" * , # -
!" -.") * 50 1&.
! # !! (! .2.12a "!" %! & "), ! .2.12b " -
%! & ) " 3++" " # )* " 50 1&,
* " " ! ! " ) " 60 (200 ). 3
* ", +! % ! -. ' $" ' # # " % % "
« ! ! " % », %! # ! !", -. #
"!#" #.
3000 /
! ! " # = = 60
50
10000 /
= = 200
50
.2.12a. -
; 50 , 30 .2.12.b. -
(100 ). ' ; 50 .
2.9.4 $ ! " #
*" #
# "! ) ( !" " )) ! !", -.") -
Kallweit Wood (1982). - ! * " ! -
"! ( 3 "#, "! Widess), % # -
#, ! "! !" " ) ! !", -.") . Ver-
meer (1999a) , * + % ! & # 3-D * ") ! "
! ." " ! * - " "! ) %! )
! !", -.") -. *" " ! *" ) "! "" -
* + ! , " " # ! % " # ! "! "
Widess (Rz=1/4fmax), Vermeer !" %" " -."" ! " ":
R z = cV /( 2 f max cos i ) (2.42)

% " Rz – "! # ! !", -. # ! ! " '" -
& ', c – # #, ! # " ' ! "! " ( 3 "# . .),
V– # "! # ! + *" ! "! !" " % -
(temporal wavelet), fmax – #* , !"% ! ! #
$" , cos i – % i, ! ) !" #" )
% , ! % # , " #-. * ") ! "
* ) % "; cos i "! !" ! ! # " " ! %
! ! ." #, ! " " , " fmax f max × cos i .
! "!:
V=2500 /
c=0.715 ( ! "! ) 3 "#)
cos i=0.9, fmax=40 1&
Rz=0.715 × 2500/2 × 40 × 0.9=25
, " * " , *," c=0.715. % -

c=0.25 ( ! "! ) 1/4 ), " " ! " ! ! % -
% %! ( -*" " . ) "" " "" # .
* " "!" !" ) 3++" . " *
cos i " ! ) 0.9, * ! " " " « ! -
"! - ! " % % "» # " # (! # " "
! % ! ! ." #).
! , ! *" " ! " " "" :
R z = 0.715V /( 2 f max 0.9) = 0.4V / f max (2.43)
% 3 ! " -, "! # ! !", -. # Rz

! 2/5 )* , ! " ) % $" -
, ! ) " ! !"," .
" & –. 1
" -." ! " , # ! *"

! " ! " " ! " ":
sin ( % " #) ≅
60
0 ! "!:
sin 6 ο ≅ 0.1
sin 12 ο ≅ 0.2
sin 18 ο ≅ 0.3
9 ! " " '! #" # !" " '6% # % " ," 45 %! .
3 ! "!" "- # " -. " " " ! " ! ( " ! *" '
" & '):
." -. " "! " " ' ! ,"% *"

"- … ! 30
, " % " # 20 %! .
"!' " ! ! -. " % ! , " ' " #

! " # '! "- … 500
% $" 2000
" !" # ! "% $" 1.5
% + " 3000
Vint " !" " %! 4200 /
fdom % %! 50 1&
fmax % %! 70 1&
! "! $" %! 300
" " ! % - '" .
% # :
) ! "! ' '=
# :
a) #! "! $" : B=! "! $" ÷ 3=

b) # "! )* : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )=
c) #% ! )! !", -.") : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom),
(N=2-4)=___-___
! "! B=
RI=
SI=
– 1( % )
, # " :
# # -
… 30
20 .
# " ,
" … 1500
$ 6000
$ 1.5
10 000
Vint " 14 000 /
fdom " 50 +%
fmax " 70 +%
" $ " 1000
- " .
* :
=
! " :
d) " $ : B= " $ ÷ 3=
e) " : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )=
f) " " # : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom),
(N=2-4)=___-___
" B=
RI=
SI=
2.10 XMIN
7 &" !" " , ! ) # " !" !-

+ # # " ! !+ # "" , ) -
) "' ! " . " " , , ) -
) !" #" ) % 3 ) " (! .2.13a). -
# # " !" ! !+ # * " ) "!" -
!" " #- # !" " ) " * ) Xmin. ! % ) '" " '" '
« ! * # » « % %» ( . 1 5), , ) )
# " !" " SLI RLI. # ! % ' $" , Xmin !" " #-
" # ! " " :
X min = ( RLI 2 + SLI 2 )1 / 2 (2.44)
,*
" *" " *" " RLI SLI ! " ' # "
Xmin. " " ,
! % ) '" ", ! ) # #" # " -
!" & Xmin.
"! " # ! "! ! :
Xmin=(3602+3602)1/2 =509
Xmin=(13202+13202)1/2 =1867
." * ", ! + ". - # ' " # " #

* " "!" "*" # ! "! (! .2.13b) &" - " ," # -
*" !#-. ' # *"). ! 3 + ! # Xmin " * " -
" #" #:
[
X min = (RLI − 0.5 × SI ) + (SLI − 0.5 × RI )
2
]
2 1/ 2 (2.45)
! "." ! ' !" ' !+ "), *" !"

&" !" " "- " Xmin, " &" ! ) "" -
) , ) Xmin. ! # ! "! ! :
Xmin=[(360–30)2+(360–30)2]1/2 =467
Xmin=[(1320–55)2+(1320–55)2]1/2 =1789
.2.13a. ) Xmin .2.13b. ) Xmin -

/ -
. / # " .
.2.14.
# ! # ! Xmin.
Xmin " * # " ) ! "-

% ' ! -. ' "!' "), ! " % # &"-
") " " # "!' ! " " # ! " # '! . ( !
% "% % ! % %! " # #" # " )( - ,
% " #), "! !" ! " ! !"' "! ' ' ' , -
" #.
0 ! .2.14 , * ! ' , % ! # + %! & #
"! " ! ! " ! + # + ! ! " Xmin,
! ) , " # " .") ! "% ) ! -.") -
"!' . " ! " . 0" * # ! " ! "
,* ! " " "% % ! % %! " " %
" " , % !" " %! " " . -
# " % !" " ! " # ' * #' " " -
- ) "! !" & , % # ! ! # "% ' !-
' %! .
! " ', ! " "- , ) Xmin,
* - # " * # * ) "! !" & , # -
% !" " % ! &" - ! " # '! "% %! .
'" *" ) ") *" ) ! !" ! " "!" # Xmin (! .2.15a)
" " ' ! ' !" " ' " #. 0"
" '" ) " #, ) ! .2.15b, % " !" % " #,
* ! " " ' # # " !" " tmin. * # %, *
"!" "! !" & "% ! %! " Zsh (
!" " tsh), " ' *" !"' ! " ". Vermeer
(1998a) !" + ! ! , ! ) 4, # " ! * ) !
& " # Xsh (! .2.15c):
X sh = RLI × 2 × 2 = SLI × 2 2 = 2 × X min (2.46)
.2.15a. # t-x, . b. %
# , " ! / Xmin, Xsh Xtarget. c. ! /
Xmin Xsh, # / 4 Xsh ( Vermeer, 1998a).
.2.16. , Xmin.
.2.17a. ' –
# t-x.
(1- ! ! " ! % ! + #,
! "!#" # V1; 2- ! ! "
"!"* % ! + #, ! "!#" # V1;
3- !" #-. ) % ! , ' ! "! -. ) #
! -; 4- !# # )
.2.17b. ' –
.
! " " 2.46 # #" # !" " " ) " " " *" ,
" * " ! *"! # ) " ! ! + # ! "
! + # .7 "" * - &" " " -."" ! " ", ! " -* -
" ' 3 '! # ). &" ! " " !" " ' 10% ,
" ' ' # " # ! 4.
X sh = Max( RLI , SLI ) + Min( RLI , SLI ) × 2 (2.47)
1" % *" # " , ! "!, #, ! .2.16, %" !"-

" , ! ' " !" " " ! *" % .( -
' " ! ! %! ) )% ", ! " #
! ' !" " 3 % ! *" % % !" " #. ." -
* " (" !" " !"* ), !" " " ! *" % ! -
' ! %" " # 35 %! , " -.
2 × Z sh × tan 35 ο = 1.4 × Z sh , % " Zsh – % % "!' "% ! ! " '
%! .2 " ! 3 ! "! -, ! " * Xmin
" 1.0 1.2 × Zsh " !#" 3 ! "! -, " "* "
! " ", ! ", "! # , " ' # # ! " #
! . ( ! # # $" " * Xmin ," " * , !" "-
" )3 ) " - (! .2.16; ! "!, 400 ), ! " ) ! " )
3 "!% ; !" "! !" " " " ! " ,
! .2.14. 8 & # " #( "! ' ') * %-
" ! - " * Xmin.
: Xmin , 1.0-1.2 Zsh.

% ! "! - !" " #, # " ) ! !
!" #-." % ! " V1 " " "" !"' "!" ) "% )
!" #-.") "!' (! .2.17). "* , ! " ! %
! + # *" # ,"" *" "!" ). "! " "!" " V1
! " "!"* % ! + # " "! % "!" #
! " ! % ! + # " "" *" " * ! # #
" ! " ! + # .( " " # * . " * ! "
! " "!"* % ! + # # "% % !" #-."% % ! -
,3 *" " ) # !"," ) , ) !" -
" " , ! "!"' " % ! " % ! + # ! % . " " ,
"." # % ! " % ! + # ! % # #- # " !" " " -
. ." -. " "! " " % !" + ! & - "!-
!" #-." % ! ", ! # "" !", -."" *" ".
! # " " ! " ! + # #" Xmin, RLI " ' -
! * ,* %! ! " ' " "!" # !"-
" ' .
" #
!" # ! "! - !" " #, ." " "! -
) , ! ) -* " # !"% ! & " ' "! ' '
% ! % ! " % ! + #. 9 - !" " #" -
"! * ' ! ! " ( *" " ! ) ! 2 . -
! " " "! " ! " !" " ' %
! # !"' "! ) $" , ! # " "
! ! " ! + # . 9 ! ) # "," ", *"
" ," " ! # # " ! + # .
2.11 XMAX
/ ) % "" % ' $" -

. " " * " !" " # ! ! ! ."
# ".0 !" " " # " # " "! !" " " -
'" " « ! + ! + " ».
" " ' ! ! " " * " "
# " ! % !"% ! ! " % (Cordsen, 1995b).
( Xmax %! " ") ! " "!#" # )
! " ! % ! + # (! .2.18a), ! ! " ' ! + #',
! " " ," , #- #. " * ! %! * " -
# " * ) Xmute. ," " . ") ! ! )
%! ") ! " ! ( ! " ! " 2.6):
( SD × NC × B 2 ) × πR 2
= (2.48)
P.S .
% " P.S. – ! "! %! ") ! " .

R ! " Xmute. ( , , Xmax "!#" # % %!
") ! " , ! " # #, Xmax ") " # #" #
$" ". 3 * ", "
" ! (! .2.18b). # %" " ! # ! . " ! *" ! , "
*" "" "" ! " ! !" " " " ( . " 2.4, 2.5
2.6). ! % " " '" %! ") ! " ! !" " "
3.4. % Xmax "!#" # ! " ! % ! + #, .
%! ") ! " * " ," . %! ") ! " -
! Xmax, "!" % .
!"% ! ! ) Xmax " , ". # &" !
%! " ") ! " . ! ' ", *" ' ,
! " !" , - « "" ! " " », " , " #, * "
" "* " " ) ' .
* ' %! ' ") ! " 3-D, ! ! # #" #
" ") ), .". "" # ' % '
(! .2.19). 8 *" , , ! ' $" '! !" " " #
# #- # ") ! ( . " 3.3). -
' $" ' "* " # " " & # ! !" " " # , ! "
# #- # ,") " " ") ;! !" " " " "! %
! + # # #" # "* 3" " . ! # # ! .2.19 !" -
#" ! !" " " " # , ! ) ! % ) '" "-
- ! " ! + # " %! ") ! " .
.2.18a. Xmax .2.18b. Xmax .

.
> ! , ! " " #, ! ) %! ") ! " -

* " -."": "! " 33% -* - 7%
"' , " -. " 33% ! - 29% , " " 33%
"! 64% (N. Cooper, "! " ." "). " " ,
" !" - $" ". ! *" ) ,* -
*" , !" #-."" ) , ! -
) $" ", " " " " ! , % * " ! " " &"
2.7. ( Xmax " % %! ") ! " , *"
! ' ( " ") !" ) " # " "" *" 50%
"' ! !"% ! ! -.") %! "( ! " ! .3.7a). &" 2.7 ! -
" " !" " " * , * " *" # # ' ! "! -
*" % ," # *" ! " ' ! + ") %! " ") -
! " . ( #" # ! # ! ( ! !-
" ! ! ." " , %! & #), " ") " ! !" " " " -
" ! " . + ! -."" ") "! ! -
# " " ! % ! ! ." # ' ' " ! " -
." " -* .
% # 2.7 % .
$ '
1/3 1000 10-20% 3-6
2/3 2000 50-70% 15-21
) 3000 100% 30
4 *," "% ." -. " "! " " # !"-

" " # ! , ," # % / "' , Xmin Xmax. !" " *" ! #
!"," " " # !"' "! ) $" , . " -
" + ! &- " " "-. # "! ( -
! "!, ! ") %! , ! " " ! "
! ! ." "). 0 ! .2.20 ! "!, % " ) # -
! " # , !" #-.") "!" , ! " 1400 (4600 ), -
!" " " '" ) " #. ! !"% ! ! "
1800 (6000 ), " # " " ) ".
" " , ! " ", *" ! *"
! , ' "' '.
.2.19. % .2.20. ) $,
( - ). .
2 !" " Xmax, ! %" % *" - " , -

-, ! # ! .2.21a. ! " ! " " *") " ,% "
3 "!% # ! " ' !" ! " # 3 "!% - !" " ' #
% "!" -."% #. " # )! , !" "-
# ) + , , " " , # ") " , '-
#. " " * Xmin Xmax.
.2.21a. , Xmax. XCRO = / .
.2.21b. -
! ( / -
– 50 ).
2.11.1 # #&
0 , " , ! " !"% ! ! , ."
*" "- - " " * , % $" ./ % " "
" $" ,* 3 * "! ! " " .
: Xmax " ,
$ , . . Xmax= + $ .
2.11.2 0
!# # , ! # ! ! ! #" # * ") ! -
" ! * )," , *" ") "! * ) ! " -
) ) " Xdirect ! ! ." !" " tNMO (! .2.21b), % ":
X direct = V LVL × (t NMO + t mute ) (2.49)
2 1/ 2
X direct (2.50)
t NMO = t +
2
V2
% " VLVL – ! !" " " * ") ! " , V – !" -

" ! * # ! "! * % $" , tmute – # -
" #( * 200 ), ! # !" #" ), ! " # !#-
) .
" " # tNMO:
2 1/ 2
X direct
X max < X direct = V LVL × t + 2
+ t mute
V2 (2.51)
- "! # ! %! " !", 3 ! " # # " *

Xdirect ! ' t, V, VLVL tmute. # !" " " # ' 3++" 2
"-. " # "! " ". "!+"!" & # !# )
" " " + " "
! !"' "! ' ! ', * ' , " ! " ". " ,* '! -
, " " ! " ' % ." " !# )
) "! " # ; " " ,3 ! "! ) " " -
! -.
2.11.3 0
( )
Xref, ! ! 3 "!% # !" " ' "!" " - #
3 "!% ") ! " ' "! ' " #', !" " #" # ! " " :
1/ 2
X2
X max < X ref = Vref × t + 2
2
+ t mute (2.52)
V
% " Vref – ! !" #-."% % ! 2 . Xref "% ,", *" Xdi-

rect (! .2.21b). " " , "!+"!" & # !# ) "% -
" , " %! *" #, " " "!+"!" & # !" " ' .
2.11.4 $ / #
4- # ! ", ! ) !" , " " " ! *" %

! " # XCRO # % #, " "! 3 "!% - !" -
" ' #3 % # (! .2.21b). !" " # " " !" " "
" ! " . %! * -."" " % # " -.
! :
Xmax>XCRO (2.53)
2.11.5 , /
# " " ! % ! ! ." # !" " #" # * " -

" ", ! " " - ! ! " ! ! ." ". "
! %! % " ! ! # " " ! &" ' !"-
" ) ! " " *" ' ' (Yilmaz, 1987, !.160, !. 3.6).
'" %! ") ! " -* " , ! "
- ! # " " ! % ! ! ." # " ," !" " % ( ! "!,
" "" 20%) !" " % ! "% $" :
∆f ∆t NMO
! # = = (2.54)
f t0
% " ∆f – " " " * , f – * , ∆ tNMO – ! ! ." " !" " , t0 –

!" # " # ! ! " . ! ! ." " !" "
! (Yilmaz, 1987):
2 1/ 2
x
∆t NMO = t ( x) − t (0) = t (0) 1 + −1
V NMO t ( x) (2.55)
2.11.6 $ , # #
"
Xdeep # )% ) / " !#" ! "! - ! *"-

% ! " #. 2 !" / " . ! , -
# # " -."" ":
Xmax>Xdeep (2.56)
2.11.7 % #
0" ' !"% ! ! XNMO:
X max > X NMO = V × [( dt ) 2 + 2 × dt × t 0 ]1 / 2 (2.57)
% " dt – !" " ) "! (1.5 ), t0 – !" # # % % %

$" .
2.11.8
Xmult !" " # # ! " " :
X max > X mult = V × [(dt ) 2 + 2 × dt × (t mult × 2)]1 / 2 (2.58)
% " tmult – !" # ! ' ( ! "!, 2 × t0), V – ! ! ' , dt –

!" " ) "! ! " Xmult. " #, " ,") "!", ! "! -
, ! " * * !!" ! - # ! # "! * '
' !" " ', " * ", " -
" # "" % "! .
2.11.9 $ , # AVO
!" " # !# , % " % ! " # $" -

* # % ,* " ) 3++" AVO ( " " " -
, " ! " % ). "
$" "- ! !" " " " , ! " *," ' # " -
# 3++" AVO. ! !". , AVO " " "-
# # (AVA).
2.11.10 0
!"% ! ! " * , #
"!" # Xmax + & . ! " # % # !"% ! ! -
- # ' ' " -. ( " " " -
,3 + ! &- # %" " ! *" ) !
Xmax.
" & –. 2
! "!" "- # " -. " " " ! " ! ( " ! -

*" '" & '):
." -. " "! " " ' ! ,"% *"

"- … ! 30
, " % " # 20 %! .
"!' " ! ! -. " % ! , " ' " #

! " # '! "- … 500
% $" 2000
" !" # ! "% $" 1.5
% + " 3000
Vint " !" " % ! 4200 /
fdom % % ! 50 1&
fmax % % ! 70 1&
! "! $" % ! 300
! % # '" .
% # :
) ! "! ' '= 15 30
# :
a) #! "! $" : B=300 ÷ 3=100

b) # "! )* : B=Vint ÷(4 × fmax × sin θ )
=4200 / ÷(4 × 70 1&× sin 20 ο)=44
c) #% ! ) ! !", -.") : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom)=
4200 / ÷ (N × 50 1&)=21-42
! "! =30 × 30
RI=60
SI=60
% # Xmin:
RLI=
SLI=
Xmin=(RLI2+SLI2)1/2=
% # Xmute:
*" %! " ") ! " NC= ! × SLI × SI

2
÷ B =____________
*" ! " ' ! + ")________
*" ! + ________
! "! ! " ! % ! + #________
! "! ! " "!"* % ! + #_______
' ! "! *" " ," "=! "! %! ") ! " -
! " "!"* % ! + # ÷ ! "! %! ") ! " -
! " ! % ! + #
1
Xmax= × [(! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! %
2
! + #)2+(! "! %! ") ! " ! " "!"* %
2 1/2
! + #) ]
'
! ! " ! % ! + #=RLI ÷ (2 × SLI)=

1
! ! " "!"* % ! + #= NRL=
2
# ! =
– 2( % )
3 ! "!" "- # " -. " " " ! "! :
# # -
… 30
20 .
# " ,
" … 1500
$ 6000
$ 1.5
10 000
Vint " 14 000 /
fdom " 50 +%
fmax " 70 +%
" $ " 1000
- " .
% # :
a) " $ : B=1000 ÷ 3=333

b) " : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )
=14000 / ÷ (4 × 70 +%× sin 20 ο)=146
c) " " # : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom)=
=14000 / ÷ (N × 50 +%)=70-140
" =110 × 110
RI=220
SI=220
!" " # " * Xmin:
RLI=
SLI=
Xmin=(RLI2+SLI2)1/2
% # Xmute:
NC= × SLI × SI ÷ (B2 × U)=____________

________
________
" ________
" _______
= " -
÷ "
1
Xmax= × [( "
2
)2+( " -
)2]1/2
=RLI ÷ (2 × SLI)=
1
= NRL=
2
=
' 2
) " -. ' + ! #" ! ! " ! -

% ! + # ! " "!"* % ! + #( " ! " !
%! ") ! " - # " " " ))?
! - "!"*
! + - ! + -
a. Xmax / )
b. RLI # " " ! " ! -
+ #
!" " ' -
" %
Xmute
. NRL *" ! " ' ! + ")
d. SLI # " " ! ! -
+ #
e. Bs, Br "!
f. NC *"
3
. " % %
# $
3.1 ( (4(0 ( 5 0
0 ! .3.1 ," " " . -

) * "! !" " * " ! * –
") ! " ; ! " &" ! ) ! - " '
!. # ! , ! -. # , "" (! # " -
* ") ! " ) ( " " 0ο %
(compass angle)) * – ") ! " . 2 !"' "! # $"
", ), " * .
0 ! !" " " " " ! # ," "% #"
! . ! " ,") ! ! !" " " " ' , " #. " "
!" # ! "! ! !" " " - '
;3 "%* " ! *" ! # ! ! " ! ! -
." " *" " *,") ' ! "! ! #. ' ) -
" ! " # " - "! '* # % , ! " -
' ' "!' ") "' , # * .
. 3.1. $ ,
# ) %.
.3.2. – !
.
0 ! .3.2 " ! " # -

" . ) ! –3 , *" , ! ' -
! "! *" ! , ! " ! - 3 . "!-
# % ! " " * , %! -
# !" #" " " ! , " . ! % ,
"! # %! # , !" #- " * . !"-
% "! !" " " " , ! ' * " ! " "' ' -
.( " "" ! "- " ,3 * " #
, ! ' ! %% & " , * * .
7 * ! " ! . , " " " , " " # ! !"-

" " " ' '. ! &" %! & !
". - 3 "!% - ! " ! -. ' . " -
" , " -* " # " ! !" " " " ",
'! !" " " « !" » ,! "! ! ) !" " #" # )
8!" " # ( . " 3.4).
.3.3. # .
.3.4. – -
(1- * ; 2- ; 3- ; 4- " )
0 ! .3.3 ! %) " ! " # -

". 1 ! ) , – *" ; "! ) ,
– . !" " "! ) ). ! " "-
#*") , !" #-. " , ! ) * ! " #
! "! " %! . " # 3 ! " * -
" *" ! !" " " % - ". #
#*") ! ," " " , ! "- , ! )
" ) .
0 ! " , " ! "! !" " " "
) *" &" , ! * &" , *"
! ' ! *" , " " !" ' ( "! -
"). # "! ,! ' "! " %! , ! " " !
4 " ,". " " , "" ! &" - , ! #
* " - " * ! " &" .
# " # % V # " -."% V !
, ! " " ! % ) $" ". 2 !" " Xmin, " -
* * , " ) " ) !" , % " ! % " # "!' "-
-."% V ( ! "!, " 200 ). 9 ! &" ! ! "-
' " ' ! + #', * * , - " * Xmin. *-
! " " " " ! ! !" " "
! .3.3 " ) 750 " -*" " ' " '
! + ") !" " %! ") ! " . # &" ") ! %
, " " 3 ! "!" -* - # " -
# "' . ,! ) ) *" "! " ( % " , .".
0.5 × 0.5 " ).
3.2 ( (4(0 ( /
! " ,"" # ", ! !" " " " -

, ! !" " " " ! .( ' ! "! *" " ," "
%! ") ! " " "" 0.5, " " ! " "
! !" " " " . ' ) " ! " ! "-
) " # " # " " ), #. ' -
, ! * ) ! ' # #" # ! # / . " *" " ' ! "-
! *" % ," # 0.6-1 !", " " ! " . > ! ,"" ! !" "-
" " %! ! " ,* + ! &# "' % , ! " ! -
! #, " -*" .
0 ! .3.4 #! ) " ( *" # %! ) ! "-
# ) ! , ! # ! " !" ") * . )
* * " " * ( &" * ) " ! "-
* ") ! " . 4 * "% * " # * &" !"
" # " !" ' * '; " " , 3 ! " " "
" ! ! !" ' *" . *") , ! - # " -
% , % ") $" , ! ) !" " * ,!
"! "! .
3.3 / 05 ( 6 / 05 ( @(/
* " " , ! $" " -

" # " ' ! "! *" % ," # !"% ! ! -.") %! ") -
! " . > ! "! *" " ," " !" " #" # ," "
! "! ! - ) ! "! - ) . "% ! ! -. " %! ") ! " -
, ! ' ' ! "! *" " ," " " ," 0.5, * - # -
. ! ' ! "! *" ," " ," 0.5, * - #
, ! .
" %! ") ! " - "" ! "! "
! !" " " " . , " " #, 3 %! "-
%! *" ) . '" *" , " $" "-
") " ! !" " " " , ' " "! (! .3.5a);
, " ! %! + # , " " % ! , -
' ' - " # " " (! .3.5b). " %! *,"
' # # &" ") AVO DMO, " * " * " ' " " )
! %! ! " (Lansley, 1994).
6 ! " $"
(+ ! %! ") ! "
+ ! " ! ) "- "-
") " ! !" " " " -
" x, % " " ' -
" * " # (! .3.5c).
" ! %! + # ,
" " % ! , ! !" " "-
" # * ")
(! .3.5d). 6 ! " $"
*," ' # # ! % -
, " # ! ' , !"-
," # *" ' ! ""
! ) ! ! " ) !-
! !" . 9 %! # #- #
'" *" , !" ' '
% " " " " # ! -
.3.5. -
! - !" " " .
.X= .
" ! " #, "-. " &" - ! " ! ! ! * #
" ) , ! ) !"% ! & ") '. 0 ! .3.6, 3.7
3.8 ! - # , ! # !"% ! & #, % " " # %!
") ! " , #. # 12 ! + ") 60 * - " #
! + ( " # – a, c, e), # !"% ! & #, % " %!
") ! " 6 ! + ") 120 * - " # ! -
+ ( ! # – b, d, f). > ! "! *" " ," # !" " "
"! # # " * - " # (60 ) ! # # " ! -
" ! + # (240 ), ! " " 0.80 0.20.
*" ") ! " %! " "
" # , # ! ' * #' !"% ! & '
(! .3.6a, b) ! 30 (! .3.6c, d). !" "! " " " " " ! -
, ! ) % " ," ! " ! - ) # )
%! ") ! " (! .3.6d). ! !" " " (1500 )
* " " ," # ) %! ( ! .3.6e, 3.6f , ! -
# #). ! " " ! !" " " # " , * -
# %! "! ! , ! "! " " , *" , -
! ) %! " (! .3.7a, 3.7b). ! 3 !" % " #, * %! "
" # " *" ") ! " . !" ) *" !
) %! ! ! " ", ! ) %! -
(! .3.7a) ! " , . 6 ! ' " %! (! .3.7c,
3.7d) " " " ! " (! .3.7e, 3.7f) - ,* "-
" " *," , ! ) %! .9 # " ") -
" " #! # ) ! – ! !, ! # " ! -
!" " " " ") ! " . *" ! , #. ) , -
" ,* #, ! ) %! ") ! " ! !" " " " ! -
* – ") ! " # #" # "" ! "! (! .3.8a, 3.8b). !"-
" " " # 3 ) %! " #" # "", *" # )
%! (! .3.8c, 3.8d). %! -! ! .3.8e 3.8f, #&" , -
" " ! # " # !" " " ) ! * –
") ! " ! !" " " ( # ") $" )
+ ! ) ' ! "! ) %! ") ! " .
3.4 4 85 (0
! , ! #. " !"' "! " ! ,* - # !"% -

! & ,"" *" , *" 3 " ' . 3 ! '
!"% ! & # Xmax !" " !" " % Xmute. ! !" " " ! "!
%! ") ! " " " * * " ! #.
( !" " # , ! # $" , !", , " ' ! "-
! *" " ," " # %! ") ! " " *, . -
#. ) " , " " # ! %! ' ! "! -
*" ," " 1.0; 3 * " ,* ! "! - ) ! " ! "! ! -
) . ! ! " * ) . ( .".=1.0) ! Xmute,
! ) !" #" " #( , ) ! ) ! % ! .3.9). (
%! ") ! " -! " !" " 3 ) ! -
, 27% %! " - # # !"% ! & ', ! ",
!"" "% , " . 0" !# ,* 3 % " "-
! - &" # ' !" " ' , "
, % *" * ' " ! %. !"% -
! ! ) Xmax 2 ! ,", *" !" " ) Xmute.
.3.6. 1 – . a.
! , b. , c. ! -
, d. , e. ! -
1500 , f.
1500 .
.3.7. 1 – .
a. ! – , b. -
– , c. ! –! , d. -
–! , e. ! -
– , f. –
.
.3.8. 1 – .
a. ! – , b. -
– , c. ! – , d. -
– , e. ! -
– - , f. – - .
! %) ! , " , %! ") ! " , *

- " #( *" ! ).
")* Xmax "!#" # % %! , 3 %! ! "
64% . $" ( .". . , % ! % ! % ). 9 ! -
%# ! ) "3++" ; "" # , " ! , ! " ! -
%- # ', ' " ) & " #. 3 -
* ", !"% ! ! ) Xmax ! " !" " Xmute. 0" ! "
! - ! "! %! ") ! " ,! )! "! , % ! -
% ! ,* !"% ! ! Xmute "' ! " #'.
. , % ! % ! " !" , " . % "-
% ! , " %! ") ! " ." " ! * - #
! ! .
! 85 ! &" !" #" ) ! !" " #"
' ! "! *" " ," " %! ") ! " ," - !"-
" ) " * " Xmute. 9 ! ) & * ! % ' -
!"% ! ! ' ! " ' % *" . ! ! -
" " -. ! (! .3.10):
1. !" " " !" " - " * Xmute.

2. "! " ! " - ) Xr, ! ) 0.85 × Xmute.
3. "! " ! " ! - ) Xs, ! ) 0.85 ×
Xr=0.72 × Xmute.
# !" % ! "! , % " Xmute=2000 (6600 )

! # # - )
Xr=85% × Xmute=1700 (5610 )
! # # ! - )
Xs=85% × Xr=1445 (4730 )
' ! "! *" " ," "
Xs ÷ Xr=85%
.3.10. 0 ,
.3.9. 85 .
Xmute.
! " # . %! ") ! " " ! -

! Xmute " * " # 64% 78%. " " !" *" % -
% Xmute ' # , " , #* %! ( ! "!, #
%! , #.") 6 ! + "), *" ! , !" , --
. Xmute, #" " "" 2.5%). " " ! " " ! + , -
! "! " ,", *" 3 ) %! ), ,") * - ' -
# # " ! " % Xmute. " " , "" # !
%! ! " ! ! " - ) . / " !" -
# " ! # % ! "! *" ! %' ! " ) ! " ! -
# !"' "! ' ! . "% ! ! " ) Xmute 1.13 ! ," !"-
" % Xmute; "! # , " " " # " " *
' ' " ' ! " ' ! + ").
," # " ! * . # ! .3.9 -
" %! + ! .3.11. ! ) ! %! Xmute "" " * - .
(100% ! 100% Xmute) – , # ! # #. !" ) ! % "% & "
! 0.71 Xmute "! 50% . ,"% ! % . ( %! ") -
! " - ! " !" " ' Xmute ( !" ) !
"% & " ! .3.9), ! #, -. # "" . , #" # -
y = x 2 ! 0.71 Xmute. . 3 ) " ,") %! "% & " #-
" 64% " * ) . ( ! ) ! %).
.3.11. .3.12. 2 3 ( Yilmaz, 1987).

Xmute.
(1- ", ) ! ( ! – wasteland); 2-
", ) ! %; 3- !" ) ! ; 4- !" )
! %; 5- " " " ! – ! !; 6-
! &" " * ) . ; 7- ! 85 ! -
&" )
! %) ! , " %! ") ! " - ! -

" " ! % ! % ! Xmute ( ! ) ! ,"% ! "!
! .3.9), ! # -. # "" . , #" # y = x2 !
100% Xmute. . 3 ) %! ,"% ! "! ! 127% " * )
. .9 ! ," . %! " ,"% ! "! , % " -
" #- 141% " #. " " ,"
! ") ! " " ! ) %! , ! ) Xmax "-
!#" # ! " ! ' ! + "), !" " # " ," ") -
! " , *" # %! Xmax, "!" % .
1! ") ! " , %" " # ! 85 ! &" , -
! " 78% " * ) . ( ! % ! % ! Xmute). 1! , -
*" # " " &" , ! " . , ! # 22% ," -
% "% ! ( ! " ! .3.10). 1! , -. # ! 85%,
!" #" ) *" ' ! ,"" ! " !"," ", % " !"% ! ! "-
" " #- 113% !" " ) " #. -
# '" " "* " * " *" , ' ,
" " , " ! .
3.5 0 8 (0(4
8!" " # – 3 * -.") "!' , ! ! % -

! " # 3 "!% # " * ") ! " , ! # " "" *"
* " # + " - ) ! % ) 3 "!% , ! " -
) !" " ' 3 % * (Sheriff, 1991). 0 ! .3.12, 3 "!% #, ! ! ! -
#-. # # * S * " ! !" " 0, # #" # "!'
!" " t 0 = 2 × Z 0 ÷ V ave . 9 "!% #, ! " # * A A`, %"
") ! " * " 0 !" " t1 = 2[( Z 0 ÷ V ave ) + (λ ÷ 4V ave )] . # 3 "!-
% #, # #-. # # *"!" !" # (t0-t1), "!+"! ! " " " .
! -. ) AA` " # "! ) ) 8!" " # (Sheriff, 1991).

