Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening A religious movement of the 1730s and 40s where previously many Americans were in desperate need of religious revival. So preachers, like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, were called to rekindled religious passion. George Whitfield George Whitefield was a great orator, and moved many by his passionate sermons, so much so that significant people like Jonathan Edwards were moved to tears, Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was a was who set the stage for the Great Awakening, painting pictures with his sermons of how people were to perish if they turned away from God. New Lights Ministers of the Great Awakening, who used great emotion to move many people with their sermons. Old Lights These were the pastors of times before the Great Awakening who believed that the use of emotions to bring people to Christianity was bad.

Age of Reason/Enlightenment A time period that focused more on reason rather than faith.

John Peter Zenger

A newspaper printer who had to go to court for truth about the corruptness of the royal government. Was defended by Andrew Hamilton. Was considered not guilty. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The huge growth of the colonies became unsettling to England. Previously before, England was able to easily outnumber American citizens with ratios of 20 Brits to 1 American, but the population began to rapidly increase over a short amount of time and that ratio decreased to 3 Brits to 1 American. This meant that the British no longer had an upperhand in population. . A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? With the mingling of the races, America became the melting pot that it is today. With people such as Germans, Brits, Scots-Irish, African, Dutch, and etc., the colonies became racially diverse. The colonies were the most racially mixed than anywhere else in the world. And as these groups started to intermarry, a multicultural America was found. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. Due to the many economic opportunities of America, it was very easy to go up the social ladder. For example, previous peasants were able to become merchants and make a living that way. Unlike Europe, where going up social classes was difficult, in America it was fairly easy. Even an indentured servant had the opportunity to go up social classes. This was the reason why so many had wished to move to America, for it was a new start and a land of opportunities. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish had a tendency to constantly move locations, due to their constant persecutions, being subjected to unfair rent prices, and poverty. Along with this, they tried to separate themselves greatly from the church. When they had finally immigrated to America, they immediately began to venture out to settle in different locations. And due to their constant moving, they were quite independent folk, with only religion to link them together. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Above all, clergies were considered the highest position in the colonies, due to the colonies being dominated by religion. But a large amount of the population heavily relied on agriculture as their occupancy. Along with agriculture, trading and fishing were also important. These colonies did much export of things such as wheat. Another important industry was lumbering. Another big industry was the trading industry.

Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? Traveling in America was fairly difficult, and very, very slow. Paved roads were barely beginning to become developed, making travel much harder than before. The roads did not connect most of the major cities, and were often extremely dry and dusty or muddy. So, most followed waterways, although there was much traffic along these areas and were undependable. As travel became more popular, so did taverns, as they were resting stops for travelers on the side of main the routes of traveling. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Within the colonies, there were two established (tax supported) churches: the Anglican and Congregational Churches. The Anglican Church became less respected, and it became less strict in religious practices and beliefs. Ministers progressively began to stray from the bible and focus more on politics. And even though there were set religions within the colonies, many did not follow them. Although Anglicans supported the Crown, there were still many non-Anglicans who were against the royal grip. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? Traditional religion within the colonies began to lose its strictness and values. This became a huge concern of religious leaders which set the stage for the Great Awakening, where many preachers and ministers spoke to evoke great emotions from peoples hearts. This greatly differed from traditional religion, for traditional religion was less emotional and dramatic. These differences between the two places led to a division between the religious leaders, known as the Old Lights and the New Lights. This ultimately led to increased competition/numbers among the churches. Also encouraged missionary work. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? The education was primarily based on religion. Other subjects they would also have to learn were the classic languages, like Latin and Greek, which were the languages that the Bible was initially written in. The education was based on doctrine and dogma, and one was not able to think independently. They were also known for their harsh punishments of misdoings. Education was basically a ministry prep school. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. No, the Americans did not distinguish themselves for they were still heavily influenced by European tastes, leading many painters to travel to Europe to further their studies in art. Even the architecture in America was just modified architecture pieces from England. Literature was undistinguished as well, for many works were found to be influenced by Old World literary writers. Although, Ben Franklin did break this stereotype, for he was a brilliant man who performed scientific experiments and wrote many great literary works. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?

