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Osteology
• Consist of
– Humerus
– Ulna
– Radius
Anterior aspect
Osteology
Posterior aspect
Bony Anatomy: Humerus
Osteology
Radius Ulna
Joints of Elbow
• Humeroulnar joint
• Humeroradial joint
• Radioulnar joint
– Proximal radioulnar joint
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Range of Motion
• Flexion/extension –
ginglymus joint
(ulnohumeral articulation)
• Flexion typically 0-150
degrees, stops due to soft
tissue approximation
• Extension typically 0-10
degrees (hyperextension,
especially in females), stops
due to bony opposition
Range of Motion
• Forearm pronation and
supination – trochoid joint
(radiohumeral and proximal
radioulnar articulations)
• Pronation/supination typical
0-85/90 degrees each from
neutral point (thumb up),
stops due to tissue
tensions/stretch from
opposing tissue
Movements of the Elbow
Movements of the Elbow
• Flexion
– Brachialis
– Biceps Brachii
– Brachioradialis
Brachialis Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Movements of the Elbow
• Extension
– Triceps Brachii
– Assisted By:
• Anconeus
Anconeus
Triceps brachii
Movements of the Elbow
• Pronation
– Pronator teres
– Pronator quadratus
Pronator quadratus
Pronator teres
Movements of the Elbow
• Pronation
– Flexor group
• Pronator teres
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor digitorum
superficialis
• Flexor digitorum
profundus
• Palmaris longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Superficialis
Flexor Digitorum
Profundus
Movements of the Elbow
• Supination
– Supinator
– Biceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Supinator
Movements of the Elbow
• Supination
– Extensor group
• Supinator
• Extensor carpi
radialis longus
• Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
• Extensor carpi
ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Brevis Extensor
Digitorum
Supination and Pronation
Elbow Kinematics
• One of the most congruous and stable
joints
• In extension, anterior capsule provides
most restraint, while MCL becomes
primary stabilizer at 90 degrees flexion
• Annular ligament encircles the head of
the radius, stabilizing it in the radial
notch
Elbow Kinematics
• Varus stress
– In extension resisted by bone structure, LCL
and lateral joint capsule
– In flexion, resisted primarily by bone structure
• Valgus stress
– In flexion, resisted primarily by MCL
– In extension equally resisted by bone
structure, MCL and medial joint capsule
Load on the Elbow
Load on the Elbow
Load on the Elbow
Biomechanics of Elbow Flexors