1955

. 36 (78), 3

. . (. )

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.

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,
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,
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, . .
:
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( + ) = + .

:
( + ) = + , <

([4], . 284).

,
.
-
.
, [1J (. 154157)
.
,
( , -

480

. .

),
:
a(bc) = (ab)(ac),
(bc)a = (ba)(ca),
, , .
, , , ,
, :
= (1 l)a + lb,
/=^=0,1 .
,
.
,
, (
)
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.
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, ,
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, . . . . , (, ) = , ,
a, b ( ),
(, , 6 ).
.
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, .

,
[, (, )] = [ (, ), (, )]
, , . ,
A diB. ;
: AdrB. AdtB A drB,
: Ad (. . ).
,
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.
.
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481

:
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, .
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.
2. , ,
; G.
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q G.
Bq, q G,
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.
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Sfl
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: ( , ^
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; .
3ft
( 9ft).
3ft - 1
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x = A"1(aJ b).
9

, . 36 (78), 3

482

. .

, '1 .

1. {,
, .
. ,
, : . , ABdH. :
[, [(, )]={,
= {[,{,)],

[, (, )]} = {, [ {, ), (, <?)]} =
[, {, )]} = [(, ), (,]\,

,
ABAC.

(1)

,
[, {, )] = { [, {, )]}={(,
\ [, (, )]} =
= {(, ), [ {, )9 {, )]} = [(, \ (, )],
. .
CdAB.

()

(1) () , , ABA A, ABdB. ,

ABdAB. .
"1 , .
',

(, )] = [~1(, ), ',

')}

(2)

( ' '1 ).
, ' = ; (2)
"1:
{, [A"1 (a, b), A'1 (a, c')]}=*B(b, ),
{A [at A'1 (a, ft)], A [a, A'1 (a, c')]}=B(b,
),
(, ') = (, ),
cf = ; ,
A^dB.

(3)

,
[, -, )]=- 1 [( > ), (, ")];
:
{ (, ), [, ~, )]} = (, "),
{, [, ', )]}={,

'\ . .

").

[ft, "1 (ft, )] = ",

6 '1.
1

(4)
1

, ' ' . A d , , (3), A" d ,

(4), A^dA"1.
: " 1 d . ,
Edlly .
3. II,
, , ,

483

, , ,
, , (, )=
,
Z,dn,
.
() 11(G), .

1.
,
, ,
, (, ) = .
.
2. ,
6 , II .
(, ) = , , =.
. 3
. (, ) = ,
0:
(0, ) = .

(5)

, 0. ,
II D,
D(a, ) = 0 .

(6)

, (5) (6):
D(a, ) = D [(0, ),(0,

)] = [0, D(a, a)] = \D{<i, p), D(a, a)],

D(a,a)

= D[a,B(p,a)].

(7)

, (7) ,
(,)

= .

(8)

(8) , 0, , ,
(5), , .

b - , . q ,
q=J=a, . II
, (q, a) = b. :
C[q9B(p,a)]=*b,

B[C(q,p),

C(q, a)] = B[C(q, p), b] = b.

(9)

(9) , C(q, p)=C(q, a) = b.

, (9) \ B(yyb) = b.
,
(,) =
(10)
, , .
= . , (, ) = z, ,
. (10) (, z) = z; , (, ) =
= B(x,z), x = z. .
9*

484

. .

, (a, b) = b , , . .
~.
1. , ,
. , ,
, , (, ) = .
.
, ,
, {, ) = .
{}, ; {}
. : (, ) = (, )
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~(, ) = b , ;
2 '1 = ; , = .
. , ,
(, ) = (, ) \ , (,) =
= (9)9 , = .
1. d ,

, /<;

: , ,
= . ( ,
. , , .
.)
, ,
/Cdll. {, },
/(. {, /<}
. ,
, , , , (, ) = .
, (a, b) = b , ,
. , (, ) = ,
: KF, F ,
F(a, b) = a, b 6 , ,
, ,
. , ,
a, b (, ) = , , d
(, d) = ( ). ,
, , , , (a, b) = b.
/(6{,/}, {, } ,
2 = , .
,
, , , , (, ) = .
, (, ) = . ,
{, } ,
(, ) = , (, ) = . 1 :
= , . . /; ,

, == .
2.
.

485

, {},
; {}
, { ,
: = {}, . . .
4. ,
(, ) = , ,
(, ) .
, ,
11 ,
( ) .
,

. ,

3. II .

6 (),
, (, ) = ,
.
. (, )=9 6 , . ,
. 9 9
. 9
(9) = .

