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activities
ACTIVITY 1
The shape of the Earth and
outer space
ACTIVITY 2
Our Earth’s moon
ACTIVITY 3
Moon watch
ACTIVITY 4
Light on the moon
ACTIVITY 5
Travelling to the moon
ACTIVITY 6
The sun and its
family of planets
ACTIVITY 7
Reading about the sun,
Earth and moon
ACTIVITY 8
Additional reading tasks and
project ideas
Moon
Earth
2
5. Colour the land in orange. Colour the water in blue.
6. Put on the air – it is a very thin layer. Stretch a piece of pantihose
around your model to represent the thin layer of air.
7. Complete the worksheet “Our Earth is like a ball moving in space”.
(See page 36.)
Our Earth is like a ball moving in space:
A Draw onto the diagram and label clearly:
• Land • Water • Air • Outer space
OUR EARTH
air
water
Outer space Outer space
land
water air
land
air
water
land
water
Outer space
Outer space
3
Activity 2 Our Earth’s moon
The moon
There are many stories about the
moon, traditional stories, children’s
stories and adult science fiction
stories. The moon also features in
poems and songs. In addition it has
been associated with romance and
with werewolves. It is also said that
dogs will howl at the full moon!
Next day
4. Use the model of the Earth that
you made before and the model
of the moon and make a mobile
as illustrated in the diagram on
the left.
wire coathanger
wool or string
4
Teacher task A Introduce the word ‘revolve’ to explain how the moon travels around
the Earth in its own orbit or pathway.
A Introduce the word ‘orbit’. The moon has its own orbit or pathway
around the Earth. This means that as it travels around the Earth it
always stays the same distance from the Earth.
orbit
A Use the mobile to demonstrate that the moon revolves around the
Earth (rotate the handle of the coat hanger and you can see the moon
travelling around the Earth).
Learner task Complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words:
A The moon is smaller than the Earth.
A The moon revolves around the Earth.
A The moon travels around the Earth in its own orbit (pathway).
5
Activity 3 Moon watch
Teacher task 1. Read this poem to the learners. Explain the words ‘wax’ and ‘wane’.
When the moon ‘waxes’ it means that it is growing or getting bigger
each night. When it is ‘waning’ it means the moon is getting smaller
each night until it disappears altogether for a few nights.
6
The phases of the moon seen from the Southern Hemisphere
The diagrams and photographs show what the moon looks like from the Earth.
1. crescent 8. gibbous
2. crescent 9. quarter
3. quarter 10. crescent
4. gibbous 11. crescent
5. gibbous 12. new moon( this cannot be
6. full seen as it is in complete
7. gibbous darkness)
Photographs extracted from ‘The Solar System’ – South African Astronomical Observatory
3. Photocopy and hand out moon watch diagrams (page 8 and 37).
A Explain how to fill in the moon watch diagram.
A Decide together with learners, which day will be Day One. (Any day
of the month can be the start as long as everyone starts together.
Make sure it is a night when the moon is visible)
A Let the learners compare their drawings every few days.
7
Learner task 1. Find the moon each day (at night or day) and observe it carefully.
INDIVIDUAL 2. Draw what the moon looks like each day on your diagram. Write down
the date and time.
3. When it is cloudy and you cannot see the moon, draw clouds on your
diagram.
4. If you miss a night, write down your reason.
5. Compare your drawings every few days with those of the other
learners.
6. Complete the 29-day cycle.
7. Put these labels onto your moon watch diagram, with the help of your
teacher:
• full moon • ¢ moon • crescent moon • new moon
name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Write down some interesting things that you have seen about the moon.
Moon watch
I saw some interesting things about the moon.
One thing I saw was, when I started, I could see only a small part of the moon. Each night
the part that I could see got bigger and bigger until I could see the whole moon. Then the light
part started getting smaller each night until there was no moon at all.
I also saw that the moon moves in the sky at night. Each night it rises in a slightly different
place. For a few nights the moon seems to disappear from the sky.
