DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh

si pembicara. Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan katakatansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu : I. II. Statement (pernyataan) Command (perintah)

III. Question (pertanyaan) Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech : 1. Direct Am/is/are Shall/will Can May Must Have/has to Ought to had to To be & Auxiliary Verbs Indirect was/were should/would could might

2. Direct now

Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat) Indirect then the following day the following week

tomorrow next week

tonight today yesterday last night last week

that night that day the day before the night before the week before, the precious week

here this these

there that those

3. Direct

Tenses Indirect simple past

Simple present Simple past

Present perfect Present continous -

past perfect

past continous past perfect continous past future

Present perfect continous Simple future -

I.

STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said He said to me that + reported words

He told me

e.g - Mary told her friends I have been to Bali twice. - Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

- Father said I am going out of town tomorrow - Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

- Mary told John my father warned me last night - Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

- My sister said to me I dont like tennis - My sister said to me that she didnt like tennis.

- Tom said I didnt go to school this morning - Tom said that he hadnt gone to school that morning.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan. e.g - John says I will go to Bandung tomorrow - John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

- Mary says I have seen that film - Mary says that she has seen that film.

- My brother says I met Tom at the party last night

- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.

- Tom says I dont like English - Tom says that he dont like English.

II.

COMMAND

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu : 1. Positive Command

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah : to + infinitive He asked me He told me e.g - He asked me Open your book - He asked me to open my book.

- Mary told me Stop talking to Jane - Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

- Mother asked John Pay attention to what I say - Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

- John told Mary Wait until I come - John told Mary to wait until he comes.

- The teacher said to the students Be quiet while I am talking

- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.

2.

Negative Command

Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

e.g - Mary told John Dont wait for me - Mary told John not to wait for her.

- I told him Dont mention it to anyone - I told him not to mention it to anyone.

- Father asked her Dont go there alone - Father asked her not to go there alone.

- Ira asked Tom Dont come to my house again - Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

- Mothers asked John Dont smoke too much - Mother asked John not to smoke too much. III. QUESTION Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

Positive Form He asked me where

When etc. e.g - The man asked me : Where do you live ? - The man asked me where I lived.

- John asked Mary : Why do you get angry with me ? - John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

- I asked him : When did you get back from your trip ? - I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

- He asked me : How will you go there ? - He asked me how I would go there.

- John asked the girl : What is your name ? - John asked the girl what her name was.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk Yes & No Question, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

e.g - The boy asked John : Does Mary live near here? - The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

- The teacher asked her : Have you finish your homework ? - The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

- Mary asked me : Did you she John at the party the night before. - Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

- We asked them : Will you go to the movie with us tonight ? - We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

- Mother asked John : Are you going to marry her ? - Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.

Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

IV. REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan) Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena)sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini : e.g - She asked me :What is the time ?, my watch has stopped. - She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.

- Ira asked John :what is the matter with you ?, You dont look well. - Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didnt look well.

- I asked her :How long have you been studying English ?, Your accent is very good. - I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.

- He told me :I am off to the movie, Where are you going ? - He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.

- She said :It is cold inside, Is the window open ? - She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.

Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes. e.g - He asked me :Will you go out wiith me ? No, I wont. - He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldnt.

- Mother asked John :Have you had lunch ? No, I havent. - Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadnt.

- She asked me :Can you meet me tomorrow ? No. - She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldnt.

- I asked her :Do you like vegetables ? Yes, I do. - Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.

- Mary asked John :Did you phone me last night ? Yes, I did. - Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.

- Father asked me :Are you going to the movie tonight ? Yes. - Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.

Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries

Direct Was/were can may must & have to must not neednt -

Indirect had been could might had to wasnt to/musnt didnt have to

e.g - Mary said : I was sick yesterday. - Mary said that she had been sick the day before.

- The man asked me : Can you speak English ? - The man asked me if I could speak English.

- Mary said to John :You may come to my house tomorrow. - Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.

- Mother told John :You must study harder if you want to pass the exam. - Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.

- The police told me : You must not drive without license. - The police told me that I wasnt to drive without license.

- The teacher told them :You neednt hurry. - The teacher told them that they didnt have to hurry.

Sumber ke 2 Reportin g Contoh Speech Indirect

Contoh Direct Speech

Keterangan

Statemen t

Im so happy. (Saya sangat bahagia.)

She told me that she was so happy. (Dia mengatakan padaku bahwa dia sangat bahagia.)