" * ! " #, ! " - 3 , * * - # "! -
* ! - " "!' " . "! ) 8!" " # RF
# "! -.") " ! ! " -.
! :
2 1/ 2 1/ 2
λ Z 0 × λ λ2
RF = Z0 + −Z 2
0 = + (3.1)
4 2 16
!" " "),") ! & * " :
1/ 2 1/ 2
Z0 ×λ t × V ave V ave
RF ≅ = 0 × (3.2)
2 2 2 f dom
1/ 2
1 t0
R F ≅ V ave (3.3)
2 f dom
% " fdom – ! ! " # !" -. # * . ! "" '* -

' 8!" " # " * " #, ! "" '* ' " , -
" #. 9 " " ' Yilmaz (1987). # , * % 0,
+ ! 8!" " # - # " ! ! . Lindsey (1989) -
" ,* 8!" " # " " , " # # " ' ! -
!, ' ! + , " " * " # # ! &-
" ' ! !, ' . ." * ", 3 3++" ! %
!# , -*" " * #, % ! "! ! ! "" !#
% ).
"! # . 8!" " # ZF !" " #" #
λ V ave
ZF = = (3.4)
4 4 f dom
( ! 3 !" " , . 8!" " # TF !" " #

2×λ
λ
TF = 4 = (3.5)
V ave 2V ave
%" λ – !" -.") * .

" ! 8!" " # !" " #" % ! - ! !", -. - -
"!" %! & "). " " +! % ! ' , %! #
! !", -. # " !" " " ! *"-
# ' " ' +! % ! ' . %! & # – 3 ! &" ,
! )! ! , " +! % ! " ," " % ,* -
%! & # , " ! ! " - ! !", -. - . . ,
%! & # ". " - " # * ! " #. " -
" , 8!" " # " , " # (Yilmaz, 1987). / %! & # !"' "! ' -
' !" # " ! 8!" " # ! " !"-
-.") , % %! & # "! ' ' #"
3 ! " ") *" % ! + #.
/ %! & # " " " " ! "+ %! & !"' "! )
$" , * 8!" " # ' # "" !" " . 9 ! "-
+ " , % " !" - # % . .
! " " " ," " " # '! *"
% . Knapp (1991) !" ." " !" " " " 8!" " #
#, ! ' % , ! " %! ! " ! ) -
! " % % . Bruhl !. (1996), ! # '! *"-
), ) , ! ) % , !" " , * %! & ( "!-
)) 8!" " # " " " - % ! # 3 "!-
% . Bruhl ! (1996) ! ! ! &" & - Knapp « # #» (zone
of influence), ! "! * , ! ) %! ! " ! ) -
, . !" " " -, # # !" #-
" ) * ! -.") "!' , # ! % ! " !"-
" " ! "% ! " ) !" " " ! "% !" " )
" ," ( " ). 9 !" " " " " #"
! " ) ' % . 4- " %! *" " * ! -
-.") "!' ! , " ,"% # #, ! "
" " - ! " % ," - ' .
3.6 8 1 005 ( 405
+! % ! " - ! !" ' %! & ! -

-.") "!' , ! ," ) " !"! , ' ! . +! -
%! " ! ! ! #- # " !" " ! " -
"! " #! . . %! & , " ' # # '
3 ' +! % ! ' , #" # "!' , !" " ) # -
" ."% ! " # ! !" . " " , ! *" . %! &
" * ! " ! # !"' "! ' ! .
% 3 "!% # * %" *"* % ! ," # " !"!
% " ( *"* % +! % ! -."% $" ), ! * ! -
" ) 3 "!% "!' " % . % ") ! " ! -
" "!' , !"% ! ! " ! " - , " -. -
!" " ! ' " # 3 "!% * +! % ! -." $" -
!" # ! ! ! " # "!'. "' 3 ' ! " ) ! -
" % ! + # " % %! + +! % ! ) , ! ) "
"!" ) .
. "!, " % %! + +! % ! ) . ),
! ) ) *" "! !" -.") * (
"! !" " " ! "% , ! " & !" -.")
* ), * " # "! ) ) 8!" " #. ! % " * % %! -
+" +! % ! ) " - ! * * , ! "
+! % ! -."% $" "!' ! ! * ' % '. " " -
,* % %! + "" "!, " " % ! " -
#, * % %! + , ' !" " ' ! "% " - ,
% ! " #.
" %! & , % %! + +! % ! ) ( !"' "! ! -
! " * "" + ! ) " # " " * ) -
, ,", ) * !" "
! ! ", ! # " #, ! ) % .( "
* % %! + +! % ! ) , " "
" " , %! ! # "! # + " "!
- ! ) 3 "!% .
" * "! ) 8!" " # % %! + +! % ! -
) " ! " 70% 3 "!% - %! ! % !"-
( 8!" " # " " % ! " # ! " 15 ο).
" " ' ! % %! + % ! " # 30 ο " ! -
" 95% - %! ! % !" (! .3.13). * # " -
* ( ! "!, 95%, 96%,… ) ! ") % +! % ! -. '
$" . # *" # " % !" %! & " # " -
- !"% ! ! % %! + +! % ! ) .
3.7 4 = :/ 1
/ %! & # " ' # %, * " %! !

# " " " ! !" ". ! ! " ! %! & $" ,
. ) ! " *" , * + ! !
. %! & . " * " *" ) . " # "
) " - ! ! -. !" " # ) ! -
-, . %! & , " ' # # ' %! , !" " #" -
# ! " " :
MA = Z tan θ (3.6)
% " MA – . %! & , Z – % , θ – % ( )
! -.") "!' ).
.3.13. .3.14. 1 ,
. " -
, -
( Bee ., 1994).
!" ,* * # #- # !# .( ' !"% ! ! -

! # " %! % " 2000 (6500 ), ! ) -
" % ο
20 , 3-D %! 728 (2366 ) *" "
. %! & . # %, * ' *, " -. )
ο
30 , ! ) ' - ", -- * % %! + , . %! &
" " "" Z × tan 30 ο=0.58 × Z – ! .3.13 ( ," ! " " -
! "!", 0.58 × 2000 =1155 0.58 × 6500 =3753 ). 9
" !" " #" !" " - . %! & , " !" , "
30 ο . &" 3.1 "! # # " *" # . %! & #
10, 20 30 %! , ! "! ) +! & # #" # %! * -.
+ ! . 0 ! ", ! " # * ! ' # ! -
! " !"," " " . %! & . ( !" -
, * * # #- # ! " , . %! & " , " #
(! .3.14; Bee !., 1994), " ! ' . ! ! -
*" " ! "! . %! & " " * " " " # ! ")
% ). ! " " *") ! -.") # ! -.") "!'
% " " * !" " !" " - . %! & !" " -
" #-.") # ! -.
: . # % , -
:
1) # " -
% ,
2) ! , " , ,
30 ο,
3) ! " &
! " #, " ! .3.15, %- !" " "! -

! !", -. - ( *" "! !" -.") * -
) %! - ! !", -. - ( " ! 8!" " #
! "! ). ! % " ! " # #- ! ! "! , " ' -
) # ! "
# !" " ) )* ! !" " " ' % ' -
" . "! $" ! * " # " . , ! #
! " - . %! & .
3.8 1 0 1 0 4 = @(/
!% & # %! & # " ! " ! #, ! ) !"-

" #" , ! . %! & ! . " ) !" #"
) * %! &" $" , % " "!" %! & ") " % #
( # )) ! .2 " * " " " " %! *"-
) ! !" " " * ) ! %! & " ." "
" , )! "! $" .
% # 3.1 # #& -
.
! " "% 30% ) 3-D . , "

# ! ' $" .0 " , ' $" '3 " * " ! !&
! " , " " " , " 3-D $" , ! " % !" *"-
# ! # "% 2.5 2 ( ) . ), " ! % #. . '"
%! ") ! " ( , " " , ! ) * "
! * ) ! " #' ! " ' ! ' ! + "),
% " # # , !" " *"% . %! -
& " #" # " #. *" ! # ) !
! # # 1 " 2. 0 ! .3.16 ! "! ! " ) . 3-D
! &" ' ) . #% $" 2000 (6500 + )
, ! ! 200 1600 ( 660 5280 ).
." * ", ! ! " !"" ! " ! -
) , " " ! " - ) . " 3 # -
'" , ! ! " ! - ) !#
! !& " ! ! - ) . # !" " " ' * " %" " !
! ! " ! " . " % ! !" " " #
") ! " . ! " & # %! ") ! " " -
! $" " ." " " # " ! .
.3-15. , 3 .
4- - 3-D $" " " ! ! #. - !"'

(! .3.17). "! # ( !" ##) !" #" ) "! !" -
! . " ! , -. " 3 , * # !
- %! ! . 9 ! " #, ! ) "! !" !
" %! * " # "" *" "
# %" % *" ) "! !" & . ! # ( !" ##) # #" # ! !
! % !" ") ( ! " #). " !" *" ,, ! 3 % ! -
! ! . %! & , " #" # ! '
! ' ! . / %! & # "!" ". " , -* 3 "!% 3 ' !
%! & !" ") ( ! " #). !" # ( ", ##) !" -
#" ) ! ! ! % !" ") , "" , ! –3 ! -
. 3 ! !" "' %! ". " * ") ! "
! , * * " !" ") ( ) ! ) " "* -
# ! . "! « !% & # %! &» (edge management) -
* " - !% & - '" 3 ' !"' . ! *-
"% "- " .
.3.16. & 3-D

.
.3.17. %
, .
.3.18. .
(1- # ! " %! & ; 2- #
! "!" %! & "); 3- 0" # !
"!" %! & "); 4- ! 3 )
, # # " %! ! ) ; 5,6-
"! ! %! & ; 7- 8!" " #; 8-
! ; 9- 95% 3 "!% ; 10- 1 %! + +! % -
! ) )
0"
# " , * ! !" ") " " " .
7 "" " " ! "! % " " - " # !-
% ! ! ." #, 3 " %! ! - # ," % !
! " .( ", ") %! & ! ) "! -
" ! , , ), " !" ") " "! ""
" ! ( " " , % " "), ' ! , ) !"
%! & %! &" !" ") ( ! " #) " #
"' % '.
" " " !" # % 30 %! # "
% ' '. # " , " ! "! . %! &
(! .3.18). ! " ) ! - % ! " " #
", ") %! & !" ") . 9 ! " - "
30-%! * % %! + +! % ! ) , " -
% 3 "!% %! &" !" ") ( ! " #).
: / # % " " -
" & " -
(full-fold taper).
9 ! * " , * ! "!" "." %! & * -

! " # ! " * % ! 8!" " # ! # #- #
! , ,", %! &" $" , # # " ! .
2 ." "% , . %! & ! ", - #, * -
" ) ! '" - # " ! " # . 9 "! -
" " # %- 3 ! " ! - ! " ".
3.9 4 2( (/ (4 0 (
' ! # "! ( . # !" ## * ).

3 "!% #, ! # ! . " # ! -.") "!' , " # "
' * ,! " ) "!" " " * ") ! -
" . / %! & # ". " ! ' " # " " 1
( .") % ) * ). ' ! , ". " # #
* $" , " ! , % - " %! & . 9
&" & # *" # ! " # -* " ! 1. ! " " *
!"' "! ! ! " #" . 1 .
4 *" " " ! " (! .3.19) " * ", " %" %#
-. ' " ) # #" # "" ), " " %! -
# " , * " # # ! " ! # 3-D. * " ! -
"! & ), % " " " ! " " * , #-
" ,! , ! -. " "! " ! " %! -
& . !" " % " ! #, " ! "! "-
" * , " " # %! - % ! !" . 0 !" " " -
' * ' $" , ! # " " * ") ! "
" " # #, " "* # ! " " . #', ' ! -
! ," (Neff Rigdon, 1994). "- # " - "! " ! -
%! # &" ! !" " " # ! , " ' ) # "." #
) ! ! ! ! ) !" " (Cain !., 1998). * -
" # "." " ' %! (! .3.19) # ' * " , -
! .3.19. 0" ! "+ % # ' ." " ". - -
#, * ", " "! !" & . 9 ! %! % ! * #-
" " #-.") # ! ! !" " " # .
.3.19. 4 , / $ - .3.20. -
3-D . .
3.10 4 0
# -* " !" " " #.

- "! ', "! " " !" # ! "% % $"
" "% *" ." -. ' 2-D '. - ! ', -
! # ! , * !"% ! & # +! & )
! , " ) % $" , ! " "!" -
- ( * "+ " ), ! % ) # %! & .
Margrave (1997) . 3 " # * " # ) !
(! .3.21), ,* " " ""
2Z
t=
V cos θ (3.7)
%" θ - % ! " # " "! ) - !"% -

! ! -. ") ! " .
.3.22a. - -
: -
, -
.3.21. - t - ,
θ ( Margrave, 1997). Xmax=2500 , t=3.0 , V=3500 / , B=20 , f=60
( Margrave, 1997).
- !" ', ' ' " " * ! ! ." # !" "

# ! " ' ! ' .0 "&, % !" # *" " -
! 100 , # ! ! #- "." 100-200 . " -
" , # % ,", *" ! " !" # ! "-
% $" .
0 ! "!, !" , * ." -. " 2-D " -
!" # % %! 1.5 . !" ", * !" " # !
+ " ( !" # 2.5 ). « ! #» +! & (diffraction tails) - !" # -
500 , !" " ) %, !" % " #, #" 300 , #
% 400 , *" " ! - 100 , -
# ! ! - 100 200 . > # 3 !" # " "!"-
! - #, ! 3.5 4.0 " .
" ! "% "% , "
* "," ", *" ! %" " .( " " " -
" ! " " " ! *" ) " , % " "-
*" " " " " ! &" !"% ! & ', -
" % ! + ! &# " " "-
!" ) * - " #. 9 %! *" " % !# "-
"!," # " ).
Margrave (1997) ! !" ,
, !" " ) ) -
Xmax # " " ! ! " '
"! ' * %! * - -
) % ! " #, ! ) -
" !"% ! ! # * # -
# ) ! !# ' *")
(! .3.22a), " # * # ! ,
.3.22b. - " #-.") # % ) Vz, ! -
- " ' *") (! .3.22b). " ! -
: ,
-
" " ! # ! %' ")
, Xmax=2500 , ! "), !" " !"% ! & , -
t=3.0 , V=1500 / +0.6 × Z / ,, B=20 , f=60 ' ,! "! -
( Margrave, 1997).
'* .
3-D – . 3( )
3 ! "!" "- # " -. " " " ! " ! :
." -. " "! " " ' ! ,"% *"

"- … ! 30
, " % " # 20 %! .
! ! -. " % ! "!' ") * ! !" ,

" ' " # ! " # '! "- … 500
% $" 2000
" !" # ! "% $" 1.5
% + " 3000
Vint " !" " %! 4200 /
fdom % %! 50 1&
fmax % %! 70 1&
! "! $" %! 300
! % # '" .
% # :
) ! 2-D '= 15 30
# :
d) #! "! $" : B=300 ÷ 3=100

e) # "! )* : B=Vint ÷(4 × fmax × sin θ )
=4200 / ÷(4 × 70 1&× sin 20 ο)=44
f) # %! ) ! !", -.") : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom)=
4200 / ÷ (N × 50 1&)=21-42
! "! =30 × 30
RI=60
SI=60
% # Xmin: 500
RLI=360
SLI=360
Xmin=(3602+3602)1/2=509
(467 ,! ! "! "!" "*" ! + "))
% # Xmute: 2000
%! ") ! " 8 × 60 2880 × 3600

*" =480
' ! "! *" " ," "=2880 ÷ 3600=0.80
1
Xmax= × (28802+36002)1/2 =2305
2
'
! - ) =60 × 60 ÷ (2 × 360)=5
! ! - ) =8 ÷ 2=4
# ! =20
1
! 8!" " #= × Vave × ( " !" # ! "% $" -
2
÷ fdom)1/2=
3 "!% # +! %! ) =0.58 × % $" =
. %! & =% $" × tan ( % )=
! - ) =[( ! - ) ÷ 2)–0.5] × SLI=
! ! - ) =[( ! ! - ) ÷ 2)–0.5] × RLI=
(FT+FZ)< # . %! & <(FT+MA)
!" " " " # TMA ( ) . %! & )=
FT – !
FZ – 8!" " #
MA – . %! &
– 3( % )
, # " :
# # -
… 30
20 .
# " " ",

" … 1500
$ 6000
$ 1.5
10 000
Vint " 14 000 /
fdom " 50 +%
fmax " 70 +%
" $ " 1000
- " .
2-D = 15 30
c) " $ : B=1000 ÷ 3=333

d) " : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )
=14000 / ÷ (4 × 70 +% × sin 20 ο)=146
c) " " # : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom)=
=14000 / ÷ (N × 50 +%)=70-140
" =110 × 110
RI=220
SI=220
Xmin: ≈ 1500
RLI=880
SLI=1320
Xmin=(8802+13202)1/2 =1586 (1434 ,
" )
% # Xmute: ≈ 6000
10 × 48 8800 × 10560
=480
=8800 ÷ 10560=0.83
1
Xmax= × (88002+105602]1/2 =6873
2
- =48 × 220 ÷ (2 × 1320 )=4

- =10 ÷ 2=5
=20
! :
1
" & = × Vave × ( $ -
2
÷ fdom)1/2=
, =0.58 × $ =
# % = $ × tan ( )=
- =[( - ÷ 2)–0.5] × SLI=
- =[( - ÷ 2)–0.5] × RLI=
(FT+FZ)< # % <(FT+MA)
" TMA ( # % )=
3-D – ( )
3 ! "!" "- # " -. " " " ! " ! :
." -. " "! " " ' ! ,"% *"

"- … ! 30
, " % " # 20 %! .
! ! -. " % ! "!' ") * ! !" ,

" ' " # !" # '! "- … 500
% $" 2000
" !" # ! "% $" 1.5
% + " 3000
Vint " !" " %! 4200 /
fdom % %! 50 1&
fmax % %! 70 1&
! "! $" %! 300
! % # '" .
% # :
) ! 2-D '= 15 30
# :
a) #! "! $" : B=300 ÷ 3=100

b) # "! )* : B=Vint ÷(4 × fmax × sin θ )
=4200 / ÷(4 × 70 1&× sin 20 ο)=44
c) #% ! ) ! !", -.") : B=
4200 / ÷ (N × 50 1&)=21-42
! "! =30 × 30
RI=60
SI=60
% # Xmin: 500
RLI=360
SLI=360
Xmin=(3602+3602)1/2=509
(467 ,! ! "! "!" "*" !+ "))
% # Mutes: 2000
%! ") !" 8 × 60 2880 × 3600

*" =480
' ! "! *" " ," "=2880 ÷ 3600=0.80
1
Xmax= × (28802+36002)1/2 =2305
2
'
! - ) =60 × 60 ÷ (2 × 360)=5
! ! - ) =8 ÷ 2=4
# ! =20
:
1
! 8!" " #= × 2666 / × (1.5 ÷ 50 1&)1/2=231
2
3 "!% # +! % ! ) =0.58 × 2000=1155
. ο
%! & =2000 × tan 20 =728
! - ) =[( ! - ) ÷ 2)–0.5] × SLI=2.0 × 360 =720
! ! - ) =[( ! ! - ) ÷ 2)–
0.5] × RLI=1.5 × 360=540
!" " " " # TMA ( ) . %! & )= 771 1875
– ( % )
, # " :
# # -
… 30
20 .
# " " ",

" … 1500
$ 6000
$ 1.5
10 000
Vint " 14 000 /
fdom " 50 +%
fmax " 70 +%
" $ " 1000
- " .
2-D = 15 30
a) " $ : B=1000 ÷ 3=333

b) " : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )
=14000 / ÷ (4 × 70 +%× sin 20 ο)=146
c) " " # : B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom)=
=14000 / ÷ (N × 50 +%)=70-140
" =110 × 110
RI=220
SI=220
Xmin: ≈ 1500
RLI=880
SLI=1320
Xmin=(8802+13202)1/2 =1586 (1434 ,
" )
% # Xmute: ≈ 6000
10 × 48 8800 × 10560
=480
=8800 ÷ 10560=0.83
1
Xmax= × (88002+105602]1/2 =6873
2
- =48 × 220 ÷ (2 × 1320 )=4

- =10 ÷ 2=5
=20
! :
1
" & = × 8000 / × (1.5 ÷ 50 +%)1/2=693
2
, =0.58 × 6000 =3464
# % =6000 × tan 20 ο=2184
- =[( - ÷ 2)–0.5] × SLI=1.5 × 1320
=1980
- =[( - ÷ 2)–0.5] × RLI=2 × 880
=1760
" TMA ( # % )= 2453
5444
! " ! 1 "3
1. ) $" " " " !" *" " # ! AVO: , ! -

) )?
2. ( ' 3 "!% +! % ! ) , , )
. %! & ?
3. . %! & " "! "! " ! -
$" ?
4. 0 " ! " !"% ! & ' "! . " # '
'.
4
0 - , ,
%
4.1 74 - >(/ ( 3D
1 '2 3 !
# ! "! ! % ! " !"' "! '
! . " ) 3
! "!" !# !
# # !"," # ' ! , ! -
" # , * ! " ! #. & 2.1 " * #
) % ", . " ! "! , ! " % -
# !" " " # " -*" ' ! " ! ! " !"' "! ' ! :
! ,! "! , Xmin, Xmax, . %! & , ( ) ! -
, !" " !"% ! & . !" " " ' " ! " ! # !"' "! )
$" ! " " &" 4.1. ( " " " !" " " ' "
! " ! , ' # ' *! " !" !" . ' "! '
! . , " ! # " ! &" .
% # 4.1. 0 #
!" " " " -. " ! " ! , ' # *! " ." -. '
"! ' ") *" ' ':
! "! ' '' ! ,"% *"
, )
" " # ! ' %! "!' ") * ! !" , " ' ' # -

! " # )
% $" & # " #
" !" # ! "% $"
" " #% + " & # " #
Vint " !" " %!
fdom % %!
fmax % %!
! "! $" %!
. , ! # - ! "
" ! " #
7 - '" , ! " " # &" 4.1, , " * " # #-
" #'! , ' . " "% #, " ' !
* %! *" #, " "!' " #, &" ! #
! * !" " # . # , ) $" , ! * " !" " #
!" " # % !" " * " ) ! '" .
"" # " ! "% ) ! " # (1 5), ! " % -
", !" " " ' & #'. ) %! + " #
! % ' '" , , " * " "% ! #
! % ' '" .
4.2 0 05 ( 0(0 3-D – 05 ( 7 05
" ! " # 3-D % ! " " & ' " -. '

! " ! :
SD – *
NC – *" !"% ! ! -. ' %! " ") ! "
B–! "!
Xr – ! "! %! ") ! " - )
Xs – ! "! %! ") ! " ! - )
RLI – "! " ! ! + #
SLI – "! " ! " ! + #
Xs
A=' ! "! *" " ," "=
Xr
U – 3++ & " % # ! "! ") (10-6 # / 2
;
2
0.03587 × 10-6 / )
1 '2 3 # " ! " " ! # !"' "!-

' $" .( . =B2, ! 2
=SD × NC × B × U ( !" ' -
*" ),
SD =
NC × B 2 × U (4.1)
% # 4.2. #
!" " # ! ( 0.5 1) × ! 2-D=_________
"! a) #! "! $" : B=______

b) # "! )* : B=Vint ÷ (4 × fmax × sin θ )=______
c) # %! ) ! !", -.") :
B=Vint ÷ (N × fdom)
(N= 2 4)= _____ _____
! "! =______
RI=______
SI=______
!" " ) RLI=______

Xmin:_______ SLI=______
2 2 1/2
Xmin=(RLI +SLI ) =______
!" " ) *" %! " ") ! " =______

Xmax:_______ *" ! " ' ! + ")=______
*" ! + =______
! "! ! - ) =______
! "! ! % ! + #=______
' ! "! *" " ," "=(! "! %!
") ! " ! - ) )/(! "! %! ") -
! " - ) )=______
Xmax=1/2 × [(!
2
"! %! ") ! " - ) ) +(! "! %! -
2 1/2
") ! " ! - ) ) ] =______
! : ! - ) =RLL ÷ (2 × SLI)=______
! ! - ) =1/2NRL=______
# ! =______
. %! & : ! 8!" " #=1/2 × Vave × ( " !" # ! "% $"

÷ fdom)1/2=3 "!% # +! % ! ) =0.58 × %
$" =
. %! & =(% $" ) × tan ( % " #)=
! - ) =[( ! - ) ÷ 2)–0.5] × SLI=
! ! - ) =[( ! ! - ) ÷ 2)–0.5] × RLI=
(FT+FZ)< # . %! & <(FT+MA)
TMA=
FT – !
FZ – 8!" " #
MA – . %! &
TMA – # . %! &
! "!:
! =24, NC=480
! "! B=25 (82.5 )
24
SD = =80 * . " !
480 × 25 2 ×10 − 6
24
SD = =205 .
480 × 82.5 × 0.03587 × 10 − 6
2
! " " (4.1) !" #" ) + " " ," "

# "' !"' "! ' ! , " ! "% !" ! #. !" -
% " #, * ! !"% ! & SD * " * - . NC -
, ! " * ) . # #- # SD × NC !" ' *" . 0 ! -
"3 ," " " !" * ", " " ! "
!" " * # #- # * , ! " ' " " * ) -
. , ") !" , ! " ' ! " * ) . , -
! . 9 !" " * " , * %! ") !" * ,
& !" " ! ) %! , "!" ! -. " #
* !" ' *" + ! " !# % . "!" ! " %! !" ,*
! )" * ) . $" " SD × NC !" ' *" . 0
! .4.1 " "!" ! -. ' # * !" ' *" , ! "
# ! &" ! % * .
(
%! ") !" ' " !" "!" ". - #
! , *
"!" ! " # #" # " * , # #- # -
" ) ! ,! " " ! "! "! ( .1 9).
# * " * ", " " ! " ") !" -
! " " , !" , -." Xmute, " - # -
! "; ! "!, # %! " , % " , ' -
&) " #.
# " " !" !+ # " ! * "-
-. ! :
Xr ×Xs
RLI = (4.2)
NC × 2 B
! "!: Xmax=2300 (7500 ),

Xr=Xs=3200 (10 600 ); "
!" , * NC=480, B=25
(82.5 ), A ≈ 1, * " :
Xr × Xs 3200 2
RLI= = ≈ 427
NC × 2 B 480 × 2 × 25
Xr × Xs 10600 2
RLI= = ≈ 1419
NC × 2 B 480 × 2 × 82.5
.4.1. "
.
9 ! " " # " RLI NC. !" % " # " -."": !#-
% # %! , %" ! # " " ") !" #" 2B;
. ! "! Xr × Xs "" # NC ") !" ; ") !"
! %- # ! " ' ! + #', ! # " " ! !
RLI; " NC ' # # " " .9 !" -
" # " # #- # *!" "! !% . " - ") ARCO
, - '" 1 " )! ", " !" ,*
%! ") !" . !% , ! ! *" " '"-
, ) %! 2 × NC , " NC.
*" !" ' ! + ") " " ! "! %! ") !-
" ! - ) "! " !" ! + # , .".
Xs
NRL = (4.3)
RLI
! " ) (4.2) (4.3) * " :
1
3-D %" " ! #, ! ) ") !" ! " « , '», * ! "-
. - # ! %« ,». - %" " ! - ! , ' ) ), % "
! " " ") !" *"!" - # ! ! .
NC × 2 B
NRL = , (4.4)
Xr
*" " ! " ) (4.1) (4.2) " :

SD × X r × X s × B × U
RLI = (4.5)
2×
# " " ! ! + # ! * ! " -:
1
SLI =
2 B × SD × U (4.6)
! " # " ' " %" " ! *" " ! *" , !" " #" ,
! NS * ! ) " !( ),
1000 ÷ 2B * % ) " ! (5280 ÷ 2B
). " * SLI !" " * " " " #
*" * ! ) " ! ( . ) *" -
* % ) " !( ).
4.3 0 05 ( 0(0 3-D – / 1 4:05 ( 7 05
( # #- # !# % , " !" ."% ! -

"! :
Bs – ! "! ! " ! ' ! + ")

Br – ! "! ! " ! " ' ! + ")
" ! " # ! " ! # ! - " -. ) . "!-

":
SD = (4.7)
NC × B s × B r × U
9 ! " " !" %" ! &" " "!" ! " * -

" $" , ! "! - !" ' *" . ! ",
Xr ×Xs
RLI = (4.8)
NC × 2 B r
9 ! " " !" % " !# % " %! ") ! " ,

%" ! # " " " # ") ! " ! 2Br, . -
! "! Xr × Xs ! " NC ") ! " . ! %" -*" "
! " #:
NC × 2 B r
NRL = (4.9)
Xr
SD × X r × X s × B r × U
RLI = (4.10)
1
SLI = (4.11)
2 B s × SD × U
! " " " ," ! " # '! , ! - "' * #', %

! " ! " " ! + # #- # "! " #! ; ! -
"!, ! % , ! " '" " « ! * # » Flexi-
Bin1. ! % ' '" ', ' " ! % " % %, " " ! .
" !" " " " "! " * ! + # *-
. 4 *, ) " – % ! " " # #" # ) ! " #
"!" #.
4.4 0 05 ( 6 1 3-D 0 –
6 1 5 ; /(
# " ! " # 3-D & 2.1, ! -

! "
3-D $" . - # , % % ! &" . ) ' % *"
- '" ", !" " ) &" 4.2, -* " ! + ! -
&, ! # %" ! " ! " ! " ! .
1. ' # ! " ) %" % *" % " ! #, -

! " -. " ! " ! :
a. ! "! . ) ! -
b. -*
c. !
d. Xmin
e. Xmax
f. ! "! B
g. . %! & , " "!" ! " " # "
. - %! & !
h. " !" # !"% ! &
2. ! + ! - &, ! )! *
% + ! & 4.3. " ! " -. "
*" !" ' " ! " ! : ! ,! "! , Xr Xs.
• ' 1 (SLI) " " *" # "! " !
!+ # , " "" Xmin 2 × Xmin , % , ! ! -
# - " %! (2 × B). 0 ! "!, 200 700
, % 50 ; 660 + 2310 + , % 165
+ .
• ' 2 (SD)=1 ÷ (2B× ' .1× U) – . ! " " (4.6)
• ' 3 (NC)= ! ÷ (' .2× B2 × U) – . ! " " (4.1)
• ' 4 (NRL)=' .3× 2 ÷ Xr – . ! " " (4.4)
• ' 5 (RLI)=Xs ÷ ' .4 – . ! " " (4.3)
• ' 6 (Xmin)=[(' .1)2+(' .5)2]1/2 – . ! " " (2.42)
1
! ! % ) %" " ! , ! ) " %! !" ' *" ! " " -
" % . # # " !+ # " # #- # ! ! # - " *
- " #.
% # 4.3a. ' # ! 4.3b. !