Zenger was the first to actually publicly declare the British government as faulty. He was put on trial for going against the government, and the jury stated not guilty which was a huge win for the colonists. This was the beginning to freedom of press, for Zenger was the first to publish what he truly thought about the government. This was something that was previously afraid to be done, making this a huge step in press freedom. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Most colonies had a two house legislative body, which was chosen by voters in self-governing colonies, if not them, they were chosen by crown/proprietors. They also had governors who were appointed by the Crown, who were quite corrupt. The assemblies were also persistent to show their authority/power. And the right to vote was limited to a certain group of people. Although they were not quite democratic yet, they showed much more signs of democracy than in Europe. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain An explorer/soldier considered to be the Father of New France due to his venture of new French Territory. Made friends with the Indians. William Pitt Also known as the Great Commoner, he fought against the French and Indians during the French/Indian War. Won the expedition of Louisbourg and chose an officer (John Wolfe) that eventually conquered the battle of Quebec

Pontiac An Indian chief of the Ottawa tribe who, after the French Indian war, lead a rebellion. British retaliated by wiping them out with a blanket of smallpox

Albany Plan of Union Originally created by Ben Franklin, it was a proposal to unite all the colonies together. Proclamation of 1763 A restriction made by the British that prevented colonists from venturing out to the area beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Although this was meant to avoid further Indian conflicts, the Americans disobey and venture out anyways. Pontiacs Rebellion Pontiacs Rebellion was a war between Indian tribes and the colonists in the Ohio Valley. Took Detroit, and overran almost all of the British posts. Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys rebelled against the Pennsylvania policies on Amerindians and were a vigilante group after the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiacs Rebellion. Five Nations of the Iroquois They were Indian tribes that allied together to protect themselves from the colonists. Salutary Neglect This was a period of time when the British Crown, hands full with other matters, ignored the colonies, letting them have freedom to do what they saw just. French and Indian War A war between the French/Indians and Americans/British. Ultimately ends with the Americans getting great control over the continent while the French lose power. Indians become furious and begin rebellions. The Battle of Quebec 1759 Led by John Wolfe, the Brits capture Quebec, where French power diminished within the continent. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? When New France was first settled, the French had, at first, friendly relations with the Indians. Then things soured as the Indians developed hate for them as the white men were killing their people. It wasnt long before Canada became an autocracy, where the king quickly gained control over the colony. So, the people had no representative assemblies or right to trial by jury. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle

2.

What factors led to the French settlement of New France? Due to the Frenchs love for beaver felt hats, fur trappers ventured out to North America in hopes of finding beavers. Most of these fur trappers were great hedonists, living carefree life styles. The Indians even joined them (which was unfortunate as this ruined their Indian beliefs). Also, missionaries wish to convert the Indians to Christianity. And some explorers wished to colonize for their kings, and to beat their rivals.

The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. France and Britain mainly fought for power over the North Americas. They each got as many Indian allies as they could, due to unwillingness to put out their own troops. Indian allies of the French raided British colonial frontiers and made bloody riots. Spain eventually allied with France as well. Then, they ended the wars with a Treaty in Utrecht in 1713. Britain gained Acadia (later named Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? Washington was sent to the Ohio Country as a lieutenant colonel, as there were great tensions already between the two rivals. Then, when a few French troops approached Washington and his men, Washingtons men fired the first shots of the war. The French later came back with back up and sieged his fort. He was forced to surrender. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? Most of the major fighting was done in Germany. With Prussia allied with Britain against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia, the French were drained of forces in this battle. They were unable to strongly put up forces in America for this battle crippled them greatly. Because of this, the colony to gain power over the states was already determined by this battle in Germany. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 5. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? They had a haughty leader (Braddock) who was very stubborn, making him an inadequate leader. His army had a hard time moving to Fort Duquesne, due to the heavy artillery they were carrying through the thick jungles. They were attacked by the French and the Indians and suffered a great defeat. The Indians also attacked the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina after this easy victory. They had also used an unwise strategy when it came to invading Canada. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? William Pitts victory in the West Indies was significant for it showed the capabilities of England and America. First of all, the West Indies took a large portion of the British potential power, and so defeating the French there helped them a lot. As for James Wolfes victory in Quebec, this cleaned out the French people from Canada, which further helped them get rid of their enemy. As for the Americans, when they had won alongside the British, they saw themselves as equally able as Great Britain. Because of these battles, Great Britain was able to gain much power. Restless Colonials

8.