Another thing I noticed was that, as the moon grows bigger, it is the left-hand side that I can
see. But after full moon, as the moon becomes smaller, it is the right-hand side that I can see.
3 Moon watch
A ss e ss me n t
Activity
9
THE PHASES OF THE MOON
am am
am
am
am
am
m
am
pm
am
pm
pm
pm
ful
m l
o
on
am
10
Activity 4 Light on the moon
Key concepts • The moon does not give off light of its own
• We can see the moon because the sun illuminates it (the sunlight
falls on the moon)
• The moon’s shape appears to change as it moves around the Earth
because we can only see the part facing us that has sunlight
falling on it.
NOTE TO
TEACHER …
sun (a
Use a bright light for the
light bulb or an overhead
projector). The child is an
moon
observer on Earth. Use the
m
that the learners made fro
m a little
paper. Darken the roo
er the
by putting newspapers ov
windows.
11
What the learner must do:
A Put a label on the learner saying ‘Earth’.
A Push a pencil or stick into the model of the moon. The learner
stands with her back to the light and holds the moon by its pencil
handle. She holds it at arm’s length just above eye height.
A Now, still holding the moon, she slowly rotates (turns around
standing in one place), looking at the moon all the time. As the
moon moves around her, she will see that different parts of the
moon are lit up by the light bulb (sun).
earth
A B C
12
Learner task Light on the moon
1. Hold the moon as shown below.
earth
A B C
2. Still holding the moon at arm’s length, stand in one place and turn
around slowly and look to see how the light falls on the moon.
3. Write and draw your observations below.
What do I see if I
stand sideways to the sun
with the moon right in
front of me?
A RTH
E
13
Light on the moon
A s se s sm en t
Activity 4
What we want to assess What we expect from learners
Picture: NASA
14
Activity 5 Travelling to the moon
Key concepts • People travelled to the moon and landed on it in 1969. This was the
first time in history that people landed on the moon.
• The people, who were Americans, used specially designed rockets
and spaceships to get to the moon – it was a technological
triumph.
• This was the first time human beings had travelled so far. They
came back safely bringing photographs and samples of moon
rock.
• This was also the first time that a human being had ever landed on
the surface of another object in space.
Picture: NASA
2. Explain to learners that they are first going to imagine about travelling
to the moon. Then they will read about travelling to the moon to find
out what actually happened when people went to the moon.
3. Supply learners with the task card and the reading ‘Travelling to the
moon’ (page 16).
15
Travelling to the moon
For thousands of years people have looked up at the moon in the night sky
but nobody had ever been to the moon.
People decide to explore the moon
1. In 1961 President John Kennedy announced that the United States of America would
send people to travel to the moon to explore it. No human being had ever travelled to
the moon before. For the next 8 years they experimented with different rockets and
space vehicles. They made several trips to the moon to check the equipment but did
not land on it.
Travelling to the moon
2. Finally in 1969 the Apollo II space ship was ready to be launched into space.
The space ship had to travel about 400 000 km to reach the moon and 400 000 km
to get back. Apollo raced all through space. After three days and nights, it came
near the moon.
3. Two astronauts flew down to the moon’s
surface in a moon lander. One astronaut
stayed up in the rocket and circled around
the moon. He did this to make sure that
they could all get back safely, even if the
moon lander could not fly back. Neil
Armstrong was the first man to step out of
the space ship onto the surface of the
moon. These were his words as he stepped
onto the moon: “One small step for man,
one giant leap for mankind.” Edwin Aldrin
was the second man to step onto the moon.
On the moon’s surface
4. The moon looked scary. It had no air, water, plants or animals. The astronauts
went outside in space suits to explore. They took many pictures. They drove a
moon car and set up science experiments. Then they returned to Apollo in the
top of the lander. Apollo brought them home safely.
