1.

Gii thch cc phng thc phn chia bng thng theo thi gian (TDM) v theo tn s (FDM) Gii Gi s 1 knh truyn vt l ti mt thi im ch c 1 d liu c i qua Tn nhiu thi gian truyn d liu=> vic phn chia knh truyn gip tit kim bng thng v thi gian khi truyn d liu C 2 phng thc theo tn s FDM v theo thi gian TDM FDM: mt knh truyn vt l c chia thnh nhiu mc tn s khc nhau, mi mt host trn 1 mng c truyn trn 1 tn s xc nh. u gi c 1 thit b m ha phn chia knh truyn ca cc host bn trong, bn u nhn s c 1 thit b gii m. TDM: c 2 hnh thc :+ hnh thc ng b( synchronous ) + hnh thc khng ng b ( asynchronous) Chia thnh nhiu time slot ,mi mt host c truyn trong 1 thi gian nht nh. TDM ng b: Mi time slot c gn c nh trc cho mi host, khi host ko c nhu cu truyn d liu ,th time slot ca host c b trng, khng cp pht time slot ca host cho host khc. Mi 1 time slot c th c phn chia khng ng u cho mi host. TDM khng ng b. + Time slot ko c phn chia c nh cho mi host. Tin hnh qut trn knh truyn cc host cn truyn d liu ,a d liu vo time slot n khi no y time slot , nu nh 1 d liu cha y ca 1 host thm d liu m cho time slot y v truyn i.=> Tc ca d liu ra thp hn tc cc ng nhp gp li. 2.Gii thch cc dch v truyn thng c lin kt (connection-oriented) v khng c lin kt (connectionless). Gii - Ging nhau: u l dch v truyn thng d liu. - Khc:

Connection oriented

Connectionless

-Mc tiu: truyn thng d liu gia -Mc tiu: D liu truyn gia cc h cc host. thng u cui. - Giao thc truyn: s dng giao thc -Giao thc truyn: TCP (Tranmission Control Protocol). Datagram Protocol). + TCP service [RFC 793]. + UDP [RFC 768]. UDP (User

+ L giao thc tin cy, an ton d liu + Truyn khng tin cy. theo dng byte (nu mt mt s c thng bo v truyn li). + Khng iu khin lung d liu. + iu khin lung (bn gi khng ln p bn nhn). + Khng gii quyt tt nghn. + Gii quyt tt nghn (Bn gi gim +khng c kt ni. tc truyn khi mng nghn). -Cc ng dng UDP: Stream media, hi +c kt ni. tho t xa, DNS, in thoi internet. - Cc ng dng dng TCP:HTTP (Web), FTP (File Tranfer Protocol), TelNet (Remote Login), SMTP (email). 3.Cho bit chc nng cc lp ca m hnh TCP/IP Gii +Application:Cung cp phn mm , giao din h tr vic giao tip gia ngi v ng dng mng, cc giao thc hay s dng l:HTTP,FTP,SMTP, +Transport:Cung ng dch v vn chuyn t host ngun n host ch. Thit lp mt cu ni lun l gia cc u cui ca mng, gia host truyn v host nhn. +Network:Mc ch ca lp Internet l chn ng i tt nht xuyn qua mng cho cc gi d liu di chuyn ti ch. Giao thc chnh ca lp ny l Internet Protocol (IP). +Link: nh ngha cc hm, th tc, phng tin truyn dn m bo s truyn dn an ton cc khung thng tin trn bt k mt phng tin truyn dn no nh Ethernet, ppp

+Physical: nh ra cc th tc giao tip vi phn cng mng v truy nhp mi trng truyn. Tng hp d liu thnh dy nh phn, sau m ha chng thnh tn hiu in. 4.Phn tch s khc bit gia kin trc Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer ca ng dng mng Gii - Ging nhau: u l qu trnh trao i thng tin gia 2 my tnh trn mng. - Khc: Client Server Peer-to-Peer

--Trong m hnh ny 1 my tnh s -- Trong m hnh ny mt my tnh va ng vai tr l client v my tnh kia ng vai tr l client, va ng vai tr l ng vai tr l server. server. -- Hot ng: + Server: . Host lun hot ng. . a ch IP c nh -- Hot ng: + Khng c server, lun hot ng. + Truyn thng vi h thng u cui bt k.