3-D 3-D
( ) ( " !# )
"* ": # # " ! ', ( : ! ,

2
" & SD – / % SD – .
9 & !" %" , * " # 9 & !" %" , * " #
* ") !" "!" "- * ") !" "!" "-
*" ! + ") - . *" ! + ") - .
"! " ! ! + ! ) & # !"," #, % " *" " SLI

RLI * " !#" %! *" - # "% Xmin. "! " ! -
# " " !" !+ # , ! " " ,", *" " ' #
!" " % Xmin, !" ! ! # - " * - " #. -
"! " Xr Xs !" " ' ! " " ' %! & # !" " % !-
#, * %! ") !" *" *" !" -
' ! + "). 2 * *" " *" !" ' ! + "), !-
" " × SLI ÷ X r " &" (3 !
! - ) ).
3. "! " ! "% - ! " #, - ! % " !+ , ' #
' ! *" ' ! " )( ! "!, " "-."-
1
% # ! #). " -*" # , "!" " " ! " "
! " !+ " !" ) ). "!" " " -
" * , %" 3 " ' # '! " # , -
! . !" " " !" %! & " ! .
4. " ! ) " 3-D $" #! * ' ! ! , -
, " !% & %! &. 0" ' %* " " ! " #
! # *" , ! " " "* - !"% ! & - % *" .
5. % " !" ! " " %! + *" " !" # ! -+ ) # -
" '! .
! %" " , ! " " (4.1) [NS= ! ÷ (NC × B2 × U)] # #" # )

# - ) ! "% 3-D ! " #.
1
. , !) ! " " "! " '- !* .
4.5 1 8 2( ; >
# %! + *" % ' ! !" ! 3-D # #- # " -. ":
! =25, B=25
Xr=Xs=5000 ! Xmax=3500 , A=1
=25, B=82.5
Xr=Xs=16 5000 Xmax=11 550 , A=1
! " # %! * - * SD. "! " ! " " # " SD RLI:
2× × RLI
SD = = 0.08 × RLI
X s × X r × B ×U
[ . ! " " (4.9) %! + U ! .4.2a]
= 0.0621 × RLI
!" ! " " # " SD NC:
40000
SD = =
NC × B × U2
NC
102400
NS =
.4.2. NC
.
!" , * 700 (2310 )– ! " " ) , ) ) -

Xmin - ". 9 - " ! ! RLI " 250 600
( 825 1980 ).
2 * 3 ! " ! ( ! =25, B=25 , Xr=Xs=5000 , RLI=250-650 ,
=25, B=82.5 , Xr=Xs=16 500 , RLI=825-1980 ), " * NS
2
' # !" " ' 20 52 * / ( 51 123 . -
), NC – 770 2000 (833-2008) .
3 * ", SLI= 400 1000 (1320-3300 )[ ! " # (4.11)]. 2
! Xmin, " * SLI " "! " ! -
" ! + # . ( RLI=SLI=500 , Xmin=700 (1760 , Xmin=2489 ),
2
SD=40 * / (96 . ), NC=1000 (1066) .
4.6 0 005 ( 0 8 / 05 ( 74 5
! ) ! ! %* " '' ! "! ! " -* " # -

! ' ! + ! ' &, ) ! ' # #" # !
! "! :
"-. " # !"," # %! * - # '" , ! " - # 3-D

$" ' ' ! "! *" ," " <1.0. ! + ! - & "
" " # " # % * ! . " & #- -
! ! !" " !"," ) & ! , ' -
! "! *" ," # . & " " 4.6 !" %- , * ! +
"." ! "! -. ' " ) "!" "*" #'. " ,* ! -
# " " ! " ! + # " # , " # # # ! ; -
! 3 " #- # ) ) ' ! "! *" " -
," ". '" 13 !" #" ) ' !"," ) # ! " )« ! " -
! " 3-D».
9 " & " !" ! % ) "" & :

- 9– " " «- 3-D»
0 " -. ' ! &' . - # %* " " !"," # # ! % ' 3-

D $" .9 !"," # #- ! '" 3-D # ! * ' & ).
4.7 0 8 // 0 74
4 74 - >(/5 ( 3-D
! ) ! *" &" , & ! ' 3-D $" ), " !" # )

" ) ! &" , " ' * " + ! . # )
" !" " " ' #' ' ! " ! , ! ! -
" , ! # -* " " + ! , !" " #-. " " " # .
" " % " %! + , ! ' ! " ) ! + ! ) & .2 -
! " !" ! *" " * # " # ,
* ! # * " !"," # + ! ! "! $" .
! "! ! + ! ) & ( . ") #" # % " + !
. & % ! ! " # , * " "*
" # ! " " #+ ! , ! ! -. ' &" .
9 & !" *" # # ! % ) '" . "!' ") ""
* ! " " " ! " ! , " " " ! ' %" % *" ! -
" ! . "! ) * & - #! * " ' " ! " ! , -* # " -
! "3 *" " ! "! ; ! *" %" " ! - # !" " " *" "
, ! " # #" # ' . ! )* ! # # ! " ! !"% ! & -
'; - " -*" & ! . !" ") * ! * - #! * "
! %" " ! , ! " " ' ! ! *" " '" . 0 "" "
# #" # , * ! , - !" " ), &" " *" # # ! -
) ! - ). " * Xmin Xmax " ' ! ! " " !" ). *" -
"! ) * " # ! *" &" , ! ) "!" " ', * " ' # )
. . " ## * !" #" ) ! ! " ! , ! " "- -
*" " ! !" # " "). 9 " * # !" . ' * ").
# : SEG 3-D 2 : ABC Oil Company

, / : %56 3 GEDCO#:
9/1/99
08 / 7 2 ( 7
UNITS " & M M ( " ! *" ") I( % ) ")
! 2-D ' ' ! ,"% *" 20 "! " ! 10
DIP , " 5.0 %! WSW
SM " " # ! ' %!
"!' ") * ! !" , " ' ' #
!" # '! 600
DEPTH % $" 1900
TWT " !" # ! "% $"
1.4
BASE % + " 2500
Vint Vint " !" " %! -
3000 /
fdom fdom % %! 40 1&
fmax fmax % %! 70 1&
! "! $" %! 200
. , !# -
2
! " 80
" ! " # ! % )
!" " # ! * #
! 20 30
! "! 25 25
Xmin 600 361
Xmax 2000 2052
!" " " " # ) . -
%! & 754 1697
$6)-*7 5 , 5% 7
+ ! !# % #
! " " !" ' ! + ") EW ( – )
! " " ! ' ! + ") NS ( " "! – -%)
RI ! # " " ") !" - 50
SI ! # " " * 50
PBr ! ! " !" -
% !+ # 25
PBs ! ! " ! -
% !+ # 25
RLI ! # " " !" !+ - #" ! - )
# 200 ! "! %! ") !"
SLI ! # " " ! !+ -
# 300 #" ! - )
LRL !" ' ! + ") 8.000
LSL ! ' ! + ") 10.000
NC *" 720 #" ! ! ) "
! "! %! 720
LINES/
REC %! ") !" 12 × 60
! ") !" 9 ! %5
! * 1 50
IROLL "!" "." " *" - " #
! "/ "
X ROLL "!" "." " ! + ") ! -
"/ "
SWATH , ! ( " "" NRL/2) 3 ! "! " * !
DROP *" " " ' ! - 5 80 !* " " – "
, ! " % ! ." " ' ! ' ! + #' ( ! " %! &
. $" )
X OFFSET1 " ! # " - %
! # %! ") !" 800
NOCUT ! &" ! + "), # ! ' "
! ! " 30 % 100%
CUT ! &" ." -. ' ! "
!+ 25 % 100%
CATCUT ! &" ! " , ! " ' "' -
! 10 % 100%
HAND ! &" ! " , !! " ' ! *-
- 35 % 100%
CROP ! &" ! + ") ."-
% " ! !' "# -
+"! "! " # 20 %
!" " " *" ( ! &" ')
"! -. ' 2.0 %
SHOT/DAY ! *" " *" ! " 250

, / : %56 3 GEDCO#:
9/1/99
/( 5 20
HOLES *" 3
HOLEDEPTH % 15
CHARGE " * !# -
" 1 %
! ")
*" ! ! 4
*" - % 8
- % 12
3- ) ( -
% , " #
*" - %
# ) ! &
! !) 96
* - % – -
* 10 1&
* - % – -
"& 90 1&
! " " # -
% 6.7 1&/
- % 3 7/ .
! # " " * -
50
" #% -
1
" # % -
% 6.25
! UTM
! X -% - %
%
! X " "! -
* % %
! Y -% - %
%
! " "! -
* % %
&" ! ) "!
% - ) – rec.
74 75 4:0
" 3-D 3-D % "-
" #
Psource "! # ! " # * 90% 90% 0%
Pmigration "! # ! " # %! & / % " ! 80% 80% 0%
Preservoir "! # ! " # " !/ ! 70% 80% 14%
Ptrap "! # ! " # ! , / , 30% 40% 33%
NPVsuc- * # " . # ", ) $8000000 $8000000
cess
NPVfailure * # " . # ' ) ($1500000) ($1500000)
Pes "! # 3 *" % "' 15% 23% 52%
Pef "! # 3 *" ) " * 85% 77% 9%
EMV " # " " # " * ($63600) ($688800)
1
# ", !" ! ! " "!" " # " - %
"! - % " -."
VOI ( , - ($752400)
2-D, 3-D)
% # 16% 22% 39%

/

, / : %56 3 GEDCO#:
9/1/99
2( 05 ( /( 5
NBR/S ! "! " " " % 25 × 25
SBR/S ! "! - 25 × 25
RLI/SI 4.00
SLI/RI 6.00
NBINS *" ! 128000
NTRACE *" !"% !! ' 4003920
!
# ! " -
!
IFOLD ! - ) 5.0 5.0 5.0
XFOLD ! ! - ) 6.0 6.0 6.0
FOLD # ! 30.0 30.0 30.0
!" " # 3-D ! %
) ! Krey, "
!" " ") !"
") -. 1333
IROLLS rolls - ) 26
XROLLS rolls ! - ) 15
ROLLS ."" *" rolls 431
" ") - ) 27
" ") ! - ) 16
TEMPLATES ."" *" " ) " - 432
")
Vave !" ## ! &" " ) 2714 /
FZ ! 8!" " # "!" %! - 254
& ")
DIFF . , " ' # # '
95% 3 "!% +! % ! ) 1097
MA "! ! %! & 166

TAPER ! @ 20% % $-
" 380
ITAPER ! - ) 600
XTAPER ! ! - ) 500
! " " # ! - 15 SLI
)
! " " # ! ! -
) 12 RLI
"! * - ) 0 0.0 ! '
!+ ")
"! * ! - ) 24 3.0 !" '
!+ ")
TMA ) "! ! %! & 754 1697
Fal "! #* "!" %! & ") 344 1&
Falm "! #* " %! & 343 1&
LRES %! # ! !", -. # ! "! -
38 " " ,"
3 ) " *
VRES "! # ! !", -. # - 38
kNr "* 0 )
( ! " " ") !" ) 0.800 1/
. " # ! " ," *" 88 / "
! )
") !"
kNs "* 0 )
( ! " " * ) 0.000 1/
. " # ! " "" *" 0 / ! *-
"
2
SIZE ! "! $" 80.0
NETSIZE ! "! . $" ) : 20% %
2
"! ! ) %! & 58.4 - 8!" " #
TNRL *" !" ' !+ ") 51.0 ! ) " ! %
! + # 10.000
TNSL *" ! ' !+ ") 27.7 ! ) " !" %
! + # 8.100
TRL . # !" ' ! + ") 408.0
TSL . # ! ' ! + ") 276.7
*" ") !"
!" ) !+ 161.0
NREC *" *" ! " 8211
NSHOTS *" *" ! 5561
NR *" " ) ") !" -
2
. " ! 100 /
NS *" *" ! . -
2
" ! 67 /
IPATCH ! "! %! ") !" -
) 3000
XPATCH ! "! %! ") !"
1
! - ) , -* # (swath)
2800
! "! %! ") !"
! - ) , -* # 2400 /
A ' ! "! *" " ," "
*" 0.93
' ! "! *" " ," " "
*" 0.80
IOFFSET - ) 1475
XOFFSET ! - ) 800 1400
Xmin straight , ) ) 361
Xmin straight , ) ) –
326
Xmax , ) ) !"% - ***Xmax ,", *"
!! ) 2052 " ' ) Xmax
DAYS *" ") !"% !& '
22.2 #

, / : %56 3 GEDCO#:
9/1/99
(05
. !" - .
""
& ! " $2000 $2000
!" " ! !", " )
" $500 / " $22000
2
! !"," " $0 / $0 $4000 $7000 $10000 /! !"
! !"," # !" " !+ -
$400 / $163200 $300 $400 $500 / #
! !"," # ! " !+ -
$800 / $221333 $800 $1200 $1600 / #
. ) ."! $100 / $68467 $100 $200 $300 /
1
* ": , ! * , ! ! ' !"% ! & # " %-
"!" "." # ! " , "! " #! !" !+ # .
."! ! - $750 /% $79786 $200 $300 $3000 / !
" " " $150 /% $3617 $40 $150 $154 /%
! " $550 / " $12100 $525 $588 $650 / "
advance man $550 / " $24200 $525 $588 $650 / "
cat push $550 / " $24200 $500 $575 $650 / "
bird dog $550 / " $12110 $500 $575 $650 / "
!% &# ! '! " #
"' " $550 / " $12110 $500 $575 $650 / "
* ." -. ' ! "
$600 / 171.2 $102700 $300 $650 $1000 /
"' ! #! ! "
$1000 / 68.5 $68467 $500 $1000 $1500 /
!* #! ! " $1500 / 239.6 $359450 $500 $1750 $3000 /
!" " $0.30 /+ $246241 $0.45 $0.85 $1.25 /+
+ ! ! "/! + ! ! "
$0 $0 $2000 $3000 $4000 )
!"% !&# ' $0 / $0 $145 $273 $400 /
2 2
!"% !&# ' $15000 / $1200000 $8000 $11500 $15000 /
" $100 # 8 $800 $80 $140 $200 / .
* $150 / $102700 $0 $350 $700 /
! *" $" $21 / $23134 $21 $21 $21 /
! $20 / $111220 $15 $19 $23 /
!" ! " 3-D, . $925 / $" $925 / $"
!% &# !" , . &"
$600 / " $26693 / "
2 2
&" Flexi-Bin $300 / /
"! !" & # $700 / " $93425 / "
!" # / $840 / " $74740 / "
! " " " $700 $700 $400 $700 $1000
" !" " " # "
10% $307610
40 / : $3383706
%
% ! !" $109541 $150096 . -
.
-
2
1 . $42296 $57955/
2
) !"% !!-
) ! $0.85
. , % – % !!
% " : Andreas Cordsen, P. Geoph.

Geophysical Exploration & Development Corporation
#1200, 815-8th Avenue SW
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3P2
(403) 262-5780 fax (403) 262-8632
email: acordsen@gedco.com " "" " ": 22 !. 99 "! # 3.0
# : SEG 3-D - #
, / : %56 3 GEDCO#:
9/1/99
08 / 7 2 ( 7
( & M M ( " ! *" ") I( % ) ")
INPUT
+ ! !# % #
! " " ! ' ! + ") -
! " " !" ' ! + ") " "!--%
! # " " ") !" 50
! # " " * 50
! "! ! " !" % !+ # 25
! ! " ! % !+ # 25
! # " " !" !+ # 200
*" *" ! " 8211
*" *" ! 5561
!" ' !+ ") 8.000
! ' !+ ") 10.00
*" 720
%! ") !" 12 × 60
! ") !" 9 ! %5
! * 1 50
"!" "." " *" - " # ! -
"/ "
, ! ( .=NRL/2) 3
*" " " ' ! , ! " % 5 80 !* " " –
! ." " " ' ! ' ! + #'
" ! # " - % ! # %! 800 -*" " #" ! -
") !" " " %! & $"
! &" ! + "), # ! ' " ! ! "
30 % 100%
! &" ." -. ' ! " !+ 25 % 100%
! &" ! " , ! " ' "' ! -
10 % 100%
! &" ! " , !! " ' !* - 35 % 100%
1 %. !+ # +"! "! ' " #'
! " 20 %
!" " " *" "! -. ' ! 2 %
*" 3
% 15
" * !# " 1 %
#
*" ! ! 4
*" - % 8
- % 12
3- ) ( - % , " # *" -
- % # ) ! & ! !)
96
* - % – * 10 1&
* - % – "& 90 1&
! " " # - % 6.7 1&/
- % 3 7/ .
! # " " * 50
" #% " # % - % 6.25
4.8 / (4: /
! " "
SD × NC = (4.12)
B2
!" #" ) . " ,! ! ) ") Caltex Pacific Indo-
nesia (CPI). / " ! ! " 3-D *" !"% ! ! ' !" ' *"
" * - . (Bee !., 1994). !" #" #, * !"% ! & '
"" !# - # - ', "% !" " ! ! - " *
', # ! " "
3-D '=
×U ×U
(4.13)
B 2
B s × Br
! "!:
25 × 10 6 2
'= =40 000 !" ' *" / ,
25 2
25 × 27.88 ×10 6
=102 400 .
82.5 2
$20000
) !" ") * = =$0.50
40000
2
( $" #" $20 000/ ($51 200 . ) # ! " -
# ) ! -, ) !" ") * ! $0.50. " # ! " "
! *" ) !" ") * # "! ' ', " !
!" ." " 3-D $" . !" , * # 2-D '! -
# " " %! ! 20 (55 ), ! =30, % % % -
" ! ( )! $6000 ($11 520). % ,
×U 30 ×1000
2-D '= = =3000 !" . *" / (4.14)
10
=5670
$6000
!" ") * = = $2 # 2-D,
3000 .
$11520
=$2 2-D
5760 .
) !" ") * 2$ # 2-D ' *" !" ! !" , " )

!" ") * # 3-D ', ! # #" $0.50. 0" !# 3 , % ! , -
! " # " # ! " # 3-D, " ! #
! !", -.") - ! 2-D '.
# 3-D $" ! ! %* .
" " ! "% !
0" ' " " , # ! ) . ,
! # $" ,* ! *, ) ! '" . - &" -
" , "# !# ! " ), % " ' # ) '" , -
! "! ! - # 3 ) % ". ) "' ! ! " ' '" # #-
" # !"% ! ! -. # %! ") ! " , ! # 12 ! + -
") 60 *" - " #. > ! "! *" " ," ", ." * ",
0. # '" " ! ! # " " -
" ! " ):
a) – ) ,
b) – " *" ) ,
c) !" " " " Xmin
d) !" " " " "
e) ! !" " " " ! " ' !# ' ! "
f) !" " " " "
# "" * % ! " #, " ! !" " " # Xmin "- -

) , . # # " ! + # " , ! " "-
*" ' -*" ).
5.1 40 0 3-D @(/
# 3-D $"
! –3 # $" , %" " " #
") ! " ! !" " " ! "! "! %! " (! .5.1a,
5.1b) ! # " " * - " #, ! ! # - "
! + # . !" " " # ! ) 3-D $" -
! .5.1c-f – " " " " " # !"% ! & -
, *" . " " 3-D '" , , !" -
#- ) " ' ! ' $" , ! " ! .
" !", , " " ! " 3-D ! "!," " ' ,
) ! .
5.2 5 7 5-D 40 1 4 ( ( // 0 (/
" # $" " " ! 5-D % # "!" ! -

W(t, xs, ys, xr, yr),
" ! " !" " ! "% t " )
* ") ! " , .". xs, ys, xr, yr (Vermeer, 1998a). ." -
* ", !"' "! " $" !"% ! ! - * 3 % 5-D % #
! ! # " ! + # , ! " ," ! # # " *
- " #. 5-D -, ! ! % # #" # " *-
), + ! ! , " *" ! * ' 3-D " ,
" , !" "! (cross-spreads) . . 0"-
! " ' " !" " ! .5.2. ! !" ") *-
" M !" #" )3 " " (% ! # #),
( "! # #), ."% ( % # #) -
."% ( ! ); Vermeer, 1998a.
Vermeer (1998a) ! !" &" & - « " ! * ) ! »
(symmetrical sampling). - "- 3 ) " ! *," "% $# #" -
" ": « " ) " ' ». " 3 )
+ + # #- # ! "! :
"! " = "! " (SI=RI),

"! " ! ! + # = "! " ! "
! + # (SLI=RLI),
) - )= ) ! - ),
!"% ! &# . - &" ! )! # ,
! * !" " # ", !
") ! " .
! " " " 3 ' ! "! " ! % ) %" " ! !

! !" ! . " , * ." ! # # !-
% # %" " ! # ! ) %! ) ") ! " "
! " !# "!" ! -. ' # ! ' !" '! -
.
.5.1. 3-D & . a. – ! #, b. – -

! # , c. Xmin, d. / # , e. -
# ( ), f.
/ # .
.5.3a. ' .
.5.2. (
Vermeer, 1998a). M
" O -
.% M– ) $,
)% , # # .
ο (a), ο (b) .5.3b. ' / -

ο.5.4.
45 (c)
)
/
0 15
.
!" #! "" " ' ! ' ! " '

! + ") ( * ! + # "!" " - # !# % ,
! .5.3a). # ! + ! ! " . ! % "!" ! #
(! .5.3b), " !"% ! ! - # " ") ! " . 3-D !" -
! !" " W(t, X, ys, xr, Y), % " X * " + ,*
! x * " " #" #, Y " ,* ! y ") -
! " # #" # # ). ( ! x ! y " #-
- #, + ! ! " # " !"! " ! " 3-D " , ! % "
# %! & "!" ! " . . ! " # !" ' *"
! ! " " - ! " % ! + #
! % ! + #. " #" # % ! % . )
! ) ! ', ! ) " ! &" - 3++" -
% ! " # ! -.") "!' " # DMO
%! & "!" ! " , !" " " ) ! '
(minimal data set) (Padhi Holley, 1997). "" # " ! ' 2-D
' ! ', ! " % + ! ! " *"-
# ' ! * ") ! " . ! # ! &" "
! " ! ' ' ! ,") ! ),
! ! ! -. - "!' .
! ! " # "! # #" # -*" " !
! ' ! '. "" ) -
) ! ' "" ' ! , - ! " ) ! #-
" -, # %! & !" )! !" #" ! ," "
! ! " ) " !"! 3-D !" '. 3 -
! " - ! # " ) !" ) ! , *
" ."" ! ," " ! ! " ) " !"! . -
" ! ! " ) " !"! *," "% - " # ! -
" ! * ) ! .
0 " " "!" ! -. ' # * !" ' *" !" '! -
" % ! " "!" ! ". ! %! -
! " ! !" , 3 * !" ' *" ( !" '! ) "!"-
! - # ) " " - ! ! " ) "! , ! #
" # ! (Vermeer, 1998a). " " ,
* # " ' ! ! " * !" ' *"
(! .5.4). " , 3 # # , , # ! '! ##,
, , - " * "!" ! #( . " 9.5). 0 ! "!, "
# . ! -. ' "!' ") #
! ! 30, * ! ! "!" ! "
! 28 , "!" " - # ," ' ! . 3 * ",
" " ! 10% " # " " ; ," $"
"" " , - ! , ! &" " # ! " , , " " ,
3++" " "" " .
.5.5. , ( ). a.
– ! #, b. ! # , c. Xmin, d. -
/ # , e. # ( -
), f. / # .
5.3 4
/" !"% ! & # '! ' 3-D '" '

(! .5.5a, 5.5b). 3 ) %" " ! , ! " ! " " ! + # #- #
! " * - . ! & ! ! + -
", !"% ! & # ! ' " 3 ! + -, " -
! " ! + # . ! 3 - # " ! + (swath lines)
" ! # # " ! ! ' ! " ' ! + "). -
!" " " " Xmin "" *" #, " -, ! ' ! + #',
*" #, ! " ! # - " ! + # , ' ! + #'
(! .5.5c). !" " " " " ! + # *" ' ! ,""
(! .5.5d, 5.5e). " " # ! ! " ! - ) " -
" - '" «3-D '" ) " # », %" .
" ( # " ' ! " ' ! + ")), -
*" ") -. ' ! " ' ! + ") !"% ! ! -.") %! " ") -
! " ! # # " ! + # (! .5.5f). 7 , -
) !" * " " ! " * ' " #' (half-integer
positions). % ! " " ! ! - # ,", % " ."-
- " %! *" # "!' # , %
! &" . !" ." ! " ! " " , -
%- # *" '% ') ! ! - ).
/" ! - ) ! ! &" - "),"-
% " # #' % ") " (Bee !.. 1994). -
) !" ! - ) " # " " " ! +
!"% #! ) ) %" " ! . ) !" # #" # " " $" -
" )* - ! ' 3-D ! , "" # ! *" # ! –
! %! , ' ," % ! + . !
" " ! '! , "" # * " *" ! ' ! " '
! + ") ( ! "! ), * " " ! + !" ' *" ( "
"!" ! "). " " '" % + &! ! -
! " ) %" " ! , ! " - # " !"! " ."%
" 3-D.
5.4 1 0 4:0 1( /(
." * ", ! " ! " " ! + ! %- # -

"! " #! . ") ! " ! - * " -
. , 3 " % " # " %! (patch method)
(! .5.6a, 5.6b). # %" " ! # " ! # !# # ") -
!# , "! & # *" - " # " !" #" ! " .
! % ) '" ", ") -. " ! " " ! + ! - !# % -
- %! ") ! " , ! # ! " ) . ! 3 -
" # " " "!" ! -. ' # !" ' ! . 2
# %! "" ! " " - ). - ) * -
!" " , ! " -*" .( ! -
) ! %! # , #*
! " % ! + #, "" " % , " " .9 # -
" ,* , #* ', !"% ! ! ' 3 ! + ", -
" " ! ! ". ! # # " ! "
! + # , ' ! "! *" " ," " ") %! * " #" #
0.6 1.0. ! " " # #" # ' ! "! *" " ," ", "
0.85 ( . " 3.4). !" % " #, * ! " &" !" %! ,
' #3 " # #" # " ' -. ! ! " . #' * " -
!"% , ! ! " ! * " %!
") ! " . 2"!" " " ! * ' " " ! * ' %! -
" " * " %! *" % *" ! #. # "
#" " * ' " - . "!" "!" "." " " #
") ! " .
! "!" ! % % " , ! " " ! + ! " !
, ! " ! + – " "! -%(! .5.6a, 5.6b). 9
" ! #! "! # " " ! " # # ! * -
" % ! # (! "!" " " !" ) "!"-
"." %! ' " ."% " # ! + # !" ! + -
#. * !"% ! ! - # " , ! " " " " ! " -
! + # , " %! ") ! " "!" ". " #
"" ! + # , ! &" !#" #. 0 ! .5.6c ! !" "-
" " Xmin # ! % ) '" . Xmin # !" " " % # #" #
"!" "*" ! + "), ! " &" ! " . !" "-
" " ' ! ,"" ( *" !"% ! ! --
.") %! "), ' , " # &" ! " , %" " ! " ! -
- # (! .5.6d). # ! " ' !# ' "* " #
" " &# + ! ! - !" " " ) ! ! # , %! *" '
( " " " " # " , '% ). " "
! " " ! # " " !"% ! & ' " , '% -
' (! .5.6e). !" " " " # ! % % " # #" #
! , " #, ! # !"% ! ! -. # %! (! .5.6f).
.5.6. ) . a. – ! #, b. -
! # , c. Xmin, d. /
# , e. # ( ), f.
/ # .
5.5 « 20 4 »
'" « ! * # » (! .5.7a, 5.7b) ! ! &" -

*," # ! !" " " # ! % " ". ! "!" "."-
%! , ! " ! " " *"!" -. # ! " ! -
+ # , ! # # " ! + # , ! ! !" " " #
! !" " "" * ) ) ' ! "!. 0 ! ", "!" "-
, * ! # %! ( %! , ' ! "! *" -
," " ) " "" " "" "! !" " " " # ! -
% % " (! .5.6d) " « ! * # » (! .5.7d). # -
) %! , ! !" " " " '" « ! * # » *,",
*" # ! % ) '" .
! # * - " , " , * , ) -
) Xmin * " " ,", *" ! % ) '" ", ! -
'! # #' " ! ! " ! + # (! .5.7c).
'" " « ! * # », Xmin ! # # " ! + # . -
! " ! + ! " , ' !# ", " ." "
! )+ ! # " * Xmin " # % .
" " , "% ! !" " " " "! " " ! #.
'" « ! * # » #" " * "! " ! -
" ! + # ! " ! % ) '" ), " " *" # Xmin
- " " * , ! % ) '" ". ( * ! ! "
". - # "!" "*" #' ! + "), Xmin # " " ,"
( ! " 0.5 ), *" " "." #.()(2 8 ) +9 5*)
"! « ) # ! * # » (double brick) # ",
#.") *" !"' ! + ") (! .5.7g). « ! ) # ! * # » (triple
brick) * " ," ! + - (! .5.7h), «*" "! # ! * #
» (quadruple brick) – ! + - (! .5.7i). "' 3 '
'" ', !"% ! ! " # &" ! ) ! + . " "
" %! ") ! " !" %- *," "! !" " " " -
! " ! % ) '" ), " ! " ! )
%! ) '" « ! * # ». - " " ,* "!" " 3
&" & - '" * ), % " " * ! - % "
! + , " ! + ,! " " , ' !# "( . "
5.6).
'" '« ! * # » ! " ! + "." ,
" " ' ,* ! - ) ! - ) ! " -
&" * (! *" ! ! " " 1 " 2).
/" ! "." # " ! * ) # #" #
, ! ! ! ! " ), ' # ! % ) '" " ") -
! " . 0 . #' ) - "' %" ' $" , *-
% ! "." ! % ', ") ! " % ! "-
." '" " « ! * # ». /" " " ! ! ! -
" '" brick-brick, % " '" " « ! * # »! %- #
* , ") ! " .9 #" ! $" ! ! -
" ."! , ) ! - ! "!" ! #, ! " * )
'" ) « ! * # ».
5.6 0( 1 0 4:0 1( /(
0" ! % " ( ") ! " " ! ' ! " '

! + ") (! .5.8a, 5.8b) " " " !" ." ! !" " " -
, '" « ! * # », " " ! ' "" " , ' -
! 90 %! !"! " ! " ! + ( , " " , -
). ! " ! % ' '" ', " " " "" ! ! -
# !"," #, "!# ! # " " * - " # - )
! # "% , * * %! .
( !" , * ! # " " * - " #!
60 (220 ), * * ! # " *
60 60
ο
= = 85
cos 45 0.707
220 220
= = 311
cos 45 ο 0.707
! ! # " , "! ! "! 30 × 30

(110 × 110 ), !" " * - &" ! . 0 ! .5.8a
! "! " ! % % " , %" % " ! !" -
! + # ! " 45 ο. # ) %! ") !" "
&" !" %! " # " !" ! + # (! .5.8b). 9
#" & "!" ". " # . $" . " " -
!" * ! ' ! " ' !" ' ! + #' %! ( -
# %! ), * * !" # + & ! # # #" #
! " " , ! " !" " !+ ! - #
!# ) . ! ) %! ", ! ' !" ! "
! %! & ' . $" ! " ! - ) . 0 ! .5.8c
! !" " " " # % ! "! "! % ) '" .
" " ,"% % Xmin " #" #
% !+ # ! # # " !+ # . " " ! "!
! !" " " " Xmin, # " ! %! . !" " " " #
ο
% 45 # #" # ' ! , ! !" *" , ! " * " *" "
! ' (! .5.8d 5.8e). !" " " " " *"
(! .5.8d 5.8e). !" " " " " *" ' ! ,""; ,
*" !" ' !+ ") %! " (! .5.8f).
.5.7. , « ».
a. – ! #, b. -
! # , c.
Xmin, d. /
# , e. -
# ( ), f. -
/ # . g. «
», h. « -
», i. « ».
"& * " # " ! % ) '" # #" # * ),

% " " # %" " ! # ! " ! - ) !#" # *"!" -
) ! ) ! " ) ! + (! .5.9a). " % " ! ! -
+ # "! " #! ! " ! + # ! " 26.565 ο (arctan 0.5)
! ! ' "! ' " ! + # . 3 ! "!"
! # " * ο
60 ÷ cos 26.565 =60 ÷ 0.894=72.1 ( 220 -
÷ cos 26.565 ο=220 ÷ 0.894=246 ). ! !" 3 % % ,
!" " * ! !" " #- # , ! .5.9b. "! !" "-
" " !" ' *" " # ' ! , # ! % % ( ! -
" ! .5.8b); # #" # " # %" % % %
( . " 5.11). !" " " " Xmin % # % ' ", *" !" -
." ! "!" % 45 ο, ! # # " ! + # " * -
.0 "&, ! !" " " # *, ! "
% 45 ο.
5.7 FLEXI-BIN 4 8 0 0 (7 0
/" Flexi-Bin ! ! " ") GEDCO (Cordsen,

1993a, 1993b, 1995a). 3 " ", * ! ! " % ! % # -
% . , " ' - ", * ! # # "
! ! " ! + # " ! ! # - "
%! . 0 ! "!, ! .5.10, RI=SI=60 , RLI=260 , SLI=320 . 3 * ",
!" " * ! - ! - ! ! % (! .5.10b).
% ' ! % ' " ', " !" *" " !" " * ! " &" !" .
! " " ," ! "!" (60 , 60 , 260 , 320 ), " # %! !" '
*" ! "! 10 × 10 ! - ! "! 30 30 . ' " ! ,
! ! " 3 ' - ( ! ), " % #
" ,"% ! # # " !" * ( ). ! # ! - !
*"!" " 10 ( " 30 ), 3 ! "- " - ! , " -
" , " & " ,"" ," " % / "' . ! % ) ! ,
*, ," " % / "' , " * ! "! . " !"," " "
! # " *" ' " ' !"% ! & .
.5.8. *
ο
(45 ) / . a. –
! #. b. ! # . c. Xmin. d.
/ # . e. # (
). f. / # .
.5.9. *
ο
(26.565 ) / . a. – ! #. b. -
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # -
. e. # ( ). f. -
/ # .
.5.10. , Flexi-Bin. a. – ! #. b. ! -
# . c. Xmin. d. / # . e. -
# ( ). f. / # .
!" " " " Xmin % * * - ! % ) !