One day you too could travel to the moon
5. Perhaps you’ll be on a moon station one day! You’ll catch a moon ship at a space station
that will circle around the Earth. People will load supplies onto the ship. They will put
fuel in your new moon ship and lander. Finally you’ll blast off. Near the moon, the
rocket engines will fire again. You’ll go into orbit around the moon. People and supplies
will go into the moon lander. Engines will fire. Down you’ll go. What will you say when
you step onto the moon? What will it be like to live on the moon?
Adapted from: Amazing Rockets by Dinah L. Moche; Western Publishing Company Inc. Wisconsin 1990
16
Learner tasks Imagine what it would be like to fly away from Earth and travel through
space to the moon.
1. Explore the moon and outer space.
2. Talk to your group about how you imagine it will be.
3. Then read ‘Travelling to the moon’ on page 39 to find out.
How much
longer will my
journey be?
17
Learner task TASK 3
(continued) 1. Imagine how you will land on the moon safely so that you can come
back again.
Discuss:
A How will you land on the moon?
A How will you get back again?
A What will you say when you step onto the moon
for the first time?
Now read paragraph
3 to find out what
did happen.
my rocket TASK 4
has a 1. Imagine you are on the moon’s
parachute to surface.
help it l and. Discuss:
A What will the moon look like?
A What will you do on the that won’t work
moon? – there is no air on
A Did you get home safely? the moon! my rocket
Now read paragraph 4 to find out what has springy legs to
it is like on the moon.
land on.
Teacher task
18
Learner task TASK 5
(continued) 1. Imagine that you are living on the moon one day.
Make a drawing to show where and how you will live on the moon.
but
on how high would
sports day you jump on
i jumped 1,2m the moon? how long
high … would my
rocket take
to reach the
moon?
A ss es sm e n t
Activity 5 Travelling to the moon
Reading: a Tell verbally (in groups) what actually happened during the
Tasks 1 – 5. exploration of the moon.
Writing and drawing about a Make a creative detailed drawing and write creative
living on the moon sentences imagining what it would be like to live on the moon.
a Show evidence in drawing and writing of some facts about the
moon e.g:
– no atmosphere
– plants can’t grow there
– animals can’t live there
– no water and no clouds or rain
– they have to take everything such as food, clothing,
air and water with them
– they have to dispose of their own waste, etc,
19
Activity 6 The sun and its family of planets
Teacher task
Introduction to the solar system
A Explain that Earth is found in one small part of the sky called the
solar system.
A We are close to one star called the sun.
R …
NOTE TO TEACHE A All the other stars are very, very far away from us.
sequence A
When learners cut out and Tell learners that we will study our solar system.
ir
the planets according to the
the sun , the y must
distances from A.
se ver y larg e nu mbers.
work with the
rposes of 1. Hand out photocopies of a the “Nine planets” (see page 53–56).
This is one of the main pu
activity we
this activity. In doing this
able to
hope that learners will be
h nu mb er and then
interpret eac
ano the r big nu mber and
compare it to
st from the
decide which is the furthe
e placed
sun and so on until they hav
order.
each planet in the correct
Teacher task B.
Hand out The Planets fact sheet (see page 23) and the drawing of the
solar system (see page 46–47) to complete.
20
Learner task Task card – Activity 6
INDIVIDUAL The sun and its family of planets
1. Read the paragraph for your information.
We know that Earth is a planet. There are eight other planets. Together
with Earth, there are nine planets. They all get light from the sun. Each
planet travels around the sun on its own special pathway called an
orbit. Each planet is different. The sun and its family of planets is
called the solar system.
2. On ‘The Planets’ fact sheet find the column marked “Distance from
the Sun”. This will tell you how far each planet is from the sun.
3. Find each planet on your ‘Solar System sheet’ and label it correctly.
Pluto
Venus
Mercury SUN
Saturn Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Neptune Uranus
Mercury
Earth’s
Moon
Venus Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
21
Teacher task Hand out the following questions and explain how to use ‘The Planets’
fact sheet to answer the questions.