+ Cc im kt ni khng lin tc v . Nhm cc server chia s cng vic thay i a ch IP. + Client: V d: Gnutella, KazaA. . Truyn thng vi server. . C th kt ni khng lin tc. . C th c a ch IP thay i. . Khng truyn thng trc tip vi client khc. -- linh hot cao nhng kh qun l -- linh hot khng cao nhng d qun l.

5.Cho bit s khc bit gia giao thc HTTP khng bn vng v giao thc HTTP bn vng Gii - Ging: u s dng TCP, HTTP l khng c trng thi - Khc: HTTP nonpersistent --HTTP 1.0 (Nonpersisitent HTTP) -- Sau khi gi i mt i tng th server s ng kt ni TCP li. Kt ni khng c ly s dng i tng khc. Nh vy mi kt ni TCP chuyn duy nht mt thng ip yu cu v 1 thng ip tr li. HTTP persisistent --HTTP1.1 (Persistent HTTP).

- Server khng ng kt ni TCP sau khi gi thng ip tr li.Cc thng ip yu cu v tr li sau ( gia cng 1 client v server) c gi lin tip nhau thng qua cng 1 kt ni. Thng thng HTTP s ng lin kt khi lin kt khng s dng trong mt V d: gi 1 i tng trang Web thi gian no . gm 1 trang Trong v d bn: Ton b i tng HTML v 10 file nh JPEG. Th s c trang Web (gm 1 trang HTML v 10 ti 11 kt ni TCP c thit lp. file nh JPEG) s c truyn ni tip --Vn : Khi lin kt mi to ra pha nhau qua 1 kt ni TCP. client v server phi to ra vng m --HTTP client gi yu cu khi n nhn TCP (buffer) cng nh lu gi cc bin c 1 tham chiu (1 siu lin kt, hay TCP 1 tham chiu n file nh) v vy client To gnh nng cho server khi c c th gi cc yu cu lin tip. Khi server nhn c yu cu, n s gi cc nhiu client yu cu cng lc. i tng ni tip nhau. - Yu cu 2 RTT mi i tng. - Server b kt ni sau khi m gi - H iu hnh lin quan n mi kt p ng leaves. ni TCP. - Cc thng ip HTTP ca tin trnh - Cc trnh duyt thng m // cc kt con cng m hnh client/server gi ni TCP em v cc tham chiu n thng qua kt ni m. cc i tng. 6.Phn tch giao thc rdt2.0

Gii Rdt2.0 knh vi cc li (Channel with bit errors) Bn gi i cuc gi t pha trn,bn nhn i cuc gi t pha di. Th1:Gi khng b li. Bn gi ,gi d liu sang bn nhn v i phn hi ACK hoc NAK t bn nhn. Bn nhn kim tra d liu nhn v bo cho bn gi ACK khi nhn d liu thnh cng. Bn gi nhn c ACK t bn nhn v kt thc vic gi ,i d liu t tng trn chuyn tip. TH2: gi b li. Bn gi ,gi d liu sang bn nhn v i phn hi ACK hoc NAK t bn nhn. Bn nhn kim tra d liu nhn v bo cho bn gi NAK khi d liu b li.bn gi nhn c NAK t bn nhn,v gi li d liu cho bn nhn v tip tc i ACK hoc NAK t bn nhn, lc ny bn gi khng th nhn thm d liu t tng trn a xung. Bn nhn thng bo cho bn gi NAK khi d liu tip tc b li bn gi tip tc gi li, khi bn nhn , nhn thnh cng d liu t bn gi , bn nhn bo ACK cho bn gi kt thc vic gi d liu. Bn gi nhn c ACK t bn nhn s kt thc vic gi d liu v i d liu t tng trn chuyn tip. + Pha gi khng gi thm d liu cho n khi bit chc rng pha nhn nhn ng gi d liu gi. Giao thc Rdt2.0 do c nhng hnh vi nh vy nn cn c tn gi l Stop -and-Wait (dng v ch: tc l ngi gi mt gi sau dng li v ch phn hi t ngi nhn). - Rdt2.0 c mt l hng nghim trng l: iu g s xy ra khi ACK hoc NAK b hng. + Ngi gi khng bit iu g xy ra ti bn nhn. + Khng th n phng truyn li v s c kh nng trng lp. Cch khc phc: Qun l trng lp: . Ngi gi truyn li gi hin ti nu ACK/NAK hng. . Ngi gi thm s th t vo mi gi.