(! .5.10c). ) ! ) "! " ! ,
! ! % ) ! ", " *," ! !" " " "
(! .5.10d, 5.10e) (! .5.10f). # # ( .
1 10) # #" # !" ." 3 % " , %" " -
! # " ' "!" "*" #' ! + ") " !#" #. ." " -
, * ) "! " ! ! " # 3 "-
" , ! ) " ! ." ! ," "! ". /" Flex-Bin
" !# !" ." , ' "" ! " " "! , *"
' ! , # # (Cordsen, 1995b).
/" +! & ! # (Flentge, 1996) " ! "
! " " ! + , ! " "." , ' !# " ! -
! - " * ! # # " " " # * ") -
! " . GRI (1994) " $" , % " +! & ! " #
, % ,! "! # # " " " # *
") ! " . 9 $" " " - «*" "! ") #*"" »
(quarter cells) % ". 0 "! & # " ) *" ! " " " # #-
" # ! " ) ! + # ! + -; 3 " " '-
! " ! ! ", " " " "".
% Vermeer (1997), " +! & ! # ! *"!" "
" "" !" " ! "! ! , " --
. ! # - " * - " #. " " " "", ! % -
"! !" " " "" %! " !" ' *" ( " 3 -
# * % ! # + ), * " # " -
# !" " " # ! !" . ! " '! ! " " " "
Flexi-Bin ! " ! ! % * " ' ! "! ' " ! " *,"-
" "! !" ! " % ! .
5.8 « 4 60 »1 (; / (/0
/" « , '» %! (button patch method) ! ! -

" ") ARCO (Bremmer !., 1990), # *" "
* % " % ' 3-D $" ', ! '3 ) "). #
« , » "! - ! ") ! " (! .5.11a,
5.11b), * 6 × 6, 6 × 8 8 × 8. « , #» %" " ! # * " -
" * " ) "!" !" " #" #, ' # ! " ) ! #
%! *" ) . !" " '! " # ! ) + ! %! ") -
! " " .
0" « ,» $" #- # " , ' ) , ! #
%! ") ! " . 0" * & ! - # ! %!
! % !" " " ) '" ". " %! "!" ". " # " -."" -
" "; ! 3 "" # " ! " "!" ! " !" . " " .
"3 % % * # %! * & ! " # ) %! " ") -
! " . !" " # ! * ' « ,» " *," -
# , '! "." " " !" . " # , ' -
!# " " "* " *,"" ! !" " " " !" ' *" . 2 %!
") ! " " # * ! !" " #- # "! "! -
!" # ) "!' .
# & "!" "." ) ") ! " " '
, ) ! ) -. ! " ! !
"!" ". # ! % %! ") ! " # ) )! .
( "" # * " *" ") ! " , ! " -
" roll-on "!" "." # %! " , ' "-
!" "." ) ! ' ! ! . ! " # %!
") ! " roll-on * % ' *" ) ! )
") ! " .
! " " « , » ! "! - # "!" ". - # . ,
! # ! " ) ! -. * « , '»
'" ' - # " , " " ) ( ! " ! %
'" ) ! -. * ! % - # !" " 3 ) .
) ! , # ! ! % "" %! &. # %" " ! #
#" * "" " " ! "! # " -
% ! # !" " ! ) . $" . ! 3
*, " # %! & # DMO, ") *" ' , "!-
. " # ' ', # 3 "!% - % " . " "
% , * " # #- # " !"! , # %" " ! # "
" * " " ! # " " !"% ! & '.
/" « , '» %! ") ! " 3++" "
!" " " " ) ! ) - . " , #
! # " " ") ! " , * " ! !"," ".
« , '» ! " ) Xmin (! .5.11c); , !" "
« ,» ! !" " " " Xmin * " ' , " #. > ! ,") #
" " " # " ! #. !" " " " ! '
" ' , ! !" " " " ' – ' ! , ,
! % - # !" " * « , )» %!
(! .5.11d). !# % # # ' ! , , ' ' "-
! ! - ! " ! (! .5.11e). ! " '
%! *") * - ") ! " " ! " " ") -
! " " , (! .5.11f).
!" ." 3 ) '" -* " # , * !
« , '» ! % !" # ). / " # -
" ! ! . %! *" " 3++" « ,-
)» '" # #" # " "% "!" "." # ! ! -
! ! % . $" .0 " ! ' "!! ! #', # ! "% # -
" # " ! % ) - ! " % .
.5.11. , « ! » . a. – ! #. b. -
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e. -
# ( ). f.
/ # .
5.9 1 1
'" % % (! .5.12a) #! #' ! % ' . #',

% " "" # ' ! , ) ! " ! + # . ! " ! + ! -
% - # " " ! " ! + # , ! # * ) % %
(! .5.12b). ! % # %! ", # &" ! " !" "
* . ! ! # " * - " # 60 (220 ) % " "-
! " ! + " ! ! + " 45 %! ,! # " " -
* - " # % 85 (311 ). "!
% %", ) ! ) ! ) ! + !" #" ) "! " -
! " " !" ."% ! % ! + # (! .5.13a, 5.13b). !" " " "
" "." *, , !" # 3-D %! '" " ) %
% % , ! .5.14a, 5.14b, # ! ! .
# "! % ) % % % , , ) )
Xmin * ! " &" ! ! % * , " % % -
% ! ! ! + # (! .5.12c, 5.13c, 5.14c). " " " #
! "!# , ) Xmin, # ! %! " ! #. '"-
% %* ! ! - # # ' $" , ! " !" -
' ! ,"% ! !" " " # . !" " " # # * %
(! .5.12d) "! % (! .5.13d) % % * ' ! , "( ! -
, ! ) %! ") ! " ); # ) % % % ! !" "-
" " -. # (! .5.14d). % !
5.12e, 5.13e 5.14e, "! # !"% ! & ' ! *
% %" ,", *" ! ) % %". " , ,* # ) % %-
% *" 3 "!% , * " ) ! ! ! !" , " #. -
!" " " " # #" # ! " " # , ! ) %!
(! .5.12f, 5.13f, 5.14f).
!" ." '" % % # #" # " # ! -
! *" ' ! ' ! + "); ! ! " "!" "-
! " " ! + .( ! ! % ) '" ) '"-
) « ! * # », % % " !" " " #% -
#, " !" " !" " drive around. * , 3 # * -,
% ! ! - # '" " % %, ! " « ) )
! * ) )». 0" '" % % # #" # , * " ! " -
! " " " ! , ' # #" # ! " )
!"% ! & .
5.10 /(1 7 0
9 "! " " ") PanCanadien # 3-D '" , ! ! -

) Goodway Ragan (1995). 1" " ! # " # " ' -
&" & #', $" " ' ! . * " - ) " ! " -
* - " # ! + # ." ! # ' '" ', # #- # "-
* ) " "!' " "' , + ! ! " * . "!"! !"-
" " " " ) * ") ! " '" " "%
(! .5.15a, 5.15b) " , " 3 " ! - *, " ! ' "'.
! " % , !"% ! & , * ) # , ' ! # ) "
! + # , # * " " ,".
," " % / "' " * " # ! ! . ! -
"% , *, " # # % !# -
) ! - ( , " " , "" ," " %-
/ "' ), % " " !# "- " - ! , .". # -
#- # (! .5.15c). 9 " " #- # " "! -
#& f-x "!" %! & ") ,") ! -. "! -
#& # f-x * " 3 " "" ! ' ' $"
( . " 5.3). # %" " ! # 3 ' ' " # #" # -
); ! # " " ! + # ) $" " % " -
! - !" " " "! , % " "
"% ! # " " ! + # , ." * ", *" !" ! !"-
, " ! # " " .
!" " " " Xmin "" *" #, " -, ! ' ! -
+ #', *" #, ! " ! # - " ! + # , ' ! -
+ #' (! .5.15c). !" " " " "' ! + #' # #" #
*" ' ! , (! .5.15d). 0 ) ! % ) " (" " * ! -
% % " ) " ' " " " ' !# '
, 3 " " "% (! .5.15e); , " # #" # -
) ! ) . !" " " " " # #" # ' ! , ,
! + #' !"% ! & , ! " * ' ! + #' (! .5.15f).
,* *" '! " "% # #" # -
. #' " *" ! !. 0" #
! ' 3 "! " ! !" - 3-D $" , "
) ! ) ( * ") ! " ! % %! " 70
× 70 ) ! " ! ! " " . " !"-
." 3 % " -* " # ( '" ) ,*
! % - # ! " ' ! + "), 3 $" ! ! " ! -
. " #. ! # " " ! " ! + # * " " -
,", *" ! % ) %" " ! .
5.11 1( 1 0 4:05 ; 7 00 01
( !" " * ! - %" % ) ! , ! "-

%" % ) %. 9 " !" " 13.4% " ," % '
! ! " , ! " ! %! !" ' -
*" ; " " , " , - # #, ! * " " !"% ! & - -
! ' (Bardan, 1997). / " , *" *
") ! " 13.4%, '! - " ! !", -. - .
1" % - ! * . - ! * ' ! ,
! '! !" ," ( . ! .5.9b).
.5.12. , . a. – ! #. b. ! # .
c. Xmin. d. / # . e.
# ( ). f. / # .
.5.13. , . a. – ! #. b. -
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e. -
# ( ). f.
/ # .
.5.14. /" ) ) % %. a. – ! #. b.
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e. -
# ( ). f. /-
# .
.5.15. , # . a. – ! #. b. -
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e.
# ( ). f. /
# .
5.12 >(/ « ( »
! !" " '" " « " », ! " " ! " ' ! + ")
" & " (! .5.16a, 5.16b). ! ". - # 3 ' "
! + "). ! ) '" ", ") -. * # #- # " ! " "
! + . ! *" &" !", ! " , " # %! &
$" . /" *," # ! " # . -* " # "."
! + ") ' "!" "*" #'. !" " " " Xmin, !
' , " # &" ! (! .5.16c–5.16f).
! ! ! $" " 3 " " ! "
! % '" , '" « " », . , !" #" )
" " "!" " -. ' # 2-D ! + "). ! # -
#" # ), % " &" ! $" ( -
) % ! "!' ") * ! !" ). /" ", -
# # ' ! !, % " " " ," " %-
/ "' . 3++" " . #' # -
! + ,% " # %" " ! # # #" # % ! # ) # ! 3 "!-
% , ! " ) "' ! # % , # &" ") %! & !" -
- # " . ! " " ' " " "!-
, # % .
5.13 4:0 >(/
# '" # #" # "" "!," ! '"

« " ». ! " " ! + ! % - # % * '" " « " », .".
" & " , ! ". - # &" ! *" ! # ! %
&" ! $" (! .5.17a, 5.17b). ' $" ', " ! " " ! + * -
# #- # ") -. . ! *,", *" ! '" " « " », % -
!# ! % ) ! " , " , " # &" ! %! & $" .
! " " . *,", *" ! '" " « " ». !" " " " -
, Xmin *" ! ' , " # &" ! (! .5.17c–5.17f).
! ! ! " ' ! ' ! " " -
" ! " ! % ! , % !# + ! ) !"% -
! & '. ! # #" # ), % " &" -
! $" ( )% ! "!' ") * -
! !" ). ! " $" % # &" " !
# ! !, " " ! ' " ( . !" . ) ! " ).
! ! # '" « " » ! ) '" # #" # -
, -*" " % ,* ! ) '" " !" " # ," ! + -
"), . . * ! % - # " ' &" ! *" ' ! -
#'. ( $" # #" # # ) , - # "
") ! " , ! "! % - # ) " "% ! ", * *-
. 9 " , " ! " *" # ! " #, " " ! -
! ! " " *") ) ! " ! .
5.14 4 2 ;05 ( >(/5
"! 3-D '" ' * ! ' ," - ! !" " "-

# , % # ! " ) !"% ! -
& ' (Cordsen, 1999). " , # " * ," ) RLI/SI SLI/RI,
" , # " ." ! # ' '" ', ! " #
! % " ! " # !" - " "! # # "-
! + # .( # ! 5-D % # " , -
! !" !"% ! & - ' * ) ) '" ", * " ,
"' ! %! & .
3-D '" ' # " " & # !!"% #! & ! !" " " #
, ! '! " ." " '! ( .". !#-
" ! + , ! " "!"" . .). % # !!"% #! % -
" ! " " # ! ' . ! % ' * #', - "!'-
' ) " ' "!" ". * , ") ! " -
. ! , "!" "." # ") ! " %! * - #
, * "!" ". - # "" "! # #, " -
' - & - !" # ). * ) # " ",
! " # , % " "!" "." # * ") ! "
" # ! " ! . " # %
) " " " ) ! & -* " # , * , " # ! -
" ! ! % ! " , #
!" # !" " " # " # *" ! '! ) '.
" !" ." ! & * ") ! "
-* " # *," ! !" " " # . ! " % , -
% " # # # . " !" *" " ! !" " " " ! " -
" ", ! "!"' " % ! % , -
! ! * % " 2.3-2.7. / ) -
) " " #- # "", *" ." ! # ' '" '.
* " #, * 3 3++" "- ! " " " *" ", ,
" ! ! " " # ! !" ( ! "
! "! 8!" " #), " #, * !" " ' ) . " " -
.
.5.16. , « ». a. – ! #. b. -
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e.
# . f. / # .
.5.17. . a. – ! #. b.
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e. -
# . f. / # .
0 ! .5.18a 5.18b " !"," " # * ) )

! . " - * ") ! " " ! % -
)! ! .5.9b, ! " " + & # ! & ; * -
- " # % "!" ". # " * % "! "
! " - ) , "! " ! " ! -
) (Cordsen, 1999). * ! " ! * . -
SI × 2RI, ") ! " ! ". # ! * . -
RI × 2SI &" ! "! * ) ( " !" *" )) * ". / #! -
& #, "! # , ." "% ) " , !
*" " * , " " " ! *" ) !"% ! -
! -.") " .
* ) ) '" # # "" + & " !"-
." " ! " ! *" ! !"," #. '"
" # #" # !"% #! ), * " - #" " ," + ! ,
*" ! ." ! # ) $" ". # # ! ", !"-
." ) #! , %! *" #, " " ! -.") !" ). -
# *" ! , # *"% "!" ". # * ") ! -
" – #! & $" ! " ) " -
.0 "&, * " # ! !"," #: # !" " # ! !", " -
) " "!" ". * * ) ,
" , . " ! *" " ! !"," #.
& # ' * ") ! " ! -
* ! !" " " # Xmin ! % ' ! "! " . 4 *, " !"
* - # " ! & * ") ! " . # $"
%! ) !"% #! ) ! ) ( , " " , "' ! %! & ),
Schuster Zhou (1996) "! ,* " * ) ) %! * , -
!"% ! ! ) " * ) %! ") ! " , !
" ," - ! "+ %! & * " ! " . "% ! -
& # ', " # ) '" ", ' ! "! " # " ,") -
-. * ) " '" ! ! )! , % #" #
%! # ! , , "! "! ! # ! ! " -
) " * !" " ) + ! & .
!" " " " Xmin "" * ) ) ' ! "!, *" !" -
. ' * #' ( ! " ! .5.18c 5.9c). !" " " # ,
"* , # #" # -* " * ) (! .5.18d-5.18f). !" " " "
! " ' !# ' ." " ! " % - ! ,
* " !"% ! & ' (! .5.18e).
5.15 1 1
) " - ! % ) %! ") ! " # #" #

, * " ") -. " ") ! " ! " !" " ' -
% " # (! ) * ! (! .5.19a). 9 " "
! " " - ) ! "% ! , !" " ) )% -
". ! " ! " " " " ! ! % ) ! ) ( -
" 5.4). !" " " " Xmin * " " (! .5.19c); ! !" " " # -
(! .5.19d-5.19f) " #- # ' ' -
%! *" # Xmin.
3" " ! % ) %! # #" # )
(! ). # - "! " ! %! # " + & ! # "'
*" !" " ' !" " " % ! , !" " ## ") -. " ") -
! " # % ! " % ! + #, " !"% ! & "
Xmute (! .5.19a). !" ." ! % ) %! -* " # , * ""
! "! ! ! "! " ' '. ! -
% " %! " # #- # #! ! ! " " " ' ! . 9
" ! # ! " - !" & " ! %! '
!" " ! # ) " " ") # ") ! ")
". ! % " %! - # ! ! " " $" , % " ! # "
" ! " ! + # # #" # " "!"% #! ( ! "!,
* ) ' '" ', % " " ." " &" ) %! ).
5.16 0(0 ( 0 / 0 4:0 ; 0
! " " ) ! ! * ' 3-D '" &" " !

# ) &" " " ) ! !" " " ! ! !" " (! .5.20).
"' ! *" ' ! , "!" ! " # %! ") -
! " 12 × 60, ! # " "* " - ! 30
" &" !" $" . " '" ! ! ,* #
! 35.
" " (! .5.20a), "" # " ! "!" ! -
# # % ! % ! + #; " " ! " " ! + #-
!"% ! & - ! & ! * &" ! ! ! + -
". 9 " " "* " * % ! " # # " !"! ) !-
% #.
'" ! % #, " ! % #, « ! * # », Flexi-Bin,
« , #» % % - ! 30 &" ! ) * .
$" (! .5.20b-5.20h). " ! * # " 3 '" , *
!" # ! , -* - # ! "!" ! # %! & $" .
! % " -*" " " 3 ' '" ! !" ," )% ".
.5.18. . a. – ! #. b. -
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e.
# . f. / # .
.5.19. , . a. – ! #. b.
! # . c. Xmin. d. / # . e. -
# ( ). f. /-
# .
.5.20. . a. . b. ) . c. « -
. d. * (45 .). e. * (26.565 .). f. Flexi-
Bin. g. «' ! » . h. 2 . i. , # . j. « ». k. . l. -
'" " "% "- # " ! "!" ! # %

! % ! + # – % * " (! .5.20i). "
! * # -* - # , * ")* !"% ! ! -. # %! %
,", *" " ", ! # " " ! + # ! *" -
!" ! "! . " " " "", ' ! , ' " #3
'" .
'" « " » ! # '" " ! ! - ! &" !"
$" , ! # % ," ) ! 30 # ! % ' '"
(! .5.20j, 5.20k). " " , " # " " "
" ! + &" !", " * " " *" -
&" ! . # '" !" % " % *, - ! "!" ! -
# ! " %! & $" , " " '" « " ».
! % # %! ") ! " + ! ! " ! "! " ! !" "-
" " ! , ' " ! .5.20b-5.20h, !
-* " % " # ") ! " , ! " ! Xmute.
4- # * ) # '" " " ! " *" ) ! -
- *" " # ! ! % ' ' (! .5.20e).
&" 5.1 #- # " ! " " !" ."
" % " ,! !" % )% ". & " # #-
" # *"! -."); "), # + ! & # ! # ! " '% .
% # 5.1. –
.
0"
# ! # %" " ! #. 9 * . ' "! !" " " " .
> ! ,"" ! !" " " " . ' # # .
/ "!" "." ) ! -
#.
! % # ! # %" " ! #. " *" " Xmin.
« ! * # » /" , ) Xmin " " *" " / % ! " .

RLI. ' # ! #' "
! " " " . ! " !"% ! & -
'.
0" ! % # ! # %" " ! #. " *" " Xmin.
Flex-Bin* # ! !", -. # " *" " Xmin.

+! & ! " ! ) ! , #! -
* !", -. # ! )
! .
"! # ! % -
# "- ' ! , ) -
.
*" ' ! , # # .
« , #» %! * 9++" " " " / " !" , % *" -

) ! ) - , ! ) . # -
-. ) %! ") ! " .
> ! ,"" ! !" " " " 0" ' # ! # -

!" " " % - .
! #. ! * # .
! -
!"% ! & '.
% % /" , ) Xmin " " *" " 0" ' * " *" ' ! ,"%
RLI. .
! " " " . * " % % ! -
"!" "." # ! # " - - !"% ! & '.
- ! " .
/"% * *," # ! "'. ' "! !" " " " .

' # # .
0" ' 3 ! #& # f-
x # " # ' .
« " » ! - > ! , ' # * # # ' 0 *, " !" , % " ! -

#! . + # #- # ") -. .
*" ' ! , " # %! & . ) " " " * # -
.
* ) # *," " ! !" " " " !" " " " ! , Xmin Xmax
. "" * ) ) ' ! "!.
/ ) !"% ! &
'.
! % # %! )* Xmax. # " #.
* ! " " " 3 ' "' % ) %! * " # # "
' 5
1. 1 " ' # , "! . ) , ) )

! % ) '" "?
2. *"% , ) ) '" " « ! *-
# »?
3. # &" & # Flexi-Bin?
4. 2 # #" # ." " # ! " " # " % %?
5. ! * " " ! ) « " » ! ) ! -
)?
6
. "
6.1 5 05 ( 20
! " * + ! ! - )* " ! " . !

*" " * , "! - *"!" , ! "!' ' -
) ! % ' * 3 "!% . ( !" " #" #
! , * " , " " , % 3 *-
! * . ! ) * " ! (! .6.1)
!# (! .6.2 6.3).
# !" "+ " % " -
*" " * . ." * ", " "
! ! ; ! " % , " ! ' ! ' ! ! " . * " #, *
# ! ! " " " "! " % ! ) " "% !" " #
. " !" " # %! ! " ! ' , " '
% !" , " 10-15 (30-50 ), " * "
!" ! ! .
3! " "! & !" - # "! " "% '
! ' (! .6.4). " # !"' '* "):
! , * ! # ! " (! .6.5); "" # " '! -
." " ! (! .6.6). " "!" ! - * , ! " # -
! # * " # ! &" !" #. " % , ! -
!" , ! " # !# (! .6.7) - " " "! " . " -
-* " # ,* " !, " ) !# , " !" " !"-
" & ! " " 3 " ! *" . " " #
!# , " %! " (! .6.8). " 3 %
" # &" - !" ! ." # ! (! .6.9).
." ! # " !" " !" #" ) % * - ! &" ! ,
-*" " % , * ! # "!" ". " # "
" "' " (! .6.10). * " 3! % !" #, !" " # '! -
." " ! (! .6.11). " ! % " ! &" ! " * ! &"-
! 3! !" .
0 " " ! !" #- ) ! % ) * 3 "!% ,
! ) " # #' %! *" % . 0 " ) !
* . -+ ! % !# (shaped charge) !
Poulter. " " * " - # " (! .6.12), ! "! -
". - # "!' - " ," ', ! # %! (! .6.13), "
*"% ! ' ! (! .6.14). 8 ! ) !# ! .6.15.
9 "& ) ! & , ! # !" #" ! " -
% *" # 3 "!% ! !" . "- # ! % ' * , ! " *
- # # "!' ' ! : " ! -. ) , ! " " -
(! .6.16). "! * ", ! ,"- " # # ! , -
" # . " ! ,"# " # ! ' ! . !
* ", . - ' ! ' (! .6.17) !# # "% -
" ( 2 5 " ! ). ' - # !# " ,") .-
, *" * " ! " .
0 * ), % ! " * ! ! " % -
, "" # !# ! % ' * : , # , , ! ) *-
, -, "! (p-shooter). ! * ) ! " " # " ! ' *
* # #- # "!' " # %" + *" " !" #.
! , 3 "!% -, * " - ! !" , !" " #-
" -. " + ! :
" * !#
% !#
*" * " !
*
.6.1. - .
.6.4 % # -
.
.6.2. $ .
.6.3. $ #
. . 6.5. ' .
.6.6. ( " #
# .
.6.8. / / .
.6.7. « # » .
. 6.9. 2 / .
.6.10. )# # .
.6.12. Poulter.
.6.13. Poulter.
.6.11. / $$ -
.
.6.16. .
.6.14. $ Poulter. .6.17. , # #

# - / .
!
" * !# * " -
)
" " % % ! -
, !" #-."% "!" . 4 *-
, # " * !# – 3 # " -
* , ! # " "* " -
% ," # % / "'
% " $" . ! ,
*" ," % $" ,
" . "" !" " # !# . 0" "-
" , , ! " * !#-
, ! ! ) ! ' ! -
, 3 * " * -
" ) ! &" 3 "!% ! ' " #
! . (." ! -
-* " # , *
") " % * ! )
.6.15. . , ! &" ! ! " # -
" # 3 "!% #. ! " % ,
!
" ! , ! ," ) , " ! " "+ "
49 . ." * ", ! ! " " !# ," ) . ,
#" # "!' ) ) , ) ! ) ) (! .6.18).
! % ) ! , " "" . " !# " "* - "" * )
, * - ! !" " ," 3 "!% . " "% !" " ,
- !# ," ) . ,* ! !" -
," 3 "!% . . # 2> " " ! ! "" " * , *"
# !# " ,") . , ' # ! % % # "
"-. " " - !" -. - * (! .6.19). " -& #
*, " * ) , * , ! " * " #, ,"-
" % / "' ! " ! " - ! " ," !# ".
.6.19. # ! -
.
.6.18. 2 , "
" " (a)
" ! " " -
(b).
1 ! ) % / ! # "',
# " % ' " ' ! . ." * ", *" " ," %
( ! "!, 6 20 ), " "" , # ! #
"!' # . ! % ) ! , 3 *" ' ! "-
), % ) "" 50 (160 ) !# # !" .( !" "
! " ! % ( ! "!, * " ' "!' -
! ), %! * % 2 " ! (6 ), -
" " ! .
*" * " ! % , -
! # " % 3 *" ' ! " ), ' "'
#', *" ' ) . 0" !# #
* ", " " ' " "* " " ! !" * % -
*" 3 "!% ! )% " , &" - " # "'.
3-D ! ', %! * * ! " ! " # " ! " ,*
! " ! + .9 " *," " -, %! -
") ! " * ! "! - # ! " ! " % ! -
+ #( .1 8– ).
* !" " #" !" ! " ") *" -
% . ' ! "! - # ! -! ! ! " #, ! -,
! ) ! # ! ! ! #" # .0 &" " ! -
! ") ' # " – ! " ! - " &
8300 / (27000 / ), ! " " "* " + ! ! " *" !" %
! % * " "! " * ) -
#-."). "!" " " ! ' # # ") -%" (seis-gel) * -
"3 , " ") -%" 60%. 9 * ' ! "! - # ! -
- 5200 / (17000 / ), - " "" , ! ) ,
*" " . " !" ." %" ") "!" " -* " #
, * * " %" !"!"' "! " " " ". 0
! % &" " ! ' # " ! -. ) , !, ! ) " ! "
! - "% 1500 / (5000 / ), " ! ,! # ) !" "-
.9 + ! ! - , ! ) !# * , ! " % -
", , . " ! " " " " ! #- !"-
, , " *," "% ' # % * #.
6.2 5 05 ( 7 5 0 / /
( ! " ! !"% ! & " " * ' ! , , !" " -

" # ! " # " - " " , - ! " " )
&" 6.1. " ! ! # " 30-40 *"
- " # * ! + # (BOL) & ! + # (EOL). "
" ! # "!" - # ! * ! " !"% ! -
& , * ' " ! !" . " ! % -
!" " , " ! " ! * # " -
. '! # " -. ' $" . ! " ! '! % -
." " " # # . . , , " " , "-
!" ,* # " # " " ' # "-
" ) . .
% # 6.1. %
0 "! " " * !# 1 -

%
" ! " " * !#
1 0.5 1 15 45 1
2 1 2 15 45 1
3 2 5 15 45 1
4 4 10 15 45 1
" ! "%
5 1 2 6 20 1
6 1 2 9 30 1
" ! " *"
7 1 2 15 50 3
8 1 2 15 50 5
6.3 (1 (4
" !" ." ! -

! * -
-* " # , * "
! ' ! % % ! -
" , ## !" "!"-
" (! .6.20). # " -
#" ) ! % " "!" ". #
" -.") * ", % ! #
! % -* " !# ! )
, " #" ! . !
3 " , * ! -
! " !" ! &" " !"% -
! & !
% , % " . 9 " ! -
.6.20. % -
" "' '. .
6.4 7 5
"! " ! !
(! .6.21) + ! ! - " ! * -
! *" # P- S- .
1! " ! ! + ! -
! - " P- )* "
S- . ( %! ! '
" " "* - *
! !" * ) 3 "!% , !" -
* " " " ! -
! "' *" ) ", " -
" ) .
0 ! "!, ! " * %
' " " . ,
% " . ") #" 200
(650 ), !
! ") * - # " *"
' ! ,"% *" .
.6.21. ) # .
! & , ! !! " #- # " " %! :

! ! , " " " "'
', ! ! , " " %! -
' #'. ! !, " ) " "' " (! .6.22), *
"" " " ," !" " * " ! % ! " ! -
! , " %! ". 7 , " "' " ""
"! - , " " ! * # "! -
) ). # " !" #" " ," "
) " ! . " ! " " ". ! "!"" ' ! -
" # !") "!" (! .6.23), ! ) " !# " * %! ". -
! ! , " " %! " (! .6.24), "" 3++" # !
! % ', - # "" " '! ) '. ! !, " -
) %! ", "" "" - ! " " ! %, 3
! * " # "! - "' *" " "*" "
! " .
.6.22. $ # , -
.
.6.24. $ # , -
.
.6.23. % # .
6.5 0 ( 1 0 7
9 "!% #, *" # ! !" ! ! , !" " #" # " -.

! " ! :
) - %
*" - %
*" ! !
" ! ) "
- % * " #" # 4 20 " . ' " -

'! !" " #" # " *" " - % ! % ! -
" ! !"% ! & , ! " " "* " *, " !" . 2" ""
- % , " ," ! ' *" " ! !" !" " " * -
". ) - % " ' ! , * !" # "-
* ," # 3 "!% #/, ! . 0" % - %
-* " # , * % " * " - "!' -
- ! % " "' .
."" *" - % , ! ' ) * ", -
" " # # 4 20. " " "' *, " # " " *" #
*" - % . 0 ! "!, ! ") ' ! ' %
* " " ," *" ,"% *" - % .
! " " " - % *" - % -
" # 3 - ) (pad time), # #" # "" ' + -
! , !" " #-. ' ! :
3- ) =( - % )×( *" - % ) (6.1)
3- ) * " #" # 64 144 " ; ! -

!" " " ' # " ' 3 !" # " ! . # 10 " .
." * ", 3 *" % " , *" - % ,
3 ! . " "!" "." # ! ! . /" ,"" *" -
' - % "" " " , *" " ! ' - % .
* *" ! ! %! " " #" # 3 5 (! .6.25),
, ! ) * " " %! ! ! ") -
!# . ! !"% ! & ' ! " " " % ' ! ! "
" # * " # "', ! " " "* " # ! ," -
*" " ! ! . # *" # ' * "% -
" # %! * , ! ! " ! ! " ' ! !
! " " " %! ") ! " ( .1 8).
" ! ) "– " )+ !, #-. ) *"
3 "!% , *" ) ! !" . 0 !# *" ! ! , "
! ) " " % ,"" # " " * ," #
% / "' (S/N), " " - % , *" - %
, ! , " ! " " (Malcolm Lansley, "! "
." "):
" *" " S/N "& " '=20 log ( *" ! ! × " ! ) "×(
- % × *" - % ×, ! - %
1/2
) )
(6.2)
.6.25. # .
.6.26. # .
- &"
# %! * , ! ! % ! #
- * "
& -, # # . % % " -
! , " *" - % . !" " * " # &" *
" (! .6.26). # " "! % ! ! " "-
% ! ! !" " #" ! . # ! "
& ! ) " "!" ". # !" ! " !" " " "! -
# " , ! .6.27. # %! * -
!" " #" # ! " " :
1
3++" # %! * = %! + ."" #% "= *" ! -
! ×! # " " ! + *" #% )× ! # " #% -
# (6.3)
! "!: 3++" # %! * =4 × 10 +3 × 10 =70
1
# ", ! " ! ! " "!" " # " " - %
"! - % " -." .
, =4 × 41 +3 × 41 =288
#% " #" -
"' , ! %! " "! ! , ! -
" " , " !" " -
") " ! -. - !" . !
) " * " #% # %
" , # "' , )
"!' #
' '. ! " *"
#% # % # ! -
" , *"% " " "% .
2 "! ) ! ! ! -
% " # !# " #
"! % - % . " %!
! ! "!" ". " # " -
" " - %
.6.27. # ,
. , * " ) ! ! -
" # !# " # " "% - % . " "!" "." "
! ! " "," - %! ( ! .6.27 " *" & +!
1,2,3,4,3,2,1). ( " " "% - % "! ) ! ! " ' -
# " -." " ", # %! "!"" " " -. ) " .
" " # # ! ! , ! " ! ' # ! &" " #-
% #, !" " !"* , 3 # " #" # % -
% ! % , " ! # " % - % .
6.6 ( 0 ( 7
" " * #- # " !" " '! " .0 *"-

" " – "! " " " ! " )! ! ! . " ! -
" ! ! , #" " -*" " !"% ! ! ! !
!" " #, !" #" ) "" ! % - ! "! ! * '
' ! "! , ! # * "! " % -
# !" ! #. * " ! " ! ! "-
' #' " *" % !" " , !"% ! ! - # ! -
* " ! " ! * ; ! "!, " " " -
% , $" * ) ' ! "! (dwell), "!" "." #, -
*" - % , - % , " " ( ! &" '), -
" ", *" ! ! .( ! " ! !"% ! & " "
* ' ! , , !" " " # " - " " -
, ! " " - &" 6.2. ! ) - % " -
, " " 2. " ) " " " * -
" " # # . . #! ! " ) "-
" " # ! " " # S/N, 3 " " "
! " ! # #" # * # % !" " " # " " #
S/N. &" 2 # 3 ) &" *" - % ' " * -
" # ! . " " # ! ) ", " *
S/N ! 3 7( . ! " " (6.2)).
% # 6.2. % # -
0 "! - 2 - $" #% " #

" ! - - - - * ) ! ( ) ! -
! % % % ' ! "! - ( )
(1&) ( ) ( )
( 7/ .)
" ! "* - %
1 4 10-80 8 12 3 30 30 60
2 4 10-90 8 12 3 30 30 60
3 4 10-100 8 12 3 30 30 60
4 4 10-110 8 12 3 30 30 60
5 4 10-120 8 12 3 30 30 60
" ! "! , !" # %

6 4 10-90 8 12 " 30 30 60
7 4 10-90 8 12 6 30 30 60
" ! " "!" "." #

8 4 10-90 8 12 3 30 10 40
9 4 10-90 8 12 3 30 20 50
10 4 10-90 8 12 3 30 30 60
" ! " *" - %

11 4 10-90 1 12 3 30 30 60
12 4 10-90 2 12 3 30 30 60
13 4 10-90 4 12 3 30 30 60
14 4 10-90 16 12 3 30 30 60
15 4 10-90 32 12 3 30 30 60
" ! " - %
16 4 10-90 8 4 3 30 30 60
17 4 10-90 8 8 3 30 30 60
18 4 10-90 8 16 3 30 30 60
19 4 10-90 8 32 3 30 30 60
" ! " *" ! !

20 1 10-90 8 12 3 0 0 0
21 2 10-90 8 12 3 10 0 0
22 3 10-90 8 12 3 20 0 20
23 4 10-90 8 12 3 30 0 30
! " ! ! ! " " - " ! ,

! # %" + " " ! !"," # "), ' -
'! ', ! " % ' !" " * ) " ) " -
" . "+ ! ") " " -& ' ! , -
- " ' " !" " " " # - % . 1" + , ." -
#-. ) ! *" , " % ! ! ,* " # " ! -
" !#% # " ) !"% ! & . -*" ! !
" " " # # #- # " -. ": 0/4?
!" " " "!" * + ! & ? ! " " 3 !" #? "
! ' ! " ! , !" " " # ! " "! '
! ' " ! $" , ! " ", " *"% "!-
!" ! " !" " - ! " -
*" " ' (Duncan !., 1996). " " '! !" '
! , * " , $" " ! # ' " !" & "), '
! %! ) . .
! * " ! - % , + ! ! " ' ! -
! . 70-' % ', ! - % " " *
!" " . 0 " ! , - % ," " * !"-
" . * - # )* ( 10 1&), ! # "!"' * -
80, 100, 120 "" %"!&. - % % ") ;3 -
* " ,* ) ! * " # " !" #, -
" " -*" $" * ) ' ! "! # " # -
'* (! .6.28). ) $" " " ") " - % , -
" " # " *" # ' * * " !
") *" ! !" ". , , ) $" * ) ' ! "! -
" ! " ,* * ") " "'
" " "! * ' ', ! " "! - "! !"-
! " .0 ! ) $" * ) ' ! "! -
#" 3-6 7/ . . " " " ! " % $" * )' -
! "! " "* " " ," " % / "' (Pritchett,
1994). ! ") % " ") % - % * " "
, % # # , 3- ) " # # . "-
#-. " # - % ( ! - – vari-sweeps) %
# " " % " # !" " " ' * $" * )
' ! "! . 3 ) " ", ! - # " " "-
# - % ,* ' " * , " ! - -
#.
.6.28. 4 - .
# ! ! " # ! " " # - % ,

3 ! " ! " ") & ! ! ':
−
− = (6.4)
−
&" - &" ! * ' ! " ! ! ! , " ' ! -

%! + " " #+ , # * !" " . 0
! .6.29 ! * " ! " ! *" !"' ! ! . , "
* - " * '! "! . 0" " ! " " ' ! "! -
*" , ! ' ) "). 1! + + !" "
" , . , # -+ " 1-2 " . "- ."-
" " " " ( .".> 5° ) # #" # " ! " " ; ! "!, ! -
! , ! ) " " " " + !" " , " ")
(, ! ' # #).
! ! !
70-90%
! % #,
* " "* " ' )* - ! -
. ! " *" #, -
! " ! * " ! * ' ' ! "-
! ! ! , * !
' ," - *" '. ! -
%) ! , ! # " -
% " "
" ," 90% ! *"% #
(, ! ' # #). 1! + -
* !" "
! .6.29 " * ), %
! ! ! + ! ! - -
" % , % *" "! %
! ! ' ! "! " # ,
$" * ) ' ! "! .
", *" " -
. - ! ! , % !"% -
! ! # . *-
.6.29. , ) ! ", "!" *") ")
, - " , !!" ! - # % -
.
* . -
* " " !!" ! ' "), !" " " * " ! "
( ! "!" # ! : - % 12 + !" # !"% ! & 3
= 15 ).
6.7 (1 ( 5 0 7
# ! ' $" , % ! "! " 4 5

! ! &" - ," # ! " !"% ! & . ! 3
! " " # ! , " , " # !" # !"% ! & .
! " " " " ' " ! ! !# + ! , -
' !" "+, " * 3 "!% , ) ! !" , !" # "!"" *-
* ". # ) ! ! " " " # *"-
" !" "! %, * " ! " * " " ! -
% ! ! . 0" ' ! - ", - & -,
" " ' . #'.
" !" ." ! ! " " " ! -* " -
!
# , * *" " - % " " ! -
" ,* " "* " ," " ! " "!" "." #
%! ") ! " . ! ! ' * , )% -
* * " ! "", " ' ! - -
, "!" ". %! ") ! " . ! " %, " & ,
" !" # . ! ! " ! ! , ! % ,
# " ! + ", % ! ! ,* " -
" # ! ! " ! * .
% # ! , !" # ,* -
" !# ! " ! # * - ") ! " . 9 #
" - #% # * . " " " #
*," "% # , % * ! " "! " #!
! ! + # . 3 * ", "!" "." " *" - " #
" ,"" " " ! !" " " " ! .
"% ! & # ' % - % (slip-sweep acquisition)
!" #" ) !" ! ." # !" " ' " # ! !
.9 %" # " « #» " ' * " !" #
!"% ! & *" "!" ! # - % !" " " - " *
(Rozemond, 1996).
0" ! " $" , % " ! " #" # ! ") , #- # " -
- % , ! " " # * ! "! -
# " ( ! "!, 10 ). ", *" " % - % ,
!!" ! - # " . ' " ! ,3 « ! » "! ! -
- # " "; !" " ! # 720. ." * ",
" ) $" - " *" . #." !"-
" , #* $" 3 % " !" " ".
Allen !. (1998) !" ) " * ) !"% ! &
! " " " ! ! , ! ) -* " !" " - '
" ' * . ! ! " - # "!" " %
"!" "." " ! ! ', &" - " " # ' # % ! -
! . !" " * - # " ) ! -, *" ! '
* " *," (Wilkinson !., 1998).
6.8 1 ( 20
# * 3-D ! #" # ! " " " ! ' -

* ! ") , - # ! %" * :
, " , ! ) " , (mud guns); " " - -

# ! ! ' "!"' ) "
shotgun (Betsy)
Mini-Soise ( ! ) * )
" # , # ,
")
1" "! ! ! %' (Elastic Wave Generator – EWG) (Bison)
Mini-Vibes
" % 3 ' * # *" # -

' ' '( '% ') )* . 3-D $" , %"
! " " " ! ") " " !" ! -.") !" ".
7 "" . " * - + ! & - ' '( , '
% '), ! # ," " * . . "!" ! --
. &" ! " * % # + " ' ! * '% -
&" - #" % ! '.
' 6
1. " ! " ! !" " #- 3 "!% -, *" - ! !" , !

