The Atom Atomic Number and Mass Number Isotopes

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Atomic Theory

Atoms are building blocks of elements

Similar atoms in each element

Different from atoms of other elements

Two or more different atoms bond in simple

ratios to form compounds
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Subatomic Particles
Particle Symbol Charge Relative Mass 0 1 1
3

Electron Proton Neutron

ep+ n

1+ 0
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Location of Subatomic Particles

10-13 cm electrons

protons
nucleus

neutrons

10-8 cm

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Atomic Number
Counts the number of protons in an atom

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Periodic Table
Represents physical and chemical behavior of elements
Arranges elements by increasing atomic number Repeats similar properties in columns known as chemical families or groups

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Periodic Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

11 Na

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Atomic Number on the Periodic Table

Atomic Number

11

Symbol

Na
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All atoms of an element have the same number of protons

11 protons

11

Sodium

Na
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Learning Check AT 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following: A. Nitrogen 1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur 1) 32 protons C. Barium 1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons
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2) 16 protons

3) 6 protons

3) 56 protons
10

Solution AT 1
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following: A. Nitrogen 2) 7 protons B. Sulfur 2) 16 protons C. Barium
3) 56 protons
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Number of Electrons

An atom is neutral The net charge is zero Number of protons = Number of electrons Atomic number = Number of electrons

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Mass Number

Counts the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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Atomic Symbols
Show the mass number and atomic number
Give the symbol of the element mass number
23 Na

sodium-23

atomic number

11

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More Atomic Symbols

16 O
8
8 p+ 8n 8 e-

31 P
15
15 p+ 16 n 15 e LecturePLUS Timberlake

65
Zn

30
30 p+ 35 n 30 e-

15

Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) with different mass numbers Isotopes of chlorine
35Cl
17

37Cl
17
16

chlorine - 35 LecturePLUS chlorine - 37 Timberlake

Learning Check AT 2
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these carbon atoms.
12C
6

13C
6

14C
6

#P _______ #N _______ #E _______

_______ _______
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_______ _______ _______

17

_______

Solution AT 2
12C 6 13C 6 14C 6

#P __6___
#N __6___

_ 6___
_ _7___

___6___
___8___

#E __6___

_ 6___
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___6___
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Learning Check AT 3
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65. A. Number of protons in the zinc atom 1) 30 2) 35 3) 65

B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom 1) 30 2) 35 3) 65

C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope with 37 neutrons? 1) 37 2) 65 3) 67

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Solution AT 3
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65. A. Number of protons in the zinc atom 1) 30 B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom 2) 35 C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope with 37 neutrons? 3) 67
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Learning Check AT 4
Write the atomic symbols for atoms with the following: A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 eB. 17p+, 20n, 17eC. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e-

___________
___________ ___________
21

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Solution AT 4
16O

A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 eB. 17p+, 20n, 17e-

8 37Cl 17

C. 47p+, 60 n, 47 e-

107Ag
47
22

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Learning Check AT 5
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons. A. Its atomic number is 1) 14 2) 16 3) 34 B. Its mass number is 1) 14 2) 16 C. The element is 1) Si 2) Ca 3) 34 3) Se

D. Another isotope of this element is

1)
34X 16

2)

34X 14

3)

36X 14
23

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Solution AT 5
An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons. A. It has atomic number 1) 14 B. It has a mass number of 3) 34 C. The element is 1) Si D. Another isotope of this element would be

3) 36X
14
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Masses of Atoms
A scale designed for atoms gives their small atomic masses in atomic mass units (amu) An atom of 12C was assigned an exact mass of 12.00 amu Relative masses of all other atoms was determined by comparing each to the mass of 12C An atom twice as heavy has a mass of 24.00 amu. An atom half as heavy is 6.00 amu. 25 LecturePLUS Timberlake

Atomic Mass

Na 22.99

Listed on the periodic table Gives the mass of average atom of each element compared to 12C Average atom based on all the isotopes and their

abundance %
Atomic mass is not a whole number
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Learning Check AT6

Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place):
A. calcium B. aluminum C. lead D. barium E. iron __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
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Solution AT6
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place):
A. calcium B. aluminum C. lead D. barium E. iron _40.1 amu _ _27.0 amu _ _207.2 amu_ _137.3 amu_ _55.8 amu__
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Calculating Atomic Mass

Percent(%) abundance of isotopes
Mass of each isotope of that element Weighted average = mass isotope1(%) + mass isotope2(%) + 100
100

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Atomic Mass of Magnesium

Isotopes
24Mg 25Mg 26Mg

Mass of Isotope 24.0 amu 25.0 amu 26.0 amu

Abundance 78.70% 10.13% 11.17%

= = =

Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.3 amu

Mg 24.3

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Learning Check AT7

Gallium is a metallic element found in small lasers used in compact disc players. In a sample of gallium, there is 60.2% of gallium-69 (68.9 amu) atoms and 39.8% of gallium-71 (70.9 amu) atoms. What is the

atomic mass of gallium?

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Solution AT7
Ga-69

68.9 amu x
Ga-71 (%/100)

60.2
100

41.5 amu for

69Ga

70.9 amu x 39.8 100

28.2 amu for

71Ga

Atomic mass Ga =

69.7 amu
32

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Finding An Isotopic Mass

A sample of boron consists of 10B (mass 10.0 amu) and 11B (mass 11.0 amu). If the average atomic mass of B is 10.8 amu, what is the % abundance of each boron isotope?

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Assign X and Y values: X = % 10B Y = % 11B Determine Y in terms of X X + Y = 100 Y = 100 - X

Solve for X: X (10.0) + (100 - X )(11.0) 100 100

= 10.8

Multiply through by 100 10.0 X + 1100 - 11.0X = 1080

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Collect X terms 10.0 X - 11.0 X

1080 - 1100

- 1.0 X = -20

-20 - 1.0

20 %

10B

Y = 100 - X % 11B = 100 - 20% =

80% 11B
35

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Learning Check AT8

Copper has two isotopes 63Cu (62.9 amu) and 65Cu (64.9 amu). What is the % abundance of each isotope? (Hint: Check periodic table for atomic mass)
1) 30% 2) 70% 3) 100%

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Solution AT8
2) 70%
Solution 62.9X + 6490 = 64.9X = 6350 -2.0 X = -140 X = 70%
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