Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 34

/ /

, !

(19221944)
(1944
1991)

1945

, ,
, , ,
, ,

,
[1]
(-)[2]
()

+2+12[3]

22 402 200 [4]

293 047 571 .[5]


(1922

1936),
(
1989 )

(1936
1991)


- 19221924

- 19241953

- 1953


- 19531964


- 19641982


- 19821984

- 19841985


- 19851991

.su
-
+7

[6]

1.
2. - 1990
.

.
24 1990

.

3.

4. 1991 .
5.
(1989)
6.
,
.

[1], ,
1922 1991 . 1/6
[2] . ,
1917 ,
( ,
1921 ), ( 1939 .), , ( 1945 .),
( 1940 .), . 1977 ,
[3] [4] .
, , ,
, ( 9 1948 ), , , , , ,
, , . 30 1922
, , .
( 4 16), [5];
[6].
,
,
[7]. 50 -
: .
(), , , ()
( 1977 ) . , ,
[8]. ,
.
( ,
). 19891990
, . 17 1991
9- 15- ,
.
.
.
, ,
[ 551 ],
, 8
1991 ( ),
() ( )[9].
26 1991 . 1991
- - [10]
[11].

1
2
o 2.1 (19221923)
o 2.2 (19231941)
o 2.3 (19411945)

2.4 (19451953)
2.5 (19531964)
2.6 (19641985)
2.7 (19851991)
2.8 (19901991)
2.8.1
2.8.2
3
4
5
6
7
o 7.1
o 7.2
o 7.3
o 7.4
o 7.5
o 7.6 60-70-
o 7.7 80-
8
9 -
o 9.1 19171954
o 9.2 19541992
10 -
11
12
o 12.1
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
13
14
o 14.1
15
16
17
o 17.1
o 17.2
18 .
19
20
o
o
o
o
o


22 400 000 , .
, .
, .
( )
. 10 000 ( 11
), 7200 .
. ( 60 000 )
, , , , , , , ,
, , , ( 1945 1991 ).
(5410 ). (7495 ) .
( )
.


(19221923)
29 1922 , ,
. 30 1922 I-
. ,
() () 6
1923., 4 , ,
,
:


o
o

o
o

o


.
, ,
- ,
. .
, ,
( ) .

(19231941)

. .
. .

1923 , . . ,
. ,
. . . 1920-
(),
, 19321933 .
, 1930-
. , .
1939 c- 1939 (
-), ,

. (
) .
1939
;
-: [12], [13]. 1939
, . 1940
, , , ( 1918, .
) , , , ( 3 ,
1940 ) .
[14][15][16][17].
1939 , .
- (30 1939 12 1940)
( ).

; , ,
. 31 1940 ( )
( - , ).

(19411945)


22 1941 ,
. 1941
1941 , . 1942 , .
1942 1943 ,
. 1944 1945
, ,
.
, 26,6 [18],
, ;
- ,
, ,
. 19411945 . 1944
1947 . :

, ;
, ;
( );
, ;
, -
.

, ,
.

(19451953)

-12 . 1950- .
, ,
. 1950 73 %
[19]. ,
, . 1947
, ,
, .

19451949 .
, -
( , ).

, , , , 1947
, .

(19531964)

, .
XX (1956) . . . . .
, ,
, , .
.
; ,
, - .
,
: (1954),
(1957), (1961) .
. 1956
. 1962
(. ). 1960 ,
.

(19641985)

XXII

, 1979
1964 . ,
, . 1970-1980-
.
, , ; ,
. , , ,
. , ,
.
. .
1980 . XXII .
.
. 1968
(. ).
. .
1970 . 1975

() .

, 3- . 1970- .
, , , , .
1970- .
- (, 1967
), , ,
. ,
, . C 1965
,
1973 (. ).
1979
(. (19791989)), .

(19851991)

. 1985

1985 . . . . . 19851986 o
- ,

(. . )
, , .


1987 .

. ( 1989 ,
) ,
, , ,
, ,
.
1990- .

(19901991)
. . ,
, ,
. 1987 ,

,
, 1988 , [20][21][22][23].
1989 ,
. 1991
. 1989 . 1989

.3 1990 , . .
CC ,
.17 1991 ,
77,85 % , ,
. 18 19 1991 ,
, [ 189 ]
, ,
(). :
, , , - ,
. ,

.[24] . .
, .
,
. ,
, . , 24 1991
( ) , 1 1991 ,
.8 1991 ,
. 25
1991 .