. Ngi nhn hy, khng nhn gi trng lp. 7.Phn tch giao thc rdt3.0 Gii Rdt3.0 Knh vi li v mt mt (Channel with errors and loss). - Th1: d liu ko b li bn gi gi pkt0 cho bn nhn,bn nhn nu nhn thnh cng s bo ACK0 cho bn gi,lc ny bn gi sau khi nhn c ACK0 t bn nhn n s gi tip gi pkt1 cho bn nhn sau bn nhn s phn hi gi ACK1 cho bn gi nu nhn thnh cng.v bn gi tip tc gi gi pkt cho ti khi no ht d liu. -Th2:mt gi bn gi gi gi pkt(0 hoc 1)cho bn nhn, v mt l do no m gi pkt ny ko ti c bn nhn,hoc thng tin phn hi ca bn nhn bng gi ack (0 hoc 1) tng ng khng ti c bn gi th sau mt khong thi gian timeout th bn gi s gi li gi pkt . trng hp gi ack(0 hoc 1) ca bn nhn gi cho bn gi b li sau khi nhn li c gi tin pkt(0 hoc 1) tng ng gi li th bn nhn s pht hin gi tin b trng v bo li ack tng ng cho bn gi v lc ny bn gi tip tc gi d lu pkt cho bn nhn cho n khi ht d liu. Th3:truyn tr Khi bn gi gi gi pkt(0 hoc 1) cho bn nhn sau mt khong thi gian timeout do truyn chm m bn gi vn cha nhn c gi ack(0 hoc 1) do bn nhn phn hi th bn gi bt u gi li gi pkt(0 hoc 1 ) cho bn gi ,ng lc ny bn gi nhn c gi Ack(0 hoc 1) v n s gi tip gi pkt(1 hoc 0),cng trong lc bn nhn li nhn c gi Pkt(0 hoc 1 ) t bn gi,pht hin gi tin b trng v n vn bo li gi ACK(0 hoc 1) cho bn gi,lc ny bn gi li tip tc gi li gi pkt(1 hoc 0).v c truyn nh th cho n khi no ht ton b d liu. 8. Gii thch nhim v ca cc trng: S th t (Sequence Number) v S tip nhn (Acknowledgement Number) trong gi tin TCP. Gii thit lp mt kt ni, TCP s dng mt quy trnh bt tay 3 bc .Trc khi client th kt ni vi mt server, server phi ng k mt

cng v m cng cho cc kt ni: y c gi l m b ng. Mt khi m b ng c thit lp th mt client c th bt u m ch ng. thit lp mt kt ni, quy trnh bt tay 3 bc xy ra nh sau: 1. Client yu cu m cng dch v bng cch gi gi tin SYN (gi tin TCP) ti server, trong gi tin ny, tham s sequence number c gn cho mt gi tr ngu nhin X. 2. Server hi p bng cch gi li pha client bn tin SYN -ACK, trong gi tin ny, tham s acknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng X + 1, tham s sequence number c gn ngu nhin mt gi tr Y 3. hon tt qu trnh bt tay ba bc, client tip tc gi ti server bn tin ACK, trong bn tin ny, tham s sequence number c gn cho gi tr bng X + 1 cn tham sacknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng Y + 1 Ti thi im ny, c client v server u c xc nhn rng, mt kt ni c thit lp. 9.Gii thch phng thc iu khin lung (Flow Control) trong giao thc TCP Gii - Phng thc iu khin phn lung l phng thc m bn gi khng l trn b m v truyn qu nhiu v qu nhanh, bn nhn cng m bo khng trn b m nh: + Bn nhn ca kt ni TCP c 1 b m nhn. + Dch v trng tc : so trng tc gi v tc nhn. + Tin trnh ng dng c th chm li lc c b m. - Do kch thc ca s l ng nn trong mi khung bo nhn ca mnh, bn nhn thng bo v khong d tr ca n (lng buffer cn trng), chnh l tr RcvWindow. - Ln sau, bn gi s khng c gi lng byte vt qu RcvWindow ( m bo b m nhn khng b trn.). - V d: Bn gi mun gi 5 kb v b m ca bn nhn l 4 kb (cn rng). + Bn gi t s th t Sequence number = 0, sau truyn 2 kb, buffer bn nhn cn li 2 kb rng do n bo nhn ACK = 2048, RcvWindow = 2048. + Bn gi gi tip 2 kb, khi buffer bn nhn y n bo nhn ACK= 4096, RcvWindow = 0), khng cn buffer nhn, nn bn gi tm thi tt nghn.

