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in the languages of Madang area,
Papua New Guinea:
a diachronic‐typological perspective
Masahiko Nose
Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan
19th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 10‐14. AUG. 2009
R Reitaku University 090810 Nose Nijmegen
Papua New Guinea (PNG)
• Over 700 in PNG, Around 1000 languages in New Guinea Island
• Papuan, Trans‐New Guinea, & Austronesian, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu
• Geographically diverse: 5000mHighland, Bush, coast, and islands
1. Languages of Madang Province, PNG
2. Research objectives: 5 locative functions
3. Locative functions of the sample 8 languages
4. Results: postpositions carrying some functions
5. Madang Grammaticalization area
6. Conclusion: by contact‐induced change
Island, coast
1500 m
Bush
2000 m
1000 m
Highland
4000 m
4000 m
R Reitaku University 090810 Nose Nijmegen
International travel maps,
Papua New Guinea 5/28
Languages in Madang Province: 290 languages
• Genealogically balanced:
– Trans‐New Guinea, Austronesian, Creole
• Geographically balanced:
– Highland, Bush, Coastline, Island
• Availability of reference grammars
• 8 languages out of 290:
• Amele, Kobon, Manam, Siroi, Tauya,
Usan, Waskia, and Tok Pisin
R Reitaku University 090810 Nose Nijmegen 9/28
R Reitaku University 090810 Nose Nijmegen 10/28
Sample 8 languages, number of speakers
1. FROM: basic, origin
2. TO: basic, destination, (not dative)
3. ON: basic, on top of, surface
4. OVER: non‐basic, adverbial, cf. above, across
5. THROUGH: non‐basic, adverbial, cf. path, way
– Cf. Tyler and Evans (2003)
• Additional:
• Possessive construction (Genitive function)
Tauya
Kobon, Usan
Amele, Siroi, Waskia
Manam
Tok Pisin
• Non‐basic locative functions: [Over/Through]
– Less grammaticalized: use of adverbial forms,
locational nouns, or no usage
R Reitaku University 21/28
Grammaticalization
• From lexical to grammatical/more grammatical
• Grammaticlization process of Locative functions
– Lexical (geographical/body part) >> Locational noun
>> Adverbial form >> Postposition/Suffix (case)
– [FROM/TO/ON] has grammaticalized in one form
• Other forms: less grammaticalized
– adverbial, lexical(locational nouns, body parts, geogrphical
words), verbal serialization
– [OVER, THROUGH]: No equivalent form?
• By using semantically similar forms [above, beyond, across,
among]
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Contact‐induced grammaticalization (Heine &Kuteva 2005)
• Model language: Tok Pisin (but prepositional, SVO)
• Target: Other native languages(postp, SOV):
– Use of Prep “long N” for locative functions >>
transfer of form‐meaning unit[long N] >>
Grammaticalized “N postp” for locative functions
• Contact‐induced grammatical change:
– Areal relationship on morphology‐based functions
• Grammaticalization area (Heine & Kuteva 2005: 182)
Tok Pisin
Manam
Waskia
Usan
Kobon Amele
Siroi
Tauya
R Reitaku University International travel maps, Papua
New Guinea 25/28
Conclusion: Postpositional usage and functional sharing
Acknowledgments:
•GrantinAid for Young Scientists(Startup), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
•Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University
• From: no data, maybe nothing
• To: N na
• On: postp fo(fofo); N fofo
• Over: ? Locative part noun?
• Through: ? Locative part noun? /N im (along)
• Possessive: Madi sa‐n ab (with possessive classifier)
» Madi POSS‐3SG house (Madi’s house): P x N
• On: Verbal “yec: be, lie>in,at” serialization,
verbal “pi/sip”:ascend, descend” serialization
• Over:? “Pi:ascend” serialization
• Through:no data, no form?
• Possessive: ao neng boc (I Genitive aux pig)
» My pig : P x N
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Takia and Waskia
Takia Waskia
(Austoronesian) (Trans‐New Guinea)
From No data N ko (postp)
To N na N se
On N fo (postp) N kuali
Over ?Locative part noun N kuali
Through ?Locative part noun ? No data