26 1991 .
( 19, 15 , 2
- , 2 - ).
(-
, ) 24 % ( 22,4 17 ),
49 % ( 290 148 ) (
).
( ,
, ).
19911992 ,
, --
2008 .
.
1992 ,
.
1992 ,
.
1992 , .
1993 ,
. . ,
. , .

.
1994 , ,
.

14 2004 ,
- ,
. , 2011 ,
, , 20 % ( 2010 16 %)[25].
, ,
37 %[25].

( )
, , , , (
, ). [26]
[27].

, 1934 . . . 1982 .
2- 1977 : .
,
.
. , ,
(), ().
1936 ,
. 3- 1936 :
.
,
. ,
(. . ),
.
, , 15- ,
20- . , 4 , .
. , ,
. 19221937 .
, ,
,
, .
19371989 . ,
,

. 19891990 .
, , ,
,
, [28], 19901991
. . ( ()),
. 1977 ,
, :
, ,
. ( 6-)
; ,
, -
-, -
[29]. ,
, ,
.[30] ,
[31],
,
.
, ( )
- ,
( )[32] ( . ).

2-

(
1917 .)

[33][34][35][36]

1977 .

1977 .
(
1924 .
1936 .
(


14.03.1990)
01.12.1988)


(
)

1977 .
(

26.12.1990)

( 1990 .
, )


1946 .


. : :


-
[37] [38],
[39].
:
.[38] ([40]) (
[38]) :
[41]
[?] ,
[42][43][44][45] ,
[ 1380 ]
9- ,
.
,
22 1917 (. ).
( ),
. 1977
20-. .
,
( 154- 1977).
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
( 21-). ( 168-)
, ,
.[46]


: 1922 , 1938
, 1989
, 1990 .
, 1946 ,
.

. . ( 27 (9 ) 1917),
. . ( 8 (21 ) 1917),
. . ( 30 1919).


( )


( 15
1946 )

. . (19221924)
. . (19241930)
. . (19301941)
. . (19411953),
() () 1922
1934

. . ( 19531955)
. . (19551958)
. . 19381946
. . (19581964),
. . 19461953
19531964
. . 19531960
. . (19641980)
. . 19601964, ()
. . (19801985)
19641982
. . (19851991)
. . 19641965
. . 19651977
. . (19771982),
-
() 19641982
. . (19831984),
. . (1991)
19821984
. . (19841985),
,
19841985
. . (19851988)
. . (1991)
. . (19851991),
19851991.

. . 15 1990 25 1991.

(
[47]): 4 / (, ,
, ) 4 (, , ,
). . . . ,
() ( ()),
.
,
.
1922 1924, .
. . , ,
() 1930- (
19371938 ). 1936 ,
. ,
, . ,

, 5 1946 .
. 1949 , 1953
. . . ,
, ,
.
: , .
.

, .. .
, .
, (
) . .
,
, ,
.
. 1961 1980 .
( , , )
. 1964 .

. . [ 1380 ] ,
, ,
.
1977 . 1979 . 1980
. . .
.. . ,
, [48]; . . ,
,
.[49] 1986
. (, .)
, . 1989
. . .
.
( ), ,
, . 1990
. 1991 .

1953 1991 .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

1921 .
, , , , , , ,
. ,
, , . -
. .
,
. , ()
, -
- , .
21 1921 , X (),
[50], .
. 1921 .
.
.
. .[51]
. , 22.05.1922 .
, ,
.[52] 11.11.22 . 1.01.23 .
, , ,
.[53],
1920- .
, ,
( ). 1928
,
.
, .
11 1931 ,
.[54]


, ,
, 1926/1927
. .

, ,
- .

.

,
. .

.
. ,
, [55].
. ,
,
[56]. [57],
, , , , .
. 1930 . 1500 ,
50 .
: , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ( ) . 1935 .
11,2 .
,
-
. , (),
.
, .
, ,
,
, , .
. ,
. ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
[58].


.
, , , . 1943 .
44 , 49 7
, 1944 . 35, 50 15 [59].