(11)

(, ) = ,

[9(,)] = (, )9
[{9)9 B(b9c)] = B(b9u)9
(, ) = (9 )9 (9 ) = .
(11) , 9 . . (, ) = .
9 (9 ) 9
.
, .
, (9 ) = 9 .
{9) = 9

(12)

[9 (, )] = (, ) = 9
[ (, ), (, )] = (, ) = \
, = , (12), : (, ) = .
9 2 = , , ,
. , b = ; ,
. .
,

(, )9
,
.

486

. .

,
B=j=E9 , b 6 B(b9 b) = b9
3
, , (, ) = .
(, ).
, ,
.
.
II
.
,
(, ) = [, (, )] = [ (, ), {, )] =
= [, (, )] = (, ),
= .

, .
2,
2 .
(, ), 19 2,
(A, U), 2 , /611 2 ,
:
(, U) [(, ), (b9 v)] = (A (a, b)9 U{u9 v)). ;
(, U) .
, , . . Q ,
9 Q d , 6
1^ 2 , Q = (C, W).
Q d , AUl9 /6 2 :
Q{(a9u)9 (, U)[(b9v)9 (c9w)]} =
= (, U) {Q [{9 ), (b9 v)], Q [(, ), (, w)]}.

(13)

:
Q [(, ), (b9 v)\ = (AU}V(a, b)9 Ua,b(u, v))9
Au,v Ml9 9 v9 a Ua,b
29 9 . (13)
:
[, {9 )] = A [AU}V(a9 b)9 AUyW{a9c)}9
Ua,A(b,c)[U, U(V9

W)} = U[Ua,b(U9

v)9

Ua,c(U, w)]. \ .

(, U)dQ9 :
(, U){(a9u)9Q[(b9v)9
(c9w)]} =
= Q {(, U) \{a9 u)9 (b9 v% (, U) \{9 )9 (, w)]}.
:
\9 AViW (b9 )] = AU{U)V)tU{U}W)[A (a, b)9A {, )], ^
U [it, Ub,c(V9

W)} = UA(atb),A(a,c) [U {tL9 V)9 U {tl9 W)].\

^ '

487

, Ua,b , . (14) = \
:
Au,u(vtw) , ) = AUyW (, ).
(16)
2 ,
v, w, q U,
U(v,w)~q.
(16) :
, w, . . ? v v

(15) :
A [a, Av(b, )] = Au(u,v)

[ (, ), (, )].

, , , Av >;
Av = 0, 0 .
, (15), , Ua,b
, ; , : Ua,b-=UQi UQ
2.
, Q :
Q = (A0, U0).
(14), (15) ,
01,

60

( ),

U0dU,

UdUQ

( Afa),

Q d Q ;
Q {(a, u), Q [(6, v), (, w)]} = Q{Q [(, \ (ft, *)], Q [(. ), (, w)]}.
Q = (0, UQ) (13), :
0[, A0(b, c)] = A0[A0(a,

b), 0(, )},

. . 010. , U0dU0.
, , 0(, )
. Q \ ,
, v - 2, Q [(, ), (, )] =
= ( v) ; 0(, ) =
.
, ^.
Hi , ^ / 0 (: 2 , . . Q =
= (0, U0) .
.
2, ,
. , (, ), (b, v), (, w) ,
u9v, w .
(, U), (, U) [(, ), (b, /)] = (, ;),
(, ) = , .

488

. .

,
(, ) = , , . ,
, ,
.
(, ) = ,
, 2, = .
,
.
,

4. II

. , , .
. ,
A(xf q) =p, , , ,
; , , ,
.
) .
, , , ,
(, ) . , (, ) =
= .

(,)

= ,

(17)

(
).
(, ) = . = (, );
(, ) = [, (, )] =[ (, ), \ = ;
, (17) {, ). ,
(17) .
, ,
(,) = .

(18)
b, q (
q = , x~q).
d, 1,
dq.
, C(d, b) = q. :
C[d, A (a, *)] = C(d, c\

A [C(d, ), C(dy b)] = C(d, ),

A[C(d9a),q]

= C(d9c).

(19)

, qC(d, ). ,

, $,
); II D,
D[q, C(dy )] = . (19) :
D {q, A [C(d, a), q]} = D [q, C(d, )],

A {D [q, C(d, a%g} - .

