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1.2.4.2

1.2.4.3

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17
17
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20
20
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28
29
29
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2.5.3

2.5.4
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2.5.5
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2.5.7
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2.5.7.2

2.5.7.3

2.5.7.4

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2.5.9

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106
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109
109
110
112
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114
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117
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3.2.2.3

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150
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157
159
159
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161
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163
164
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171
173
173
175
184
185
185
186
189
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196
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199
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207
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214
215
216
218
219
219
221
226
228
229
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230
231
236
237
239
242
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4.3.1.2

4.3.1.3

4.3.1.4

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4.3.3.2

4.3.3.3

4.3.3.4

4.3.4

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4.3.4.2

4.3.4.3

4.3.4.4

4.3.4.5

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4.3.5

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5.1.2

5.1.3

5.1.4

5.1.5


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244
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248
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5.2.2

5.2.3


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5.3.2

5.3.3


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5.4.2

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54

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- ESRI, Intergraph, Maplnfo, Autodesk .

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1)
2)
3)
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5)

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55

 1.3

-



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56

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1.3.2 ?

(Geographic
Information
Technologies)
. [13], [20], [21]
:

(Geographic
Information Technologies) , ,
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(Remote Sensing RS)

. , ,
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57

(Global Positioning System GPS)

,

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.
1.3.3 ?

(Geographic Information System - GIS)
,
-, :
1) "Are two distinct meanings of the question "is this a GIS?":
a) GIS is a real applicat ion, including the hardware, data, software
and people needed to solve a problem (a GIS application).
b) GIS is a type of software sold by a software developer (compare
Microsoft Word).
c) Were will focus on #1 first" [12, Michael F. Goodchild]
2) "Like the field of geography, the term Geographic Informat ion System
(GIS) is hard to define. It represents the integration of many subject
areas. Accordingly there us no absolutely agreed upon definition of a
GIS" [11, M ichael N. DeMers].
3) "A broadly accepted definition of GIS is: a GIS is a system of
hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the management,
man ipulation, analysis, modelling, representation and display of
georeferenced data to solve complex p roblems regarding planning and
management of resources" [13, National Centre of Geographic
Information and Analysis]
4) " - ,
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". [19, 4.18]

,
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:
58

 , (Geographic
Information System, GIS) , :
-,

- ,
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;
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1.3.4 ?
65
(University Consortium for Geographic
Information
Science, UCGIS) [22], . [20],
[13],
[23], .. [24].
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Science) ,
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education)
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62


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GIS Educator ESRI
-, . 1.3.1.

7. (Scientist)
6. (Researcher)
5. (Manager)
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3. (Analist)
2. (Viewer)
1.
(General P ublic)

. 1.3.1
1.3.6 ?
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[26] :

(Geo informatics)
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63

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73

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79


X,Y.


X,Y.

X1, Y1 ; X2,Y2 ;
X3, Y3 ; .


X1, Y1 ; X2,Y2 ;
X3, Y3 ;; X1, Y1. .
,
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2.3.2.2

2
.

. 2.3.2 -


.
X,Y.
80


(.2.3.1).
2.3.1 -

1
X1 ,Y1
2
X2 ,Y2
3
X3 ,Y3
4
X4 ,Y4
5
X5 ,Y5

( .2.3.2).
2.3.2 -

1
X11 ,Y11 , X12 ,Y12 , X13 ,Y13
2
X21 ,Y21, X22 ,Y22 , X23 ,Y23 , X24 ,Y24 , X25 ,Y25
3
X31 ,Y31, X32 ,Y32 , X33 ,Y33 , X34 ,Y34

(.2.3.3)
2.3.3 -

1
X11 ,Y11 , X12 ,Y12 , X13 ,Y13 , X11 ,Y11,
2
X21 ,Y21 , X 22 ,Y22 , X23 ,Y23 , X24 ,Y24 , X25 ,Y25 , X21 ,Y21
3
X31 ,Y31 , X32 ,Y32 , X33 ,Y33 , X34 ,Y34 , X31 ,Y31
4
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,
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81

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82

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2 4,6,7,10,8;

3 3,9,10;

4 2,7,9;

5 1,5,6;

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85


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2
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X13 ,Y13, X21 ,Y21 , X22 ,Y22
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Y32
X33 ,Y33, X41 ,Y41, X11 ,
Y11
X15 ,Y15, , X13 ,Y13
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86