22
The Planets fact sheet
Jupiter 800 000 000 km 143 000 km 16 It has a red spot and
striped appearance
23
Activity 7 Reading about the Sun, Earth
and Moon
Teacher task 1. Copy the readings about the Earth, the moon and the sun for learners
from pages 48–50. Also copy the table ‘Comparing the Sun, Earth and
Moon’ from page 51. (See page 26 for completed table.)
Learner task Read about the Earth, the moon and the sun and then complete the table
below.
24
The moon
The moon is our nearest neighbour in space. It
is about 400 000 km away from us.
It is a ball of rock like the Earth, but it has
no water and no air.
The moon is so close to us that if we look
carefully we can see some details on its surface.
There are light and dark areas on the surface.
The light areas are high mountains and the
darker areas are large, flat, dusty plains. The
moon also has a lot of round marks on its
surface. These are called craters. They are
made when rocks from outer space hit the
surface of the moon and leave dents in it.
The moon is not a planet. It is a moon because it revolves around a
planet and not around the sun. It does not give off its own light but gets
light from the sun. As the moon moves around the Earth we can see
different parts of it lit up as the sunlight falls onto the moon.
The moon is much smaller than the Earth. The Earth is five times
bigger than the moon. If you could break the Earth into five equal balls
then the moon would be the size of one ball. The moon has a diameter of
about 3 500km.
The sun
The sun is a star, not a planet. It is a huge ball of very hot gas in space.
The main gas is hydrogen. A star is a ball of gas so hot that it gives off
light and heat and other radiation. The sun is the star closest to us.
We can feel the sun’s warmth
and see its light. It is so bright that
we cannot look at it directly
without hurting our eyes. The sun
is so hot that huge explosions and
fountains of gas shoot up high
above its surface. There are also
dark patches, called sunspots,
which come and go. Without the
light and heat of the sun, Earth
would be cold, dark and dead. The
sun is about 100 times bigger than
the earth but it looks small,
because it is so very far away.
The sun spins all the time while the planets are revolving around it.
25
Learner Task Card
Read about the sun, Earth and moon and then complete this table:
What does it look like? The sun looks like a The Earth looks like a The moon is a round
very bright ball of fire. blue and white ball. ball that looks pale
yellow or white. It
has light and dark
patches on its
surface.
What is it made of? The sun is made of The Earth is a ball made The moon is made of
very hot hydrogen gas. of rock. On the outside rock.
the rock is hard but on
the inside the rock is
softer and deep inside,
the core is made of iron
and nickel. The Earth is
surrounded by water
and air.
How does it move? The sun spins. The Earth spins and it The moon travels
also travels around the around the Earth.
sun.
How does it get its The sun produces its The Earth gets light The moon gets its
light? own light from the hot from the sun light from the sun.
hydrogen gas.
How big is it? The sun is much bigger The Earth is smaller than The moon is smaller
than the Earth (about the sun but bigger than than the Earth. Five
100 times bigger). the moon. Its diameter moons could fit into
is about 12 762km. the Earth. Its
diameter is about
3 500km.
Any other interesting There are big gas The Earth has just the There are mountains
thing that you read? explosions and black right temperature for and craters and flat
spots on the sun. living things. dusty plains on the
moon.
26
A s se ss m en t
Activity 7 Reading about the Sun, Earth and Moon
What we want to assess What we expect from learners
Your presentation must show what you have learned from your research
about space exploration and travel.
27
SUGGESTED WORK SCHEME ON EARTH AND BEYOND
Grade 6 learning programme
PERIOD 1 PERIOD 2 PERIOD 3 PERIOD 4
A Start with Activity 3 as the • Discussion about what is in the Activity 1 • Putting the continents on the
moon watch will take a whole night sky • Choosing a shape which best model
month • Learners copy the moon resembles the Earth & • Colouring in the continents &
Activity 3 drawing on to their moon watch explaining their own choice putting on air
• Give learners homework to draw charts (50 min) • Making of the Earth paper model 50 min
the night sky including the moon 50 min
as they see it in the sky
• Show learners how to complete
the moon watch chart (50 min)
NB. Calendar shows the day
when the moon will be visible
This learning programme will take approximately 850 min = 3,5 weeks to complete
(NS = 4 hours per week) plus additional time to do the projects and present them
28
34
35
Learner task card – Activity 1
Our Earth is like a ball moving in space
A Draw onto the diagram and label clearly
– Land
– Water
– Air
– Outer space
36
Learner task card The phases of the moon
– Activity 3 Write down some interesting things about the moon, that you have seen.
