Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System A program established by Henry Clay. This supported a strong bank, a protective tariff, and the construction of roads and canals which would allow better transportation and transport of goods. Corrupt Bargain The incident in which Henry Clay used his influence within the House of Representatives to support John Quincy Adams and win the presidential election in his favor. Tariff of Abominations One of the highest tariffs of this time, created in order to protect the budding wool and textile industry. Andrew Jackson had proposed it to appeal to the rich, and did not expect it to pass, but it did. Nullification The idea that separate states could nullify or deem certain government decisions void within their territory. This was heavily supported as a result of the Tariff of Abominations. Force Bill Also known as the Bloody Bill. This allowed the president to utilize the army and the navy, if it was necessary, to take federal tariff payments from the states. Basically, force the payments from the states. Five Civilized Tribes The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles were called the Five Civilized Tribes by the whites. This is because of their effort to become educated and form a system of government similar to that of the Americans.

Trail of Tears The forced removal of Indian tribes to a newly established Indian Territory. Many died on this forced removal. Most of the consequences of this incident was laid upon the Five Civilized Tribes. Nicholas Biddle He was the brilliant but arrogant president of the Bank of the United States. He was incredibly powerful, and the amount of power he held was considered unconstitutional by the Banks critics. He was also nicknamed Czar Nicholas I. Democrats vs. Whigs This was a conflict that rose from the split of the Republican Party. Democrats backed Andrew Jackson, while the Whigs was prominently led by Henry Clay and William Henry Harrison. The Democrats were seen as the more common of the two. The Whigs were more prosperous, but lobbied for social harmony. South Carolina Exposition and Protest This was a pamphlet written secretly by John C. Calhoun. It was in response to the Tariff of Abominations. It stated that the tariff was unjust and unconstitutional. It also said that states should nullify the tariff and basically ignore it within their territory. Martin Van Buren Known as the little magician, he was Jacksons successor in the election of 1836. However, he was rather bland and considered a disappointment even by fellow Democrats. He had large shoes to fill after Jacksons term ended, and he did not succeed in doing so. He also proposed the Divorce Bill which was unpopular. Specie Circular After the use of paper money skyrocketed and created an unreliable economy, this was reimplemented by Jackson. This was the mandatory use of metallic money, and messed with the growth of American economy. Hayne-Webster Debate This was a debate between Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina and Daniel Webster of New England. It focused on states rights, and Haynes complaints that the north was being favored over the south. The Alamo Santa Anna, leading six thousand men, entered Texas. They cornered a group of two hundred Texans at the Alamo, located in San Antonio. After thirteen days, Santa Anna wiped them out. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?

First of all, JQ Adams received less popular votes than his opponent, Andrew Jackson. Also, it was known that Henry Clay, a candidate that had been eliminated by the Electoral College, had lent his support to John Quincy Adams. Using his influence in the House of Representatives, Clay ensured Adams victory. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. No, JQA was not well suited to be president. He lacked the charisma and tact to win over the favor of the people, and did not do well in the polls. He also refused to make room in public office for his supporters, which did not win him any fondness. His nationalistic stand also irked many Americans, especially westerners who wanted to expand and get rid of the Cherokee Indians. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. During the 1828 election, the two parties, the National and Democratic Republicans, stooped to an all new low. Neither side was afraid to do some mud-slinging of their own, and attacked both Adams and Jackson for their own gain. Jacksons wife, Rachel Robards, was attacked by National Republicans, and labeled an adulteress, while Adams was labeled as a pimp. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Jackson had been faced with adversity since he was born. He was orphaned and lived a life that valued brawling over education. He was also the second president to not receive a college education. The way he pulled himself up by his bootstraps most likely attracted the common people, who felt that they could relate to him. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. First off, as Jackson stated himself, the Spoils system brought new blood into the government. With each replacement, he was allowing new ideas to replace old ones. Also, with his quote, Every man is as good as his neighbor, he allowed the common man to place more trust into the government since he filled positions with people they could relate to. Lastly, the Spoils System made people more loyal to their respective political parties. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? With the rise of the wool and textile industries, many Yankees demanded a higher tariff to protect their growing businesses. In order to appease them, Jackson and his supporters proposed a tariff that was much higher than its predecessors. To their utmost surprise, the tariff passed in 1828. This enraged the South, whose worries were exacerbated by a slave rebellion led by Denmark Vesey.

"Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 7. Describe the nullification crisis. There was a group of people who wanted to nullify the Tariff of Abominations, and they were called nullies. They swore loyalty to the Palmetto State, and achieved the two thirds they needed to act. They even threatened to secede from the union if they did not get what they wanted, but Jackson was not having it. He arranged a small military of his own in order to bring them into submission, but Henry Clay used his power to pass a compromise bill, which would then become the Tariff of 1833. The new tariff would be 10% lower. In the end, Clay was the real hero, and neither Jackson nor the nullies really won. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? The part that was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe was that they were forced from their land, even after taking the time to become civilized in the Americans eyes. They educated themselves and created their own alphabet, legal code, and government complete with an executive, judicial, and legislative branch. When it came to pushing them off their land, the Supreme Court even ruled in their favor, but their decision was completely undermined. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. I do agree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I because he was the president of a private institution that only seemed to benefit the wealthy. It also had an incredible amount of power, almost like a branch of the government. Private bankers also gained large amounts of power from the fact that the value of money depended on the banks wealth. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? One unique element about the election of 1832 was the emergence of a third party. The AntiMasonic party was strictly against the secret society of the Masons, especially after the supposed murder of a New Yorker who was openly against the Masons. Another unique part of the election was the start of national nominating conventions, which formally announced the presidential candidates to the people. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. This decision was a complete negation of what he wanted to do in the first place. He distrusted the banks because they did not issue paper money, and only accepted silver and gold metal currency, which gave power to private bankers. When he got rid of the BUS, this began the emergence of paper money, which then became incredibly unreliable. And so, he decided to issue the Specie Circular, which returned the mandatory currency back to metallic money.

The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Although the wealthy class held more power and money, the common man had strength in numbers. They were obviously the majority when it came to statistics, and that is where it truly mattered in terms of support. If a party was able to convince the common classes that they were trustworthy, then it would also gain a massive amount of popularity and support from the masses. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. During this election, the two parties, the Democratic Republicans and the Whigs had two very different electoral strategies. The Jacksonites whole-heartedly put their support behind a single candidate, Martin Van Buren. On the other hand, the Whigs thought that having several candidates, favorite sons would spread out the regional vote so that no one would be able to gain a majority. They were wrong, and Martin Van Buren won the election in the end. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Martin Van Buren was unpopular because many people, even in the Democratic Party, thought he had ridden into office on Jacksons coattails. He had large shoes to fill, and he left many supporters disappointed. Along with the presidency, Van Buren also inherited many of Jacksons political rivals, and was harshly criticized. During his presidency, he was also severely depressed, and had to spend much of his energy battling with his condition. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was caused by overspeculation in land once again, when people attempted to get rich quick through the use of borrowed money and currency from wild cat banks. This overspeculation extended to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves. In an attempt to end it, Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill, which would separate the government and the bank completely. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was appealing to Americans because they were always hungry for more land, and expansion was a constant issue. Many of the laws set by the Mexicans were ignored by American immigrants. Adventurers such as Davy Crockett became famous during this time. Slavery was a controversial issue, especially when it came to Texas. Mexicans had already freed their slaves, but stubborn Texan Americans refused to do so with their own slaves, which created a huge conflict. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?

As a result of their desire for independence, Texans unfurled their Lone Star flag, chose Sam Houston as their leader, and dove into battle. Because they wanted to become independent, they fought against the Mexicans, and because they were not a part of the union, they were completely separate from the Americans. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? In my opinion, Texans did not intend to become Mexican citizens, and only feigned allegiance in order to get land. This is because when it really got down to it, they resented Mexican authority. In regards to the slavery issue, when the Mexican government tried to get Texans to follow the laws that banned slavery, Anglo-Texans took up arms and fought against them. If they really wanted to become Mexican citizens, then they would not have fought so fiercely against the governments authority. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The election of 1840 tells me that when it came to actual political, economic, and social issues that were prevalent at the time, the average voter was not at all educated. The political parties knew this, and instead of telling the public what their stance was on certain issues, they focused on propaganda and mud-slinging. The average voter at the time did not care for politics, but was completely engrossed in the popularity contest that was the presidential election. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats were in alliance with Jackson and Van Buren, and were said to be the party of the common man. They stood for the rights of the masses, and were against the privileged people winning favor. In the case of the Whigs, they were for natural harmony of society and the value of community. They also looked down upon leaders, like Jackson, who valued their own interests and created conflicts among others.