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Animals
Dr.Kedar Karki.
Central Veterinary Laboratory Kathmandu
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
• Objectives:
– Discuss the various digestive diseases
associated with animals
– Comprehension of and awareness of
causes, symptoms, and treatments of
these diseases
– Awareness of preventative measures
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
• Foot & Mouth Disease
– Highly contagious, febrile
– Affects:
• Cattle, swine, sheep, goats
• Horses are resistant
– 9 outbreaks in U.S. history
• Last one in 1929
– Quarantines are established for control
– Continues to be a threat to the industry
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Cause
• Viral infection
• 7 strains w/ additional subtypes
• Infection may be caused by one or more
• Infected animals my suffer repeated
attacks due to short lifespan of immunity
– Immunity from one type doesn’t provide immunity
against another type
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Transmission
• During febrile stage:
– Virus found in: saliva, blood, urine, milk, muscle
• Virus remains alive in carcasses, animal by-
products, contaminated feeds, bedding,
equipment, utensils
• Contact w/ infected animals or contaminated
materials
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Clinical Signs
• Fluid-filled blisters form on mucous
membranes of tongue, lips, cheeks, palate
– Toes and hoof area, and udder
• Vesicles rupture w/in 24 hrs
– Tremendous pain
– Profuse salivation
– What other symptoms might you see?
• Body temperature rises rapidly in first 48
hrs, but will fall back close to normal
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
• Infection may localize in a major organ
resulting in abortions, mastitis, death
– Prevention
• No vaccination available
• Basis for prevention:
– Federal restrictions on the importation of
susceptible livestock & contaminated by-products
– Immediate quarantine for an outbreak
– Eradication of infected & exposed animals
– Thorough cleaning & disinfection
– Restock w/ a few susceptible animals to test site
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Treatment
• No treatment available.
• Must report suspicious cases to government
• Bloat
– Non-contagious disorder or ruminants
– Excessive accumulation of gas in the first two
compartments of the stomach
• Inability to expel the gas, not too much gas
production
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Animals can become chronic or acute
– Cause
• No specific known causes
– Or, little disagreement or causes
• Associated factors
– Animal susceptibility
– Type of feed
– Environment in which animal is fed
• Causative theories (none proven)
– Lack of coarse roughage
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Density of feeds
– Saponins
» Formation of soaps & glycerols
– Excess gas production
» Unlikely since healthy animals often eat the
same diet
– Formation of toxic substances
– Saliva production and/or composition
» Important for bloat prevention more than a
causative agent
– Animal differences
» Is somewhat genetic
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Clinical signs
• Distention of left side
– May enlarge up and over back
• More difficult to detect in overweight
animals, or sheep w/ full fleece
• Off-feed, uneasy movement, stand w/ head
extended
• May slobber, grunt, labor breathing
• May have difficulty standing as condition
worsens
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Prevention
• Reduce and eliminate possible causative
agents
• Strategies
– Avoid straight legume pasture & immature
legumes
– Feed coarse grass hay prior to lush pasture
– Feed dry forage along w/ pasture
– Avoid rapid eating from empty start
– Keep animals on pasture continuously once turned
out
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Keep water & salt available at all times
– Avoid frosted pasture
– Use preventative treatments if necessary
– Treatment
• Prompt treatment is essential
• Producer should know how to handle minor
instances
• Walk animal, tie w/ front end elevated
• Acute cases
– Pass hose into stomach to let off gas
» Must move constantly to catch gas pockets
Digestive Diseases in
Animals
– Trocar & cannula
» Insert in side between hip, last rib, and loin
edge
» Let gas leak out of side
» Place on penicillin to minimize infection of
puncture site