Material Science (4CSS472) Laboratory work two 16th November 2009 Youngs Modulus Experiment 1

Anil Hadafmand W11018544 Building Engineering

Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 ...................................................................................... 3

2. Objective of the experiment 2.1 Primary objective 2.2 Secondary objective 2.3 Expected outcome

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2.4 Specimens to be used .................................................................................................. 4 3. Procedure ............................................................................................................. 4 .......................................................................... 4 .......................................................................... 4

3.1 Primary part of the experiment 3.2 Secondary part of the experiment 4. Results 4.1 Recorded data 4.2 Calculations

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4.2.1 Calculating Youngs Modulus of bending for timber specimens 4.2.1 a) Youngs modulus of bending for Parana Pine 4.2.1 b) Youngs modulus, E, of bending for Mahogany

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4.2.2 Calculating Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for metal specimens 4.2.2 a) Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for Brass 4.2.2 b) Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for Steel 4.3 Tabulated results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Bibliography Graphs Appendix Photographs

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1. Introduction Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness and springiness of a given material. It is also known as the Young modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus. Young's modulus can be used in structural purposes to estimate the deflection procedure in a component by a given load. When a load is applied to a material, deformation will occur. The relationships between load and deformation of materials are usually determined by testing, in which the load and deformation are expressed in terms of stress and strain. Stress is the internal force per unit area experienced by the material while strain is the unit change in deformation of the material. The stress-strain relationships can then be used to establish the compressive or tensile yielding strength, the modulus of elasticity and the ultimate strength. 2. Objective of the experiment 2.1 Primary objective Primary objective of this experiment is to determine the values of Young's modulus of elasticity for timber. The two types of timber specimens that are going to be used to carry out the primary part of the experiment are softwood and hardwood. 2.2 Secondary objective Secondary objective of this experiment is to determine the values of Youngs modulus of elasticity in metal. The two types of metal specimens that are going to be used to carry out the second part of the experiment are ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal. 2.3 Expected outcome This experiment will show how metal and timber will respond when a force is applied to them. This force will generate a strain, showing a dimensional change in the specimen. When the stress is removed, the material should return to its original dimensions. Strain is proportional to the stress causing it, providing that the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded.i The stress and strain is proportional to each other in this graph which shows that the materials that obey Hookes Law behave in accordance with Young Modulus theory but only as to their limit of proportionality.

2.4 Specimens to be used The four specimens that are going to be used to carry out this experiment are: a) Parana Pine softwood b) Mahogany hardwood c) Low Carbon Steel ferrous metal d) Brass non-ferrous meta 3. Procedure 3.1 Primary part of the experiment (Timber) In order to carry out the primary part of the experiment, Parana Pine and Mahogany specimens will be inserted in the 3 Point bending jig machine individually, to measure the resulting extension. A compressive load will be applied at midpoint on the beam of the given specimens. The 3 point bending test measures the bend or fracture strength and modulus of elasticity in bending. The computer will produce a graph called a Force/ Extension graph for each test carried out. The graph will plot the results of the test and it will allow the investigation to be carried out from the results given. 3.2 Second part of the experiment (Metal) In order to carry out the second part of the experiment Brass and Steel samples will be inserted into the Electronic Extensometer to measure the stress and strain and changes in the given specimens. The load will be applied on to the sample at the mid- spam. As metals consist of relatively large E, an extensive amount of force will be applied to the samples to cause a measurable displacement in the specimens. The computer will produce a graph called a Load/displacement graph for each test carried out. The graph will plot the results of the test and it will be the evidence of the experiment and enable the calculations to be carried out. 4. Results 4.1 Recorded data
Row data, timber specimens Tested specimen Parana Pine Mahogany Width (mm) 19.45 mm 19.10 mm Thickness (mm) 7.92 mm 7.58 mm Length (mm) 120 mm 120 mm

Row data, metal specimens Tested specimen Brass 0.3 % Carbon Steel Diameter (mm) 7.97 mm 7.96 mm Gauge length (mm) 50 mm 50 mm 4

4.2 Calculations In order to measure elasticity of given materials the following formula should be applied:

i.e.