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................
Moon watch
I saw some interesting things about the moon.
One thing was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I also saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
Furthermore, I saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
37
Learner task card – Activity 4
Light on the moon
A B C
2. Still holding the moon at arm’s length, turn around slowly and look to
see how the light falls on the moon.
3. Write and draw your observations below:
38
Learner task card – Activity 5
Reading for learners
Travelling to the moon
For thousands of years people have looked up at the moon in the night sky
but no body had ever been to the moon.
39
On the moon’s surface
4. The moon looked scary. It has no air, water,
plants or animals. The astronauts went
outside in space suits to explore. They took
lots of pictures. They drove a moon car and
set up science experiments. Then they
returned to Apollo in the top of the lander.
Apollo brought them home safely.
Above left: Lift off! 16 July 1969 was launch day for
Apollo II.
Left: The landing craft.
Above: Neil Armstrong … The first person on the
moon! (All pictures courtesy of NASA)
40
Learner task card – Activity 5
Travelling to the moon
Task 1
1. Imagine that you are the first person to travel to the moon.
Discuss:
A What plans would you make to get there?
A How long would you spend planning?
A How many people would go with you?
A What kind of vehicle would you use?
A Would you go on your own or would your country send you there?
Task 2
2. Imagine how many days your journey
would take to get to the moon.
Discuss:
A How far do you have to travel to get
there?
A How many days will it take you to get
there?
Now read paragraph 2 to find out how far
and how long the journey took
Task 3
3. Imagine how you will land on the moon
safely so that you can come back again.
Discuss:
A How will you land on the moon?
A How will you get back again?
A What will you say when you step on the
moon for the first time?
Now read paragraph 3 to find out what did
happen
Task 4
4. Imagine you are on the moon’s surface.
Discuss:
A What will the moon look like?
A What will you do on the moon?
A Did you get home safely?
Now read paragraph 4 to find what it is like
on the moon.
41
Teacher’s copy: Photographs taken on the moon
What is this?
This is the sun that also shines on the moon.
What is this?
This is a crater on the moon’s surface. It is a large dent
left by a rock from space that crashed into the moon.
There are many craters on the moon’s surface.
What can you say about this environment?
It is barren, dry and rocky
Why does he have a shadow?
He is standing with his back to the sun so his shadow falls
in front of him.
What is this?
This is the moon lander spacecraft.
What is this?
This is the moon buggy or motor car
42
Learner’s copy: Photographs taken on the moon
What is this?
What is this?
What is this?
What is this?
Why does he
have a shadow?
43
Why does he wear a
helmet?
What is this?
What is this?
What is he doing?
What is this?
What is this?
44
Task 5
Imagine living on the moon one day
Writing Task:
When I live on the moon
I will live in a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
I will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
I will also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
I will also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
45
Learner task card – Activity 6
The sun and its family of planets
1. Read the paragraph for your information.
We know that Earth is a planet. There are eight other planets. Together
with Earth, there are nine planets. They all get light from the sun. Each
planet travels around the sun on its own special pathway called an
orbit. Each planet is different. The sun and its family of planets is
called the solar system.
2. On ‘The Planets’ fact sheet find the column marked “Distance from
the Sun”. This will tell you how far each planet is from the sun.
3. Find each planet on your ‘Solar System sheet’ and label it correctly.
46
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
47
Learner task card Activity 6 – Individual
About the Planets:
Use The Planets fact sheet on page 23 to answer the following questions:
............................................................
............................................................
11. Which is the nearest planet to the Earth? How far is it from us? . . . . .
............................................................