, (18) , {(1,)\

D[q9 C(d, )]. = C(d, ), (18)

; , (19), C(df a).

489

, (, q) =
q .
) , (, ) =
.
, -=, ( = )
A(b,b) = b 2. ,
, (, ) = 0
0 : (0, ) = b (0, ) = , - ,
0,,
0, , ~.
,
( , 0) = 0. :
^ (> ) = ^ [ (, 0 ), (, )] = [, (0, )] = (, ).
, (0, ) = ; , 5 (, 6) = b, a
2 = . , ,
0 = 0 . 4
.
, , (, ) = ,
(, ) = &, , , 5 (: ,
, .
, (, ) =
, . (, 6) =
,
: _ 1 (, )\ , (, ) =
= -1 (a, ft).

5. ~ ,
II

.
. , =^= , ~
. -1 (, )=.
-1 , (, ) = ,
= "1 (ft, ); , ~ (, ) = b
, . , .

, , , , (, ) = ~ (, ) = .
, (, ) = .
, = ", , ~1 6 .
, , D , d - 1 D, . .

[, ' (ft, )] - "XD [ (, ft), (, )].

, , D (
,
C[ar1D(b,c)]

_1

= -1D[C(a, b), C(a,x)];

(20)
, ~XD)

490

. .

DiCla^Dfac)],
C(a,x)} = C(a, ),
{a, D [ 4 D (, ), ]} = (, &),
1
D[- D(b,c),x]
= b, -1D(b,c) = -1D(b,x),
x = c,
l
, (20) &~ D.
. (, ) = ,
~(> ) = . (, ) = ; ,
-iB(c,b) = A(c,b).

(21)

^ (, ) = {, )

(22)

,
. = , b (22) ;
, u=f=c, . ,
(, ) = . (21) :
Clc^Bic,
b)]=C[c, (, )],
-WICicc),
(, )] = [, (, %
~1{, ) = (, ).
, (22) .
, ,
-1B(ptq)

= A(p,q)

(23)

q. 5 - ; D
, (21) :
D [srxB {, b)]=D [5, {, )]9 ~ [D (s, ), D (s, b)] = A[D (s, c), D (s,b)].
s , D(s,c)
; , (23)
0> q0(p0 ).
, (23) 0, q.
0 , (23) ;
, ~ = . , ~M = 2?II,
.
. ,
:
'\

-,

()- 1 ,

"^" 1 ), .* = 1 (- 1 ) 1 = " 1 [ 1 )" 1 ].

* :
A*(a, b) =

A(b,a).

, * (, ) = 1 (""1)]"1 (, ) = ;
, _1 (-1) {, ) = b, A"1 {, ) = , (, ) = , . . * (,) =
= (,). , , *
, ,
. , , E* F.

491

,
,
, , 5, "1, _1 , ( _1 ) -1 ,
-1
( -1 ), * .
,
:
(, b)==A[B(a, b),b].
,
= (**)\

(24)

: , = ~, = F,
F- .
,
F. ' (,
/ v d n * ) . '(. .
' )
,
:
+-+* (24).
, , dr , , 5 11'. ,
:
[ (, ), ] - * [, * (, )] = * [* (, ) * {, )] =
= [(,),(,

)].

2.
.

II, F> . . II'.
'
.
5. 0

( ),
:
(, ) = (6, 6 ) , b .
(
.)
6 IT,
.
, , = (9), A^=Fn ,
.

* 1 , '
F .

492

. .

6. , =
= $, aft = $, ft, = 3 ( , = a, aft = ft,
= , s ).
. , ; IT
D, D(a, b) = c. :
< = aD (a, ft) = D (aa, aft) = D , ft) - ( (a, ft) - fc.
, ax = | , . . a = p.
,

II':
[ (a, ft), (, d)] = B[A(a, c)f A (ft, d)].

(25)

, , ,
F.
:
[ (a, ft), (, d)] = [ (, ), A (ft, yd)].

(26)

. ,
:
(a, ft) = , (, ) = q.
(25) :
A[piB(cid)]

B[q,A(b,od)\.

= (/?, ), $ = (, ), ^ = (q, ), = A (ft, )

,
. (26) : at3rf = yoyd, = _1-143

, ,
a, ft, .
, . (26) d = c:
[ {a, ft), ]=[

(, ), A (ft, *)],

[ (, ), A (ft, )] =[ (, ), A (ft, cp<;)],

A (ft, ) == A (ft, ),

= .

d = ft:
[ (a, ft), (, ft)] = B[A (, ), A (ft, cp ft)],
[ (, ), ft] = [ (, ), A (ft, cp ft)],
ft - A (ft, ?ft), ?ft = ft.
, , b=/=c, , 6,
== , . . (25) .
, ft = . ,
[ (a, ft), (ft, )] =[ (a, ft), A (ft, *)],

493

:
"1 { (,ft), [ (,ft), (, )]} = (ft, ).

