FORMULA SHEET Continuous Time (t, T1 , T, ω0 = 2π/T ) Discrete Time (n, N1 , N, ω0 = 2π/N )

R∞ P∞
Convolution y(t) = −∞
x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ y[n] = k=−∞ x[k]h[n − k]

P∞
ak ejkω0 t ak ejkω0 n
P
FS synthesis x(t) = k=−∞ x[n] = k=<N >

1
x(t)e−jkω0 t dt 1
x[n]e−jkω0 n
R P
FS analysis ak = T T
ak = N n=<N >

1
R∞ 1
X(jω) ejωt dω X(ejω ) ejωn dω
R
FT synthesis x(t) = 2π −∞
x[n] = 2π 2π

R∞ P∞
FT analysis X(jω) = −∞
x(t)e−jωt dt X(ejω ) = n=−∞ x[n]e−jωn dt
FS FS
x(t − t0 ) −−→ ak e−jkω0 t0 x[n − n0 ] −−→ ak e−jkω0 n0
Shifting: FS FS FS
ejM ω0 t x(t) ←−− ak−M ejM ω0 n x[n] ←−− ak−M
F{x(t − t0 )} = X(jω)e−jωt0 F{x[n − n0 ]} = X(ejω )e−jωn0
Shifting: FT
F −1 {X[j(ω − ω0 )]} = x(t)ejω0 t F −1 {X[ej(ω−ω0 ) ]} = x[n]ejω0 n
dx(t) F S FS
Differentiation: FS dt − −→ jkω0 ak x[n] − x[n − 1] −−→ ak (1 − e−jkω0 )
n o
dx(t)
Differentiation: FT F dt = jωX(jω) F {x[n] − x[n − 1]} = X[ejω (1 − e−jω )]
Rt FS Pn FS
Integr./Sum: FS −∞
x(τ )dτ −−→ ak /(jkω0 ) x[k] −−→ ak /(1 − e−jkω0 )
k=−∞
Pn jω −jω
nR
t
o
X(jω) F k=−∞ x[k] = X(e )/(1 − e )+
Integr./Sum: FT F −∞
x(τ )dτ = jω + πX(0)δ(ω) +∞
j0
P
πX(e ) k=−∞ δ(ω − 2πk)
R FS P FS
Convolution: FS T
x(τ )y(t − τ )dτ −−→ T ak bk r=<N > x[r]y[n − r] − −→ N ak bk

Convolution: FT F{x(t) ∗ y(t)} = X(jω)Y (jω) F{x[n] ∗ y[n]} = X(ejω )Y (ejω )

FS FS FS FS
Unit impulse: FS δ(t) −−→ 1/T x(t) = 1 ←−− ak = δ[k] δ[n] −−→ ak = 1/N x[n] = 1 ←−− ak = δ[k]
P+∞
Unit impulse: FT F{δ(t)} = 1 F −1 {δ(ω)} = 1
2π F{δ[n]} = 1 F −1 { l=−∞ δ(ω − 2πl)} = 1
2π
P∞ P∞
F n=−∞ δ(t − nT ) = F k=−∞ δ(n − kN ) =
Impulse train: FT P∞ P∞
ω0 k=−∞ δ (ω − kω0 ) ω0 k=−∞ δ (ω − kω0 )
FS FS
cos: FS cos(ω0 t) −−→ a−1 = a1 = 1/2 cos(ω0 n) −−→ a−1 = a1 = 1/2
P∞
F{cos(ω0 t or n)} = π[δ(ω + ω0 ) + δ(ω − ω0 )] π l=−∞ [δ(ω + ω0 − 2πl) + δ(ω − ω0 − 2πl)]
FS FS
sin: FS sin(ω0 t) −−→ a−1 = j/2 a1 = −j/2 sin(ω0 n) −−→ a−1 = j/2 a1 = −j/2
P∞
F{sin(ω0 t or n)} = jπ[δ(ω + ω0 ) − δ(ω − ω0 )] jπ l=−∞ [δ(ω + ω0 − 2πl) − δ(ω − ω0 − 2πl)]
( (
2T1 /T, k = 0 (2N1 + 1)/N, k = 0, ±N, ±2N, ...
Rectangle: FS ak = sin(kω0 T1 )
ak = 1 sin(2πkN1 /N +πk/N )
kω0 T , k 6= 0 N sin(πk/N ) , else
2 sin(ωT1 ) sin(tW ) sin[ω(N1 +1/2)]
Rectangle: FT X(jω) = ω , x(t) = πt X(ejω ) = sin(ω/2)

1
P∞ 1
|x(t)|2 dt = |ak |2 |x[n]|2 = |ak |2
R P P
Parseval’s relation FS T T k=−∞ N n=<N > k=<N >
R∞ 1
R∞ P∞ 1
|x(t)|2 dt = |X(jω)|2 dω |x[n]|2 = |X(ejω )|2 dω
R
Parseval’s relation FT −∞ 2π −∞ n=−∞ 2π 2π

1 jα 1 jα sin(πx)
e + e−jα e − e−jα



Other formulas: cos α = sin α = sinc(x) =
2 j2 πx