Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Related to Carbohydrate
Metabolism
Metabolic Disorders Related
to Carbohydrate Metabolism
Ketosis
Acidosis
Laminitis (founder)
Liver abscesses
Gastric ulcers
Diabetes
Ketosis/Pregnancy Toxemia
Adipose response to low blood
glucose
Low blood Fat Free fatty
glucose reserves acids (FFA)
mobilized released
Partial
oxidation of Liver
FFA to ketone uptake of
bodies FFA
Ketosis
Dairy cows
Occurs most often following calving
Increased glucose demands to support lactation
Body fat is mobilized to meet energy demands, but
TCA cycle ‘backs up’
Over conditioned cows
Pregnant ewes
Last third of gestation
Fetus takes up space and reduces capacity of
intestine
Caused by inadequate energy intake
Mortality can be as high as 80%
Twin lamb disease
Ketosis
Clinical signs
Abrupt drop in milk production (dairy cows)
Loss of appetite
Sweet smelling breath (acetone)
Weight loss
Treatment
Propylene glycol
Glucagon injections
Dextrose infusion
Ketosis Prevention
Avoid excess body fat on females
Increase concentrate feeding
gradually
Avoid abrupt ration changes
Acidosis in Ruminants
Decreased pH of body fluids
Lactic acid
CHO supply Rumen pH
production
Systemi
c Rumeniti
acidosis s
Laminiti
s
Laminitis
Lameness due to lactic acidosis
Chronic inflammation of hoof
Abnormal growth
Inadequate perfusion of laminae
Degeneration of bond between hoof
and bone
Liver
Abscesses
High
Grain Diet Rumen
Portal
blood Live
Acidosis r
Rumenitis
Bacteria Liver
abscesses
Rumen bacteria
Gastric Ulcers
Occurs primarily in horses and pigs
Causes
Stress
High concentrate diets
Finely ground grain
Implications
Decreased appetite & growth
Dull hair coat
Lethargic
Monogastrics
Under-feeding carbohydrates:
Weight loss
Over-feeding carbohydrates:
Obesity
Diarrhea
Diabetes
Diabetes insipidus
Excessive urination, water loss
Due to shortage of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH causes H2O reabsorption in the kidney
Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin or lack of insulin response
Blood glucose is not metabolized or utilized
Loss of glucose in urine
Ketosis can occur, shift from CHO to fat metabolism
Diabetes
Type I
Pancreas islet cells destroyed
Decreased production of insulin
Type II
Non-insulin dependent
Insulin receptors less functional
Gestational
Occurs in pregnant woman
Glucose in Cats
True carnivore
VERY little carbohydrate in normal
diet
Must rely on gluconeogenesis
No VFA’s like herbivores
Rely on AA’s as source of carbon
Enzyme Adaptation
Most mammals have the ability to
adapt enzyme activity to protein
intake
Conservation of AA when consuming
low-protein diets
Catabolism of AA when consuming
high-protein diets
Rat enzyme activity can increase 2.75
to 13.0 fold
Enzyme Activity
High activity of alanine and aspartic transaminases
Constant AA catabolism
per day
Excretion of dogs is 110 mg/kg BW /d
-0.75