Pronoun: subjek I menjadi she (orang ketiga); Verb: am (present tense) menjadi was (past tense) (misalnya) karena diasumsikan dia sudah tidak terlihat sangat bahagia lagi (biasa saja). Pronoun: my menjadi his (orang ketiga); Verb: tidak berubah (misalnya) karena diasumsikan penyampai berita langsung menyampaikan perkataan tersebut atau dengan kata lain permohonan masih berlaku.

Pleasereconsider myprop osal. (Tolong pertimbangkan kembali proposal saya.) Imperativ e

He requested that Ireconsider hisprop osal. (Dia meminta saya mempertimbangkan kembali proposalnya.)

Dont bepanic. (Jangan panik.)

She told me not to be panic. (Dia mengatakan pada saya untuk tidak panik.)

Verb: menjadi to infinitive pada reporting commands

Yes-no question

Can I put my bag here? (Dapatkan saya meletakkan tas saya disini?)

He asked if he could put his bag there. (Dia bertanya apakah ia bisa meletakkan tasnya

Verb: can menjadi could (misalnya) karena penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan itu

disana.)

merupakan past conversation; Time reference: here berubah menjadi there; if: ditambahkan pada yesno question Verb: will menjadi would (mis alnya) karena penyampai berita telah memaafkanspeaker. Verb: tetap is misalnya karena penyampai berita masih belum memutuskan apa pilihannya.

Will you forgive me? (Maukah kamu memaafkanku?)

He asked if I wouldforgive him. (Dia bertanya apakah saya akan memaafkannya.)

Informati on question

Whats your choice? (Apa pilihanmu?)

She wanted to know what my choice is. (Dia ingin tau apa pilihanku.)

Sumber ke 3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma. Contoh: Reporting verb: Tono says, Reported words Im very good at English Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu: Direct Speech: Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continouos Tense Conditional Indirect Speech: Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Future Tense/Conditional Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous) Conditional Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya, Contoh : He said, The sun rises in the east He said that the sun rises in the east. PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN: Direct : Indirect : Now Then Today That day Tonight That night This week That week Yesterday The day before

The day before yesterday Two days before Last night The night before Last week/year The previous week/year A year ago A year before/The previous year Three years ago Three years before Tomorrow The next day/The following day The day after tomorrow In two days time/The following day Next week/year The following week/year On Sunday On Sunday Here There This book The book This That These Those Over there Over there *etc. PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN: Can Could May Might Might Might Must Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa) *etc. Contoh: The man said, I must mend the wall next week The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week. Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya. The girl said, I must wash my hands before eating The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating. Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan. *etc. Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam: 1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan that He said, we will go to Singapore tomorrow He said that they would go to Singapore the next day. Bob said, Im a university student Bob said that he was a university student. 2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata to sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. not to dalam perintah negatif. He told me, wait for me ! He told me to wait for him. She told me, dont cheat anymore ! She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis yes or no question, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether. Ina asked me, Do you really love me? Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her. Mixed type: Contoh: Anton asked me, whats happening to you ? You look so pale Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale. Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan. EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH : 1. D : She says to her friend, I have been reading

I : She says to her friend that he has been reading 2. D : He will say, The girl wasnt ugly

I : He will tell them that the girl wasnt ugly 3. D : Reza said, Im very sleepy

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy 4. D : He has told you, I am writing

I : He has told you that he is writing 5. D : Mother said to her son, study hard

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard 6. D : My friend said to me, I dont like football

I : My friend said to me that he didnt like football 7. D : She said, I didnt go to campus

I : She said that she hadnt gone to campus this morning 8. D : Rikza says, I have seen that movies

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies 9. D : Mother asked her, Dont go there alone

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone 10. D : Father asked robi, Dont smoke too much I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Sumber ke 4 Direct and Indirect speech Direct and indirect Direct speech adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyempaikan kata-kata yang diucapkan seseorang apa adanya (original sentence), tanda mengubah structur gramatikalnya direct speech biasanya ditempatakan dalam tanda kutip . Direct speech terdiri dari dua bagian Direct verb/introductory verb/main clause (kata kerja yang memberitakan) Reported speech/sub clause (kata yang diberikan)