How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? By the end of the war, the colonists found that they had much loathing towards the British soldiers, as the British soldiers saw them as nothing but dirt. Also, people from various countries were able to bond together, creating more colonial unity. With both unity in the colonies, and hatred towards the motherland, this led to disastrous results, for the Americans began to get into a more rebellious mood as the motherland began to impose their rule on the colonies. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? Britain was finally able to remove the French from North America and claim the territory to themselves. They were now able to venture out to lands they previously were unable to before or that was what they thought originally. The Native Americans, unhappy with the outcome of the war, were prone to attacking colonists and making exploring difficult and dangerous. This led to the Proclamation Act, which restricted the colonists from expanding as much as they would have liked to. This rose tensions between the colonists and the British. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North George IIIs prime minister, one of his yesman. Convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. George Grenville The prime minister that created a series of acts and taxes, for example the Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, and the Quartering Act, whilst also strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Essays written by John Dickinson that were meant to persuade the colonies to band together against the Townshend Acts. Gaspee Incident The Gaspee Affair was an event when the HMS Gaspee, a British man that enforced unpopular trade regulations, ships were attacked, boarded, looted, and torched by a group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown.

Charles Townshend Often referred to as Chapagne Charley, he was a great speaker who managed to convince Parliament to pass the Townshends Acts after the stamp tax was repealed. Baron Von Steuben A Prussian drillmaster who trained the people of the American army into soldiers. Mercantilism A principle that those who were the most financially successful were also the most powerful. "Virtual" representation The idea that colonists were represented in the parliament, despite the fact that officials were never elected from the colonies to represent them. Sons of Liberty A group of mobs that enforced nonimportation agreements, tarred and feathered opposers to it, and ransacked the houses of disliked officials.

Admiralty courts Those who were accused of disobeying such acts as the Sugar Act and Stamp act were sent to these courts, where they were guilty until proven innocent. Committees of Correspondence Organized by Sam Adams, they made sure the resistant attitude towards the British was kept alive by a series of exchanged letters .

First Continental Congress Gathered to address the colonial grievances. Was not put together for independence, but rather to persuade the Crown to help them and put Parliament in check.

Loyalists (Tories) These were colonists whose loyalties lied with the British. During the Revolutionary War, they supported the British.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? When the settlers first stepped ashore, that assured the both metaphorical and physical distance between the colonists and the British. It was already predetermined that once they separated from their country, they would be bound to want to be their own country. And being in a different environment, they would develop their own identities separate from the British, widening separation of the colonists from the British. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.

Mercantilism is a theory that whichever country has the most money has the most power. The British followed this idea, and let it justify their rule over the colonies. The colonies was, to them, a supply of new materials for Britain, which would make them even more powerful, according to mercantilism. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? The parliament passed laws to function a mercantilist system. They placed the Navigation laws and made sure to keep commerce only between British and Americans, without letting any other competitors in. They also placed tariffs, and etc. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The Navigation Laws made the colonists frustrated. Along with that, the tariffs also displeased them as it made them pay more. But this was all for making sure that Britain would remain in power according to the mercantilist theory but this made the colonists felt used. These restrictions on the colonists only benefitted the mother country, but prevented the colonists from profiting economically. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The colonists simply did not want to pay more than they had to at minimum requirement. Even though they sought out to have the same rights as a British citizen, they refused to bear the same responsibilities of them. Although they did state that they saw this as unfair for they had no representation in Parliament, most did not even want representation. Also, previously before they were able to live by their own rules and suddenly their mother land tries to take control, making them uncomfortable by the sudden restrictions placed on them. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The created a congress which brought together delegates that stated their rights and grievances, which was ignored by the mother country. Then, they began to accept nonimportation agreements. After that, they started protests, where people who had previously did not participate in protests would sign petitions. They began to make their own clothes instead of buying them. The Sons and Daughters of Liberty took extreme measures and tarred and feathered many. Eventually, the Stamp Act was repealed. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend Acts was received by the same hate the previous taxes faced. The colonists were fired up from their previous victory, and were unafraid of tackling these acts. The colonists saw this as another restriction thrown upon them, which led to bitter emotions. Eventually, fires were shot by the redcoats, which heightened the tensions between the colonists and redcoats. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work?

