Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison Marbury v.

Madison was a Supreme Court case in which judicial review was established through the ruling of Chief Justice Marshall. This meant that the Supreme Court alone had the right to determine the constitutionality of something. Henry Clay Henry Clay was famous for his American System in which he made a plan for economic growth. This plan included establishing a protective tariff, creating a national bank, and making the United States' transportation system better. Essex Junto The Essex Junto was a powerful group of New England Federalists who supported Hamilton and the radicals. They became radical in their support of Burr and his plot to secede New England from the United States, and even more radical during the War of 1812. Burr Conspiracy The Burr Conspiracy occurred when Burr was dropped from Jefferson's cabinet, leading him to plot the secession of New England and New York. After killing Hamilton and finding no chance of returning to politics, he planned to separate the west from the east but failed. he fled to Europe, where he urged Napoleon to invade America alongside Britain. Impressment Impressment is the forcible enlistment of foreign seamen. This can be seen as the British impressed Americans as they seized ships. It led to the hatred of the war hawks and helped lead to the developing war. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The Chesapeake/Leopard Incident was an event in which the British ship Leopard fought with the American ship Chesapeake and several crew members were removed. This led to calls for war. Non-intercourse Act The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was a replacement for the Embargo Act of 1807 and was just as devastating. It hurt the American economy more than hurt the French and British economies, and only added to the pressure of the oncoming war between America and the British. Macons Bill No. 2 Macon's Bill No. 2 was an effort by the Americans to persuade both France and Britain to stop seizing American ships during the 11 year conflict between the French and the British. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison was a general who led the Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe and defeated the Shawnees and burned their settlement. It made Harrison a national hero. War Hawks War Hawks were younger men who found themselves as opponents of the Federalists. They wanted war with Britain due to their hatred of the impressment and failure of the economy during times of the embargo. Battle of Horseshoe bend This battle ended the Creek War when Andrew Jackson and Indian allies defeated the remaining Red Sticks.

This battle was part of the War of 1812. Hartford Convention The Hartford Convention was a meeting in which Federalists unhappy with the outcome of the war wished to draft a new constitution. This effort led to the Federalist Party's collapse.

Treaty of Ghent The Treat of Ghent effectively ended the War of 1812 and returned the nations back to pre-war conditions. Treaty of Greenville 1795 The Treaty of Greenville ended the Northeast Indian War when American Indians lost the Battle of Fallen Timbers, leading to a treaty between American Indian tribes and soldiers of the United States.

Battle of New Orleans The Battle of New Orleans is the last major battle of the War of 1812 in which the American army led by Andrew Jackson defeats a British force aiming to conquer New Orleans and the Louisiana territory. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Adam was at a disadvantage because he had split with the Hamilton wing of the Federalist Party. He also faced discrimination at the hands of Hamilton due to his failure to incite war with the French. Jefferson also became the center of Federalist attacks. He was the target of political rumors and found himself hated by most of the orthodox clergy and preachers in New England through his efforts to separate church and state. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800 election was more important because it signaled the end of the Federalist Party and showed that America could go through drastic change without violence. Jefferson considered his election the return of America to what he thought was the original spirit of the Revolution. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. The Federalists, although holding power for a short period of time, set precedents and made important changes during the time in which they were in power. They followed Washington's advice of remaining neutral in what could have been involvement in the war between the French and the British. They were able to establish peaceful relations, allowing for relatively calm times for America to grow. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" The Revolution of 1800 was somewhat revolutionary in the sense that there was a change of the atmosphere of the government. Jefferson took the same foreign policy stance but tried to cooperate with the Federalists. He was often unconventional and was sometimes forced to go against political ideologies he once advocated. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin

5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. This statement can be seen as mostly true because Jefferson truly only got rid of one Federalist policy, and the policy was highly scrutinized to begin with. He kept the plan to fund the national debt at par, the Bank of the United States, and the Federalist tariff. In essence, he kept all aspects of Hamilton's economic plan except the excise taxes, and he even saw Federalism as a way to keep the nation in check. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? John Marshall was chosen as the Chief Justice because he would remain as one of the sole remaining Federalists in the government. He passed down Federalist judgments as he reigned over the Supreme Court and played an integral part in the establishment of judicial review. He scored an important victory for the sustaining of the judiciary branch and enforcement of separation of powers. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson, while trying to avoid war with the pirates of the Barbary States, ended up leading to war when the pirates found the amount of protection money inadequate. He sent a small navy in order to fight the pirates. After four years of fighting, Jefferson was able to come up with a peace treaty in exchange for money. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. If the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States, there might have been a war inviting both Spain and France to join forces against the United States. This did not happen, however, because Jefferson came to the rescue with a plan. His plan, however, included as a last resort allying with Britain in case that Napoleon decided not to sell Louisiana. However, he did, and both of these events did not occur. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? Jefferson was able to avoid possible war with France and an alliance with Britain that would put him in an awkward situation. He laid the foundations for a world power that had just about doubled in size and regained New Orleans. He also set a precedent for the purchase and acquisition of foreign territory and people. Lewis, Clark, and Pike were all prominent explorers who ventured in Louisiana in order to find out more about the territory. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? The war between France and Britain effectively shut down all foreign markets unless the United States wished to fight the respective navies. In addition, impressment took place as the British seized American ships and seamen in order to forcibly enlist them in the British navy. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Almost everyone in the United States opposed the embargo, and the British probably did as well. The failure to export any goods from America hurt the British economy and the American economy. Goods that could not be