! ' * ?
2. 2 * " "! « 3 - ) »?
3. $# " *" " "! « ! » « #% -
"», ! %! .
7
! #
7.1 (; / (/0
") ! " ' ! "! !"% ! ! " ' -

', ), ! ' ! ' !"% ! & #. &" 7.1 "!"* -
" ") ! " * ' ! " " #. ! ! '! -
' ,", ") ! " "- !" -* 10 14 1&,
" ! '! ) ' ! * ) ! ) # #" # " 6- 8-
%"!& ' ") ! " . " " " "", ! # # ") ! "
!" * 40 1& (! .7.1). * ") ! " " -
#- # %! 1, 4, 6, 9, 12 24 , . (! .7.2). ( !" " " '
. #' "* " # " " & # " *" - *" ") ! "
%! " (9, 12, 24 " 72, , ! "!, !" " "), ! % '
!"% '( ! "!, < ) "! "), %! # " "" *" 6
") ! " . ( ! # " " !" , " " -
* "! " %! , % . " # ") -
! " % # # " " ' *" ( " " " ! *" " -
" ), "! # 4 6 %! (! !" " " " " ),
" ) !"% ! ! -.") ! ! . ." * ", !"% ! !
! # " ) %! " ") ! " .
% # 7.1. % .
" #* #!
") ! " (%" + ) 6, 8, 10-40 1& ,
") ! " # !
' 10-14 1& "!"' #
% ! + 10-14 1& !"
!"' " ) ") -
! " 2-8 1& !"% ! &# "!"* '
! - # " !"' " " "! " " ") ! -

" , ! " "- & +! ) ' ) % ! "! " ! .
" "! " ! ! - "! ' (micromachined accelerometers) -
- "' % - % - " " "* - - ! !", -. - -
"!' " " ". ! * ! "
"! " #! , % " "!" " !" " , --
) * " ." " .
7 . " ! ! * -* ." " " "-
" " ,* % ," ) ! -
) - " ,"" !" #. ." , , % ! - ) "
"" " , " ,", ! !"% ! ! " ' -
' #.
1! ") ! " + ! ! - # " ! "! # ") -
! " " ! ) & ( ! "!, 12 ") ! " 20
40-55 ). ! " )! , %! ! - # ! -
" ") -.") ! , "!" 3 % ! " #, " ! %
" &" ! " " * - " #( ! "!, ! .7.3). -
" , # ! ! " " %! ") ! " ! !"% -
! & 3-D ") *" ' ' (Regone, 1994). 8 ! %! " "
" " - "" "! % 3++" ! !" " " ,"-
") % ! "! ! . 1! ! # " ! " ") ! " ,
"," - ! , *" " # 3++" -
" # ' "'. 7 "" " " " %! ! #
1 " 8.
% ! ) " , % " ! ' & ' %! !"-
, " 2 6 , ") ! " % %! ! "-
, * ". 0 " ,% "! !" , " 5 15 -
, ! ") ! " ! " % ! # , *
! ! " " %! . # " ," # #-
# ! ") , ") ! " % % " . ( 3-D $"
! " " ! *"!" "- !" # ( ! "!, &" - -
! % % " % ") #), *, !"," " " % " "
&" " & # ") ! " %! " " ) ! .
! !"% ! & !"' " ' 3-D ', *"
! " ! ! , # #-. # " # "
(! .7.4, !" ) ") ! " ). " ! ,"" *" -
" ! " %! ") ! " , ! # " * -
! . "!"* " ! " " ' ! "! - # -
," "! " * ) #-."), - # ") -
! " " ) !" )* ).
.7.1. .
.7.3. -
. ' / # -
. «X» – # " .
.7.2. # .7.4. .
, -
.
#' "!"' ) ( ! " " ", , "! ) -

% ! + ") ! " , !" *" " #! -
'. " " ! - # ," " # *,"% % #
%! .1 ! + % ! %! " "! . 2 - " -
* % " "*" # ! " , ! ' #
! " )3" " %! . " " . " " , " # "
" " " "' # %! .1 ! + * " -
" " - " # ( " " " - ! , ' " ") ! " -
), ! " " " # " # * - # + " 180°
! " ' ' ") ! ") * &. !" " " ," " "
"! * ) ! " ) ) " # "" )- "
. ) # % + 90° " % ! + ' ") ! " -
'% ' "!"% ) . ! ! + -
! !!" #& # *,"% % # + ! * % !"% ! -
! -."% ! # * .
" ! "! # * % *" %! ") ! " -
# !"% ! & "! % , "! ! ") & , " ! "!
-*" # , # 3" ! " ! ". * " ! "-
# '' "*" , " ' ! "! , !" ! ,
! " ' , " "+" " , !" " " " "-
. " " "% ) " ," ! ! "
)* , ! -*" ! !" " # ! "" -
- ! "! , * " % !" " (" ! " " # ! % -
* ). " ! " " ) " " ! " " " ! *" " :
-*" " ! ' ! , " -* - # !" "
( * " " ) " ,% " " ! " " ! -
" "! *"" # " * ! , ! " - 3 -
).
7.2 (1 5
# 3-D $" "" # , ! ) !# !"% ! ! -."% ! #.

"% # % " " " "* - 24-! !# - !"% ! &-( , ! -
"!, , " , "!"* " ' &" 7.2). " " " -
"* - - * ! " " #, !"% ! &# ! '-
, ! *" ". , ! " " ) &", "
# #" # "! " " !" " " ) ! ! , !" #" )
, !" " " ' "' *" ' ' ! "! . 0" ' ! -
!" " ) " ! " " " ) *". 0 -
! "!, " " I/O !"% ! ! - "" 1015 (1024 -
% " " ), # ' !" " # " ) LIM. ! ! "
,", 3 !"% ! & * - # %! " " -
"' " , " " , % "% "!" % # ! ) !"% ! &
'.
% # 7.2. " 3-D*
! " " T/D/R 7 - *" 4 ") " " ! #

- " # "
Fairfield Telseis Star T RU 1-6 " !" " CRS

CRS/CRS
Fairfield BOX T/D/R RU 1-8 CRS
Geo-X Aram D RAM 8 LTU CRU
Input/Output I/O I D RSC 6 LTU SCM
Input/Output I/O II D MRX 6 ALX SCM
Input/Output RSR R RSR 6
Input/Output System 2000 D MRX 6 ALX SCM
JAPEX G.DAPS-4
Sercel Eagle T SAR 1-6 " !" " CRS
CRS
Sercel SN388 D SU 1-6 CSU CCU
Sercel 408 UL T/D/R FDU 1 LAUX CM
Syntron Polyseis T RTU
D= !" " " # " T= " " " ! *" # " R= & # !"% ! &#
") *" ' '
ALX " " - LTU 7 " " #

CCU " ! ) ! " # MRX / -! ) & ) + ! ! -
" % ! , !"
CLU 7 ! - ) RAM & ) !"% ! &
CMM " ! ) ! " # RSC & )+ ! ! " %
CRS " ! # !"% ! ! -. # " RTU 7 ! " " " !
CRU " ! ) !"% ! & RU & )
CSU 7 "!"' &- SAR & ) !"% ! & ") -
*" ' '
FDU 7 " ' ' SCM / ! " # " )
LAM / !"% ! & SU 7 &
LIM / !# " # ")
* "), # + ! & # !" " "! !" " -.")
" *" , , % !" - "

& , " DMT/SUMMIT 24-! !# # " OYO DAS, %
# ! "!' ' 3-D $" " , ' . #'.
* " " *" *" ( ! "!, " ," 120),
- # " !"% ! ! " " % * "
3" " ;3 #" * * - ! - -
" # ' 3-D $" . "" # !# 16-! !# ' !"% ! ! ,
!" * " " " # 24-! !# " . ! # % # ! -
! , # DFS V, ," " " # # ! " " # 3-D ! .
!" " # !" & # 3-D %" " ! " " " ! !" -
& 2-D '. ." * ", ") *" " " !"% ! ! - # , -
% !" & 2 , " 802 128 1& + ! "! '
* . "!"' , %4 # #" # ! " ," # $" '
"!" ! ), ' # "" " " " &# -, % !"-
& 0.5 1 .1 " $" !" ! . - "* -
, 3 " "" !" ! " !" " "
! "% , ! "!, 2 , , % " "" 2 .
( 3-D $" ! ' " !" "+ ( ! "!,
*"!" % ! - " , ! , "!"' - ), " " -
!"% ! ! ") . ! . " " , ",
*" " * ! * ' ( ! % * , , )
, . .) % ! ' ", % !"% ! ! ) )
" ! ! ). ( " # "" % !"% ! ! , !" " #
% "+ . «7" , "» "!" ! " ! -
* ' * #" ! " # " ! &" , * -. " "-
" # "!' ' ) " -& #, *" " "
! . !" " # ! , " "! " " « "! -
"» !"% ! ! -. " " .
7.3 ( (4(005 ( (/5
!
!" " " ' " ', , ! " - " " -
", " ! " # ") & " #- # " " . *
3 " " # " - # *"!" ") ) (! .7.5), ! ) ! "
+ ! &- " ' %! ") ! " . "% ! ! -."" ! -
"! % " # , ! .7.6. , "! !" " " -
' " , " ! " *" %! ") ! " -* " #
.9 !" ! - % ) % & +! -+ ! . *
" " « " » . - ! *" ) ! . " -* -
- # ! - ) , ! ", - *"!" , " #- # « % ! -
) ")» # # " !" " &" ! !"% ! !
(! .7.7). * " # ! ") , + ! &# !-
!" ! " . !!" #& # " # # " '
' ") & (! .7.8). " " - # !!"-
# ! (! .7.9), "! , 4 / - "! , ! " ! ! - ' ! .
.7.5. ( , "
# .
.7.7. ( .
.7.8. .
.7.6. % -
(Input/Output System
Two). ALX – " , MRX –
" -
.
.7.10. ' .
.7.9. ' .
7.4 (4(/( 2( ( (/5
" " " ! *" " " " "- + *" % " " #
!"% ! & " ) ! " # %! " !"% ! ! -. ! -
" . " " # ! ) " ,
* " ! " ! !"," " ! " " "! , )- ! -
% ) ! * ". * # " #! ! .7.11. # #
&") 7.2, *" " ! "! # " Sercel Eagle. 7 SAR ( -
& ) !"% ! & ") *" ' ') " % "-
!" " "% ! CRS (&" ! - !"% ! ! -. - " ).
" " " ! *" " " - * " !" ." "!"
! !" " " " :
" ," " # " ! " ! -. - !" ," #
" :
" !" " " " ")

0" " ' ! " ! ) " -
! "! # # "# #- # ! " )
/ " !" # ! "! #:
) " ! % ' ; " " , !"

" * % ! ,", *" ! " )
" ,% " " ! ) " ! " "! *"" -
# " -* ! .
4 *, # ! " :
"% ! &# ' " !"! " # - % ' " ! -

' .
0" ! " " " " ! *" " -

" (Fairfield BOX Syntron Polyseis)
% ! " !"
!" " . ! % " " " ! *" -
" ! . " ! " -
! !" " " " : "-
!" * ' !"% ! &
! ! ' ,", *" !"-
!" " . # " ! ' -
" , !" # "!" * ' "
!# " ' ,
.7.11. %
(Sercel Eagle). * " " ! ! )
SAR – # ! % . 0 * " "!" " " -
. " ! " ) # "!" *
% ,
" " ' "!! ! #' % * " " "' FM. # "!" "-
*" # !" ! % ! ' * ' % # ", " -
" (* * ! !" " " ", * * " " " ! *" ").
7.5 0 00 ( > 0(0 (
! " , ! "
! " #- '! " , "
*" ") %! " !#
") ! " . *" "
! "! ' " Fairfield BOX I/O RSR. "
RSR ' %! !"% ! ! -. ! " , , # "
(! .7.12) " " & " !"% ! & ") *" ' '
(! .7.13). " " ' " "" - # " '! -
# # " BOX RSR, " ! - # " ! " " -, -
"-.") # # .7 ! ' DSU (! .7.14) !" "
-* " # BOX RSR, '! #. # # + ! & # ! %! " #
DSU. " "!" * ', "! " # BOX RSR ! " -
# # "),"% #. " DSU -* " # BOX RSR
-* " # ! ) ! " " # !!" # ! (! .7.15) # -
" -.") "!" . ! ) ! " " # ! ! " " -
, #" !!" #& - ! - % "
" " # " % '! " #. " ! ' * #' ( ! "!,
" " Fairfield BOX), " " " # " % ! ! -
. ) " ! ' " " ." " " ,
# " HSE.
" ! ' * #' & % '! " #, ! *" -
' ! " " " . " * ", " -
! "' ") *" ' ! *"!" ! " !" # " ! .9 -
! ( ! "!, ," " % / "' , !" " ! * # 3 "!% #) -
#- " # ,* !"% ! ! ") *" " " ' ! ,"-
% *" . 0" ! " " & % '! " # % 3
+ ! &- ! ' ! ! " % ! .
.7.14. ( # .
.7.12. -
.
.7.13. - # .
.7.15. + .
' 7
1. ) ") ! " " " ! ! ! " " - -

#' "!"' ) ?
2. ! ! # )* " # "?
3. , " ! * " " ! !" " " ) " " " ! *" ) " -
.
4. ! " & # " !"% ! & ") *" ' '?
8
+
8.1 1
'" %! (! ) 3-D ! ' !" - . " % ! -

!" #. > ! ,"" " %! # 2-D ! ) Vermeer
(1990). ( " # %! ") ! " , -
! ). "% # "" ! ! ! " # #- # ! % "
%! , %! " " %! - ) , ! #
! "- ' ! , " ! * " ' ! "! . ! " ! . "
" ) &" ' %! ', 3 + ! &# " -
# ! ) # ! # # " "! , ! ) " " #
" ' . " % " # ). ' * #', ! " -
! . " !# - ! " "! ,* " "*
"! " " %! .
3-D $" ', 3 "!% # * " " ' ! "-
). %! ." " " #" # "
* ! ! " ! .( %! ! "! - ) ,
!" & # * , & ! ) " - ) , " " ,
% % " ! % * %! " " # #.
" " % " " #, % " !" * - ." " -
%! ! !"% ! & 3-D ' * ' ! ' -
, ! " #- " ! " " %! , " ! % " $" -
" " (clustered).
" " # ") ' . ' %! , * -
& , % %! % # ! " " ,")
" " , *" "!' # (Wittick, 1998). # -* !"% -
! &- - ) ! - ) , .". " # %! ! -
" '! ! ! " # "! " #! 3 ! " -.
Regone (1998) ,* # ! % # !" -
! " " # . ' %! ") ! " 3++" #"
! "# " "' . !# # !" " # " ) ! -
! " ) ! ( , ! , " '! ), % "'
! -.") !" *," "% #- # " % ! -
* , "% . ! .
1! ! " ! % ! + # , ,
# %! ! " ! " % ! + # (Vermeer, 1998a). 0
! .8.1 " ! * " *" # %! . 0 ! .8.1a *-
) , !"% ! ! " ) ") ) %! ); "! # !" ' *" " ! ! -
" "! " ! " ! " % ! + #. 0 ! .8.1b -
. # ! !" ' *" , *" # " ! #
") ' %! * ") ! " . " . " "!" ! "
! " # ! . 0 ! .8.1c " "!" ! ", ! %
* , # * . - %! ") ! " -
. 2" ," *" 3" " %! ", " ," . " "!"-
! ". " . "! 3++" - ! " ! '
! "# ' "'.
8.2 1 5 (; / (/0
0 ! .8.2 %! # ") ! " , ! " -

! ) , 3 "!% -, -. - ! * ' ! "-
). 0 ! .8.2a " ") - %! , ! .8.2b –
! - %! . ! " " '" " " 3 "!%
"." % * ! 90° ( " "!) 180° (-%), ' ! ,"" " " !
0° ( ) 180° ( ). 0 ! .8.2b 2-D %! , % ! -
" " 0° " ! " " %! ") ! " ( .". -
). ! !" " %! ! ; ! "!,
! 209.8° ! .8.2a. " " % ! !" *" ) *"! )
") 2-D ".
.8.1. ,
(a) ( Vermeer, 1998a); ,
(b); ,
.
8.2a. ) ( ).
.8.2b. ) ( ).
8.3 1 5 20
0 ! .8.3 %! ") ! " # " ! -

) %! *" !"' ! ! , ! " ! ) ! " " "!-
-%. ! " " '" " " ! 90° ( " "!) ! 270° (-%),
'" " "( ) ) ! 0° ( ) ! 180° ( ). -
* " '" : *" !" ! ! , ! # " " – 10 (3++" -
# %! 40 ), #% " – 5 ( " ,") ! .
! "!" ! .8.3a, ! # " " #" 5 , " * -
#% #–5 # *" !"' - % . 9++" # %! !
35 ;! # %! ! .8.3b.
8.4 /7 0 005 ; 4 1 5
0 ! .8.4 ! ) %! * ") -
! " . " ,* 3%! + !" #- ) " !" *"-
" " ) & , ! "! " #! ! -
" %! * ") ! " .9 * #! " "-
* " ' ! ,"" " " "' "' ! " #'. ) " ! -
"! # "" - " - %" " ! - !"% ! & . " " ,
%! ! "! - # -! . !" " *" ! !" - '" ,
" ' ! * " !" *" ) .
8.5 9 -1 5
2
" " 3 -%! (stack arrays) ! # Anstey (1986a,
1986b, 1986c, 1987, 1989). " " 2-D 3 -%! " # ! "! #,
" !"! # " " ") ! " . " -
'! ', - # &" ! " ! " -. %" " -
! *" ! " ! :
%! ! ! # - " %! ,
! # " " ! ! # - " %! ,
! " " %! .
9 3 -%! # " ) ! " " ' *"

! . ( !" , * "' # #- # ! , 3-D 3-
%! # 2-D %! ), ! # ! ! ! *
. " " , ! " " " ".
3-D "% "! ! ! * ,
3++" 3 -%! " ! % ", * !" " !"*
- "!"% #! % ) .
.8.3a. ) ( ).
2
*" " %! ") ! " !"% #! )! " ) ! .
3-D, &" & # 3 -%! " ! " " ! " ) ! ) 3-D
%" " ! .
.8.3b. ) ( ).
.8.4a. ' # ( )
.8.4.b. ' # ( )
8.6 /( (1 HANDS-OFF
Ongkiehong Askin (1988) ! " 3 -%! , %,

! " %! * ") ! " ) . # -
" ! * ) ! , *" 3" " ) %! " ( *
") ! " ) .9 ! ! ' # " --
." ! :
, " , . 3-D !"% ! & , # " ! *-
# ! " # " ) 3 *" ) * !" #, -
3 " ' " ! " ! .
8.7 //( 20 57
Vermeer (1998a) " "! " "- " ! * ) ! .2 -

, " " ! " * , " " ! -
" ") ! " . " " ,! # # " " # *-
") ! " , " ! # # " ! + # # #- #
! . / ) "!#" # ! " - ) , ! "
, "!" ! " ! - ) . !" "
* " # # ! ! " #' - ) ! - ) . 4- "
%! ") ! " # #- # "! ! " " %! * .
!" ." ! " ", 3 " ) &" ! ), ! )
! " !" " ! '!"," ).
9.1 1 8 2( ( 7 5
! " ! . 3-D ") *" '! " ! " -

" %! + ,* ! !" " " " . !
' ! . ! " ! . " * "
! & , " " * " " " " #; ! "!,
! " ! ' " . % ! ) " -
%! + * !" % - , * ! # " " "!" "! )
&" , " % ! . "!" " % !
(! .9.1) " % ! ! , * ! !" " " " !" ' *" " -
"! #.
!" " # %! + *" # $" ! " " " % ) -
" " !" " " # (GPS) * " ! ! " *-
! ' ' $" "!" "*" ) " (! .9.2). # "-
!"' " -.") * " $" " #! * # " ! ',
, " " " "' " ( ! & ") (! .9.3). / % " -
" , &" #' " , # ! & !"% # ! , ! " %-
! * - ! .0 " # * " $" , ! + ! "* " -
# " # ! " ! ! % ! " " (! .9.4).
" ( " , " "!" #) " ' -
, ! " % GPS. 0" # "!& " % & "
" , ! " "!" ! &"; "' - #
% ' % #'.
! " ! " 3-D ! * ! ' *"!" ! ! "-
# ! : " !" *" # '" , !" ! " # '" * " # '"-
. " !" *" # '" !" #" ) ! !" % " " ! -
" " *" - " # ! + ") (! .9.5a). !" ! " # '"
! *" , " # #" # # %! + ' ! ,") ) # ")-
,") ! , "%* " ") # ! " ! . , " " -
" # ) * ! ! " " ! (! .9.5b). 0" ' -
! "! ', * ' " ) " % "! .
# !" "+ , , ! " #, ! ! , ." -. " ") -
*" " ! + ! % " "' %" " $" - # " "-
" ! ' ! " ' ! + ") *" ( .9.1). ! " ! . ,
, * " 3 + ! ( " # !" "+ )
! #. " " !" ! " - '" " ! -
, " - 3! + . . %! + " !"
! " ! . ! - + ! & -, -. - # ! "." ).
0 3 ) + ! & , ! " ! . ! " !"," # "-
" #' , , " - " ! %! . ! " ! . "
, - " * % * ") ! " -
, !" " *" - ! ." . ." * ",
"." " *" "" *" "! " ! + # # #" # "-
! " " . , % " "!' "- # " !" # #, "
! ! " ! . %! +. / % " ! " %
!"," " ". " * ", ! " ! . "" "-
'! " # ! - "! , ! ) %! " "! -
* ) ! " 3-D. "!" " ", %! + " + !-
+ ! & & +! ". 0 "" ! ! ! " # #" #
+ ! SEG-P1. ! " + ! " # + ! & " -
" ." Society of Exploration Geophysicists (1983).
"!" * %! + *" ' '3 " ! !" " ." -
" "! # , , ! - " *" " ! ! -
'.
# * " ) '" - # ") " " %! + *"-
" " (! .9.5c), " , " !" ! " -
'" . " " " "", * " # '" ! " ." " - -
#-. - !" %! + *" '! – " # ! * ,
# !"% ! -. ' !% (regulatory bodies). * " " '" , !" -
" " !"% ! -. !% , % % ! -
" " " # ! + "), " ! *" ! ! " . ! "
% , * " " '" -* - + ! &- -
' ' " .
.9.3. ' .
.9.1. " .
.9.2. # #
(GPS).
.9.4. -
.
.9.5a. % .
.9.5b. .
.9.5c. % .
% # 9.1. # (' / 1 )
!" # " 0" ! ) * ! ) *

! " " 50 330 180 300
# # 100 330 180 300
! ! % " # 3 3
15 300
! ! % " #
32 ≥ 200
(≤ 2 ) (≤ 5 )
0"+ # " % " 15 300 180 ( " -
* !# )
! # ! " "." # ", # " ,
" -« ! " ! " " » (design on the fly). 3 * ", ! -
" ! . ! " " " " !" " # ! !", " ) -
" , %! + , ! % ) ! " ; "# " ! !# "
" ' " - "! " !" ! , ! "." # ! -
« " ». # " ! " *," "% , % ! " ! .
!" ! " " " *" , " ! 3 " ! %'
"." ) ! . "# " 3 !" ! " "." " * %! -
" GPS, " ! " ! # " '! , ! " ! .
! " " - "! !" ! # . ( " '
" * , %! + *" ) !# !" " ! !", " )
" " ! " ! . , ! ) " ! " "." " " -
! " "% , ". # ! % " * , !" %" ! %" " "!" -
" #. 9 "!" " # - # " "!" ! " . # "-
"" 3++" , % " " %! "" # ' ! ,""
") " " " #! # .
! ! * - # ! " " " "! ) "-
!"* ) ! " & /"! ! (UTM). " ! ) "! , ! ) -
" # *" " * *" , !" #" ) *!" * ) -*
+ ! & . "- # - "! " ! %! # !" ! # )
" %" %! + *" ' ! ! % -. " +"! ,3
" ") ! " & " ' #! ! * '! ) ' ! . 0 ! -
"!, !%" " " # + &! # " UTM * -% -
* )* '% " . +! " " # ! % ) +"! , *
" # " !" ! ", ! % .
9.2 -8 ;45
!" " " " " " ! #- # ! -+ ) , ! "

!" " #- , ") -. # %! *" ! " "!" ". " # ! # "-
") 3-D ! %! "!" "!" "." # " " *"
! . # ' 3-D $" , %" # %! " # # #" #
") -.") "!" & ! " "! % , " " "
"" *" #. # ! ' 3-D $" , ! " " "" "!-
" " " *" ". !" # # #" # !", -. + ! , " " "
!" " *" ! ! " . ! ' $" ', *"-
"-. ' # ( ") ! " , ), " ,") "!",
" !" , " *" ") -.") %! " ") ! " -
, * " "" ! " - ! !# . ( *"
"-. ' # ! " # ! "! ") -.") %! ") ! -
" , ! " #" #, ! % , # # !"% ! & ") -
', " ! % ! " , " ! " "! '-
! - . ! ! # ! ! % ! " "-. " #
, 3 * " " " " " .
7 , - "! ' ! %! , " ' # ! " ! -
# 3-D %" " ! , " + ! ! ! -+ ) , ! " "
%! " ) !"% ! ! * !" . "! ! ") &
" " %! *" - " " # ! -+ ) . 0 % "
" " ' %, * "! ! " , - " " -
!" " ! " ! . . "!" ! " " " ! , ! -+ )
! !" " " " " . 8 ) "! *-
" *" " "), ! " % ." " " -
"! ! !"% ! & ', 3 3 " & " ! " " -
" ! * !" . "!" " ! " ""
! " !"* * ! , "! ! ! " ! . , %" !"-
" #- # & " '! " # . * )
! -+ ) &" 9.2. ! -+ ) " + &! - # -
!# "! "! , " *"% " # " ") 1. ! -
+ ) " # " " !# *" " " . "- # "-
+ ! ! -+ ) # ' " !"% ! & ARAM, Fair-
field, I/O Sercel.
# Shell Oil !" ! %) + ! ! -+ ) ( *-
) SEG) # # ". 9 + ! " # Shell
Processing Support (SPS). 8 ) SPS "! ", * " '
! * 3-D $" ". 8 ) SPS "! *" !" %! + ) :
H + ) % "! . - + ! & -, -. - # !"-

% ! & '
S + ) *" ! 3 " SEG-P1 # ! *" !
R + ) *" ! " " *" + ! SEG-P1 # ! *"
! "
X + ) ," ) "!" !" " *" ! *"
! "
SEG ! + ! SPS *" " ! % + ! ,

, ! " #. ! ! Sercel 388 Fairfield BOX " * 3
+ ) " !" " ,* !" " " # *" ! " # -
) * ! . 8 ) SPS ! # &" 9.3.
% # 9.2. -
9 * ! -+ ) I/O, !" ! % ASCII % FD5.0.
"! $" 3200 × 3200 , ! "! 50 × 50
RLI=200 (N/S); SLI=400 (E/W); 297 * , 561 ") ! " ;
"!" "." # ! " " ; ! ! "! & I/O.
1 4 [34 ) ]: ! -+ ) , "! # ! %! ' !" : 2.62
[2 ) ] 10 10
" " :4660 nscripts:297
!# ) "!:101 * - " #:1 * :1

* ! : 8 4:: 1.0 2 0 74< (0 : 0.0
1 (; / (/0 :0 " , ) ! + :1 0 " , # * ! " :0
0 , ) ! + :16 0 , # * - " #: 31
(; <= ( 8 4 : 16
1
/ " ") -. ' *" ! " - & ! " .
!# ) "!:102 * - " #:1 * :1

* ! : 8 4:: 1.50 2 0 74< (0 : 0.0 – ! % )
1 (; / (/0 :0 " , ) ! + :1 0 " , # * ! " :0
– " %! ") ! "
0 , ) ! + :16 0 , # * - " #: 31
(; <= ( 8 4 : 16
% # 9.3. - SPS
* "+ ) SPS. "" *" !" + ) .9 "! )+ ) –+ ) % .
H 3 :4 2 )4)$'
H00 0 "! "! + ! SPS SPS001, 07.02.95
H01 " ngal . $" , N/A,N/A
H02 $" 07.02.95,07.02.95
H021 * * " ) '" 07.02.95
H022 " + ! " / N/A
H03 * N/A
H04 " %" + *" ' ! N/A
H05 " %! + *" '! N/A
H06 " pos. proc. N/A
H07 " ( " ) " % - "! GMS/SIS,MESA, "! # 1.2
H08 " " * " ! N/A
H09 "." " * " ! N/A
H10 !" # 1! * N/A
H12 1" " *" # "!' ! " " #, - +"! N/A
H14 ! " ! %" " *" ) "!' ! " " # N/A
H17 " "! ) "!' ! " " # (Vertical Datum
Description) N/A
H18 ! " & N/A
H19 ! " & N/A, N/A
H20 "" & ! ) " /( 0 (8 5
H201 8 , ! " ) " ! ' 0.30480061
H220 % &" ! % "! N/A
H231 0 * ! ) " N/A
H232 ! * " N/A
H241 / , ) 3++ & " N/A
H % ,, ! – , ) 3++ & " N/A
H30 " ! " & N/A,N/A,N/A
H31 8 ! "! ! + # N/A
H400 , " , #! 1, N/A,N/A,N/A
H401 0 " ! , " ! ) 1,N/A
H402 6 % !" & , 1,0.000000,N/A
H403 *" 1,320
H404 " ,+ ! , 1,N/A,N/A,N/A
H405 8 ! "! '* , 1&, 7, *" , ! 1 N/A,N/A,N/A
H406 " " ! ) + !, 1&, -3- 7, *" 1,N/A
H407 802, 1&, 7, *" , ! 1,N/A
H408 " FTB-SOD app Y/N 1,N/A
H409 / % " # 1,N/A
H410 "! " % " % 1 1,N/A
H411 "! " % " % 2 1,N/A
H412 "! " % " % 3 1,N/A
H413 "! " % " % 4 1,N/A
H600 , " #! G1,N/A,N/A,N/A
H601 3++ & " ' #, " #* G1,N/A,N/A
H602 *" , (X), , ! (Y) G1,N/A,N/A,N/A
H603 # " " X,Y G1,N/A,N/A
H700 , " , #! E1,N/A,N/A,N/A
H701 "!, "! # ! ! # E1,N/A
H702 *" , (X), , ! (Y) E1,N/A,N/A,N/A
H703 # " " X,Y E1,N/A,N/A
H711 0 #% ! ) , !# E1,N/A,N/A
H712 1! , " !" # E1,N/A,N/A
H713 / . / E1,N/A
H990 8 ) ! # *" R,S,X 07.02.95,N/A,N/A
H991 ! ( * " "/ !" " ") N/A,07.02.95,N/A,N/A
% # 9.3. - SPS ( / )
S 3 :4 %).5' $2 7 $
R 8 ;4 2( (/
X 8 ;4 0 6 (0 ;
9.3 (/ 4(; 5
! *" " ) " ") 3-D $" -

". " ") - !" " " " " " !"% ! ! -.") %!
") ! " !" " ' $" , , & ! " 3 ) %! ).
# "!" "." # %! !" " # !" #, " , % !# ! -
% " %! *" *" . "!" "." # %! * -
#- # . - ! %! " !"% ! ! -.") ! ! ).
*" " ") $" " ." " % , " ! #
!"," ": "!" ". * ! " ! "/ " " .
9.4 ( (/(= (0 ( 0 -
0 (/ 75 0 (
"!" "." " ! -

"/ " # ! &" !" !"-
% ! & , % " # %! ") -
! " ' # %! &
3-D $" . ." * ", ! -
!#" #, " !" " -
* *" "! - ( )) %!
%! &.
"! "! #
") %! "
.9.6a. -
% !" " , , , !
! -
3-D -
/ # . , . * ! -
" # "' !, *" ") -
! " " " # * # !"% -
! & "! % .0 "% ) " -
, "!" "." " ) 100 ") -
! " " !" ' * -
, ! "! " 1000 " -
# ! #. "!" ". " # "!"
!" .
0 ! .9.6a ! !" "-
" " ! , *" " ! ""
3 * "!" "." ! -
"/ " ! " " " ! "!
%! ") ! " 10 ! + ")
48 . 0 ! .9.6b
! !" " " " ! , *" "
.9.6b. " "!" "." # ! " -
3-D #
/ # . ". 3 * ", # .
$" ") -."). " ,
* " # ! *"
!" ' -
, ! " % " !
* " - . (
! "! ! - ) % " ,"
! "! - ) , ")-
-. " -
' ! " ' ! + # ! "!" "."-
! "/ ". 0
! .9.6c " ! -
) ! , *" -
.9.6c.
"!" "." # ! "/ ",
3-D- & # ! "' " 10 ! + ")
/ # . 48 . ! " " " " -
-."% " # ." "
! % '.
( !" "!" "." " ! "/ " ! -

