14

Reproduction
... asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. ... clones.

Revision

QUIZ

Use these questions to help you revise

1 Name the two main methods of

reproduction. (page 215)

2 In asexual reproduction the offspring have

exactly the same genes as the parent. They are _ _ _ _ _ _ . (p. 215)

3 Sexual reproduction involves the joining

together of sex cells (gametes). This is called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (p. 216)

... fertilisation.

4 Give 4 differences between sperms and eggs.

(p. 217)

... sperms are smaller and swim using a tail. Eggs have a food store and there are far fewer of them. ... a) pollen grains b) egg cells.

5 What are a) the male sex cells and b) the

female sex cells in a flowering plant? (p. 217)

6 What do we call it when a pollen nucleus

joins with an egg nucleus to make a seed? (p. 217)

... fertilisation.

7 What do we call the process of cloning

plants and growing them in agar jelly? (p. 218)

... tissue culture.

8 Why does tissue culture have to take place

in sterile conditions? (p. 218)

... to prevent contamination by fungi.

9 Name 2 advantages of plant tissue culture.

(p. 218)

... cheap, time-effective, cloned plants have all the good qualities of the parent plant, can be used all the year round, etc. ... all plants will be affected by a disease or change in environmental conditions, plants will lack genetic variation. ... grafting and taking cuttings.

10 Give 2 disadvantages of plant tissue culture.

(p. 218)

11 Name 2 other ways of cloning plants.

(p. 218)

12 Explain how Dolly the sheep was created.

(p. 219)

... nucleus taken out of mothers udder cell and inserted into an egg which had its nucleus removed. ... embryos are split and transplanted into surrogate mothers. ... cloned stem cells could be used to treat incurable diseases or create replacement body parts. ... many people think that creating human embryos for experimentation and subsequent destruction is unethical.

13 What is embryo transplantation? (p. 219) 14 What are the potential benefits of human
cloning? (p. 220)

15 What are the arguments against human

cloning? (p. 220)

Gareth Williams, 2011