1950- ,
( ) . 1960- 1- [60]
: , , , ,
, , - . ., 2-
, , ,
, , , ,
. .
, , , , , . .

60-70-

, 30- 50- ,
,
.
.
( 80- 12 % )
( , / 4-5
[61],
), , ,
80- [62].
,
.

80-

, ( 1,5 ).
20 %. 1980- 1990- .
.,
.
( 1986 .,
, ,
.)
, .
XII (19861990) 2,4 % ( 4,8 % X- 3,7 % XI-
), 1990 . [63]. 80-90- .
. ;
1989 . , 1991 .
. -
.
, ,
.

, 66- . . 1983 .
1946 - -
. 1945 11,3 . 25 1946
1992 . , ,
, , , ,
.
. , .
: (1960 .), (1946 .),
(1948 .), - - (1946 .),
, () ,
() ,
() .14 1955

, ().
NATO.

, (),
,
: (
- ), ( (.) 73 108, ),
(. 121, ), (
) (. 131, ).
,
.
.


(19171922)

(19221923)
CCC
(19231934)
(19341946)
o
(1934-1941)
(1941, 1943
1946)
(19461953)
(19461954)
(1954
1978)
(19781991)
,
(1991)

19171954

1917 (), . .
. 6 1922
()
() . . ,
.
15 1923
()
. (, )
, .
.9 1924

,
. 10 1934
,
,
(). , .
1934 1936 . . . . 1936 1938 . . ,
1938 1945 . . . .3 1941
:
() . 1941
. . . . 1943
. 19 1943
15 1946
() . 1947 () ,
1949 .
1952
() . 7 1953
() .
-----

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

19541992
13 1954 () ( 5
1978 ). ,
, , . 1978 . . . , ,
. 20 1991
,
. 3 1991 .

-
1991 22,4
., (30 1922), :



( 1922
, )

27 1924 , .
13 1925 , 27 1924 ,
.
5 1929 , 16 1929 .

5 1936 , ,
. ,
.
1940 -, , ,
.
1956 - .
6 1991 ,
.
25 1991 . . .
.
-

, ,
,
- -
.
. .. (1966) .. (1989)

17075,4

126561

147386

932

1786

601,0

45516

51704

370

829

207,6

8633

10200

74

126

449,6

10581

19906

37

78

2715,1

12129

16538

62

69,7

4548

5449

45

54

86,6

4660

7029

45

116

65,2

2986

3690

91

23

33,7

3368

4341

20

29

63,7

2262

2681

54

35

198,5

2652

4291

15

32

165 -

, ,
,
- -
.
. .. (1966) .. (1989)

143,1

2579

5112

17

30

29,8

2194

3283

23

27

488,1

1914

3534

14

64

45,1

1285

1573

33

24

22402,2

231868

286717

1832

3418

, , , . , ,
( 1952 1953 ); ( 1963 1970 ),
.
, ( ,
, 1961 ).
( ).
, ( 1977 ):
, .
(, , ,
, , )
() .
- ,
.


(.)

1913

1926

1939

1950

1959

1966

1970

1973

1979

1987

1989

1991

10837 10143 11753 12656 13007 13215 13741 14531 14738 14854
9
8
4
1
9
1
0
1
6
8

89902 92737

35210 29515 40469 36906 41869 45516 47127 48243 49609 51201 51704 51944

(.)

1913

1926

1939

1950

1959

1966

1970

1973

1979

1987

1989

1991

6899

4983

8910

7745

8055

4366

4660

6440

6314

8261 10581 11960 12902 15389 19026 19906 20708

5565

6037

5990

6703

9154 12129 12849 13705 14684 16244 16538 16793

2601

2677

3540

3528

4044

4548

4686

4838

4993

5266

5449

5464

2339

2314

3205

2896

3698

4660

5117

5420

6027

6811

7029

7137

2028

2880

2573

2711

2986

3128

3234

3392

3641

3690

3728

2056

2452

2290

2885

3368

3569

3721

3950

4185

4341

4366

2493

1857

1885

1943

2093

2262

2364

2430

2503

2647

2681

2681

864

1002

1458

1740

2066

2652

2933

3145

3523

4143

4291

4422

1034

1032

1484

1532

1981

2579

2900

3194

3806

4807

5112

5358

1000

881

1282

1354

1763

2194

2492

2672

3037

3412

3283

3376

1042

998

1252

1211

1516

1914

2159

2364

2765

3361

3534

3576

954

1117

1052

1101

1197

1285

1356

1405

1465

1556

1573

1582

8633

9002

9202

9533 10078 10200 10260

15629 14702 19067 17927 20882 23186 24172 24862 26208 28168 28671 28994
7
8
8
4
7
8
0
6
5
9
7
3