4.2.1 Calculating Youngs Modulus of bending for timber specimens In order to calculate the Youngs modulus, E, in bending for Parana Pine and Mahogany specimens the following formula will be used:

In this formula will be substituted for the beam span; will be substituted for the width of the beam; of the beam; and

will be the imposed load;

will take the value of the depth Is the gradient of the

will be the deflection in mid-span.

load-deflection graphs produced by the 3 Point bending jig machine. Two points will be selected on the load-deflection graph. Line will be projected from the highest point in the gradient down. Another line will be projected from the lowest point on the gradient, horizontally. This will form a triangle. Then the and the on the line and stress over strain for the selected area will be calculated using the formula for the gradient of the graph. The formula to find the gradient of the graph is as follows:

4.2.1 a) Youngs modulus of bending for Parana Pine To determine the value of for Parana Pine test the load-deflection graphs

has been used. (Please refer to Appendix 1 on page 10) Applying the formula:

)(

)
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4.2.1 b) Youngs modulus, E, of bending for Mahogany To determine the value of for Mahogany test the load-deflection graphs has

been used. (Please refer to Appendix 2 on page 11) Applying the formula:

)(

4.2.2 Calculating Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for metal specimens In order to calculate the Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for the metal specimens the following formula will be used: Thus, Where will be the force applied; will be substituted for the original cross

section area of the specimen; will be the change in length; and will be the original length of the specimen. The expression graph while and is the gradient of the elastic portion of the force extension are constant.

In order to find out the gradient of the elastic portion of the specimen two points need to be selected on the graph. Vertical line will be projected down from each of the selected points. The distance between the two will be the extension x in millimetres. From the same two points there will be two horizontal lines projected to the load axis. The distance between the two will be measured in millimetres then converted into Newtons. In order to calculate the cross section area of the original the following formula will be used:

4.2.2 a) Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for Brass The method shown above has been used to determine the appendix 3 on page 12) Calculating the cross section area for the brass specimen: ( ) (please see

Applying the formula to calculate the Youngs Modulus for Brass: , 4.2.2 b) Youngs Modulus, E, in tension for Steel The method that has been discussed in section 4.2.2 has been applied to determine the of the steel specimen (please see appendix 4 on page 13)

Calculating the cross section area for the Steel specimen: ( )

Applying the formula to calculate the Youngs Modulus for Steel:

, 4.3 Tabulated results

Tested specimen

Results fort the timber specimens E (mm) (mm) (N/mm) (mm) (kN/

Official ) published value

Parana Pine Mahogany

2.39E+02 3.76E+02

120 120

19.45 19.10

7.92 7.58

10.69 19.57

14 12

Results fort the metal specimens Tested specimen

(N/mm) 1.21E+05 2.20E+05

(mm) 50 50

)
(kN/ 49.88 49.76

Official ) published value

Brass
0.3 % Carbon Steel

121.79 221.63

100 210
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5. Discussion While comparing the values (results) of the experiment and the standard figures of E, its clear that the tests were quite reliable. The little differences in the comparison can be caused by the type of sample used in this experiment being different to those were used to obtain the reference value and some also the human error in calculations and carrying out the experiment. Comparing the results of the tests carried out on metallic solid materials- steel and brass in between the two, we can see quite a large difference, which shows that although brass has higher stiffness it is not necessarily as flexible as steel. This means that steel can maintain higher loads in the tensile experiment and compressive manner before reaching its limits of proportionality. When a force is applied to a material, a stress will be developed within the material and this will generate a strain, which is a dimensional change ii Stiffness of a material could possibly be how rigid a material is. To understand rigidity we need to measure the strength of material. One of the several quantities for measuring the strength of material is the shear modulus, which conforms to Hookes Law, that is:
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6. Conclusion Form the results of the experiment we can see that metallic solid materials are stiffer in comparison to timber materials and are able to tolerate higher loads; therefore these materials are reliable for structural purposes. Also the experiment carried out it is very clear that the use of understand the nature, behaviour and elasticity of materials used in construction. In conclusion we can determine that mild steel has the highest E value compared to other materials this means that it has the highest ability to resist rupture or elastic deformation. Steel may be defined as an alloy of iron and carbon. Still may contain up to 17 per cent carbon.iv This shows that steel can have up to 17% of carbon. However low carbon steel contains less than 0.3per cent and is referred to mild steel or high yield steel At high temperature steel is soft ductile and suitable for forging and rolling.
v

This shows that steel is the most suitable metal for structural purposes. It is easily available and its melting point is sufficiently high to produce high strength. Steel has good toughness, ductility and welding properties. It is also a cost effective material compared to brass and a recyclable material.
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7. References
i

Whitlow Materials & Structures Second Edition 1991 3rd Chapter Direct Stress and Strain p 79 Hooks law and modulus elasticity. ii st Vernon john Testing of materials 1 edition 1992, Chapter 3- Tensile, Compressive and Shear test, page 21
iii

iv

Vernon john Testing of materials 1 edition 1992, Chapter 3- Tensile, Compressive and Shear test, page 21 nd CD Taylor Materials of Construction 2 edition 1980, metals, steel page 192 CD Taylor Materials of Construction 2 edition 1980, metals, steel page 192
nd

st

iv

8. Bibliography
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Higgins RA Properties of Engineering Materials John V B, Testing of Materials CD Taylor Materials of Construction Vernon john Testing of materials http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Tensile_strength http://departments.sis.edu.hk/dt/GCSE/RM%20Revision%20Schedule/RM%203.htm