Indirect speech adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan isi pokok kata-kata yang diucapakan seseorang (bukan original sentence) dengan beberapa perubahan didalamnya. Indirect speech mengunakan conjuction (kata penghubung) dan tidak mengunakan tanda kutip. Conjuction that biasanya dipakai untuk kalimatt berita atau pertanyan (statement) dan tidak digunakan untuk kalimat Tanya dan perintah (interrogative and imperative sentence) Dalam ilmu bahasa kalimat yang diucapkan seseorang dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa jenis 1. Statement (pernyataan) 2. Question (perntayaan) 3. Imperative (kalimat perintah) 4. Exclamation (kaliamat seru) 5. Statement (pernyataan) Ada dua peraturan utama mengenai perubahan waktu dalam reported speech a) Kalau reporting verb berbentuk present tense dan future tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech sama sekali tidak berubah Reporting verb Simple present tense Present perfect tense Simple future tense Present tense reported speech any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Reporting verb yang mengunakan simple present tense manakala @ mengutip sebuah percakapan yang sedang berlangsung Contoh Rizal (yang sedang menelpon astrid dari kampusnya) I am studying now. Astrid (mengutip pembicaraan rizal) berkata pada shinta (yang sedang bersama dengannya) Rizal says that he is studying now. Indirect speech @ membaca surat, majalah, Koran, dll lalu mengutip isinya @ membaca surat intrupsi lalu mengutipnya @ mengutip pembicaraan yang sering diucapkan Contoh You have to study hardour lecturer often says to us Indirect speech: our lecturer often says to us that we have to study hard Present perfect tense

@ contoh Direct sentence: I have told you kiftiah is reading a novel Indirect sentence: I have told you that kiftiah is reading a novel Direct sentence : she has said to me kiftiah will go to Australia Indirect sentence: she has said to me that kiftiah will go to Australia Future

Contoh Fact: lisa is known as s very beautiful girl in her campus Temannya lisa mempekirakan orang yang baru melihat lisa dikampus itu mungking mengatakan bahwa lisa itu sangat cantik. Temannya berkata (indirect sentence): many people say that she (lisa) is very beautiful girl b) Kalau reporting verb berbentuk past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech harus diubah kedalam salah satu bebtuk past tense (simple, continuous, perfect, dan perfect continuous) sesuai dengan bentuk tense yang dipakai Selain bentuk tense yang mengalami perubahan pronoun dan adverb nya juga mengalami perubahan

Perubahan ini terjadi pada reported speechnya

Penting untuk di ingat bahwa perubahan ini terjadi singkat alami dan logis dan tidak begitu dibutuhkan untuk mempelajri semua aturan-aturan yang rumit dalam menguasainya @ perubahan tense Direct Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present prefect continuous Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfecontinuous Simple future Future continuous Future perfect Future perfect continuous indirect past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous past perfect past perfect continuous past perfect past perfect continuous past future past future continuous past future perfect past future perfect continuous

@ perubahan auxiliary catatan saja Cuma dijadikan bentuk past Contoh Direct speech Am/is/are Will/shall May Have to/has to Must @ perubahan adverb Direct indirect speech indirect speech was/were would/should might had to had to

Now Ago Last week Yesterday Last night Yesterday morning Next Next week Tomorrow morning Here This These Thus Come Contoh dalam kalimat Simple present

then before the previous week the day before the previous night/ the night before the morning day the following the following week the following morning there that those so go

Direct: she said, the man calls Indirect: she said that the man called Present continuous Direct: She said, the man is calling now 1. Question (pertayaan) Ada dua aturan utama dalam memahami direct and indirect speech dalam bentuk question atau kalimat pertanyaan 1. Aturan umum @ apabila reporting verb adalah berbentuk present (simple present, present perfect, dan future) maka tidak ada perubahan reported speech-nya kecuali pada subject pronoun

@ apabila reporting verb adalah berbentuk past, maka terjadi perubahan pada reported speech-nya yaitu pada subject pronoun, tenses, and adverb-nya 1. Aturan khusus @ jika reporting verb-nya pada direct speech mengunakan say atau tell, maka ketika dalam indirect harus berubah menjadi inquiry, wonder, dan want to know (jika tidak mengunakan object) @ direct speech yang berbentuk interrogative di ubah menjadi affirmative ketika dalam bentuk indirect speech dan tanda Tanya tidak digunakan lagi Ada dua bentuk question (kalimat Tanya) Yes/no question

Conjunction yang dipakai pada direct and indirect speech-nya adalah if/whether @ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk present, maka indirect tidak mengalami perubahan kecuali subject pronoun. Contoh: Direct speech: she asks me, are you sick? Indirect speech: she asks me If I am sick, atau she asks me whether I am sick atau she asks if I am sick atau she wonder/want to know if I am sick atau she inquires whether or not I am sick Direct : ayu asks him, are you fine?

