NUMERICAL RELAY

Submitted by MD ASAHAD S7 EEE ROLL NO:-63

OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION TO RELAYS NUMERICAL RELAYS REQUIREMENTS OF NUMERICAL RELAYS BLOCK DIAGRAM RELAY HARDWARE STRUCTURE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS OF NUMERICAL RELAYS CONCLUSION

1.ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS :
MECHANICAL FORCES CAUSES OPERATION OF RELAY CONTACT IN RESPONSE TO A SIGNAL.

INTRODUCTION TO RELAYS

CAN BE CLASSIFIED TO SEVERAL TYPES

ATTRACTED ARMATURE MOVING COIL INDUCTION THERMAL

2. STATIC RELAYS :
ABSENCE OF MOVING PARTS TO CREATE RELAY CHARACTERISTICS. USES STATIC ELEMENTS LIKE TRANSISTORS, DIODES, LOGIC GATES & ICS FOR RELAY CHARACTERISTIC. OUTPUT CONTACTS ARE STILL THROUGH ATTRACTED ARMATURE RELAYS

3. NUMERICAL RELAYS
ANALOGUE CIRCUITS ARE REPLACED WITH MICROPROCESSORS TO IMPLEMENT RELAY FUNCTIONS. MICROPROCESSOR USES PROTECTION ALGORITHMS & OTHER COMPUTATIONAL FUNCTIONS FOR CHARACTERISTIC GENERATION.

Block Diagram

Fundamental requirements of numerical

relay
SPEED SENSITIVITY RELIABILITY SELECTIVITY SIMPLICITY ECONOMY

TYPICAL NUMERICAL RELAY HARDWARE

A N T I A L I S I N G F I L T E R S

VA

V B
V C IA IB IC

G A L V A N I C I S O L A T I O N

S A M P L E

MU LTI PLE XER E

ADC

MICRO PROCESSO R

&
H O L D C K T ROM RAM E2 PROM

DIGITA L I/O REED REALY

CB STATUS

OPTO ISOLATO R

KEYBOAR D& DISPLAY CB TRIP

COMM UNICAT ION

 GALVANIC ISOLATION MODULE :

RELAY HARDWARE STRUCTURE

CONVERTS CURRENT SIGNAL TO VOLTAGE & ELECTRICALLY ISOLATES THE SIGNAL BETWEEN DIGITAL & ANALOGUE CIRCUIT.

ANTIALIAS FILTERS :

SAMPLING FREQUENCY SHOULD BE MORE THAN TWICE THAT OF HIGHEST FREQUENCY OF INTEREST.

SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT :

ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERSATION REQUIRES SOME FINITE TIME(25S). THIS CKT HOLDS THE SIGNAL FOR PROPER CONVERSATION.

 MULTIPLEXER :

USES A SINGLE MICROPROCESSOR ANALOGUE MULTIPLEXER FOR SEQUENTIAL SELECTION OF SIGNALS CONVERTS TO DIGITAL SIGNALS FOR HANDLING IN MICROPROCESSOR. DIGITAL SIGNAL HANDLED FOR ALGORITHMS & SCHEME LOGIC FUNCTION. CONTAINS THE RELAYING PROGRAMME

A/D CONVERTER:

MICROPROCESSOR : ROM :

 RAM :

USED FOR STORING SAMPLED QUANTITIES & INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS IN RELAYING ALGORITHMS. USED FOR STORING RELAY SETTINGS.

E2PROM :

KEYBOARD & DISPLAY : DIGITAL I/O :

Used for change in settings & display functions.

Device takes the breaker status through opto isolators & issues trip commands through reed relays.

 COMMUNICATION : Helps to communicate with other relays or with the system.

POWER SUPPLY : In built switching mode power supply modules are used for quality aux. supply.

ADVANTAGES OF NUMERICAL REALYS

FLEXIBILITY IN WIDE PARAMETER ADJUSTMENT. PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTION SETTING MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS BY THE SAME RELAY INTERNAL FAULT DIAGNOSIS. MEMORY & RECORDING FUNCTION PROGRAMMABLE CT & PT RATIO DIGITALLY COMMUNICATION FACILITY

DISADVANTAGES WITH NUMERICAL RELAYS

HIGH INITIAL COST REQUIRES STABLE POWER SUPPLY. IF USED FOR MULTIFUNCTION IN A SINGLE FEEDER, FAILURE OF RELAY MAY CAUSE TOTAL PROTECTION FAILURE FOR THE EQUIPMENT. REQUIRES EMC ENVIRONMENT.

Applications
Control a high-voltage circuit with a lowvoltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers, Control a high-current circuit with a lowcurrent signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays)

CONCLUSION
NUMERICAL RELAYS NEED TO BE INCORPORATED IN THE DESIGN STAGE OF THE PLANT WHICH WILL HELP TO REDUCE THE PANEL SIZE. PANEL WIRING COST. POPULATION OF RELAYS IN THE PLANT. MEET SPACE CONSTRAINTS. REDUCE THE QUANTUM OF SPARES.

REFERENCES
A comprehensive approach for numerical relay system evaluation and test : Sato, H. ; Mitsubishi Electr. Corp., Japan ; Takano, T. ; Inoue, S. ; Oda, S. Commissioning numerical relays : Closson, J.R. ; Basler Electr. Co., Highland, IL, USA ; Young, M. Issues and opportunities for testing numerical relays : Sachdev, M.S. ; Power Syst. Res. Group, Saskatchewan Univ., Saskatoon, Sask., Canada ; Sidhu, T.S. ; McLaren, P.G.

THANK YOU