The Committees of Correspondence was originally spawned by Samuel Adams. They had exchanged letters, which fired the spirit of opposition. This kept alive the policy of resisting Britain and keeping America from conforming to the Brits commands. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The British East India Company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea, and so in order to keep them out of bankruptcy, the London government sold it in America for a much cheaper price with a heavy tax. Despite the cheaper price, the Americans disapproved for they saw this as a way to trick them into accepting the idea of tax. So they threw out thousands of tea chests out into the sea. This signified their unwillingness to go along with the Brits commands and their defiance. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The rights of colonists were restricted, which clearly displeased them greatly. They were also forced to quarter soldiers. The chartering rights of Massachusetts were also taken away from them/restricted. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The original goal of the First Continental Congress was not independence. They still respected the king. They wanted the king to accept their list of grievances and rights, and to correct the corrupt Parliament. They were rejected, though, and declared the colonies to be in complete rebellion, and even sent German mercenaries. Hence starting the war. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Refer to Chart. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? Refer to Chart. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? Even thought they were originally not allowed to join, many did anyways. African Americans made up a large number of the army. Many became military heroes, or if not that, they were cooks, guides, spies, drivers, or road builders. They served on both sides. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England.

3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1783 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress Another attempt to list grievances that they wanted the king to address. When they made appeals, they were turned down by the king. Helped get the colonies more open to the idea of war by hiring George Washington as colonel of American army. Hessians German mercenaries that were hired by the king of England after he declared the colonies in total rebellion. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Thomas Paine wrote a best selling pamphlet that persuaded many to go against the king and seek out American independence.

George Washington George Washington was the colonel of the Continental Army. Being a Virginian, he helped the south colonies get involved with the war. Although he had many losses, he dragged the American army to victory. Marquis de Layfette After Americans finally received a victory, the French decided to support the Americans, and sent over Marquis de Layfette as an officer to support them. Baron Von Steuban Refer to ID on Ch. 7. John Burgoyne A British general that was planning to invade, but was forced to surrender at Saratoga by the minute men.

Benedict Arnold He was one of the most brilliant military minds of history, but due to his jealousy towards Washington for getting his dream position, he betrayed the colonies and helped the British. Treaty of Paris, 1783 Ending in American Victory, this treaty ended the American War. The British was forced to recognize Americas independence.

Battle of Trenton Desperate of a victory, Washingon had to invade during Christmas, where german mercenaries were caught off guard. This victory led to the French to finally support them.

. Battles of Lexington and Concord The first official battle of the Revolutionary war, where when redcoats were sent to rid gunpowder and get Sam Adams, they were shot down by the minute men.

Battle of Saratoga The battle where Burgoyne was forced to surrender. This made the British finally realize that they could no longer fool around and had to defeat America quickly.

Battle of Yorktown General Cornwallis was trapped in a peninsula, assuming that the British navy would save him if the Americans had come. What he did not count on was that the French, with a powerful fleet of their own, would trap them. So, Cornwallis had to surrender.