1977
. (140 .),
(40 ) . , , ,
, . .
, , . ,
, , . ,
, , , , . 284 . (1989[64])

1989 . (, 1 ):
: 285 742 . 511 .

1. 145 155 . 489 . (50,8 %)


2. 44 186 . 006 . (15,46 %)
3. 16 697 . 825 . (5,84 %)
4. 10 036 . 251 . (3,51 %)
5. 8 135 . 818 . (2,85 %)
6. 6 770 . 403 . (2,37 %)
7. 6 648 . 760 . (2,33 %)
8. 4 623 . 232 . (1,62 %)
9. 4 215 . 372 . (1,48 %)
10. 3 981 . 045 . (1,39 %)
11. 3 352 . 352 . (1,17 %)
12. 3 067 . 390 . (1,07 %)
13. 2 728 . 965 . (0,96 %)
14. 2 528 . 946 . (0,89 %)
15. 2 038 . 603 . (0,71 %)
16. 1 842 . 347 . (0,64 %)
17. 1 458 . 986 . (0,51 %)
18. 1 449 . 157 . (0,51 %)
19. 1 378 . 344 . (0,48 %)
20. 1 153 . 987 . (0,4 %)
21. 1 126 . 334 . (0,39 %)
22. 1 026 . 649 . (0,36 %)


(19181929) .
. 1923 .
. . .
.

.
. 20- .
. ( )
, .

.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. 50- 60-
. .
, .
, . . ,
. . , . . , 1930- .
,
. 80-
, , .
12 1990 , 1
1990 [65], [66].


:
.

1990
, (1- 2- ),
(3- ).
,
, ,
.
. 1967
SECAM[67]
3- , .
CCC. 1989 ,
.
CCC, . 7 1991 ,
- 5 . 1990
.

, ,
, , , .
: -1, , -3. 1991 ,
. 1990
.

: , ,
, , , , , ,
. : , , , , ,
. .

. 1931 .
, [68]
, 20 ( . .) 1918
[69],
, ,
. 1919
[70]. 1939

, [71];
. 1925 1947
( 1929 );
,
().
; . 1943

, 1965
.

1 , 1985 .
, ,
45 (1977 ) : .
,
, -,
, :
;
; ;
;
1977
1973 ( )
2,97 , ,
1,79 , - 2,09 .
1975 856 ( 65 ), 4,9
. 10 . ,
, , , . 1

1976 , 6272 - ,
3,08 . 1975/1976 167 .
, 48,8 . 1975 ,
65 , 200 404
.

(1984 , )

. (1982 )
.
,
9 . , 7 .
: , . . ,

, . ,
,
, .
- .
. 14 .
, , (, ,
)
. ,
,
.
.

, ,

(), 1971 .

16- , II-60
,
,
.
[72]. 1920
- (),
, . 1937
. 1958 . 1971

(). 1976 1980
527,3 .. , 10 . 1985 2
, 1987 2265 [73]. 1980- 4- 16 , II-60, 1$ 90
200 , 1
90 , 15
. ,
- , (, , , ).

,
12 [74].



25 2005 . .
:
,
. .

. [75].
12 2005

, , , :
,
20 ,
, -
,

,
:

; ,

[76][77]
2008
[78].
22 2008 . .,
1930- , , [79][80],
<> [79][80], ,
[79][80]:
, , -
. . . , ,
.


XV 1920 Bonum Sana[81]
XII ( , 1945 Orientales Omnes),

[82][83][84][85].
25 2006 ( )

( 1481[86]), 1096 (1996)[87],
[86] ,
, :
.
,
, , .
.
,
.[86]

1. , ,
, .
2. 22,4 134,9 .
3. . 70- 1977
4. . 1- 1977
5. . 76- 1977
6. . 72- 1977
7. . 80- 1977
8. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Britannica Student Encyclopaedia
9. (1991)
10. - 3
1 7 37
15 1995 N 101- ( 16 1995 ). .
15 1995 . 101-

11. 13 1992
, ,
, .
- .
.
12. .
13. . ,
19391941 .
14.