Indirect : ayu asks him if he is fine, atau ayu asks him whether he is fine, atau ayu asks if he is fine, atau ayu wonder/wants to know if he is fine, atau ayu inquired whether or not he is fine. @ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk past, maka indirect speech-nya mengalami perubahan pada subject pronoun, tenses, dan adverb-nya: Direct: she asked me, are you sick? Indirect: she asked me if I was sick Direct: ayu asked me, do you speak English? Indirect: ayu asked me if I spoke English Direct: lisa asked mizan, can you fix the broken car? Indirect: lisa asked mizan if he could fix the broken car W-H question/question word

Conjunction yang digunakan adalah W-H Question (disesuaikan W-H question yang digunakan pada reported speech-nya) @ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk present, maka indirect tidak mengalami perubahan kecuali subject pronoun. Contoh: Direct speech: she asks me, where are you now? Indirect: she asks me that where I am now. Direct: she asks me, why did you come late yesterday? Indirect: she asks me why I came late yesterday @ apabila reporting verb-nya berbentuk past, maka mengalami perubahan pada subject pronoun, tenses, dan adverb-nyaa Contoh: Direct: Lisa asked him, where did you go to last night? Indirect: lisa asked him where he went/had gone the night before (boleh tetap mengunakan simple past atau past perfect) Direct: tina asked her, why do you work so hard? Indirect: tina asked her why she worked so hard 1. Imperative (kalimat perintah) Bila reported speech-nya berbentuk kalimat perintah (imperative) kata say pada reporting verb pada direct speech-nya harus diubah dan disesuaikan dengan kalimat perintah Dibawah ini daftar kata-kata kerja yang bisa dipakai untuk menganti kata say pala yang digunakan: verb+pro(noun) object+ to infinitive Advise someone to Ask someone to Encourage someone to Invite someone to Order someone to Permit someone to Remind someone to

Tell someone to Warn someone to Allow someone to Beg someone to Challenge someone to Convince someone to Direct someone to Expect someone to Instruct someone to Persuade someone to Urge someone to Forbid someone to Recommend someone to Entreat someone to Command someone to Implore someone to Request someone to Mengunakan dari kata-kata tersebut diatas digunakan dibagian reporting verb-nya pada indirect speech untuk mengati kata say dan harus disesuaikan dengan beberapa kalimat perintah dibawah ini: etc Command ( perintah), misalnya order, command, instruct, etc Precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, atau nasehat) misalnya: advise, persuade, encourage,

Request (permohonan) misalnya ask, invite, request, etc Entreaty (permohonan dengan mendesak) misalanya beg, entreat, implore Prohibition (larangan) forbid, warn, remind, etc

Penting: baik berbentuk present ataupun past, reported speechnya tidak mengalami perubahan pada kata kerjanya (karena mengunakan to infinitive, tetapi apabila reported

speecnya terdiri atas dua clause, maka sub clause mengalami perubahan, hal ini berlaku pada bentuk past 1. I. Positive imperative

Pola: subject+verb+object+to infinitive Dibagi dua: @ nominal sentence Contoh: Reported speech terdiri dari satu clause D: she asked him, be patient, please! ID: she asked him to be patient Reported speech yang terdiri dari dua clause D: our lecturer said, be diligent if you want to get success in your study! ID: our lecturer advised us to be diligent if we wanted to get success in your study @ verbal noun Reported speech terdiri dari dari satu clause D: she said to her office boy, go away at once ID: she ordered her office boy to go away at once Reported speech yang terdiri dari 2 clause D: she said to fauzan, please fix the computer which gave you last night ID: she asked fauzan to fix the computer which she had given him the night before 1. II. Negative imperative

Pola: S+V+O+NOT+To infinitive Dibagi dua @ nominal sentence Satu clause Our lecturer said, dont be late Our lecturer asked us not to be late

Dua clause Our lecturer said, dont be lazy if you want to get a good a score Our lecturer adived us not to be lazy if you wanted to get good a score @ verbal sentence Satu clause She said her son, dont leave the room She forbade her son not to be leave the room Dua clause His mother said, dont do what your father does His mother forbade him not to do what his father did 1. Exclamation (kalimat seru) 1) 2) Exclamatory Optative sentenc