48
Readings about the Sun, Earth and Moon
1. Read about the Earth, the moon and the sun and then complete the
table on page 52.
49
The Earth’s atmosphere is clearly visible from this photograph.
The moon
The moon is our nearest neighbour in space. It is about 400 000 km
away from us.
It is a ball of rock like the Earth, but it has no water and no air.
The moon is so close to us that if we look carefully we can see some
50
details on its surface. There are light and dark
areas on the surface.
The sun
The sun is a star, not a planet. It is a huge
ball of very hot gas in space. The main gas is
hydrogen. A star is a ball of gas so hot that it
gives off light and heat and other radiation.
The sun is the star closest to us.
We can feel the sun’s warmth and see its
light. It is so bright that we cannot look at it
directly without hurting our eyes. The sun is
so hot that huge explosions and fountains of
gas shoot up high above its surface. There are
also dark patches, called sunspots, which
come and go. Without the light and heat of
the sun, Earth would be cold, dark and dead.
The sun is about 100 times bigger than the
earth but it looks small, because it is so very
far away.
The sun spins all the time while the
planets are revolving around it.
51
Learner Task card – Activity 7
Read about the sun, Earth and moon and then complete this table:
52
The nine planets in our solar system
53
Earth
Our Home Planet
Diameter 12 750 km
Distance from sun 150 million km
Rotation period length of day in
Earth hours
23.93
Time to go round length of year in
the sun Earth days
365.24
Uranus
Diameter 51 118 km
Mass 14.5 Earth masses
Mercury Distance from the sun 3000 million km
Diameter 4 878 km Number of moons 15
Mass 0.06 Earth masses Rotation period length of day in Earth
hours 17.9
Distance from Sun 60 million km
Time to go round the sun
Number of moons none
length of year in Earth
Rotation period length of day in years 84
Earth days 58.7
Uranus shows an almost featureless green
Time to go round the sun length of year in ‘surface’ of clouds floating in a cold (–197°C)
Earth days 88 atmosphere of hydrogen, helium and methane.
Beneath the clouds, most of Uranus (85%) is
At the equator it is hot enough to melt lead. At
ice.
the poles there are craters with ice frozen to
–150 °C. Mercury has no atmosphere.
54
Venus
Diameter 12 104 km
Mass 0.8 Earth masses
Distance from Sun 104 million km
Number of moons none
Rotation period length of day in Earth
days 243
Time to go round the sun length of year in Earth
days 225
Venus is a hot and hostile planet. An atmosphere
of carbon dioxide 90 times as dense as Earth’s
keeps the surface hot enough to melt lead.
Clouds of sulphuric acid hide its surface.
55
Mars
Diameter 6 787 km
Mass 0.1 Earth masses
Distance from Sun 240 million km
Number of moons Two. Phobos and Deimos
Rotation period length of day in Earth hours
24.62
Time to go round length of year in Earth
the sun days 687
The atmosphere of Mars is 100 times less dense
than Earth’s and consists mainly of carbon dioxide,
with traces of water vapour. In winter temperatures
drop to –125 °C, giving Mars its well known white
‘ice caps’. In summer equatorial temperatures can
reach 20 °C. The planet’s reddish colour is caused
by iron in the soil. Bacterial life forms may once
have existed on Mars.
Neptune
Diameter 49 528 km
Mass 17 Earth masses
Distance from sun 4 500 million km
Number of moons 8
Rotation period length of day in Earth
hours 19.1
Time to go round the sun length of year in Earth
years 164.8
Pluto
Diameter 2 300 km
Mass 0.0025 Earth masses
Distance from sun 4 400–7 400 million km
Number of moons 1
Rotation period length of day in Earth days 6.4
Time to go round the sun
length of year in Earth years 247.7
Pluto is smallest of the planets, and usually the
remotest and coldest. At –233°C, frost of methane
and nitrogen coat the pinkish surface. Pluto’s grayish
moon, Charon, is only 19 400 km away, and more than
half Pluto’s diameter.
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