Articles of Confederation A written constitution written by John Dickinson and Ben Franklin, was the first constitution of the states, and was an agreement among the 13 colonies that they were all a confederation.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? Being a tall man, people literally looked up to him. Not only that, because he was from Virginia, him being involved with the war, not to mention a leader position, it bound the colonies together to be on board with fighting for their country. With both the North colonies and South colonies together, they were able to fight against the British. This was a great unifying factor of the colonies. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? The First Continental Congress offers King George III the Olive Branch Petition which basically stated the Americans loyalty to him and for him to stop with future hostilities. King George then refuses it and claims the colonies to be in total rebellion. He then sends Hessians (German mercenaries) to destroy the rebels. This widened the separation between the king and the colonists. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. Not at all. The soldiers in the American army were not actual soldiers; they were everyday citizens with no experience in the military. They barely had any supplies to function efficiently. They were against a well-trained and well-supplied army, and this was a great disadvantage for the Americans. So in the beginning they often had to retreat.

Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Common Sense was a best-selling pamphlet created by Thomas Paine. It was a pamphlet stating the faults of the crown. It even referred to the king as the Royal Brute of Great Britain. It was the first published work to publically criticize the crown. It was one of the most influential pamphlets of the time. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wished for a new type of government called a republic, where the people were in charge not a king. Though many accepted this idea, for they were sick of their reigning ruler, some were unaccepting, for they liked a hierarchical society. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? It presented the natural rights of the citizens, not just British ones. He also stated the misdeeds of the crown, such as the taxes without consent, abolishment of valued law, etc. The Declaration was a shout heard all around the world. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? The Loyalists were people who lived in America but were still loyal to the crown and refused to oppose it. Made up about 16% of the states. Many of the Loyalists also seemed to be the older generation. This made sense, as the older generation were used to the old traditional ways, making it hard to transition to any new radical change. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? They were arrested, exiled, and their properties/rights were confiscated. So many left America, some even went back to England. And as for the people who stayed, they had to live with the traitor title stamped on their backs (not literally). This was fairly difficult for them. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? Most were arrested or executed. Like previously stated before, most left the states, and those who stayed suffered for their property was taken from them and sold to finance the war. But, the Loyalists during the time also helped out the British, giving the Americans an even bigger disadvantage then they already had. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? John Burgoyne had led forces against Benedicts army, and when they had win the British had to retreat back to Canada. This was significant for it made the British aware that they could not fool around anymore. Previously, they did not take the Americans seriously, and put off defeating them for the longest time for they thought they could do it later. This battle startled them, and made them start taking the war seriously. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence?

The French did not like England. England was their biggest rival. And as the phrase goes An enemy of my enemy is my friend. If they had helped American defeat England, they would get rid of their biggest competitor. But they would only help if the Americans proved they could win, and they did. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Without the aid of foreign powers, the Americans would have no chance against the British. They simply had too many disadvantages. Their army was untrained, unorganized, and small compared to the British forces. In fact, all of the American wins involved foreign aid. Without the foreign powers, our country possibly would still be under Englands rule. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. An American Patriot would be proud at this time. This was when things were starting to be in Americas favor. The French had finally allied with America. And, during 1780, Nathaniel Greene was finally able to tire out Cornwallis and defeat him. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 13. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Yes. It included the Indians, where the Iroquois Confederacy were involved with the Americans, and the other Indian tribes were involved with the British. At the outcome, Indians had to give up most of their land. And others were able to get small victories, such as Paul Jones who destroyed British Merchant ships and transition a part of the war on sea. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? The Americans had the British surrounded. It was the actual British army, and the Americans did not run away. Cornwallis had to completely surrender for he unwisely relied too much on the British navy. Although this was not the official end of the war, this is where the true major fighting ended. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay were sent to affirm the Treaty of Paris. Americas independence was finally recognized. They gained generous amounts of land, such as the Mississippi, Great Lakes, Florida, and fisheries in Newfoundland. Loyalists could no longer be persecuted as well. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. As winners of the war, they gained much. With much more territory and independence, they finally affirmed their place as an American. The British also wished to lure the Americans out of their alliance with France. The also wished to open trade channels. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.

Bailyns interpretation makes most sense to me, as these colonists were unusually overly sensitive to what the government was doing. Usually this sensitivity has to derive from somewhere, so it deriving from their books makes the most sense. The developed a belief through their books. So when they were taxed, they passionately stated that it was a conspiracy against liberty and what not. And even though they cried out for representation in the Parliament, they did not particularly desire for it, they just used excuses to state how wrong the taxing was.