, 04.05.2005.
15. (.) European Parliament (1983-01-13). Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
Official Journal of the European Communities C 42/78.
16. (.) European Parliament resolution on the sixtieth anniversary of the end of the Second World War in
Europe on 8 May 1945
17. (.) European Parliament resolution of 24 May 2007 on Estonia
18. . (22 2009). 4
2010.

19. . .

20. : , . -, 16, 16.04.1991 .
, ,
19881989 .. .
,
. 25 25 20
, .
21. . . . , , . 3. , ,

, ,
. ( 8 ),
20 . .
22. . . . , , . 5. , , .
- ,
.
23. . 10
- , , ,
, . ,
,
24. , , 19 1991
25. : 1 2 //P
26. // baltijalv.lv
27.
28. 120 1 1988 . 9853-XI
( )
29. . . . . , .: , 1987,
. 158.
30. . . . . , .: , 1987,
. 444.
31. William van den Bercken. Ideology and Atheism in the Soviet Union // Religion in Communist Lands, Vol
13 3, 1985, . 269281.

32. William van den Bercken. Holy Russia and the Soviet Fatherland // Religion in Communist Lands, Vol 15
3, 1987, . 276277: In spite of the political compromise between church and state there is no
question in the Soviet Union of a rapprochement between Christianity and Marxism, and the so called
idealogical struggle of the party against non-communist world-views is also aimed at Christianity and
every other religion. <> In spite of all the political restraints, constitutional limitations, legal curtailments
and administrative control by the state, the Russian Orthodox Church (together with other churches) remains
the only institution in Soviet society which has not been absorbed by state ideology.
33. . . . . .: 1998 .148
34. 1 1988 .
35.
14 1990 .
36. 26 1990 .
37. , 3- .
38. : 1 2 3 , 3- .
39. . .
40. , , , . . ,

41. . . . . , .: , 1987,
. 376.
42. . . . 1924. .5
43. : / .
4. 1933. . .38.
44. . . /
. 4. 1938. .39.
45. . . . .
1948. .3.
46. . (24 1999).

. 17 2009. 21 2011.
47. 19531955 , ,
1957 .
48.
49.
50. 21
1921
51. . . . 66

52. 22.05.1922 ,
,

53. 1922 .
54.
55. Kenez P. The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 19171929.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
56. . - ,
19291939 . // . / . . . . . 9. ., 2003. .
77 [1]
57.
, . .: . .
? : -Research, 1993 [2]
58. . . : () 7
1933 . C. . 13. .: ,
1951. . 161215.
59. 19411945
60. 1960 . .: , 1961
61.
62. 19661980 . 400 .
, , .
. -

.
( , . .) [3]
63. 1990 . .: , 1991.
64. 1989
65. . .

66. .
67. .
68. 52- 1977 : ,
,
.
. .
69.
70.
71. religare.ru
72.
73.
74. ,
2012
75. . .
76.


77. , //
REGNUM 12 2005 .
78. - // soyuz.by / 20072008
79. : 1 2 3 75-
19321933 - 22 2008.
80. : 1 2 3 NEWSru 22
2008.
81. AAS 12, 1020, 313317
82. AAS 29, 1937, 67
83. AAS 20, 1928, 165178
84. AAS 24, 1932, 177194
85. AAS 29, 1937, 65-106
86. : 1 2 3 Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes
1481/2006
87. RESOLUTION 1096 (1996)1 on measures to dismantle the heritage of former communist totalitarian
systems 1096/1996

, ( IX )
(IXXIII )
(XIIXVI ); ()
(11361478)

(11571389)
(12361795)
(12631547)
(15471721)
(17211917)
(1917)
(19171922)

(19221991)
( 1991)


, -
Sovietera.net
www.soviethistory.ru
,
SouzInfo
20- 30-
//
1940- 1980-

.. : XX
, . . . 19641994
, . ,

o (19171991)
o 20- .
RussGUS ,
, ,

?


( )

Вам также может понравиться