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X12 ,Y12 ,
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Y32
X33 ,Y33, X41 ,Y41, X11 ,
Y11
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88

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7,8,9,10 5;
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2
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2
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89

X11 ,Y11 , X12 ,Y12 , X13 ,Y13
X13 ,Y13, X21 ,Y21 , X22 ,Y22
X22 ,Y22, X31 ,Y31 , X32 , Y32
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X71 ,Y71, , X15 ,Y15
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DXF AutoCad (Autodesk Inc.),
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91

2.3.5

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(Image):
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(Row)

d y -

(Column)

dx
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C (Colu mn)
R (Ro w) .
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d x ( ), dy
( Y). .
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[31], [32].
(Grid)
Z,
( ESRI Grid).
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(Digital elevation model DEM ).

99

. 2.4.5 2D 3D [33].
(Latt ice)
. ,
. Z

(Geo metric terrain model GTM).

100

.2.4.6 - 3D
Z.
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:

ppi (pixel per inch)
- ,

dpi (dot per inch)
- ,

lpi (line per inch)
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: d x d y .
102

 n m .
n*m. n* m
, (n+1)* ( m+1) .
,
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2.6.2.3

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103

 ,
-
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x0 , y 0 ,
:

:
x0 ,
y 0 + n*d y ;

:
x0 + m*d x ,
y0 ;

:
x0 + m*d x ,
y 0 + n*dy .
i j,
:
xi = x0 + (i -1)*d x
y j = y 0 + (j -1)*d y

(2.4.1)
(2.4.2)

i j
:
xi = x0 + (i 0,5)*d x
y j = y 0 + (j 0,5)*d y

(2.4.3)
(2.4.4)

Xo , Yo .

i j
:
Xi = Xo + xi * Cos A y j * Sin A (2.4.5)
Yj = Yo + xi * Sin A + y j * Cos A (2.4.6)
2.4.2.4

.
2 :

104

1)

2)

:
min,max = X max X min
(2.4.7)
Y min,max = Y max Y min
(2.4.8)
n m :
m = min,max / d x
(2.4.9)
n = Y min,max / dy
(2.4.10)
2.4.2.5

, , 4 .
.
,
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4 8 :
k = (n-2)*(m-2)
(2.4.11)
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k = 2*(n-2) + 2*( m-2)
(2.4.12)
, 4 2
.

:
k = (n-2)*( m-2) + 2* (n-2) + 2*( m-2) + 4 = n* m
(2.4.13)
2.4.2.6
:
1) C (Co lu mn),
2) R (Row),
3) V (Value).
.

.
,
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105


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106

 :


(R - Red);


(G - Green);


(B - Blue);
:


(C - Cyan);


(M - Magenta);


(Y - Yellow);
G

. 2.4.11

, 256
(256 = 28 ) 0 255. ,
:

RGB,
:
*C = r* R + g* G + b*B ,
(2.4.14)
r,g,b Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B)
;

C,M,Y,
:
*A = c*C + m*M + y* Y ,
(2.4.15)
c,m,y Cyan (), Magenta (M), Yellow
(Y) .

CMYK (+ blacK), HSB, Grayscall .

256 * 256 * 256 = 16,7 .
, . RGB
3 0
107

*C = *R + * G + * B,
(2.4.16)
3 255
*C = 256*R + 256* G + 256* B.
(2.4.17)
RGB, ,
3
*C = 211*R + 252* G + 190* B.
(2.4.18)
,
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2.6.2.9
,
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(.2.4.1)
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1
2
3
4
5
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24
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8
20
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35
78
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125
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1
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0-100
101-500
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108

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240

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257

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258

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261

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262

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263

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nearby);
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269


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270

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273

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277

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278

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1 - , 2 - , 3 .

. ArcGIS Features to Points,
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x max + x min
;
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.
:

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1 n 1
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6 S i =1

279

(5.2.11)

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( x i +1 y i x i y i +1 ) * ( y i + y i +1 )
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1
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2

280

(5.2.16)

S=

1 n 1
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281

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282

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283

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284

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285

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286

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287

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288

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289

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290

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292

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293

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294

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295

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298

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299


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300

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301

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302

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303


sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan.

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