" - ) , *" " ) " ") ! * " # " -.
! ( . ! .9.6a):
! −
− =
+1 = (9.1)
2400
! "!: +1 = 9 " ") - ) .
300
( !" "!" "." " ! "/ " ! -

" ! - ) , *" " ) " ") !" " #" # " --
. ! ( .! .9.6a 9.7):
! −
− =
= −1 (9.2)
1800
! "!: =9 " ") ! - ) .
200
!" ."" ! " " " # , * !"% ! & # *"

! ! ' "! " " ! " ! + #
&" !" %! ") ! " . ! "* " ,* *" " ")
" ! "! %! ") ! " ! "!" "." ! + ")
*" - " # ! "/ ". " *" " ") –
! ! " " " *" " ") - ) *" " ")-
! - ) :
=
− × − (9.3)
! "!: 9 × 9 = 81 " ") .
! , " , ! ! " &", !" " # 81

" ") . " *" "!" "." ) !" " #
" = −1 (9.4)
! "!: 81 − 1 = 80 " ") .
( " "!" "" *" ! # "

" ! " ! + # , " , *" "!" "." )
! - ) . # " # ! &" ! "" , " *" ", " "
*" ! " ' ! + ") " " "" " # ( . " 9.5). ( , -
! "!, ") %! ") ! " ," ! + "),
"!" "." " ! "! " ! + # (, !
! 3). # !" " " # *" " ") - ) " # ! -
" " (9.1), *" " ") ! - ) !" " #" # " -. -
! (" !" "!" "." # ! "/ "):
−
! −
=
× (9.5)
1800
! "!: =3 " ") ! - )
200 × 3
! " *" , ! 3, *" !" " ' " ")-

" , " # 81 27.
9.5 ( ( (/(= (0 0 0 (/ 75 0 (
( %! ") ! " ! ! "! $" !" , "

"% , "" # " ") ( ! # "!" "." #
! " "). ! "!" ! .9.6b, "
" ") # %! ") ! " 10× 48 . " ! "!
%! " , " # 8× 24, *" " ") ! " . ( !" -
, * ! " - ) " "!" "." " ! -
"/ ", *" " ) " ") ! * " # " -.
! ( . ! .9.6b):
−
! − − − (9.6)
= +1
! "!:
2400 − 1200
+1 = 5 " ") - )
300
( !" " "!" "." # ! "/ "

! " ! - ) , *" " ) " ") !" " #" #
−
! − − − (9.7)
= +2
! "!:
1800 − 1600
+2=3 " ") ! - ) .
200
" *" " ") # %! ") ! " 8× 24 -

!" " #" # ! " " " *" " ") - ) (5) *"
" ") ! - ) (3).
0 ! .9.7 "." ! "! 3-D $" . *" " ")-
! "!" "." # ! "/ " ( !
"!" "." #) # , ! ), ! )" &", !" % " !" "
"!" * " # .
.9.7. / .
&
"! $" = 6×8

"! %! ") ! " = 1.8 × 4
= 6 × 80
RI = 50
SI = 50
RLI = 300
SLI = 400
"!" "." " ! - " "!" "." # ! -

"/ " "/ "
" ") - )
" ") ! - )
."" *" " ")
9.6 6 0 4 5
! " ! . " !", , " " ") -* -

"! " ! " ! + # , , !"
"" "! , % %! ") ! " ' # &" !" 3-D
$" .9 " " # « "!" "." " " ' ! + ")» (Multi-
line Roll). # " " ! ! !# % ' . !"-
# # #" # %! * -. + ! ! " 3-D ! . -
"" "% " !" # # "!" "." # !"% ! ! -."%
! # ! # , ! !" # !"% ! & .
, !" " ! " ," - " " "!" ! # -
" * !" ' *" ( . " 5.2). 9 " ' , ! -
, # , ! !" " " " . 2" , !" ,
" "! !" " " " . ! " ' ! -
" " *" - Xmax, ' # + *" )! "! %! " " #. 0 ! .9.8
, " #- # . "!" ! # !" ' *" ! " *"
, ! 1 (a) 3 (b). Xmax "% ! * ," ! # ,*
! "! %! ") ! " ! - ) ! " ) ) , ! " "!" ! -
# !" ' *" ! " ! - ) .
.9.8. ! (
! ): a. ! 1; b. ! 3.
" " " " ! !" " " ! !" #" )

) #! !" #. ." * ", %! ") ! "
"!" ". " # -*" " # ) %! 12× 96 . 0 ! .9.9
! !" " " " ! , % " #" # , !
( " ") " *" ). > ! "! *" " ," " # 3 )
! 1.0 ! , ! " , ! ) 1. 0 ! .9.9a " , * ! -
&" !" %! % " 36 ( ! "!" "." # ! -
"/ "). #, ! " ,* ! % - # "-
# ! " ! + # ( ! " ! .9.10a). 0 ! .9.9b
" ! # , ! ) 2. " , * *" " ")
" , 420 231, * " * " " # " ! ! .
! " , ! .9.10b, * "
# ! ), ! -. ' ! " . 7 "" 3++" -
!"," " # #" # ! ! ! " " " -. ' ! " '
! + "), ! .9.10c. !" " " " ! # 3 ) 12-
! + ) %! ") ! " " # ! "! (! .9.9c). 0
" ! ' , ' # ! " * " ! !" " " "
! ,* $# " " ! , ! )4
5 # 3 ) 12- ! + ) %! (! .9.9d 9.9e). , ! ) 6
" ! "! " ! !" " " " ! (! .9.9f). " ," " *"
" ") " *" " Xmax " " - # ! , ! -
.
.9.9. 12 × 96 " -
: a. ! 1, 441, Xmax=3359 . b. ! 2, -
231, Xmax=3503 . c. ! 3, 147, Xmax=3653 . d.
! 4, 126, Xmax=3807 . e. ! 5, -
84, Xmax=3965 . f. ! 6, 84, Xmax=4127 .
.9.10. )# $ (« »). -
, – " .
6 ! " " ! ) ! * .
! " " " " ! " " # " , ! *" ! " -
' ! + ") %! " ") ! " :
= (9.8)
2× n
% " n=&" "* .
! "!: , ! =1, 2, 3 6 # %! 12 ! " ! + # .
/ # , ! ! " *" ! " '

! + ") %! ", " ! - #. " *" # , ! -
! " " " & ' "! " ! " ! + # -
&" 9.4.
% # 9.4. $ ! .
NRL " *" #, !

4 1, 2
6 1, 3
8 1, 2, 4
10 1, 5
12 1, 2, 3, 6
14 1, 7
16 1, 2, 4, 8
18 1, 3, 9
20 1, 2, 5, 10
9.7 (1 (4
!" " *" ! # !"," " ! "% !" , "% ! ! -

) " %! + *" " ! 3! + , * * !" -
" " ' ! " ' . Advance man " " " -
+ & ! , ! " , # ' ! ).
! #! "! %! ") ! " , " '
"!" " ! #. 0" ! , " %! , ! "
* "!" ". , % " * - !" # !"% ! & '. !
! "," . 0 ! "!, " " " !" # " "
!"% ! ! - #, "!" " !"% ! ! -."" ! ". 4- " -
! ." " !" " !"% ! & " ! , * " "
$" "" ! " " ) # * .
> « ") )» "" 3++" " ! % ! -
! . ! " ! " « ") )» !" " !"
! + # (! .9.10c) % ,", *" ! " ! + -
(! .9.10a), 9 ' " "" ." " -3 - !"-
" , *" 3 ' .
0 ! " " ! " # "! -
"' *" " " "*" " $" . , *"
* #! ! " ' ! + ") ! " -
$" . " ! + &" % "!" "." ; ! "
" " #, " * - " # # "" ! . « -
# '» $" ', ! "! " ! # * % , )
" # * : ! ) ! & ). ( - # -
! ! , !" " % !" " ; 3 * " ! ! *," "!"-
". , % ! % ! " ") ! " ' # -
. ( - # ! " * , "" " ! # ! .
* ! ! - # ! , 3 " " ! "!"-
"." " ! # ( ") ! " ). 7! % , ! -. # ! + -
", "% "!" ". # ! * )," . " , *
!" # '" " " !" # ! " ! ! -
! , " 3++" ) * " ! " " # ! ' * ,
! . " " , # " # !" " " ' %" + *" ' &"-
"), " "" ) '" .
9.7.1 $ #
!" ,* 3-D $" " ! " ! " "! -%

(! .9.11). ( *" " * " # ! ") , ! -
" # " "! -% , * ) ! + * * ! "
* " # ) %! ") ! " , " !" #
" 3 " ! ' ! . " % , ! ! ! ,
%! , ! ! " * ! " ' ! + ") "!'-
") * $" ! ' "" ") * .
9.7.2 $
!" ,* * " # ! ' * , ") -

! " ! "! - # ! ) !
$" (! .9.11), !" ! # "!" "." # "% ! + #.
" ! % ! + "! " !"", *" ! "!" "." *
" ' ! + "). # ! !" " " # ! , "
"" *" #, ! , " ! " ) ! ' ! " ' ! -
+ ").
9.8 05( @(/

! " " "
! ")
! " ! -
' $" , " " - * %! ") -
! " "!" ". -
, " - " # ! "
# # !"% ! & # '. ! ' ! + ") (
# ' $" " - ! " " #
! ! );
!" # " -
" ) ") ! " , %! * -. + -
* "-."% # ! - ! # #" # "-
" ! !
# " " * #
" "*" # "' ! + "),
! -. ' ") -. - ! " " "
%! ") ! " .
! # #" # * %! ") -
!" '" " « #» ! " "!" ". -
" # ! " ! -
( . ! .9.12); ! ) ! " ' ! + ")
-* " # !" " -
,"% *" ! - %! * -. + -
! # #" # -
#. ." * ", - ") ! "
*" !" % -
! #, ! " " -
" #, " " *!" "!-
, " "" ! % #.
! # #" # !" .9.11. * # !
'" " « #» "!"- # ! ! " " " ! -
! " ! " $" . ") ! % * .
! %! ") ! " , #. - 8 ! + ")

100 *" - " #. !" ,* ! " % ! + # # $" -
&" #" 250 *" - " #. . , " " !
"! * " " ! *" ! . # !
! * " (! .9.12). " * ", # !
# ' * ."% ! % ! + #, " ! "
" # ' , #. 2 3 ! &" ! , " ' -
! # * - " #, .". !" " # " "
!" # " " " ! . " " !", , " , "!" ! "
« », ) " " .
2 ! , " * # ! – * ! -
* ! " . ( - # ! ! , *," ! , "
! # ! " ! - « * – ") ! " ». ( " # ! -
) * , "" ! ! ") ! " . " -
! !" '" " « #» " ." "
, ! ( . " 9.5).
"!" "." " ")
!" #" ) *!" * ) 3+-
+" ) " ! " # " -
") , % $" " *"
, - . , * -
" " ! % . * "
* ! , " ! " "
! + ! "!" ". - # -
! " ! - ) . ) " -
#" " - !
*" , " . ! %! -
*" ) ! ) -
. " ,* ! "!"' " -
) ! % ), . ' ") -
! " " , , " " ,
# " - " !"-
" " ). ) " !" "
!" " " #, " - # * -
" " *" " ! .
! " " )
, " ! ! - ) , "-
" "" ! ) *" ") --
. ' ! " ' ! + ") %! "( "
.9.12. ) « » ( - "3 % *" , ! % '
3-D & ).
! '– . " 2.5):
− = (9.9)
# !" " " % " ") ! " ! %! ") -

! " "" !" " . " # *" ! ! ! ! #- #
" -."" ! # " &" ! % :
× (9.10)
" " , *" # % " # " ") !

"!" "." ") !" " #" # :
2( NRL)( RLI )
#$ =
SI (9.11)
! "! "! % " ") A "!' ") * ! 9.13. -

" & ! # , & ! ' 3 " ") , %! ") -
! " ! % " # ! " - ) & $" , -
" ! ". " # %! ") ! " "!" ". " # -
, ! ! " ! - ) , *" " " " -
") B ! .9.13. "!" "." # - ) !#- # !
! " ! % & $" . " " ") ! % " # ! -
, ! , " "C ! .9.13. 0 ) " # " ") A
%! * "!' " " " ") C. * ! !" "% " -
") B - "!" ! - #, !" " *"% ! ! - )
! " .> # " # *" ! - # , ! " ! -
* – ") ! " " ! - #. 0 ! ", "!" "." " -
#" # , ," (* ! " ! + ! "-
- # " ,"), *" " " ! - # " -
" "!" ! -. ' # !" ' ! (Vermeer, 1999a). " -
" , - # " " ! , " " !" " ' ) ! -
") ! " . * ' ( ! " ' ! -
* ) "" *" " ! " # ) ! - !"% ! & .
! , ! ! " " ! ' !" #- )
! "!" ! -. " # !" "! ( .1 5), - # 3-D
" ' ! ,") ! ); -*" " # #" # " # # , -
# ,".
.9.14. " -
.9.13. " . .
( !" # % - # "
" , " " # * , *"!"
! " ! + (! .9.14).
9.9 0 4: 2(
! *" " ' "' " ' " '! , -* #

%! + *" - $" , "!" " . - &" , " " " ! ,! -
" " ") ! " , '! & - ! ! , - " "% -
!# , * ! * ") ! " , " ! -
" " ' ! " ! ,% ! *" ! . ") ! -
" " "! "!' " , *"
% "! ) "!' . 0 ! ' ', %!
! "! # - ) ! " % ! # . ." -
* ", ! " " "! " ") ! " %! "
" !" , 2 (6 ).
" " " !" " (bird-dog) % *" ' ! , !" -
# * "!! ! ,% " ! ! " # *" . * "-
* " ) " ' ! ! * ' #' ") *" '
! #' ! * ' ! ) '. " " " !" " - , -
" ' & ), % , 3 !" #,
! ! * ), ) . !" " ". " ! - !"% #! ! -
# " !"% ! & ', ' # # ,* " " "
!" % ! ! " , ! " % .
! " ! . " " # + & - ! # *"
". % ' " ' 3-D $" " " # "% + ! ! ! % ,
-. - # !"% ! & ") ', " " % !" " #. 0"-
! " "! ! - - " " ' !"," ), ! # '
". ! " ! . , ! ) "" " !" " " ! " ", "
! 3++" " " ' " " " #. " " , *
! &" ' 2000 % , ) " !" # !" ") ") -
! " #" $1 $2. "! , " ' " # "
% ! , ! " ! . &" - $# " # , ' ! " , ! -
# # !"," # "% !" & % ' # " # #* ! .
! " ! . " !" " , " ! ." -
" " ' ( ! "!, 5 80). ! ." " " ' -
# " ' ! ' ! + #'. ! ! !", " # "
- " , ! "!" "*" ! ! !" , * #
! " ) . . " ! ." ' , "!" , -
# " " . ." * ", 3 ! " " -
+ & ! ! "", " "% . " " " % ' ) " "-
" * ! "." # * . 2" ," -
% ! " ! . * " - " "
!" " -, " !"" " ! " # ! #. ! *"
"' "*" ' ! # #" # " ' " !" ) !"-
% ! & 3-D '.
9.10 1 5
% ! !" " " " # * ! ! " ! -

" # !" # ", * " ' "!" " ! " " "" -
" ". 0" ' " "* %! + ! & # ,
" % ( "!" " # *" ! ! " "! " -
#! ! " - ! + #) (skids – "!" " # *" !
! " ! " ! + #).
/ " ! ! " (N. Cooper, 1997, "! -
" ." "). 0 "" # #" # , * ) "
") , ) ") ! " " " .9 !" -
" ! " "! " !" ") *" ! ! "
!" ") ! . " " # ! " % ,
3 " " # " "" , *" ") " " " " ! # !
*" ! *" ! ! " . "!"* ! ! " :
1. " * "!" "." # *" ! ! " " ""

! # # " * - " # -
! " – # "! # ! ".
2. # " " " * ") ! " -
– # "! # !" ") ! ! $" .
3. " * % # ! # # "
! + # – # " ," # * ! !" " " ! -
.
4. " , - * , *" %, " "%
" * " ," "! " ! + # (Donze Crews,
2000).
5. 0" ) " " # * ") ! " !
– ! " ! " ! ) " ! #" )- &" ) -
+ ! & .
/ & % # ) '" 3-D ( ! -

"! – & 9.5). 2" " ," * , " !" * " "" 3 " "
# "!" "." # ( " " # " S). ) !" ) & "-
" , * !" * " " " # % , " . "!" " *" #
! # # "! * % " #, !" * " " "!"' .
% # 9.5. 3-D .
R= / ; S=
( " *" , " " % '

" !"! ) ) ( ! "!, %" ! ), .". " -
!" " " " # " * % / (! .9.15). " -
! "! ! !" " " - !" ' *" % ", 3 " "* "
"" " " " " #' , , " " , *, "
" " "', " !"% ! & *, " ! " "
(Vermeer, 1998a, b).
9.11 7= ( 7 ? (0
9.11.1 )# # /
! # !"," " , , ) -
*" # ! " #, " ' ! !" " ! , ! "!:
* !" " # "! !" ! ? # " , ! "
! !" ? * " . $" , *
3 "!% -, ! " - "' ' "!' ")? * "
. %! & ! ?2 " " 3 -
! , " " ' ! "." " ' *-
!" " . ! " . / % * $", % " -
! " " # ! ," ) - ! " %
, ' ! *" " ! !"," #. 0 !", , ") -
" " ' 3 * , ' # ! " " # '
! .
.9.15. # ( Vermeer, 1998a): -

" / # " . b. # .
" "! ! !" # ! # - " ! -

" ! + # . " , )% " %! ! - # ,"; " -
" , " ' " " !" # ! " 3 )
".
0 ! .9.16 , ! $" " ' ! !
! " " 3-D $" . !" % " #, * ) ! % -
" "" " ! - ! # " . / * " ' " ",
#! ! .9.16a, ! " " ! + -
! # # " ! ! + # " ' ! ', "
! " ! + "!" !" . ' " ) ! ' ! + ")
(! .9.16b), ! ) ! + . ! , ) $"
! '! ! . " #. " " ! % ! -
" , ! " ! + " , $" ! ! "
") ! " , ! .9.16c. "!"' # ( . 1 2)
* " # "! % "!" ! # !" ' *" .
9.11.2 '
!" " " " " " !" -

!"% ! & "- %! *" #, -
! " - # " '" . 0 -
! "!, I/O System One System Two
!" - * # *"!" "
," *" - " #. 9 *" -
# % ! # "
" ,", &" #' &
# ! #, " ' -
, * *" ") ! " -
! + " %! -
! ," .
" * ", ! # "
" ! ! + #
&" " # 6 × RI, 2 × SLI
&" " # 6 × RI. (
" ' # * "!" " "-
, ! "
!"% ! & , ! " " % ! -
. # " " # ") ! -
" " , %! "
" " " ! # " ! #.
+ ! ! ! " !
# #" # , * ! " -
.( !" " ! "! -
! 35 (115 ) ( .". ! -
# " " ") ! " -
" ! 70 (230 )), -
" ! % "
*"!" " 65 (220 ), 3
!" #" ." " - ! " .
! " ! "
.9.16. a. , # - , % 65 (220 ), ' #
# / . b. , # #."" !" # ! ! ! " " -
# / -
. c. , - * " , % 85 .
# # /
9.11.3 !
! ! " !
) ! " ! + , ! ) 16.5 , -
" ! ! " . " ! *" '" & ', ! + -
! ), ! 5 )2 "" . 1 %" !. 0" ' "
! * #" ) ."! , ! * # " " " & . -
% ! ") # * " ! ) ") " ' , #
* " " " ' " " " ! !"," ".
% -. " ! & ") ! " ") "
(low impact seismic – LIS) " " " 1993 % .6 ! ! '
! + ") "! # !" " ' 5 (6 # ! ! ), , !
! " ' ! + ") – 1.5 (! * # ! ) 3 ( "' ! #! ).
." * ", #- # " "!" #, ! " ! - - -
! #. ") ! " * "!" # # ! * -, "! " "
! & ' (ATV). 0 ' ! ' ! + #', % ! #
! * -. / " ! ," " * " ! %! ) LIS -
" " " - " " # !" " ")
% ! " ,"" ") ", *" ! ! " "-. # !-
. ! " ! & LIS " ' # 30%
! ", *" ! #! (Wiskel, 1995).
9.11.4 % #
! ! " ! $" " ' ! ! ! "' -

" . 0" * " " "!" "." # *" ! ! " -
- " ." " " # " ! !" " " " ! , -
% " ! % " "". 0 ! "!, " , % !"
- "! % ! " ! #, * ! % # "
" ", *," "!" 3 * "" " ) % ) * -
, '! !" " * ! . . " " " ! "
!" " " " " #, " "* -. " " ! .
* ! ! " " "!" &" - *,"% % -
# %! .
( " " " ! # "' " " " ' # % ,
* * ) ! " "' "), # ' ! )
* " ! . % ' ! ' !" " * # "-
& ) " " !" # ! . ! ! 3-D !
" " ! # " & ! " ! . ! &" ! ."-
# " * ' * #' !% ! , *
" "* " !" " " " " " "! " # * -
, " % ! " ' !% . % ! " % ," " !" " #" -
" " ! " * * " ) ! , * -. ' ! "-
" 3-D $" .
" " " ! % !"% ! & " & )
(hazard registry hazard book), % " " ! " # ! " "' " -
' "! , )! -. ) " 3 ! " . -
) ! # #" # ! " " ! ") ' (access maps), -
! " % ! -."% ! " ". > ! , " %! + ,
! " " ! - ! " " , %! - * " - !
", ) !" & ,") ! %! 7. ! ) " " "-
!" " " 3 + ! & - * % ! .
" ! ' * #', ! " ! . " " ""
& "', ! " ", ! & 7 "! "
" !" !" ! "! # ! 7 & , ! " !
! " + ". > ! , ) " !# " # (! .9.17),
" ) !"% ! & ! # # % " !", 3 ! " -
" '! . 0 *" " ! ) " "! !" " #, ' -
," * ", " ) " + ! " ).
9.12. 4( 5 ( /( 5
0 ! ', ! " " ' -

", ! " # ! !" " " "
! , *" " "!" !"% -
! & ") ' ! ! " ! ,
") " ! !" " " "
! . 0 ! .9.18a
!" % " " ! " ",
! .9.18b – !" " ! " ",
! " " " ! ! " "
" '! . !
# ! * '
# " ! " ." " " "-
" # ! # '
! ( ! "!, 0-800 ; ! .9.19a
9.19b); * , &" !" .
!" . ! " % , #
" ! # * ! ,
! " ! #
" # % .
# !"," # 3 ' ! " &" -
*" !" ' & ), % -
.9.17. / # # .
!" # " "
! * ' " '.
.9.18a. / & , -
. .9.18b. / & , / "
.
.9.19a. - .9.19b.
. .
9.13. 0 4: 2( 005 > 4(
3-D $"' $" ' " " "* #-. .

" " ! ) " + & , / ' ' '. !"-
" ' " ' " ' ! # *" - # ! ") *"-
' ! ( ! 3 "!% !" " " ' ', 3++ & " ' #
3 "!% , !" " "! ' " )) " ! *" !
! " # # ' "! ! " ) *" . " ! " #
#- * !" " , ! ' ! % " ! " , -
-. " # " # *" ! ! " .
"- # ! " ! * ! ' ":
1. ! "! * % ! – 3-D %" " ! #.

2. 8 ! ! " !" , "! !" ! " ' " !" !"-
" , &" - + & ! # ! %! " ' ! !
" # .
3. # " "*" # ! ! ! " " (fast-track proc-
essing) " &" !" ! .
! ! " " ! "!#- # " -. " ' ! "! :
*" ' !" " " # " #

*" ") *" ' '
," " ") *" ' '/ ' !" " " # " #
0 "" # #" # ," " ") *" ' -

'/ ' !" " " # " #. " # " ") *"-
" # , ! & ! 3 "!% # ( ), -
" " % ", *"!" ! " 3 "!% # ! ! ! ( ), -
" " , ! 3 "!% # !"% ! ! ( " # * - " #
* ! " ), !" " * ! *" ") -
*" ' '. 9 ," # % - !" " !" " "! ' -
" ), " " # ! ! " " - ! ! " -
- "! ! ', ' 3 " & " ' "
.
9.13.1 '
2 ! "! " ! , ." ! # )

) ! *" %" " *" ' ', *,"
* " " ! ! ! " " (+ ) TIFF DXF).
# ! # " " # * ") ! "
+ #" " ! ! ! * .
9.13.2 '
! " " ") *" ' ' " # " & "
, ! ' " " -. " ! :
% # # "! " " # , ( ! " -

! " " " !" *" ' "! ' " ))?
" " *" *" ! "
" * ?
" " *" ' " ?
! " " ! " "' ( % ' '
! / ") ! " )?
9.13.3 ! /
/
," " " # " , !" " #" , -

% # # ". ! % , "! " " # # #- # !" " " -
" !" #, ' " " +"! *" % ! ' " #
" ! % % ' #. 0" # #-. ) # -* " * " -* "
! "! + ! & * ' ! , ! " , " !"! ! -
! &" - ! # ," ) ' ! .
! ") *" ' ! % ! , ' # " --
."% :
• !" " "! ' " ) # % ! ! # " "-

* ! ! " . - ! "! !
" % " #.
• !" ## ! ' " ) ! % "!
!" " '
' " , +"! *" " ! ' , " ".
" " , ," " " )
" " ! / ! " . 9 #" ! "!# + ! & - "! '
" ) * " ' ' ' #.
• 3++ & " ' # " ! " ! -, ! )
3 "!% # ! ! ! #" # * ! * ! " . " -
" ,3 ! # " ! ) - ! !" , "
# ! "! ! !" " " # ."% " #
" " # "% ! ! " ) " !"! .
• 2 ! ) " " # ! " ! ") ! -
! ! " # ! !" ", "" ! % # # " # ' ' ! .
* * # "' ' ! , ' ! , " -
* # ! ', " ' "' , ! ", ! , -
& ! - # " " " ") ! " .
• ," " % / "' ! * " # ," " !" " ! -
* ) ! , !" ," -."% "! " #
( "'), !" " ! * ) " ", ! " "!
% .0 3 ," " " # " " + ! , "
"!' " #, , "!' # ! % " "-
' , # " ! , * ) " "' ' " .
/ + & ! ! % " ! , % ' -
# ! "! !" " " # " # * ! ! " .
* ) ! &" !" ! # *" , ! *" ! ! "

" ", " !" " *" # " --
. ' :
!" ," " ") ! "

"! ! ' ! " ' ! + ")
"! " ' *" - " #
! ,
% ) ! , "! " !" " , !" ," " -
"!' ! " " #
!" " !" " ! * "
3++ & " ' #
#*
," " % / "'
. "
#
!" " " # 3 " & % ' # ! ' "
! & ! ) eat ! - ' "
" , ' ! (! .9.20) " ! " ! a.
" !" " # ! " ! ") ! ! ! " # 3 "!% , " -
" , %" % ") ! !" . ) ! " ! " ! ! -
" " " " #, ! " "- % *" - # %" % ").
.9.20. ) -
.
.
# ) ! " !" " " ! " !: « -

# * ». 9 * ) " ! , " " %
" ! ' ' (! .9.21).
0 ! " *" ! ! " , # % ! " -

*" # " -. ' % :
Xmid, Ymid
! - ! "
!" " ! * #
!" " "! ' " )
. - %! + ! - "
- # ! % " ," #,
" ," " " "! , # ) !
!" " ! * ) ) " &"
! "! " . > -
! ,"" " " " ) # #" # "), -
"! " " " ) * !" " " # " #.
.9.21. ) « - .9.22. / $ -
». -
/ .
*" " ! # " # , !" ! "

!" " "! ' * " ! " . !"
" ) " ) " #
" " " # ! "' *" ! " # -
% ! !" " "! ' " ). 0 ! .9.22 " " " !"
! - , ! " "." . ! % ,
«' "» !" " "!" "." "" ! ", * " -
! *" - !" " "! ' " ) " - * ( ") -
! " ?). !" " ' &" ! ! ! %
! # !" ,* " " " ! !" #.
! % ! , # !" " ! * ' -

' " "! ' " ). ." * ", 3 ! % " *" ,
!" " "! ' " ), " * 3 ! ) ! % . -
" " ") ! " " !" , #
! "' !" " "! ' " ).
/ " ! % ' % " "! ( "

"! ) * + ! & , *" ) %" " ! ! . "-
!"* " ! " "" ! " ' :
• ! &" " ! " #

• " "
• ! " # " ! ' ")
• ! " " " ! " ) - ) / ! - )
• !" " " !"
# * % 3 ' -* " # , *
*"! ! ! " - " !"! ! '. 0 ! ," "
" !"! , ." * ", " ! " , $"
!" " " ! # .
"), # % ! # *" " " -
# ! "! &" ' ") *" ' '. # % -
% ! " % ,", *" "- -
," " ! , " -* :
• " " !
• " %! + ! ( !" " " , !
% )
• " " -&
• %! Farr ( ! " " , ) )
(LMO) ! ) " "! " " # " -
" )+ ! " ' " "!' )
• f-k- " !
" ) ! *" " * %" " !

$" !" % + ! & - " % . ." * ", " )
! *" " " + & ! *" " ' ! "!
" -."":
• ," # ! / ") *" ) !

• " ") -. "/ ") -. " ! ( , ") ! " , -
)
• !" ! " # % '
• ! )
• ! # ! ( " " " " ! -
" ! )
• " * " " '
" ) ! *" " ! ! ! -

" " . "3 #- ! *" " !" &" -
! ' ! " !" 3-D $" "" ", .
' 9
1. 2" * " # * " # '" !" ! " ) '" ?

2. , " ." " "3" " ! -+ ) .
3. #" # !" "!" "." # ! " "
," " ( " ") ! ?
4. 1 " - # "!" "." " ") ) ( "!" "." " *
" ! " ! + # ) "!" "." " « %- %»?
10
.
0 #. - % " #! ! ! ) -
! " '; 3 " - ! !" Yilmaz (1987). !"",
" ! - # " ! " ! ! , " # "
!"% ! & ") 3-D '.
10.1 7 7
" ) ! * , ! ) " + & !