+ Sau khi bn nhn x l xong 2 kb n lin bo ACK=4096, RcvWindow = 2048. Lc ny bn gi c th gi ti a l 2 kb nhng n ch cn 1 kb gi. 10.Cho bit chc nng v nhim v ca Congetion Window (CongWin) trong iu khin tc nghn ca giao thc TCP Gii

- Ca s tc nghn (Congetion Window) k hiu l CongWin biu th s lng d liu ti a m ngi gi c th gi qua kt ni.Khi lng d liu c gi khng c vt qu CongWin v RcvBuffer (lng Buffer cn trng ca bn nhn). LastByteSent - LastByteAcked <= cwnd Ngng k hiu l ssthresh s nh hng ti qu trnh tng ca CongWin. - Chc nng ca CongWin l nhn bit tt nghn trn mng. - Nhim v ; +Khi kt ni bt u, CongWin tng tc theo cp s nhn cho n khi hin tng mt gi u tin sy ra : initially cwnd=1MSS, gp i mi RTT, tng cwnd cho mi ACK nhn c. +Sau khi tng theo cp s nhn n ngng ssthresh th kch thc CongWin tng theo cp tuyn tnh cho n khi sy ra TimeOut pha gi lm mt gi. Khi mt gi sy

ra ssthresh c thit lp v bng cwnd trc khi mt gi.

11.Cho bit s khc bit gia 2 chc nng Forwarding v Routing ca mt Router trong lp Mng Gii Forwarding Routing

- Chc nng: Di chuyn cc gi t u - Chc nng: Xc nh ng i cho vo n u ra thch hp ca Router cc gi t ngun n ch bng cc gii thut Routing (gii thut tm ng). - Nhim v: Tin trnh lp k hoch chuyn i t ngun n ch. - Nhim v: Tin trnh vn chuyn qua mi giao im. - Thuc Transport Plane - Thuc mt phn ca control panel ca IP internet. Forwarding v Routing hot ng ny c ng nht trong cc IP router truyn thng, nhng by gi chng c tch bit mt cch lun l nh trong mi trng MPLS. Vic tch bit cho php nhiu thnh phn mng hn thay th cc IP router thc hin cc hot ng control plane, cho php vic nh tuyn phn tn vi hiu sut c ci thin. Thm vo , vic tch bit gia cc chc nng ca routing v forwarding cho php tch bit hiu sut gia chng, ng thi cho php chng ta theo di r hn s ci tin ca cc l thut c k thut forwarding v cc gii thut nh tuyn. 12.Gii thch c ch phn mnh v tng hp gi tin (IP datagram) trong lp Mng Gii

* C ch phn mnh - Mt IP datagram c chia thnh vi datagram nh hn. - Cc datagram nh hn c kch thc bng MTU( max.transfer size) frame ln nht c th mc kt ni ca ng link mng - Mi datagram nh hn bao gm kch thc datagram, ID l ID ca IP datagram ln lc u, fragflag = 1 cc datagram u v

bng 0 datagram cui cng. Gi tr offset c tnh bng (MTU-20 bytes header )/8, offset u tin = 0 v cc offset sau c gi tr bng offset tnh c t MTU cng vi offset ca datagram ngay trc n. * C ch tng hp - Tng hp c thc hin bc cui cng - Cc datagram c ghp li thnh IP datagram ban u da vo ID, fragflag v offset VD : 4000 byte datagram MTU= 1500 bytes Chia thnh 3 datagram nh , mi datagram c kch thc 1500 bytes v datagram cui cng c kch thc 1040byte Tnh gi tr offset= (1500-20)/8=185 Datagram u tin c offset=0, th 2 c offset =185, cui cng = 370