exported remained where they had originated, stalling business and commerce. This eventually led to reviving of the Federalist Party, who also opposed the embargo. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon took advantage of American policy by making it so that the French, if America agreed to the terms it had handed out, would not have to do anything to enforce an embargo solely on the British. Madison took a gamble that failed, and this is exactly what resulted from it. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? They were tired of hearing that their fathers had crushed the British on their own and hated the impressment of American seamen. They also disliked the slowing of American commerce caused by the British Orders in Council. They wanted to crush an Indian threat to settlers pressing towards the west. This led to Harrison's crushing of Tecumseh and his brother. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? There were many pro-British Federalists in the Northeast who sympathized with Britain and did not appreciate the Republicans' sympathy of Napoleon. They also opposed the acquisition of Canada, which would add more agrarian land and therefore add to the voting strength of the Jeffersonian Republicans.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement The Rush-Bagot Agreement was an agreement between the British and the United States after the War of 1812. It put away any chance of Canada receiving any retribution from its suffering in the War of 1812, and effectively stopped naval conflict on the lakes bordering Canada and the United States. Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States can be seen as a result of the heightened sense of nationalism that Americans came out with at the end of the War of 1812. It was voted by Congress in 1816. Francis Cabot Lowell Francis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman who played an integral role in unleashing the Industrial Revolution in the United States. He memorized manufacturing plans as he left Britain and thus started the Industrial Revolution in the textile market. Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings was an era during James Monroe's presidency. It was not particularly a good era, yet it was named this way because there was somewhat universal approval of Monroe's election as president. It was overshadowed by the devastating Panic of 1819. Adams-Onis Treaty The Adams-Onis Treaty is better known as the Purchase of Florida. This treaty gave Florida and Oregon to the United States, and the United States gave Texas to Spain. It also settled many border disputes.

Panic of 1819 The Panic of 1819 consisted of an economic failure resulting from the Bank of the United States' overspeculation in frontier lands. The economic fallout included deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, and unemployment. It was the worst of the "Era of Good Feelings." The Panic also had both political and economic backlashes in the West. Tallmadge Amendment The Tallmadge Amendment was an amendment proposed by the House of Representatives in response to the attempt by Missouri to be admitted as a slave state. It stopped the import of slaves and fought for the gradual freeing of children born to slave parents. It was vetoed by the Senate and was defeated, as the South saw it as an infraction to sectional balance. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise was an agreement between the sectionalist North and South pioneered by Henry Clay. In an effort to ease the fight over Missouri and its decision to become a slave state, the Missouri Compromise stated that Missouri would become an unrestricted slave state while slavery would be banned north of the 36o30' line and Congress gained the ability to ban slavery in the future. John Marshall John Marshall played the role of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in many crucial cases. As he presided over such cases, he stood out as the last Federalist to have so much power and was able to establish that the federal government has more power and has the final say, compared to the relatively weak attempts of the state government to take control of issues. Latin American Revolution The Latin American Revolutions were a series of revolutions that occurred in the midst of the European continent's attempt to crush democratic revolutions everywhere. Although it was supported by only America at first, Britain joined them in order to protect commerce and industry. Only after the British joined the United States was the Monroe Doctrine issued. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine, better described as the "Self-Defense Doctrine," was issued by Adams and Monroe to state that the United States would not tolerate colonization or foreign intervention. This was done, however, knowing that the British would intervene if any of the European powers attempted to violate the doctrine and what it stated. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The US Navy did very well compared to the army in America's battle for Canada against the British. Whereas the American army was incompetent and failed to put up a battle, the navy was able to take control of the Great Lakes and defend the invasion of New York, therefore forcing the British to retreat and saving the Union from what could have been dissolution. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The United States did not fight the War of 1812 effectively. While they were able to hold off the British and secure a peace treaty, it is evident that there was a lack of communication and organization among the Americans. Had the American soldiers better trained and organized, losses such as the burning of Washington could have been avoided