!" " ) 3-D '. ! *" QC -
" , * " ' * " ,") "!" & , ! " "
! "!# ' ! ! * ' #'. ! ' #' "
* # "& # %! ! # *" ! ( " "!-
!" ! , ! ) "* " *" ). 0" ' " %!
*,"% ! * *,"% " " % *" ,* " "*
" *" '.
")* " " " ! ,* % " -
!"% ! & ' - " # ! "
" ". * " &" !" ." !" ) ! '
! " "" " ) - (Duncan !., 1996). # , '
! ', "!" ,* " " &" ! !
3++" !", * . ' * #', " ) &" ! ! -
" # ! # *" , !" ! #
' % "! ' " ). ! *" " -
3++" , " " ! + " .
" " % 3-D %" " ! !" #" ) -
, - * ! . % &" " ! ' ! * , 3-D
%" " ! # !" " , " ,") "!", 50% "% !" " , ! *" %
! . ! % " - & +! 70%. # ! "! 3-D %" " ! "!-
," " ' ' ! , " !" ! # *" .
2 " " "), !" " !
& &" (pricing schedule), "3 % ! -
! ". 7 , ) !" * " # #& )
" " CD-ROM. % " " ' -
! ) ! "! " " ! ' " ', ' * #'
!" * " " " # " ! + ! " ) . ! " *
$" 3-D ' % ! " %" ! )
" ". !" " " !" $" ' ! * ' #' !
!" #- ) 3++" " !" ! # *" .2 #
! "+ , " " %" " ! ") ( !"% ! & ), -
! ) + % ! & , ! ! ) # , 3
!" " " !" .
10.2 7 7
+ & # ! * " " % " ! %! -

' !" ") *" !" " " % %" %! + *" % ! )
" # #! * ' ), #-. ' ! . " " -
, *" " ) "! " #! , " " !
" " ' #' (Bouska, 1998b).
* ) ! &" 10.1. "! # %! -
!" #" ) ! , # ! % * !" " "
* " % !" (turnkey prices). ! # %! !" -
" ! " * + & # , # ! ' " -
*" &" ( ! *" " & ). ! " " %! – "
#" " ! ( % , " , " ), ! " * " -
* * * " % !" . 0" ! " " %
!" " "+ & &" ), " ) " & .
0 *"! ! ) %! + *" ) + ! -
& . " " " " ! + # * "% 15 (50 ) -
" # ! ! , " # ! "% $" '. ! -
! ) %! + *" ) + ! & , ! * " -
!" " "! ' " ), * ! " " ! ! -
" " " ". # !"," # 3 ) * !" " # % !" "-
, "" " " "% .
" ! ' ! " ) " " " "
" * ", % # "! !" & " # /. " " " #
" !"% " ! " # " # ! + -, " -
! " # , !" #-.") "!" , # % ! + #, %
! % ! + #. 9 # '! " # " ) + ! & "
" ) , ! # !" " # ! !" " ) . " 3
! " # " # " ' #! ") ! "-
).
% # 10.1. % # # #
! (&" * " % !" ):

" " & # !" ! " " ' '
" " " #
"+ ! " ! ! ") ! "
, " ) %" " ! ") !" " "
" ! " " -& + !
" -& # , ! " *" " " " "!' ' )
1! # (brute stack)
! )
*" ) *" ' ! *" " " # "!' ' )
! " * "
* " ) ! )
% * " *" !
" -& # FX
3-D %! & # " ! # ! %
" ! (&" " & ):
3-D "! !" & #
" (borrowing) ", "
! ) %
" " "' f-k
DMO
" " ! ' ( ! "!, !" ! " Radon)
/ %! & # % – " ! #
/ %! & # !" " % "!" ! "
#" " !" ( %"):
! " , " ! ! " ! ! ." "
." ! " # " #
" ! " " -&
" ! ", ! ' '+ !
1! #
! " # ! % ( ! "!, ")
! " * #
* " #
/ %! & #
#" " !" ( " "):
! ! * ") ! "
! "!" ! # % "
/ %! & # ( ! "!, ) " # ) ! + , " #! , ! " #)
#" " !" ( " " + ! " SEG-Y):
" -& # FX – + ! & "+ ! &
/ %! & # – + ! & "+ ! &
10.3 , 7 4 4(00 (4 /4(0 (/
"! !" " ) " ' "

# !"," # ! " ) #
,
" " " . ( ) " !" "!" # -
! " #' - ) ) , ! + !
' * - " # "
)( * " # ") ! " ).
' %!
! " # # !" !" -
#-. ' "!' ") "!'-
") * ! !" . " , ! # " " "! " ! + #
* , * " - ! '
!" #-. ' "!' "), ) Xmin " ' # -
!" " " # "! ) !" #-.") %! & . " , * # # - )
! - ) "!#" #, % ! # " " ! " ! + # ,"
, " ' % # *" # + ! & " "" % ) !"-
#-.") "!' . 0 ! .10.1 3 X1.
! " #, " " #

!"," # ! ) !" -
#-.") "!' , -* - !
* - ") ! " ' !" "
* . !"% #! ) %" " ! ( !# -
") ), « ! * # », % %
. .), 3 ! " # " # ( .
" 10.5). ( " )
!"," # ' " # ' ! " )
-* " # % -
-."% + ! " .
# " % # * " ,
.10.1. ' –
, " - * " !" " " " "
! / - , ! ! -
, # . - #' % ! # # "! '
.2.17b.
* ") ! " .
" ) %! ") ! " " "

! " . ,* %! * , ! ) # ! '
! " ! - ) % !" #-. "!' # . ! -
* ", "- # " !# ' "!" ) % ' !" #-. '
"!' ") - % % & ! ") ! "
! " ! - ) . " " # ' !" #-. ' "!' ") -
! " ! - ) " !" " " " $" " # -
" " ) ! " % ! + # " ! " ! + -. "
$" " " * !" " " , ". " " , " ' -
" - ) ! - ) ! " ! ', ! -
" ' ! + "), ! " !" " #- " ! "!' " ! "
.
10.4 0 ; 0 4
! ") ! # " # # * , 3
" ' # *" # ' ! ,"% # ! "). % ! ) -
#" # *"!" " 500 ' ! " #' &" - #
%! *" ! # ! "). 0 ' $" ' * " ," )
%" % *" ) , ! ! ) ) * "
"!" "*" # ! + "). *" "! % !" " ! "% - -
# ." #' " ! !# ") % * # ) ! .
# " # # &" ) %"!" ! )
! ! ." ), ! # " !" " #" + & - ! ! #. -
# " " # #, " "! !" ! " 3++"
AVO, ' ." ) " # -* " #
,* % " " #" # .
% # # ' ! ,"% -
" # "!-
,
.". " , $" -
" ' %! . "
%! ! , -
! ) !" -
#" ) ) ! "
3-D $" ". ) !
" -
" " ! !" " #
! " ! % ! ! ." #; 3
* " , * " " " ∆t
!" ,
(! .10.2a). "! "
.10.2. '
* , * " ! -
(a) # (b). %" % *" " ! !
(! .10.2b).
!"," " ! % !" ) $" " "
! * " # " *" ) + !" " " -
) ! - !" " " , " -. ! " " *" '
' ! * ! # . ! "! ) " *" ) + -
# ") " % " !" ) 3-D
$" ! .10.3. 0" " *" ' ! !
! ! " ! ! ." " " ! .10.3a. "-
! # ) 3 ' ! ( ! , ! " . ' )
), !" " ! .10.3b. ! # ! * *"
( ! " ! 201 CVS), " , # , %",
" !" ' '.
9 + ' "),"" "! " ", " !" !"-
# "' " ' (! .10.4). , ! " !"% ! -
! - " *" " " "% ! ) + , " # #-
- # !"% #! . " ", ! - ! " " # !
) * -. 0 %! + ", ! " . - - "! ,
! ! 50 / " ! ! % " , -
" ! ! "! - ! ) . *
! "! ", " ! ". -
* " ! . "* , !" ' ' ) !" " " -
" .9 " " " % ! ( ! "!" ± 50 / ) -
" # ! !"," " ! .
0 ! .10.5 " # %! + *" " !" " " " ! !"," # ! .
0 %! + " ! ) ! + & ! 1 ,
! # ! " " "!" ! " . ! ! ) ! 1 ,
! ) ! % " ) " * . "" # "-
! # " !" " " " % ,% " " 3 #
. " *" ,* ! ) ! % " -
,", " " # " ! # ! ( , # ,
#). 6 ! ! ) ! 3 ! "
( ! "!, "." " #" 3%), !" #" ) -
"* - " * " & ' ! , ! # !" " #" # "
. 9 " " # " * , ! # ! " -
" ! + ! !" " " ) $" -
.0 3 "! ! " # " , !" -
#" ) " ) " ' ! ,"% ' % ! !" " " # .
.10.3. * # (a). ) # ,
(b).
.10.4. – - .10.5. ) ! .
# .
9 " # !" % " % $" !" )
3-D %" " ! , ! !" " ! * ) ! 4000 / !" "
! "% 1.0 . 6 ! ! ) ! ! ! "
95% !" " & " " ! .10.6. ! , ' ! , )
! ' ! ," ! !"," -. !"," " !
" #" # 200 700 / ! % ) ! . " " *" -
' ! "" 2-D ' " # " - " * S/N, , " -
" , # $" " !" " " ' #. ) ! " " !" " " -
( ! "!" # ! " 95%). "- " ! " "-
" ! !"," " ! " ! " " " # -
,"% *" ( * ') ' " .
! "! ! .10.6 "!" " " , * "" # !" # " (!" ), "-
!" " -."" ! " ! " " ! + . 0 !" " * ! ! "
-*" , * " ' !" . #-
" !" "! ! " # ', ! " ' !" " ! " '
! # 200 " "" ! . 3 ) " " !" " " -
! " *" , 3 ! * " . " !
# ! "), " -*" ' * 3-D
$" . ', ! " - !" , ! !"," " ! *, -
" #, "- # " " , , -. " *
!" " " # ! .
10.5 , 7 4 4(00 -
? (0 (/
, %" ! , !
"" " ), " -
) ! " " , ! %
( , , % ' ) -
! - #, ! # )* - !" !"-
" - ! - ! # -
% . ! - !!" #& # -
" ' ! , ! " ' #
# !" " " % , ! )
! ) # 3 % , !" " #"
*" # !" " % % , ! "
.10.6. ! - ! " " )
" ( ).
! ". * " # ! & ! " #-
*" " ! # " #
) -
* ! ! " , # ,* * " #
" (surface-consistent solution).
# (Wiggins !., 1976) * " ,* ) * ! "-
* " # 3 "!% # " ! . /" ! - !!" #&
# #- ! !" " " " ") ! " "
* . 9 ! , * " ! - " * -
! & %" " ! , - *" # *" ' ! ) * " !
* " ! " . ( ! ) " * " ! & "- # , *"-
" ! # #- # " !" " " # !# ! ! " '
. / !" , * - " " * *" ' !
# ! * ' ! ! " ' .
# " " * * " , * ! & %" " ! # #" #
" !" " " ), .". ! " #, ! "! * - *" " ! -
# " ! ' *" ! ! " , ! ." . ! % ,
! " ) , , * !" " " & " , %
(! .10.7). *" ! " ), " ' ' # ! *" *" ' -
! *" " " # "!' ' ), !" " #" # *"
! * - ") ! " , ! " - * ! " # -
".
.10.8. , # / -
.10.7. + – .
.
0 ! .10.8 ! * " ! * - ") ! " , -

! " # " " .9 ! "! ! % ) %" " !
" ! ! " " -."": " 1, 5, 9, … , # ,
2, 6, 10, … , # " -. ) , 3, 7, 11, … , #
, ! )! " "". 9 * " ,* "' ! " #'
# ) ! * - ") ! " , " " ! " ), ! " #-
- *" - ! * ! # 1 *" ) ! -
) * ! # 2, *" - ! * ! #
3 *" ) ! ) * ! # 4. " 3 % , 1
# 5( " 9, 13, . .). * ", "- # *" !" " ") -
! " ), ! " " # ! % . ," # RLI/SI SLI/RI
!" " #- *" " ") # !"," # *" ' ! *
! ! " .
")* " (Wisecup, 1994), * " ! !# ") ) %" -
" ! !"% #! "! (« ! * # », % % . .) # #- -
# " # # . -*" " #" %" " ! # ! -
&" " " . 9 * " , * # *" ' ! *
! ! " ." " "" % " % !"," #. 2 #-
" " " " !"," #, Wisecup (1994) !" % "
% -. " + ! 3" " " ! ! . ! , 3 " ! " -
" " " ( " «! ! » ! " ! - ) ), " -
, ) " " " ! !", ! !-
- -. '" " Flexi-Bin, " * " ") ! " # -
*" " !#-."% # ' ! "! ' " ' " ) "!"-
"*" #' ! + "); 3 " *"!" " !" ' !
( .1 5).
! ) " * ", 3-D $" " !" # " -
" 2-D ! + "). " " # !"," ) " " ! + #-
; " " , " !"," " " ! " * " ! )
". "!" " # ! " ' ! + ") %! ", #3" "
# ! - ) , !"," # " ! ! - , - " !"! -
! " ! - ) . " ,* ! "!" "." - ( .1 -
9), # " " ( ! " # *"!" * ! ).
" " ," "- # *" " ! , !" , -. " 10 ,3
%" " ! # " #, *" " ! *
! " !#- # ! "!"' " ) ! % ).
# " "* , ! , # !"% #! ! # )
" * , ") ! " ! + # (! .10.9). ! % ) -
! – " " ! ' ! + ") ! " ! " ' ! + ")
" " ! " ' ! + ") ! " ! ' ! + "). " "
" , * %" " ! #, ! #' ! , ' # , " "
) # *" # ! " #. ! % , ! " "
"!' ") * ! !" , !" % " " ), " " -
! " " , # #" # 3-D ! " " ! !" . # ! "! )
! " " - "! - ! %! .
.10.9. ) -
# (
).
.10.10. -
, -
( Sheriff, 1991).
10.6 0 4 0
( ! ! " ! ! ." " " ! " !" " -

"! " ) ! ", "!" ". # "" ! !" "-
! ", ! (DMO) "!" ". " " "!' -
-, % " ! " !"% ! ! - -
! -. - "!' (! .10.10). " %! & # ". " 3 "!% - % ! -
"! ! " " " % ". Russell (1998) "-
" #' ! , " ! *" " # # ! &" DMO.
DMO !" #" ) * ) * ) %! & "!" ! -
" , " ! % " " ! ! " ! ! ." " ! -
". Hale (1984) " ! &" " #'. 2 ." "% ! " #" # DMO
# ) ! -. " DMO, " #-.") # !" " , "" #
Meinardus Schleicher (1991).
9 DMO " ,"" # " " ! '
!" " ' ' '. " " " %" " ! ! " -
" " "! * ' -
, ! " % ( % " ) " ! ! ! ".
! ! " # ! !" " "
, " ' # + ! ! # ! " '
! ) "!+"!" & "). ! * ", " " ! -
" # # #" # " . " ! " " ! !" " -
# ! " 3-D $" ' - ! !" ' *" " " )
! - ! " . " " , " "' 3-D '" ' ",-
" ! " " " DMO.
!" ,* H– , V – !" ## ! ,t– "!" -.""
!" #. * ", 3 "!% # !" " t " *" "'
! * - ") ! " , ! " "!" " - , !" " * -
! ' " #- # &" ! ,", *" H ÷ (2 × V × t ) (! .10.11,
2
Deregowski, 1982). ! *" " !#-. ' #

" " ! ! " ! ! ." " !" " t # #- #
' ! , "! DMO. ! .10.11 " " :
H2
DMO = (10.1)
2Vt
! "!: " V=3000 / , H=1000 t=1.0 , ! DMO = 170 ( 7
." B=25 )
V=10000 / , H=3000 t=1.0 , DMO=450
( 4 , B=110 )
.10.11. $ DMO # . .10.12. DMO – / .
! % , " ! , "-. " 1000 (3000 + ),

! - ! " , ! ' #. ) *"!" &" ! ) , !" -- * ,
! " - !" " ' 170 (450 + ) 3 % &" ! % , -
3 "!% - &" ! ) . " ,* 3 ) & , !
" ! -.") "!' 5° , 3 "!% # "." % !
! " 15 " ! " " :
H2
× sin θ × cos θ (10.2)
V ×t
% "θ – % ! -.") "!' .

" ! # ! ! .10.12 % ' ! % ' ! , -
! " ! - 3 "!% . 2" ," " ! &" ! )
! , " ," 3 "!% , ! # ! " &" ! -
! . ! # "!+"!" & # % ! ! " , * -
" ( ! " ) ' " ! " ", % "
! ' ! "( " " ). " %! & # " -
! # ". " ' ! " %" % *" " " " ( 1).
( ! ! ." , ! # "!+"!" & # ! , " #. 9
3++" * " # "* %" " ! (geometry imprinting)
!"% ! & ( . " 10.8). 0" ! # '" "
, " !" " " ' !"% #!-
)! " " !" # ! &" ! ) "!+"-
!" & # !" " " ' . ! !" " t " #
" -. ! :
! !" " t= { ! "' [ " ]}

= ! 1( " )
+ ! 2( " )
+ ! 3( " )+…
! ." " ! . ' " " !

!" " " " .
- # ") *
-. " ! , #-
. " ) ./ " " -
"! % ! % " "! ! DMO " ) #
% (Jakubowicz, 1990; Beasley, 1993).
2 * ' ! , - "! ! ) "!+"!" & DMO,
! * "," - ! DMO " # !" " " -
% &" " % !" " ! (Crouzy Pion, 1993a, b). 9 "," # ! -
DMO " # " *" "' ' ' )
. 9 "!% # ! * - ") ! " , ! ' "!" " -
3 , ! " # ! " ! ! ) ' )
. 9 "!% # " # #" # % , "
! ! ! 3 "! ! DMO. " "+ & -
#- ! * "," - "' # --
% % .
0 ! .10.13 ! - # ! !" ' *" "," # ! -
DMO # ") " ) 3-D %" " ! , % " *"!" &" ! $" ! "-
" !" . * &" !", *" " "! &" , - ! ." -
" * ") ! " . ! " '
! DMO !" ) ! ,* " ! DMO -
" # ,", *" ', " ' !" # #. " ' " "-
) "," ) ! DMO % ', ! " -
" " " # ," # S/N, "! ! -. ! .
.10.13. ' ) %( ) ! DMO ( ).

" " # ! DMO, ! " % " ! !
%" " ! , ,", ! * DMO # -
' ") + , !"% ! ! ' #! *' ! %"" ! .9
- " " " #+ , ! " * - ,* -
" " $" , ! -. " !" ' ', % "!
! " ) %" " ! (Connelly Galbraith, 1995). " ! " -
- " - + , !" % #, * ) ' ! "! -
" # !" " " ! !" " " !" " " (! .10.14).
! &" " ! *" ! ' " " ) ! * -
") ! " " - + !" " " !" " -
" . $" . ) -+ ) " * ,*
+ - ! " # ! " ! 3 ". /"-
"" ) " " * " *" -
+ 3 ".
0 ! .10.15a ! " " " % -

! ! ) ! % ) %" -
" ! . # " " * !
! " ! " - ) ! 50
. # " " ! ! " -
! + # ! 200 . 1!
") ! " 6 ! + ")
32 * - " #, * " !"% #!-
- ! ,! - 12. "
# 45° " "! ( .".
! " ! ) %! " ") ! -
" ! 0° ) !" " 0.4 . -
.10.14. / # " - *"
DMO. !"' * #' $" :
1) &" ! % ! " % ! + # (! .10.15b),

2) &" ! % ! % ! + # (! .10.15c),
3) ! " " &" ! $" (! .10.15d).
.10.15. a. 3-D & , " # DMO. ) DMO: b.

, c. , d. #
& .
"-. " # * " " " " # + * - , * !"-

DMO, ! " " ) !" ") *" , ! " !"% ! ! -
! " " " 3 ) %" " ! , " " ! " ) %" " ! #
- ' ") + , " ' " "! % 45° !" " ,
0.4 " . 3 * " " !" ." " -*" " *"
! ! " ,' # " - " " " DMO
"!" "*" ! ' / ! " ' ! + ").
! % " ! "! ! * ) %" " ! ") ! - - ' " !"-
. ." * ", "- # ! " ! ' !" "-
' "!" ' %! ") ! " .9 ! " -
,* " ' ':
a) ! * " ! - + ! ) + ) " & ( -

! ) "! ! DMO),
b) "!" ! " ! ! &" - *," # DMO "
# !" " % !" " . . ! # -
. ' ' '! # #" # # ' %!
") ! " # ! .
> #3 " # # # DMO, "! # ,* ! % " -

*" # ! " #( ! "!, %! & !" " % "!" ! " )
) " ' " ! " , " : " , -. ' + -
", ! " ! - ),* ! ' )+ ! " ! " #.
10.7 //
! &" " ! # , " - # ! &" -

" *" #," # S/N. ! «2 " ! ?» !# " ! " .
/ " ' ! , # ! ' # ! (! .10.16). 0 ! "!, % !
!## ! " " " ") ! " ! ) ) " * ",
"' ! -.") !" ( + "
"' ). 9 ! " " -
" # % . , % " * !
! " # #- # " #" ,
! " * " % -
+ &! ' # ! . ! -
% ) ! , *" " ! , % " 3 "!% #
! ! ! #" # ! * ! " -
! # , !" #" ) *," -
! . *" " ' 3 "!% ) -
' +! ! !
%! - "! - ! # ! * %
1-)%" . 9 ! -
.10.16. – ! -
# "!" + & !
. ' ! , - ! .
! &" ! # #" "* . " " 3 , -

"- ! " !" ' *" ! !" #" ) 802. " -
" " " ' , ! " " ' ! !.
( " ! " ' ! , ) , -
" " * ) " "' , %"!" ", " "!' #
! " , " "' ! - ! * ' !" " ' ! *-
' . ! " " ' ! ,"% - , ! '
% ! ! " , "!' # ! % " %"!" "
"' .
0 ! .10.17 " *" # # # +
2400 3040 . "- # " - "' ! # 200 /
250 / . # %" " ! - 1 !" ) 3-D $" , !
" " *" ) ,% " ! % !" " " ! -
, *" ! " . ! % , "
# #" # ) "' - ) "" * " .
.10.17. # – #- .10.18. # – #-
# # ) %.
/
.
0 " *" ' #' (! .10.18) "' ")% # #"

" " * , " # #" -
# "!"% #! . ( " ! ! " ! ! ." "
! , "' " " . 7 "" % , "' #- # -
! , ! * ' '. "! * -
" ") " "' ")* ! - ", % ") -
!" ( "! !" ! !" " -
").
10.8 / /5 (1
" , # " !"% ! & ") ', * -

" # "! ' ") *" ' ! !" '. *," -
" !" " ' !" ' ! ' , ! " ' !"
% ! . " " !# + ! , ! " - !"% ! &
(La Bella !., 1998). !" " # " , 3
! &" " !"% ! & . !"% ! & % " !#
" -. ' ! * :
" " " ," # %-

/ "' , " ! & #-
! % ! -
%
! " ") ' "'
! * " "
" " # ! !" " " -
3 "!% # ! ' , '! #--

. # # " ! # " -
.10.19a. ) % -
" " " # ! !" " "
(
« »). #! &# / -
" !* " # -
! ) "!+"!" & , -
" # !
" ! ' '
*" " "' " ' '
! * !" -
" " " ) ! !" " "
.
0 ! .10.19a
# " ' ! ' ! -
+ "), ! " 3 " )
« " ». ! " " -
.10.19b. - , -
" 2400
" " # !" " ' %
3040 . ! % ! + #, " -
" " # % ! % ! -
+ # ! % . 0 ! .10.19b
" %! , " -
-. ' # + !"-
" ' 2400 3040 . ! "
" " " #. 0 ""
% ) + # "
"' " " . 0 ! .10.19c
!" " !" !" " 2400 ,
! ) " ") " #
3-D %" " ! #. " , -
!" " % !" " - 3-D %" -
" ! ( ! ! "
! + # ). " * " "'
.10.19c. t=2400 - " ! # # #- # -
/ .
"" ! ! ! " )+ ! )« -
!"% ! & » ( ! "+ ,
" ' %" " ! ")).
10.9 / 1 4 2 ;0 57
" "% " ") -

* ) ) ! # " ," # "' %! & , " ' %! -
) ! ! " ) ! ). " " - # Vermeer (1996)
Schuster Zhou (1996).
0 ! .10.20 (Vermeer, 1996) # " !
* "% ! ) + # # , ! " ! -
! " % %! + +! % ! ) , ! ' #.")
*"!" " " ' ) ! . ' " " !" #- )% -
! - + , " -. "! )
% ! ) ! !", -.") 12.5 . / %! & # ' ' '
, % ! 12.5 " "!," ) !" ( ! ) ) " ) ).
" *" " , % ! ! " ) ! 33 " "'
!" ," -.") %! & ( !" ) ). * ) " ! !" ")
" * ) 33 " " 11 - ! 33 ! - "
! " ! ". " *" , * * ) # ! " , "'
%! & .
.10.20. $ # .10.21. 2
( Vermeer, 1996). ! / .
/ # ! 3-D ' ") -
, % ,* " , "' %! & #
!" " ! !"," " . ( # ! " , " #
3++" ) * ) # ! . " " ! !", -.") -
, ) !" " ), " , "' %! & .
# 3-D * #, %! & # ' " *" ) ! ) "!-
3" " * ) , ! &" %! & # #" # + & ") ! -
# # ' ) * ' ) * .9 ! # # "!"% #! ! -
!" " " 3-D %" " ! . ! " # ! " ! -
" " 3-D " " *" ) ! ), ! 3 !" - #
! * ") ! " (Beasley Mobley, 1998).
2 * ) - ! ", " " ' ! -
! .0 ! " " " # , "-. " " !
! ) %" " ! ( ! % ), " ! % ), % % . .) " "-
* - !" " - * ) . "!" "." " * ") ! "
" " - " " * ) .
10.10 ( (4:< 5 6 (0 2( 005 >
( *" ' # #" # " , "! !" ! -

" ! * " &" ! ', * !", , -
," " % / "' . ." " " ! . )
! ) ," # " * S/N – 3 " *" " . ! &-
) 3-D $" ", 3 * * " ,* " " *"
*" !" ! . " " * ", ! ! " *" "! , -
," " % / "' – " (! .10.21). ( % " # #- # -
* , " ' ), " *" " S/N " #
" , , . " ,* ") " "' , # "
* , " * #- # % ! !" " " -, , " " , " -
* S/N # 3 ' !" ' "' " ! " " *" " ! .
! % ) !" #" ) " ! - + ! #
+ ! & " ' '! " " "! * % ! "! .
" " " ! ." '
&" ! ". ! ." " % "-
" ' &" - ," # ! , " " , -
," # S/N. ( " ) ! " ) 3 " # #" # , " ! -
# " ) &" ! ) !" ") * " -.") !" ") * , % "
"!" # !" " # + ! & #. " " " "", " % # " ""
% " , * " -* " % *" ', # ! -
"% # " " 3-D $" "! !" ! " ). " , * 3
# #" * " ", * !
. ! , " ! " " "
! ") *" ' ', !" " ! #/ # -
.
! ) ' * #' ' ' ', "!" " ) + ! &
" ' % ", , ) " " , * ! #
"! !" & # " ! " , " ! ) " " -
'* .
( *" ' ' ! ,"", %! * !" " "
,* * ' ! ,"" !" " " # % .( ! -
!" " " " ! ") . 3-D ! " % " , .""
*" ' " " , "! * ) -
! ) $" ( "." ,"). ." ! # ' 3-D $" ' " "-
" ," # ! "! &" - *" # *," ) ! ! " -
) ! !", -.") . " " Flexi-Bin !" " * ! !" " #-
- # ! % ! . 9 ! !" " " " + ! ! "
- , ! " % ! , % ! "! ,
! ! "! - , " ! ! "! . ( *" '
# #" # !% ,! "! " " *" ; * " %
*" '! "! " " ," ( " 5.7).
# $" " # ' "" 3-D, " " %" % *" "
3" " " ! ! - " " !" , " " ' -
! " (! .10.22). " 3" " % -* ! ,
! ! + . 0 ! .10.22a 3-D ! , ! # " " -
! " - ! - , !" " " %" % *"
. 3-D $" ,* ") " ! ! " !
" "! - -% - (! .10.22b). 7 ! "! ,*
" , *" ! + "), ! " #" ! . ) !
! ! ." ! # ) 3-D $" " - &" ! % ! !" "-
" # !" ' *" ! % . $" " "! "! ! -
# # " ! + # , % ! + # Flexi-Bin, " -
" " " ! " & ! .".
.10.22a. ( , / - .10.22b. ( , -
. .
' 10
1. ! " * - 3-D &- . , !" #-.")

"!" # ! " !" " ", * " " * " -
! ! " ) " " # # % '! " #.
2. *" ! ! !" , " ) !" " " ,
" ! "! %! ") ! " ! " ! -
)?
3. "!"* " " ! " ") " ' !" *" # #
, ) ! " " , 3-D $" ".
11
) %
11.1 (/5 0 ( (
3 ) % " ! ! - # , " % " -*" ' !

"! !" & . " $" -."" " " !" " "! !" & 3-D
") *" ' ' ) Brown (1991) Sheriff (1992). #.""
!" # "* " # " " & # " - "! !" ! ! *
" " ! !"% ! & '. , * "! !" !
"*" " " ! " ! #, !"% ! & ! -
' 3-D $" , , " ,") "!", + ! ! ' " ! -
' #'. " " ! " # ' !"
'! % " ! *" " ! ," "" # # "-
" , "*" ! &" , * # ! " ! # * #
"! !" & ").
! " # %" # % !" " #
" # # 3-D $" ( . 1 10). 7 % !" #" )
" ! % ) " # ! " ), " ! " #, . " -
! ", # !" " & ! ! % "!" -
! . " ! " " ! ." # ! "! !" & ! !"-
%", " " ! "! !" & . - /. # " #
"! !" & 3-D ") *" ' ' " !" # !# '
! %! ' !" . #."" !" #, ! " "- # % * " "
" ! %! % " "*" #, ! " % 3++" "! !
3-D $" - % ! "! . # $" % !" "% ! "! %
# * " " PC ( ! "!, Win Pics, Vest, King-
dom 3-D). # "" ! ' $" , , , % !# -* " -
! ") -, " ! " !" * - " "!-
!" & , " / Unix ( ! "!, Landmark, GeoQuest Para-
digm). ! " ! %! ' !" "! !" & $" )
' ! "!. # " " ! . ") " # , -
! " % ' #. # !" " " ) &" . !" " *"
" ! %! % " "*" #, " " ! " " -. "
' ! "! : ! #, ! ! " # ), -
! " " !" " ' !" , #& # ! , "%! & # '
" *" ' ', 3-D & #, & ,
! " # ! ' ) *"!" $" ', ! ! ! -
# 3 ! ! #, # " " ' ! 3-D ', !
! , " + ! & # ! ." " + .
") *" " " % ! " ! * ' + ! ', -
' "!" " # " (VI), "!" " # . (VA), "
' *" # (VIVA). ! " # " "!" " ) " %
!# ! * ' & " ' , * *"! !" " " -
"3 " " . % !" " % ! ! - # /, ! -
" ' "! !" " , " ' "" -
") . 0" ! " " ! %! #- " - !
!" " % ! "! ) % ! ) . " " "
* % ! " " # % % ! , *"
! % % ! .
11.2 (0 (
1" % *" " ! * "- # * 3-D "! !" & .

" ! - " - # ! " # %" + *" ' ! , -
' 3-D. # ." -. ! 2-D 3-D ',
* " , " ! % ! , '! , ! % ' !
" ' # !" " " # "! " ) . . ! " " !
! " ), ! " ! ! # # " !# " ( -
* " ! % ' ! " )):
!" " " ! !

% " " ") *" "! !"
'!
!
% " "*
% " "+
!" " " !"
!" % !
! " #« " »
3-D & #
! " # " " "
! ! * " ! " #
%"!"
% " ! " ! # ! ! " ! %! + *" "

," #, ! " " $" 3-D '. ! % " "
! # # ! , * " * " # ! ' -
). # *" # * ' !" !" " " # " ! "! -
* ' "! ! % #. 0 " ! ' . #' " ' ! , ! -
% # !"' ! , ! % ' . #' " !" -
# " "" ! . ! ! ") !" #" ) !" -
" *" % * # "! * ) ! % " ) ! .
" ! *"! - " "3 " " , ! %! + *" " " -
! "+ !"% ! & '.
! , ! " " ! * -, % %" % - "" * ,
*" ! , ! " " - "! . " ", , "%
, # #- " , ! " % ! % ! !
! ! * ! " . ! ! " % ' ! ! ! " -
# ) *") " ! ! 3-D '. # ! -
% ! " # ! ! " ' ' ! , " !" " " # !
! "*" " ") "-.") # + ! & .2 %" % *" )
! )% ! "!' ") * ! !" , " "" % " - ! -
! , " # *" " "!' ! " " #, ! ,*
"% *" " + & ! ! " ") *" ' '. -
*" # '! % % ! " #-.") # . + & ")
"! ) ! , * * " ! ' . ## 3
! ' ! "!' ! " " # "!' ") * ! !" , -
* " " " ! % ' ! !.
11.3 0 (1
2-D 3-D ", *" " ! "", - "%! -

! " . 3-D %" % *" % "' *" % -
! #. "%! & # )- "-.") # %" % *" ) $" ) "" -
." " " *" " # "! !" & . % , ") *" "
" " - + ! & -, " ' - # ! # # !"," # ! '
! ', # "%! & # %" % *" ) + ! & ") -
"' *" % ! # ! " # "' % *" ! &" "
." " &" " ). "%! ! ) ' -
#" " " * * ! ' " ! " #'.
"%! & # ' $" #" ! * " & . 1" % *" #
#-. # # #" # "" ." " ) -* " ! ! " !"-
% ' ! ! "! !" & - , " " ! . 1 ! -
*" # $" " * " " # " %! & % "-
! , % " !" " * " %! & (compartment
boundaries) 3-D ! " .0 . #', % " " # -* " -
"! , ! ' ' ! ' ! , ' " " ! ! -
"!" ! " 3-D $" . "' *" " " % " "*
!" " " " ! ' ! ' ") *" '+ & )
* " " # ' . " " "!," -
" ', ! "!, 3-D "! #, !" ! " !" #-% ,
AVO . ., % " + ! & -, ! # ." -
" ! ! !" .
"% ! & #, ! "! !" & # ' " ' 3-D $"
) . !" - . " % ! # $" " # '
&" - & ! * ) " " $" . ( ! * )
" % , "! !" & # " -."" !" " "- ," ),
"'. " $" " # ' !" ! # ", % -
! " # ! -."% ' 3-D , "% "
"" # Ligtendag (1999). ! &" $" " # # !"' '
, % : (1) -*" " " ! ' ! !" ," -. ' 3-D $"
! ' $" ; (2) -*" " %! * ) ! ' '
!" . ' 3-D $" %! & - ' $" ; (3) $" " " '
! ' $" "! !" & ' /. 3 ! " "*" -
30 000 2 %! ! ' ") *" ' '. ,% " " ' , ! -
" # ! + , " " " "!' ! " " #,
! ) %! % ! ." ". ! " % , !" " " "% %! #" -
% !" " " # " " # " 3-D $" . " -. " $"
% 3 ) " ). ! " " ,* #
"%! & # ' ! - ! - ! ! ,
"" ! " ! !"% ! & #! * ' $" " - .
"% " ! !", -. " % " $" (HRAM) %
" 3-D $" , # # * ' * -
, % " 3-D " " !"% ! ! . # " " 3! % )
$" ! % % " ! " " "+ , % ! % "
" " " ", % &" ! ) ! ) ) % ! " -
*" " -*" % " # # " # ! " -
# ' * ' ") " '% ' " '
") ' " ! (Steenland, 1998). "% ) "
" !" " " #, " ) " % " !" "+ !" " -
" " (Rhodes Peirce, 1999) #- " " + & -
! "" % " ! ! + " , ! "! !" -
! " " * % % # * *"' " (Biegert Millegan, 1998).
0 - " # % *" ") ! , # " #
HRAM, $# #" # "! + - , ! ) -* -
" "!" " " " ' '. 9 "!" ! " # ! * -
" 3 *" ' " " "! . ' "! ! &" " ' #."%
" # "!" % , "! "!% - # ") - !" & )
" #- " # (Pierce !., 1998).
11.4 / /5 (1
! # 3-D ! " #, "! !" ! "% "

' !"% ! & . ( "! !" ! ' ! ' "" #
*" # # " %" " ! ") ! !" #-
, " " # 3 ! "+ "%" % *" % ! ' "-
# ! &" " ! (" 3 ).
1" " ! # ! "% " ) ,* ""
- - ! . - !!" #& - "%*" "% !
! ' !" " ' !" '. !"% ! &
," - # " , ' % ' ! ) ! , "
" "." ! ! !" ! ! 3 " ' !" " -
' !" ', * " -- !!" #& - " . !"*" -
- ! " % ! # ! " # % %
, ' ! "! % ' ! "! ) ! , " . -
%! & .
11.5 7 5 (; / 2( > 005 >
> ! , # . -. # + ! & # + & # ! ") -

*" ' ' Chen Sidney (1997). 9 ! !
! ! - ! , " #" " " + $" .
*" " ! "! "! ' % " - * " -
! " ) , * ! , " #" ' " $"
" %"!" "! ! ! ) " ! ./ % -
* " " " ! %! #- !" " ! "
! ! ' ! , # ' ! % ), " "
", % ! " #.
# Exxon !" ! # " ! "
! , *" ' ! * ' 3-D $" ) ) " .
(Lewis, 1997). 9 ! " ,* ! " $" !"% ! ! -
# !" "!" # !" .") $" ,* " , ! "+ .
, * # ! * , ! " " $" ,
" ' ! * " !" #, " 3 ) " ' ( .
1 12). ! % ! $" , " '
&" - ! #. # ! ! , ! " *, ! ' ! "-
! - * " ! "." "+ - , !" " " # !# " "-
! ".
11.6 1(
1" !" #" ) *" ' ! , ) " # "%! -

& ! ' ' ") *" ' ' , , % -
! . ! %! " &" ! ! " ) !!" #&
! ', * % " "! ! ". ! " ! -
" ! , !" " " " 1 / ! & "! , ! ! - -
# "! * ) ! ', ) , . /" ! % % &" -
- " " " " * "! * % ! ' " ,
*" " ' *" ) ." -. (Trappe Hellmich,
1998). ! * " " "" ) ! ) ( ") *" " "
' ! ) - # # ! " # "! #& ! &" " -
! % % . ' " " * - - + ! & -, !" " -
# !" ." "" % %! ") *" ' '. -
" " !"," ), * "" " !
" !" - ! % % ! * !" "". !" " " "-
# ! " ! , ! * - # ,") " " - "! .
( ! ' "" , , ), % ! ! " )
! , " *" ! " * ", % ! -
" "! !" & .
, * %" !" #" ) " " !" -
"%! & ) ") *" ) + ! & " ! ! " %
! " ! " ! ! ") *" ' '. "&
%" % *" ' "* " ,* !" ! !" -
# " % %" % *" ) " - (Hirsche !.,
1998).
11.7 (>0 4 1 1 ? (0
!" " ) % # #" # ! " ! " 3-D, -

"! ,* "" ") " !"' "! "
! ! .0 "" , ! " "! # #- # « "!-
# !" » (immersive environment) « "' % # %! " #» (immer-
sion technology). 0 "" "* #-. # #" # ! ! " " ! -
# " ! " & ") *" ' ' !"' "! " "!' . !" % - -
# % * " " !"," # , ! " &" . # ! ' 3-D $"-
! % ! ," ! " "! !" & .
"!' ! " # % , ( , " ),
! " . ( ) %
* "." # ( "!" ## " ), % # , '
! " ' "!' ") " !" # " * "-
." #. ! " , ! ! ' ) ( ), "-
-- " , " ! " ! - # " , .
, "3 ' " " " - " #. ! )
' #.") " * " ) " " *" "! !"-
! , ! " ! " ), * ' !" * "-
) , "* , &" .
12
* , # %
12.1 8 5( 5 005 ( GIS
+! " ! ! (DOMS) !" #- ) " !"