(27)

, ; ()
( ).
(25) , , F,
, , ,
(27), :
{'1 [, (, ft)], 1 [ft, (ft, )]} = (ft, )9 (ft, ) = A (ft, ),

x - .

, (25) b =
.
a = ft :
[ (, ), (, d)] - [, (, rf)] = [ (, ), (, rf)],
. . (25)
(25) , , F\
, = F = , F. ,
(25) :
[(, ft), (, d)] = [(, ), {9 d)]9
/\
,,

[2];
(
), :
1) , . . a, b 6
v , (, ) = ft,
(, ) = .
2)
[(, ft), (, d)\ = K[K(a, ), (, )]
a, ft, , d^M.
[3] ,
, , ,
+ ,
:
{9 ft) = ?' + ?ft + / ? ,
(28)
', ? (
) /, .
,
(28), .
, ,,

:
+ ft - 1<[~4<(, 0), / 1 (0,

ft)],

(29)

0 .
,
, 0.

' (

494

. .

, )
, F IT:
A(a + b, c + d) = A(a,c)

+ A (ft, d).

(30)

(30) : (, 0) = yjay
(0, ) = . , ', ~-:
. (29) :
+ b = (' " ]

A(a + b, c + d) = A[K(z,-1a,
4
;)\ =
xft), W
= [('-1, '-), ( ' ~)] =
- -1 (, ), (ft, d)} - (, ) + A (ft, d).
, (30) = , F, <
* .
,
.
2.

. + ,
( ),
,
= () (. 1).
. (29).
,
0.
.
- ,
0. , (:, II'
, (0, ) = ( = ~ \ = 0,
= F).
\.
:
aft = (0, ft),
,
.
,
.
1) : aft = ba a, bM.
, = (0, e), ft = 5 ( 0 , ).
aft - (0, ft) - [0, (0, )] = [0, (0, )\ = (0, ) = .
2) : a (be) = (aft) a, ft, 6 .
= (0, ).
a (ft*) = aB (0, ) - [0, 5 (0, )] = (0, <?);

495

ab = A[0, (0, )] = (0, )\

,
() = (,) = ().
3) :
( + ) = (09 + ) = (0 + 0, + ) = (0, ) + (0, c) = ab + ac.
4) = .
(0, :) = , (0, ) = . (0, ) = b
, A=f=F, . .
a=f=F(Q, ), , .
, , . ,
, = () (II
IT).
' (30):
{, ) = ( + 0, 0 + ) - {, 0) + (0, ).

(31)

(30) :
(, ) = (, 0) + (0, ) = ,

(, 0) = (0, ),
(30) :
{, ) = (0, ) + (0, ft).
(0, ) = ,
(, ) = /? -{- pb = ( ) + , . . = .
. /

,
, :
, , ,
= , (/>3) ,
, {
GF(pn) [5]).
.
: , F
0, , 0 .
:
={90,).
1 ', 1 =hE, F 0 ' , ' -
, ,
(,0,

)^(',0\

).

, , :
Q Q' , ,
n(Q) = n(Q'). Q^Q',
Q Qf
= + q,
, q ( Q).

496

. .

.
II(Q). II(Q) = II(Q'), n(Q')
/, ', Ak = A'k>.
*<-**',
: ok = *'. ,
Ak = A'9k.
(32)
Q +
, Q . , ,
Q 0 1, Q' 0' . :
= 0 f , cpl = , 1 = = >1, < = 1'-
: = 0 \
n(Q) H(Q')
(32) :
(1 *) + *ft = (1' ?*) *
ft
(33)
( 0 Q'). (33) , = 09
:
kb = ( 1 ' 0 ok) 0 0 * ft, (1 k) a = ( ok) ok 0.
:
(1 k) kb = (1' 0 *) 0 * b 0 ( *) * 0 =
- ( 0 *) * b ( *) 0 * 0 =
= (1' 0 ?*) ?* ob 1' 0 = (1' *) * b 0.
* , ,
* ^ 0 , 1; :
= ( + )0

, .