and it would not have been so difficult to hold off British forces. In addition, if communication had been better, Jackson would not have had to fight so hard to defend New Orleans. The peace treaty came at too much of a cost. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was neither advantageous nor damaging to the United States. The Treaty of Ghent was essentially an armistice that gave no concessions to either country. Although the Americans were able to avoid harsh demands from the British, they received nothing regarding what they had fought for. This only added to the idea that America had not truly defeated Britain. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention was the meeting of delegates from Federalist states in order to discuss grievances and redress for their wrongs. The final report from the convention was not as radical as expected and was never fully looked at due to the success of Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans. The final result of the Hartford Convention was the death of the Federalist Party. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? The War of 1812 established the power of the United States and what it would to protect what they considered right. It also showed that disunity would only hurt the United States in war. The manufacturing industry grew big, and war heroes emerged. In the end, peace was established as Napoleon was finally defeated and Canadas hopes for revenge were thwarted by the Rush-Bagot Agreement. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? Nationalism rose, as evidenced by a different type of literature. New literature used American scenes and themes, and school textbooks were, for the first time, written by and for Americans. There was support for a new Bank of the United States, and the national capital rose from the ashes of the war. The army and navy expanded and found new glory.

"The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? Nationalism took control of manufacturing, yet the industries suffered under the efforts of the British to bury them in their early stages. However, nationalism came to the rescue in the form of Henry Clay's American System, designed to develop a secure home market. It included a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. He also advocated better transportation, yet that was thwarted by Republican constitutional issues. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? The James Monroe presidency might have been an "Era of Good Feelings" in terms of nationalism and peace, but there were underlining problems with Monroe's presidency. There were issues with the Bank, tariffs, and the sale of public lands. In addition, sectionalism was beginning to grow, and the issue of slavery finally began to present itself. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 was caused by many things, but the most important of these was the overspeculation of frontier lands by the Bank of the United States. It resulted in economic disaster: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, and over-populated debtors' prisons. The West was hit the hardest, creating lasting problems for the poorer classes and paving the way for Jacksonian democracy. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? The Louisiana Purchase allowed for further westward expansion that had begun since the colonial times. Cheap land and continual destruction of new land due to tobacco production also fueled the movement westward. Most important were the crushing of the Indians in the Northwest and South, the building of highways, and the innovation of upstream navigation through the steamboat. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouri's request for statehood created controversy because it wanted to be admitted as a slave state. Although the House of Representatives attempted to stymie this request through the Tallmadge Amendment, the South was able to veto it and saw the amendment as a threat to sectional balance. While the North saw the expansion of slavery as dangerous and wanted to maintain an advantage in the North, the South saw the advancement of the North in the economy and politics as a dangerous growth that threatened the South. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. As a result of the Missouri Compromise pioneered by Henry Clay, the North and the South both gained and lost something. While the North lost the battle of Missouri as a slave state, they saw Congress gain the ability to ban slavery in remaining territories and expelled slavery from lands above the 36o30' line. The South won Missouri as a slave state, but they lost in that restrictions were placed on future slave states. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." Marshall's statement means that everything, in light of interpretation of constitutionality, should be deemed legal and "right." This statement was primarily derived from the case McCulloch v. Maryland in which Marshall stated that the Constitution should be flexible and adaptable to the various troubles that citizens face. He also advocated the "loose construction" with this statement. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall was indeed the most important Federalist since George Washington, and had Washington not been the first president and set many precedents for future presidents, Marshall may have been the most important. He firmly defended the power of the central government and its superiority to state governments in the decisions of Fletcher v. Peck and Dartmouth College v. Woodward. He also stood by Daniel Webster as the two showed an extreme sense of nationalism and conservatism. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819

15.

Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. In terms of American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson was by far more important. Although Adams was able to mend foreign relations and solve the problem of the border with Canada, Jackson's swift and often violent actions led to the acquisition of Florida and Oregon while giving up Texas, which America had made little effort to take full control of anyway. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? The British, in addition to the Americans, found that the Spanish-American revolutionists had ports open to trade. Both countries benefitted greatly from this, and probably added to the jovial nature in which British offered to join America in there renouncing of attempts to gain Latin American territory. The British also asked Americans to help in their announcement to Europeans despots to leave the Latin American republics alone. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? Adams and Monroe took a leap of faith in issuing the Monroe Doctrine, but they knew well that no European nation in their right mind would violate it because the British navy would crush any invaders looking to colonize any part of the Americas. In addition, although the United States was militarily weak, it had just established itself as a somewhat formidable power throughout the War of 1812. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The Monroe Doctrine, while it may have been a huge step for the United States at the time at which it was declared, has had little effect on history afterwards. It was unnecessary, as the Russians were going to retreat, whether the Americans issued the doctrine or not. It was however, effective at showing the strong nationalism that was evident at the time.