+ " ! # 3-D ") ! " (Crow, 1994). 9 ! * - #
" & +! *" " ' 3! + . ! . "
!" & +! "!" - # " % ) ) " "
" !" " " # (GPS) # !" " " # ! " ' 3 " " ,
! " " + & ! - # + '. " 3 % & +! "
! " # !# #- # # % # GPS, "
! ! " ! " #. 9 !# " " ! " # % "!" -
" ! %! ! " ! # 3-D & +! ) + ! " ( ! "!,
+ ! " TIFF). ! %! " !" ! # 3-D %! ") *" '
' #- "%! ! 3 & +! " ! " # ! &" -
! # ") ! " * ' ! . " " % !"-
" ! " ,* " !" # ), - " ' & +! -
! " (! .21.1).
# *" # -* " * ) % ) %! + *"-
) + ! & , 3! + $" " " $" $"
GPS !" . ' $" . "' % # GPS " " "* *-
!" " " # ! XY # ! ' ! ' *" !" " ' 1
(0.5 -) ), % * !" " " # ! Z ! ".
3-D ! " , , "%! ! ! *" " -
", " " # ! ! , " "' %" " $-
" .9 ." " , " * 3-D '" *" ' ! . " "
3-D $" , " " " !" " " ") ! ' %! " -!
# #" # " ' .
! ,+ ) DOM #- # + ! " TIFF ( + ! "
TIFF %" %! + *" ) ! # ) – geo-referenced TIFF), " "
+ ! GIF JPEG. " + ) !" #- ) ! ! " ".
/ " " " ! )+ ) .
" " % , % " "' % " ! &" ! #
" GIS (%" %! + *" ) + ! & ) " ). ! 3 + )
“SHAPE” "! " ! " "( % ) & ! - + ! -
& - ' # % % . ! " % , % " "' % -
- ! % " " ! " + ) ( ! "!, + ) Autocad DXF). "- # "-
-. " ! # GIS:
+ ! & # ! !"," "!""

+ ! & # * " ! + ")
."! ! "!"" '
!" # " ! "!"" '
*" " " !" #
*" " " *
"!" "." # ! !
. " " ( ! "!: ! % - # ' ""
15° ?)
12.2 ( (> 05 ( 05
"!"' " * !" " #- # " " ! ",

"! ", " !"* " #. "!"' ) " * -
!# " ! " , ! " ," # # !"% ! & ,", "-
" !". 0 * ' "!"' ) * " ) !" ), ! -
, - # ", " * ( ! "!, ! ! ). -
* " 3 % , ! "! ! # # ! " ", % " * " -
' . #' ' # # , ! -. " ! " %! * "-
' ! "! .
2" " ," "!" " ', ! " " " ! &" !"-
% ! & "!"' ) ", " *,". !" * " #
") $" * ( ! "!, ), " " "
( ! "!, ! ") , , , - , , # - , ). " -
" # ") ! " : *," (' # * " " )
# ") . $" ") ! " , *" ! -
" # ' " ") ! " , ") ! " , !" *" " #
! ' % ! + " -. ' * ' . .2
" " ' " ") ! " .
# # "!" " ", "! "!"' ) " # #- #
"" , ! " ' ! .0 ! ' ") -
! " % ! + ! !# " % # " -! .
!" , ) , ! * ' ' ") ! " " -
% # -! .
.12.2. 6 -
. 0 t2, t3 t4
.12.1. 3-D, / " # # " -
# / ( Barr Sanders, 1989).
! ! " ' ! * ' * "!"' ) , " "

! ! % " + ". " !" *" "+ " ! " # #- -
# % -. # ! * .0 ! ", " % % # "
- ! % , *" !" " # " ! "). + " " # #
% ) . " " * , % ! !"% ! & # ' –
" ). ), , "!" " # % # # !"",
*" ' " " ' ! , , " .(
!"% ! & # " " # ! * , # " " + " ! ' -
"' (flexure noise), ! " " - % "! * . ( !
, * ") ! " " " ! % " "% "!' -
. 4" * "' # #" # ! # ! , !"% ! & # -
" " !"" "" *" . ! -. # !"
" %! *" # " ! # ! " #
! %! .
* " !"% ! & ' ! " " " ) (OBC)
) * , # " - " "!"' ) "
" , " # (Barr Sanders, 1989), * *, " * ) '.
( ! %! + !" "! "! & " #% ! + ' -
' ") ! " (! .12.2), " , * ! " "
% , ! # #" - . / % " &" ! ! -
"- " -. " ! %! " !" . ")* " OBC -
% !"% ! ! # ! % ' 2000 .
" "! ) !"% ! ! -.") " ( ! "!,
Fairfield BOX) ! . " !"% ! & - "!"' ) ". ! ' % '
(1-30 ), ) * " - " # *" "
") ! " % ! + , % * , 3 " " # ! -
' .0 ' ' * ' % -
# ") ! " , !" *" " #! ', ," -
- # * " ' " ") ! " . ! , "!-
# !"% ! ! -. # " #" ! "
!" # ") ! " . # ! ." # "! - "' *" %
" "*" #, !" " " # !" !"% ! & !
!" !" " .
12.3 / 1 (/(0 14 7 0 ( ( // 0 (/
#' * # ' ! !, " " '

" # !" ' %! & !" " "!" ! " . * #
" ! ") " ." " , * " %! & " -
! #. ! %! & !" " "!" ! " , " ! - #
" ! " " # %! & " *," ! " ! ! " ! -
-. - "!' ./ " !" # " "! & ), , "-
-, '- !"' "! & ) "!" ! " .
" # "# #, * 3 "!" ", " # " ) *-
-, " "* " ) ! &" .
0 ! .12.3 '" *" " , *" * " # ! -
" ! %! & " ! # ! %! & "!" ! -
" . * " %! & " ! # (! .12.3a), !" " * , ! "
!" % - # ! ! , * ! - #, ! # &" -
! - !" -- * . " !" " * , ! " - "! !
%! & , % %! ! . ! %! & "!" ! "
(! .12.3b), " !" " * , ! " - "! ! %! & , %! -
! - # "!" " , ! . 3 "!% ! %! & -
" ! # " * # % ! %! & "!" ! -
" . !" # %! & "!" ! " # ! ) -
#" ) # % ' &" ! ! .
.12.3a. , . .12.3b. , .
/ %! & # % "!" ! " # #" # ", !"," "

* *" # ! " # 3-D ") *" ' ' & #', % " "-
" " " " " " ! % ! ! " ! -
! " 3-D ! " #. ! " " # 3 ) " " , *
*" ! " # % * " * ! ) "
(Canning Gardner, 1993).
" " ! ! 3 *" " % %! & !" "
% "!" ! " (Schultz, 1997). 0 * " *-
," # ! " #, * ! " " ! ?/ ! -
!" *" " ! " # "!" ! " # , ! #
" " $" ', "!%, " # %! & " ! #.
12.4 4-D (; / (
"# ! ', !"% ! ! " *"!" " ! " !" # (4-D

"), * " , ! " # *," # '. /
&" " "!" "." " + - " !"; $" " " 4-D -
' " " " %" % . Hesthammer Lokkebo (1997), #
! ' " "! % !#, , * ! " ' -
! ,") "! ) " ) % , "!" " " ! -
(dip maps) " ! * $" , " " "' -
*"! ! . " "" " - " , #-
" ) ' $" , #" * *, ) ! ' # "-
) "! !" & ") *" ' ', " !"! ") -
" ' ! " ) *, , %"!" " "' " . 8 !-
« If A > B , then A, else B » !" " !" " ! " ".
" !# " ! " % # " *,", *" )- -
" ) ! '. 3 ! "!" " ! " # Gullfaks, # %
! 3-D ' ! " ! " ! ; ! * "
! % ." " " , *," #, ! " !" -
. *" # !" ! " " ! " ' (data prestack) "-
-.") ! ) "! ! , !" " % " ! " .
! "! 4-D ' ' " ! " " ! "-
" # Jack (1997). ! + ! " & "' *" % ! - $" -
- &" 4-D ! (Lumely !., 1997).
12.5 3-D 7 5 /( / 7/(005 > 40
!"' " " 3-D $" - # # # " # !". -

' " ,
! % - ! % % %" % ,% "
! " " " " ) ! . ! ! " ! 3-D ! " -
" ' , " ' ! * ,% " ! -
" " . . # * !" ! # (common conver-
sion point – CCP), % " -. # P- !" ! " # ! " - S- ,
" ' # " !" ") * " * ") ! " -
; , !"", "." " # * ! # " Xc (! .12.4),
! " !" " #" # ! " " :
r
Xc = (12.1)
V
1+ S
VP
% " r –! # " " * ") ! " ; VS – !" ## -

! S- ; VP – !" ## ! P- . " " , . "."-
# ," # VP/VS.
.12.4. # . .12.5a. # -
P=P- , Sh = . S- # .
! 3-D $" " " ' # #" # -

% ', ! ' * ! " # " ' # # " . !" -
" " ' !"," ). *" ! % ! &" "
! ', % " , ' # ! "! , !" " " -
% Lawton (1993):
RI
B= (12.2)
V
1+ S
VP
% " RI – ! # " " ") ! " .
VP
! "!: !" ,* =2
VS
r 2
% Xc = = ×r ,
1 .5 3
RI 2
B= = × RI .
1 .5 3
! " " " ," ! " # *" ) &" &

*" !" ! # (! .12.4), " ! !" " " CCP, " #-." #
% ), ! " # #" # "" . " * VP/VS #
!" " " # ! "! , "!" !"% ! & ") ' 3 " " ' -
. ," " !" " #" # !" * ) ! . VP/VS
> 1, * ! " ! 2. " " ,! "! " "
" ' "% ," ! % 3-D ( " * VP/VS = 1
" ! "! ,! ) "! # # " ") ! " RI).
( ! "! CCP " " #" #, * ! 3 " " *
!" ! #, ! "! !" " " # ! CCP # #" # * -
, , (! .12.5a). 9 3++" ! # -
, ! ! # " " ! ! + # ! -
* , ! ! # - " ") ! " . ! " % ,
! " *" ! "! , ,", ! ! " -
"" % " ) (! .12.5b).
" * ",
) %"
" ! - ! , ! #
" ""* " ! !" " " "
' ! ' , "
" ! !" " " " CCP '
" ' , ! , *
' * #' " # %
% " ! "! . Cordsen Lawton
(1996) ! ! - "
' " ! # !"' " )
3-D $" , " ) ! '
.12.5b. #- ! " CREWES 1995 %. ! -
S- # ! # . ")," " 3 ) &" &
!" % " #, * ," " VP/VS
! 2. * "
* " ' " " )3 % ," #, ! !" " " " CCP ! "-
!# # ! " " " "!*" % " ! %! . " , * ! *"
! "! ! !" " " # CCP ! " ! " % ! + # -
* " # % ! " ! % ! + #.
!" " " " CCP ! " ! " % ! + # !" "-
, ! ! # " " ! ! + # " "-
-. ! " " :
SLI = RI × i (12.3)
RI
i – *" ", CCP
( " &" - - # "!
V ;
1+ S
VP
RI
i – "*" ", CCP
" " &" - - # "!
VS ;
2 1+
VP
RI
" i – (&" " + 0.5), CCP - - # "!
V
4 1+ S
VP
!" " " " CCP ! " ! % ! + # !" "-
, ! ! # " " ! " ! + # " "-
-. ! " " :
RLI = SI × j (12.4)
SI
( j– - " &" ", CCP - - # "! ;
V
2 1+ S
VP
SI
j – (&" "+0.5), CCP
" - - # "!
VS ;
2 1+
VP
SI
j – (&" " ± 0.25), CCP
" - - # "!
VS .
4 1+
VP
0! .12.6a *" " ! !" " " " ! , *" "
# ! ' " ' ! " " " ," # i – (&" "
+ 0.5) j – (&" " ± 0.25). ! " ! !"% ! & " -. (Cordsen
Lawton, 1996):
# " " ") ! " 60

# " " * 60
# " " ! " ! + # 195
# " " ! ! + # 270
1! ") ! " 12 × 54
0 ! .12.6b
! !" " " " CCP # " '
! ," # VP/VS = 2.0. # " ' , CCP -
- %! 10 × 10 . # #, ! !" " " " !" ' -
*" ! ' %! " 7.5 × 15 (! .12.6c). 3 %! - ! -
" ! ! "!" %! "" 30 × 30 .
% # " " # ," VP/VS "!" !"% ! & -
") '. ! ' # " ', "), - ! -
& - *" - " #, # " -. ' " : " ,"-
" ! # # " ! + # * - " #, %" " ! # Flexi-
Bin ( !" ." ! "!") / "." " % " -."% ! -
+ # (! .12.7), " ! % " - * ) " " " *"
- " # ( . " 5.14). !" " ! & ! !" " " #
!" ' *" , " # "! !" " " " ! , ! " * "
," # VP/VS.
Vermeer (1999b) " " " ! * " "." " " -
" ' , " " ,* ! " # %" " ! # % *," !-
% ) %" " ! . ! % ) ! , ! " # %" " ! # " "
' # # " # 3++" , #. ' .
.12.6a. ' P- # S-
.
.12.6c. ) % P- .
.12.7. & # " ) *" --

" # ! + ") # !"% ! & " '
.12.6b. CCP # S- . .
" " ! ' " " ' ' -

# # ! ! , " " * ! &" ! ' ! " -
! # ! , * !" ." " ) -
+ ! & , * " ) ! !"% ! & !"' " ' '. !
2-D ' " ' ! ! " # Hauser (1991). " " '
" ! ! - ! & ' '. 9 ! &
% "! !" ! 3++" AVO * ", " -
" " # 3++ & " ! " # ! ! ! - # "-
!" ! " # *") ! *" % .
12.6 3-D 0 (
# "' % - "! , *,"" "

! * ' 3++" , " ' " " # . " ! -
%! + *" ' " & " ! " # ") *" ' .3-D -
"! # " " " - + ! & - ! !" " " -
! , " " % #. ." ! # ) ") *" ) $" , -
" ) 3-D " , " "%* 3-D "! !" & - ' -
! "! " ! (Duboz !., 1998)./ % !" " " "
, ! " # ' 3-D ") *" $" " (! .12.8).
9 " " # " " ! ! % ! ' .
"!"* " ! " ." " " " ! ', -
! " ! !" ! ! *" ' "! :
1) " " ! "! # "

! " ' .
2) " " "! - ! ' ! -
,* " 3++" AVO.
! 3-D "! , "

#" # ! # )# . 0 *-
" &" " ! ! .
, *
! " 20% ! # % "-
*" " . !" " *" * " !" " + !!" ! -
3-D ", ! !" !" "" " " "' ! # . (
"" # ' ! ,"" $# " " " " ) + , - " '
. , " " " "! #& , * -
)+ ) "!"' " ! ! 3-D ! " #.
" ! * -
- # ! "! , # -
! !" "! ,"
' # , ! " "-
" % ! .
3-D $" ! *-
" * , "!" "! -
") " ' % -
" + . ( 3 " " * ,
"! # " " ! ), -
! # + % -
"" " )* , *" ! -
.12.8. $ - % * .
3-D .
" * ", # # ! -
* ' * -
# " ' " "1 .9 -
#" !" " "! ! !!" & + ' " ).
12.7 7 = (0 4(0
0 " " " ! " !" ! - # '

! "% ) " ' ! . * , " ! " ! "% !" " "-
# " " # (GPS) " " " ( " " " ! *" ") " -
* - ," - % ! " ") ! " . # " "
"% ' "! " ' !"' " ' ") ! " ! "!-
,"" ' *" , *" ")* .
"# " ! %! " !" , ! " % !
!" # ! ", * 3 "! " !
! "% # , -. " ! " 3 ' ' ! ") -
! " , , " " , " " ! * . -
) #" !" " + ! , ! " - " !"-
" ! !", -.") ! ! " ! $" , "3 #
!" # " % .
0 ) " " ! "" " !" (tun-
ing cubes) (Partyka !., 1999). 9 3-D ', ! ! " " !"-
" " ! ! ' %! * - # ) * , !" #--
. "!" . 3-D " !" " ) !" ! - # * -
! " " " !" % !" ! # 8 ! ". 9 " ! "
! " " #" ! ! " " * ' !" , -
*"! # " %" % *" " " ! .
* & $" , ) " -
, " # ! " " " ") (voxel tracking). " !" #-
" ) «3 " " $" », .". ! ' $" " 3-D ") *" '
'. " " - # !"' "! ) ! " ! * ) -
! *"!" $" ' (Dorn, 1998).
" . " ! " # "' % 3-D ") ! "
"! ' *, ! " !"," , !" !"-
," #.
( : !" %" + *" " !" # (! !", -. -

) ! " , ' ! '.
- :
%
• 0 " ! "% !
• 4"% " % " " "! " " ") ! "
• " " " ! #
• 1 # " " !" " " #
• 3-C !"% ! & #
• 9-C !"% ! & #
• 4-D !"% ! & #
* # #
• "!," ) ! )
• / %! & # !" " "!" ! "
• 3-C !
• 4-D !
• 3-D AVO AVA

• 1"
• / ! % " !
• !
• %"!"
• !"
• ! " " " ")
• " ! " " ! ) # :
" "' *" % !" # ( "' % # %! " #)
" (haptic ! # # )
( * " ')
" ! " !
1. # " " ! " ! + # (RLI) !" #" )

& - " " ! " ! + # .
2. . %! & – 3 , ! %! * % * , ! ) " ' -
3-D $" " # ) %! & )- -
+ * +! & ! - . ! " #. .
%! & % ! * # ! " #' ! ! # " #.
" ,* . %! & – 3 " " ", * ( )
! , " ' ) # ! # ! ! - $" .
! . %! & * "!" ! - #.
3. * ) " % " , ! ) " ! "
! ! + # . *" " * ! " ) -
# * &" !" 3 ) " . 9 , ) -
) 3-D $" .
4. "! –3 * , * , ) # % , * -*
*" ! , " ' " # ' ! ,"% !" " #
&" - !" " " # ! . "! " " , -
, * ! "% " # %" % #. > # !" ) ! -
"! "! " " !" " " !" ! " , *
"!" # ! 3×3 .
1. ) ! " " ' " + ! #" ! - )

! - ) , ! # ! % ' " " ) %" " ! %!
") ! " ?
- ) ! - )
a. Xmax / ) (X) (X)
b. RLI # " " ! " () ()
! + # !" " ' ! -
" % Xmute
c. NRL *" ! " ' ! + ") () (X)
d. SLI # " " ! (X) ()
! + #
e. Bs , Br "! (X) (X)
f. NC *" (X) (X)
! -
1. # 3-D $" *," #! AVO, # "" ' -

!"! "" " ' ") " ! !" " " ".
2. . %! & ! ), " ,") "!", !
8!" " #, ! # "! 70% 3 "!% +! % ! ) ,
Z × tan 30° = 0.58 × Z , * " "* " ' 95% 3 "!% +! % ! -
) .
3. 0" # " , * . %! & " )
"' ! ' $" . . %! & ,") "-
-. ' " * : (1) % ! % "!" "." # ' "!' -
") !" " %! & (2) , ! , " ' ) # '
,") * +! % ! ) . ! % ! -
" "!" "." " ! MA = Z × tan(θ ) , % " θ – . ) # ! -
! " ! " . # +! % ! ' ) " %
! " # 30° , MA = Z × tan(30°) = 0.58 × Z . ( -
! " !" , - 30° ( ' " ! !", 3 ), .
%! & ! " " # " , !", *" ! "
! ! #.
! % ) ! : - , ! " " ! #
! ! . '" , , ! ! -
" ! * ) ! " #' - ) ! - ) . ! # " !"-
," # " * " "!" ! # ! . - %! &
# &" #' " ) "! !" & .
4 . ! " # "" - ! - %! ! -
" ". * . %! & "" , %! ! " -
" ) ! -. ! !" #"
) . , " ' - # ! ! ' .
2 . %! & ! " "!" ! - # "-
).
5
1. ! % ) '" ", &" !" " "" , ) -
) Xmin.
2. Xmin '" " «
! * # » ! # ) " ! -
! " ! + # ; " * "! "
! " !
+ # ! % ) '" ", " "! # " * )
Xmin ) " "!", ! % ) ! % ) '" ". !" " " "
Xmin "! " . - " ! " ! # 3-D.
3. # &" & # Flexi-Bin: ," # RLI/SI SLI/RI " # #- # &"-
" * . "! " ! + # ! % - #
! ,* !" " * ! "! ! !" " " ! , "
- " &" ! - !" -- * .
4. # ! " " # " « % %» " ' " *" ' ! , ) -
( ! "!, ").
5. ' ' $" , ! " " ! + ! ' # # &" ! ! -
. '" " « " », ! % - # ! " ' ! + ").
! ) '" ", ! % - # &" ! *" ' ! -
").
1. ! !"% ! & ! " " " ! ' * , 3 "!% #, *" -

# ! !" , !" " #" # " * ) !# , % ) ! ) -
*" * ! .
2. ! !"% ! & ! " " " ! ") , ! " "« 3 - ) » -
# !" " , "*" " ! % ! ! " -
# %! " ! &" " ! #, .".
3 - ) =( - % )×( *" - % )
3. . ! .6.27
1. ! )% " ") ! " , !" -

*" " #! ', " " ," ". ! % "
"" 2 (5 ), *," % ! + . '
, ! # "! , !# . -
.
2. "! ! ") & ! "!#" " " # 3 " ! !" -
. 7! % ! + " ! #" ' " " " # "* .
4- " -*" " " !" " " ) & , "%
" " "% .
3. ! !" " " ' " '"" # " ! " *" " "-
) " &" ! !"% ! ! , % " " " -
! *" ' " ' " " " # - .
4. " BOX RSR #- '! " ") "
%! ") ! " . " '! #. # # + ! & # "
! %! " ) !"% ! ! ! " " -.
#3 % " # ! ' (data collection unit – DCU).
1. 0 * " ) '" " ! " ! " " ! + '

* " " ( ! " " # # !"% ! & ),
" ' . 0 !" ! " ) '" " -
" " ! " ! " " ! + "!" ! " " " %! + -
*" '! .
2. ! -+ ) " "! - + ! & -, " ' - #
# ! * ") ! " , ' " )
%" " ! # "' *" ! 3-D $" .
3. "!" "." " ! " " " ! , ' # #
" ' 3 " " ! * . ," # ! ,
* " # !" " "!" "." # ! -
"/ ", " " * ", " " "
-*" "* - . ( 3 , , * 3-D
$" ! " ! " ! , %! ") -
! " " * " &" !" $" .
4. "!" "." " ") ) " # ! * ) ! %
! . ) "!" "." # " ! + # !" -
" " , ' !" " ' ! , " "" # " " ! -
". "!" "." " « %- %» " # ! * ' -
"" ! % ! . % "!" ". # " ! -
! + # ! " - ) % % "
! % ! + #.
10
1) ! " # " " # # % '! " # # * )

, % " # # % 3 " ) ! % ./ -
% " , " ! " # "% ! !" ( + -
" ) " # ! + -( 3 ). ! " #
! + - ! ! + - % ) #
! ! ! " " # , " !
/.
2) "! ! - ) " * , # "!" ) !"-
#-. ' %! & 2 . 0" ' ", * ! "! ! - )
" "* ' !" " ' "" % '% ! .
3) # , ) ! " " , % " # " -. ! :
a) ! ," " " * ! # ) " ! " ! -
! + #
b) "!" "." " * / ") ! "
c) " " ! ' ! + ") ! " ! " ' ! + ").
d) " " ! " ' ! + ") ! " ! ' ! + ")
"! "
4 $ 1 * . 4;*7 5 ))( < 5*0=
!.
1.1 & #! 1
1.2 * 1
1.3 " " & ! , " 2
1.4 8 " ! 3
1.5 "% ! 6
1.6 " " ), !" ," -. ' !"% ! & - 7
'
1.7 ! -. # !" % " # 11
1.8 " ! " # !"% ! & 3-D 2-D ' 12
1.9 !" " " " "! 3-D 13
! " ! 1 "1 17
4 $ 2 4 *0 )$ *05 0 )5'%0 )$ *05
2.1 & ! " ! ! " ! # $" 18

2.2 ! % # %" " ! # 19
2.3 ! 19
2.4 ! ! " ! " % ! + # 22
2.5 ! ! " ! % ! + # 24
2.6 # ! 25
2.7 ! 27
2.8 ," " % / "' (S/N) 29
2.9 "! 29
2.9.1 "! $" 30
2.9.2 / # " "! #* 29
2.9.3 1! # ! !", -. # 37
2.9.3.1 1! # ! !", -. # -
" %! & 39
2.9.3.2 " " " +! % ! ' 40
2.9.4 "! # ! !", -. # 42
! " ! " 3-D $" –2 1 43
2.10 Xmin 45
2.11 Xmax 49
2.11.1 1 $" 52
2.11.2 "!+"!" & # !# ) 52
2.11.3 "!+"!" & # !" " ) ( "! " "-
#) 53
2.11.4 ! *" % ! " # % '% !
53
2.11.5 / " ! # " " ! % ! -
! ." # 53
2.11.6 ,
" ' ) # "!" # % % %
!" #-."% % ! 54
2.11.7 !" " " ! " ! % ! ! ." # 54
2.11.8 " " ! ' 54
2.11.9 , " ' " # AVO 54
2.11.10 "!" # 55
! " ! " 3-D $" –2 2 55
! " ! 1 "2 58
4 $ 3 + 7 5: ,) 05*,0')$ 0 ) *02 80= *08
3.1 !" " " " 59

3.2 !" " " " 60
3.3 " , ! " $" 61
3.4 ! 85% 62
3.5 8!" " # 68
3.6 +! % ! " 69
3.7 . %! & 70
3.8 !% & # %! & . $" 72
3.9 4 *" " " ! " 75
3.10 76
! " ! " 3-D – 2 3 77
! " ! " 3-D – % 80
! " ! 1 "3 83
4 $ 4 (4)'- 65,7 , + $*5*0=, ' + *)3) , %*7 5 % (487
4.1 7 - '" ! " 3-D 84

4.2 " ! " # 3-D – ! " 85
4.3 " ! " # 3-D – !# % " 88
4.4 " , % 3-D ! – # , % ) " 89
4.5 1! + *" ) ' 91
4.6 ! " ! + ! " & 91
4.7 ! + ! # & # - '" ! " 3-D 99
4.8 / " 105
4 $ 5 )45$7 5 % *)$'0
5.1 ! #3-D $" 107

5.2 ! 5-D % # "!" ! " 107
5.3 111
5.4 ! % # %" " ! # 112
5.5 « ! * # » 114
5.6 0" ! % # %" " ! # 115
5.7 Flexi-Bin +! & ! " 117
5.8 « , #» %! ") ! " 121
5.9 % % 123
5.10 /"% 124
5.11. 1" % ) % 124
5.12 '" « " » 128
5.13 # '" 129
5.14 * ) " '" 129
5.15 ! % # %! 132
5.16 ! " " ) ! 133
! " ! 1 "5 138
4 $ 6 )() +-)$ *05 +*'% $2 7 $
6.1 ! " * 139

6.2 "! 145
6.3 ! "% # !" 146
6.4 ! ! 146
6.5 &" & %! ! # ! ! 147
6.6 " ! " ! ! 149
6.7 ! "% # ! "! # ! ! 152
6.8 ! % " * 153
! " ! 1 "6 153
4 $ 7 5 0 % 0 +> 9 55 )() +-)$ *05
7.1 ") ! " 154

7.2 "% ! ! 156
7.3 !" " " " " 158
7.4 " " " ! *" " " 159
7.5 & " '! " " 160
! " ! 1 "7 162
4 $ 8 + 7
8.1 ! %! 163
8.2 1! ") ! " 164
8.3 1! * 165
8.4 ! ) %! 165
8.5 3 -%! 166
8.6 /" !"% ! & hands-off 168
8.7 " ! * # ! 168
4 $ 9 '%0.5 '05 ))( < 5*0= ) )45$7 6 ()% 6
9.1 %! + *" " ! 169

9.2 ! -+ ) 172
9.3 " ") 176
9.4 "!" "." " ! "/ " 177
9.5 " "!" "." # ! "/ " 179
9.6 6 ! 180
9.7 ! "% # !" 184
9.7.1 ! ! 184
9.7.2 ! " * 184
9.8 ! " $" 185
9.9 ! *" 187
9.10 % 188
9.11 . " ! " # 189
9.11.1 *" # ! " # 189
9.11.2 191
9.11.3 !"," " 191
9.11.4 "' " 192
9.12 " " ! "! 193
9.13 ! *" ' " 194
9.13.1 *" ' ! 195
9.13.2 *" ") *" ' ' 195
9.13.3 ! "! ," # " ") *"
!" " " # " # 195
! " ! 1 "9 199
4 $ 10 )( ()%'
10.1 ! 200
10.2 ! 201
10.3 , " # !" " " 202
10.4 ! ) 203
10.5 , " # ! " " 205
10.6 ! 208
10.7 212
10.8 !"% ! & 213
10.9 / %! & # * ) # ! 214
10.10 !!" ! &" - ," # *" ' 215
! " ! 1 " 10 216
4 $ 11 0*%5 5% 80=
11.1 " "! !" & 217

11.2 ! " " ! 218
11.3 "%! & # 219
11.4 !"% ! & 220
11.5 ! ") *" ' ' 220
11.6 1" 221
11.7 "' % # %! " # 221
4 $ 12 %5,7 , 5- % $4=> 9 05 580 4;*7 : 0*%5 5
12.1 +! " ! ! " GIS 222

12.2 "!"' " 223
12.3 / %! & # !" " % "!" ! " 224
12.4 4-D ") ! " 225
12.5 3-D ! " " ' 226
12.6 3-D "! # 230
12.7 7 . " ! " # 230
233

Планирование сейсморазведочных работ

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Планирование сейсморазведочных работ

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Arbeit macht frei 1

#."" !" # , ! ", " ", -

8 ! %! - -! ! # !"," # ! ' '

6 × $500K=$3,000,000 " !"' "! ' '

5 × $500K=$2,500,000 !"' "!

.1.4. 9 !" # !"' "! ) ") -

Pes=Psource × Pmigration × Preservoir × Ptrap, (1.1)

EMV=NPVsuccess × Pes+NPVfailure × Pef (1.2)

. - % 3 *" - &" !"' "!-

" !"' "!- !"' "!- " " "

Psource "! # * % " ! - 90% 90% 0%

Pmigration "! # %! & % " ! - 80% 80% 0%

Preservoir "! # " ! / ! 70% 80% 14%

Ptrap "! # "* #/ ' 30% 40% 33%

NPVsuccess 2 # " . # ", ) $8,000,000 $8,000,000

NPVfailure 2 # " . # ' ) ($1,500,000) ($1,500,000)

Pes "! # 3 *" % "' 15% 23% 52%

Pef "! # 3 *" ) " * 85% 77% 9%

EMV " # " " # " * ($63,000) $688,800

VOI + ! & ( ! "!, ($752,400)

!" " ) 3++ & " * # 16% 22% 39%

!"' "! " ! ! " ! # # ) , !" -

1.6. 4( (4:0 : 75 ;, ( 6( <= >

% % %! + # !"% ! & ' "-

! ! -.") !" %! - -! "% #, " !" –

1.9 ( (4(0 ( ( / 0 3-D

0 ! .1.9 1.10 % ! # ! " & # !"' "! ) $" -

"* ": %" *" " -

' ( (unit cell)) ! % )

* 0 ! " ", "! " #! " ! -

' *" !" ' *" , ! " ! - # ! .

' (fold taper) 6 ! " % %! * % * , -

* 0 ! " ", ! " " ! "

* ,! " # * "!" " " *

(patch) 9 "! * - # " " -

) ! / ," " 3 "!% % 3 "!% "' .

# 9 "! ( ! % " "! , " ! )

(swath) ! , " 3 "! # ! *

% (template) !" " " # %! ") ! " , ! # !"% -

" ") =1! ") ! " + & ! "

Xmax / )!"% ! ! ) , ! ) ! "%

Xmin 0 , ) ) $" " ( . " "!

Xmin=(3602 + 3602)1/2 = 509

Xmin=(13202 + 13202)1/2 + = 1867 +

" * Xmin !" " #" , ) ) , !"% ! -

1. ) " !" " " " "! "-

! " ! " $" % , % *" ' ' ! -

&" 2.1 , !" " #- # *" # ! ,! "!

! " ! !" " " # !" #

"! 3 4 ! "!" $" .

Xmin " " ," % % "!' "% ! ! " '% ! -

! ! " ! " ! "! %! ") ! " ÷ 4.

! ! ! " ," " % / "' (S/N). ( !

0 ! "!, " ! 2-D ! 40, ! 3-D ! 1/2 × 40=20.

7 "" #+ ! Krey (1987) # ! 3-D "" :

0 ! "!, " ! 2-D ! 30:

( ! # " " 2-D ! % " ," ! "! 3-D -

% " SD – *" " * - . ; NC – *" ;B–

U= 3++ & " ! "! (10-6 # / ; 0.03587 ×10-6

*" !" ' *" = *" ×NC

*" !" ' *" /NC=SD ×! "! $"

"! $" = *" ×! "! B2

! =46 ×720 ×30 ×30 2

=96 ×720 ×110 2

Pef "! # 3 " ) " 85% 77% 9%

' " !" ' " , ! " ! - # ! .

% " SD – " " - . ; NC – *" ;B–

" !" ' " = *" ×NC

" !" ' " /NC=SD ×! "! $"