(34)

(34) = 0 \ = ( + 0') 0 , :
0 . = [( + --') + ']0,
0 = + 0\
, (35) :

(35)

* (ft ) + = * (ft ) ,
* (ft ) + = ? * (ft + 0') + 0',
k (ft ) = ok (ft + 0') 0'.
+ ' , :
* = *(;-() + 0'.
(36) =\\

(36)

:
* = * ( _ 0 ' ) + (,

. . Q.
, Q
Q', .
,
( + ) = (
'
Q .
'
'
a,
ft.
(37)
9 (aft) = cpa ob
j

497

, :
0 & = (1 0') + 0' + ( - ') + ( ( =
= ( + & ) ( 1 ' - 0 ' ) + 0' = ? ( + &),
= (& 0') + 0f ( (36)),
^aoob = a[b(r~0r)
+ 0,~0,] + 0f = ab(V~0!)
+ 0r = (6).
, (37) , Q Q'.
, (, 0, )^(',
', ef).

(,0, ) , ('9 ', ) \ ( ) =

= ('), , , ^',

.
3. .

, :
(, ) = .

(38)

7. 1) , (38),
, . . .
, .
2) (, )~(, ), .
3) , &, ,
X, L ,
= ft.

4) % ,
, ,
.
. 1) ,
(, ) = . (, ) = . ,
(, ) = ; :
(, ) = [ (, ), (, :)] [, (, )] = (, ) = .
= ; : (, ) = = = (&, &).
, = . ,
.
2)
. .
3) b 6 .
(, ) ( ).
, (, ), .
,
(, ) = (, ),
= '1 [, (, )] == '1 (, ).
, ~, X,
: ) = . 3) = ,
= b, a .
4) , >, = (, ),
. , , ,
10 , . 36(78), 3

498

. .

= , ,
= .
, = ,
(, ) = (, ),

~(, ) = . , ~1 =

. ~ = , =.
, = (3, .
, -^ 5-*, <^$&. ,
(, ) = [, (, )] = [ (, ), (, )] = (, ) = ,
*-. .
21 :
(, ) = (, ), 6 (, 6 31; ).

8. %
,
(X, |) = [^, .
. 6 . 6, (, ft) =
= (, tft). ,
, . , B6AZ,
5 6 .
:
(a, ft) = -1 (, -eft) = (, ft),
= [{,-),

[, (ft, )] = [, (&, *)] =

(,<:)] = [ ( , ft), 5 (, *)] = [ ( , ft), 5 (, ?)].

, ArdB, A~dAr;
, 1,

6._ , (X, [*) .

(X, ) = (X, [) ft,
(, fta) = (Xft, p.ft); . (, ) = \iA (Xft, ft),
(, a ) - Al(b,

ft).

(39)

, (39) : a = f t .
(X, JA) 2) 7,
. , (X, .)
. , :
'

vJ(X, |i) = J(X,vfi)f

_
(, ji)v = J ( b , jiv).
(s, s) = (*-),
(X, ji) - (X, fxX^X) - (s, ill'1) X = ft),-1 aX.
_1, [
; , jj.X_1aX
. .
,

.
3. - . -

499

, {
G), , = 11(G).
. .

21: 6
, = /?.
,
^ 21 , = $, /7 = ^/?; . 4)
7 , /? = 3/? = . ,
.

: ab = <x$p, *^ (. . = /?) , b*->$ (~$).

,
G.
L . L
.
L (a, b) = L (/?, $) = /(, )/7 = ^^/? = '.
, L = Bi (. 2), . . 11 = 11(G).
.
,
(. [4],
. 3132, 14).
. G, ,
( G).
G(p). ,
:
G G' , .
n(G) = n(G r ), G^G\
G G'
= xl> / 9
G.
, 11(G) = (). , :
Bq = B'w
(40)
5^6 11(G), <7 (: (G); ,
(40).
G', (40) :
ba'^-qa = boaS^oyqoa,
(41)
(_1)

, G'. (41) b = ,
qa = oqoa. = '9 ' G',
?<7 = '
cp(afr) = abe'= a (be') = bef= cpa?&.
,
G^Gf.
( 15/X 1953 .)
10*

500

. .

1. . . , , , 1937.
2. . T o y o d a , On axioms of linear functions, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo, 17 (1941),
221227.
3. D. M u r d o c h , Structure of abelian quasi-groups, Trans. Amer. Math. S o c , 49
(1941), 392409.
4. . . , , .., , 1953.
.5, - - , , . 1, . ., , 1947.