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Desktop study of emission factors for urease inhibitors for nitrogen fertiliser

MAF Technical Paper No: 2012/17 Report prepared for Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry By Landcare Research (LC0809.141) June 2009
Authors: S Saggar, J Singh, W Catto, A Stafford, J Blennerhassett, M Zaman

ISSN 2230-2794 (online) ISBN 978-0-478-38824-4 (online) April 2012

Disclaimer The information in this publication is not government policy. While every effort has been made to ensure the information is accurate, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Any view or opinion expressed does not necessarily represent the view of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Publisher Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry PO Box 2526 Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace Wellington 6140 www.maf.govt.nz Telephone: 0800 008 333 Facsimile: +64 4 894 0300 Crown Copyright April 2012 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

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