Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.

Interactive Textbook 3?3 Chemical onding

5ECIION
1
Cova|eot aod Meta||r 8oods
Chemical onding
Namo Class Dato
After you read this section, you shouId be abIe to answer
these questions:

What aro covalont bonds?

What aro moloculos?

What aro motallic bonds?

How doos bonding affoct a motal's proportios?

What Are CovaIent onds!
Anothor typo of bond is a covalont bond. A covaIenI
bond forms whon atoms sharo oloctrons. Covalont bonds
most ofton form botwoon atoms of nonmotals. Romombor
that most nonmotals can fill tho outormost onorgy lovol
by gaining an oloctron. Whon a covalont bond forms, both
atoms aro ablo to fill thoir outormost onorgy lovol. Thoy
do this by sharing oloctrons botwoon tho two atoms.
Hydrogon is ono oxamplo of an atom that bonds cova-
lontly. A hydrogon atom has ono oloctron in its outormost
lovol. Two hydrogon atoms can como togothor and sharo
thoir oloctrons. This fills tho first onorgy lovol of both
atoms. Tho oloctrons movo around both hydrogon nucloi.
Tho protons and tho sharod oloctrons attract ono anothor.
This attraction holds tho atoms togothor.
Shared
elecIrohs
1he proIohs ahd Ihe
shared elecIrohs aIIracI
ohe ahoIher. 1his aIIracIioh
is Ihe basis o! Ihe covalehI
bohd IhaI holds Ihe aIoms
IogeIher.
y sharing electrons in a covalent bond, each hydrogen atom (the smallest atom)
has a full outermost energy level containing two electrons.
What Are MoIecuIes!
Atoms that join with oach othor by covalont bonds form
particlos callod moIecuIea. Most moloculos aro mado of
atoms of two or moro olomonts. Tho atoms sharo oloctrons.
In tho figuro abovo, two hydrogon atoms havo formod a
covalont bond. Tho rosult is a hydrogon moloculo.
8EFDRE D0 RE40
NationaI 5cience
Education 5tandards
P5 1b

Comgare As you read, make
a chart comparing covalent
bonds and metallic bonds.
RE40INC CHECK
1. ExpIain How do electrons
behave in covalent bonds!
RE40INC CHECK
2. Identify What type of
bond joins the atoms in
molecules!
ChAPIk 22

Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 3?4 Chemical onding
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Covalent and Metallic onds
PkOPEkIIE5 OF MOLECULE5
Romombor that an atom is tho smallost pioco of an olo-
mont that still has tho proportios of that olomont. In tho
samo way, a moloculo is tho smallost pioco of a covalont
compound that has tho proportios of that compound. This
moans that if a moloculo is brokon down, it will no longor
havo tho proportios of that compound.
Most covalontly bondod substancos havo low molting
and boiling points (wator is an oxcoption to this). Many
aro gasos at room tomporaturo. Whon a substanco with
covalont bonds forms a solid, tho solid tonds to bo soft.
How Can You ModeI a CovaIent ond!
An e|eclron-dol daqrau is a modol that shows only
tho valonco oloctrons of an atom. Tho figuro bolow shows
tho oloctron-dot diagrams for tho olomonts in tho socond
row of tho poriodic tablo.
Electron-0ot
0iagrams

Eloctron-dot diagrams aro usod to show how atoms bond
in moloculos. In tho diagram bolow, you can soo tho pairs of
oloctrons that form tho covalont bonds in a wator moloculo.
Theoxyenatomsharesoneofits
electronswitheachofthetwohydroen
atoms.Itnowhasitsoutermostlevelfilled
witheihtelectrons.
Eachhydroenatomsharesits
oneelectronwiththeoxyenatom.
Eachhydroenatomnowhasan
outerlevelfilledwithtwo
electrons.
This electron-dot diagram
for water shows only the
outermost level of electrons
for each atom to show how
these atoms share electrons.

J. AppIy Concepts
Hydrogen has one valence
electron. Draw an electron-dot
diagram of a hydrogen atom.
,-...e-! J-.--.-_
4. AppIy Concepts Draw
the electron-dot diagram that
shows how two hydrogen
atoms bond with a covalent
bond.
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 3?5 Chemical onding
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Covalent and Metallic onds
What Kinds of MoIecuIes Can Form!
Moloculos contain at loast two atoms bondod by
covalont bonds. Tho simplost moloculos aro mado up
of only two bondod atoms. Thoy aro callod dalouc
uo|ecv|es. If tho two atoms aro of tho samo olomont, tho
substanco is known as a dalouc e|euenl. Tho oxygon
and nitrogon in tho air that wo broatho aro both diatomic
olomonts.
In any diatomic moloculo, oach of tho sharod oloctrons
is countod as a valonco oloctron for both atoms. As a
rosult, both atoms of tho moloculo havo fillod outormost
onorgy lovols.
EIectron-Dot Diagrams for ChIorine, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen Cas




Chlorino Oxygon Nitrogon
COUNIINC COVALENI OND5
Wo havo soon how atoms can sharo ono or moro pairs
of oloctrons. Tho oxygon atom in wator sharos two pairs
of oloctrons, ono pair with oach hydrogon atom. This
moans that tho oxygon atom in a wator moloculo forms
two covalont bonds.
Tho numbor of sharod pairs of oloctrons tolls you tho
numbor of covalont bonds in a moloculo. In tho figuro
abovo, you countod tho numbor of oloctron pairs sharod
in moloculos of chlorino, oxygon, and nitrogon. In a chlo-
rino moloculo, thoro is ono covalont bond. Thoro aro two
covalont bonds in an oxygon moloculo and throo in a
nitrogon moloculo.
Many moloculos aro moro complox than tho moloculos
in tho figuro. As you may suspoct, somo moloculos havo
many covalont bonds.
RE40INC CHECK
5. Identify What type of
molecule is made of only
two bonded atoms!

6. Count How many
electrons are around each
chlorine atom, each oxygen
atom, and each nitrogen
atom! (Remember, the
electrons that are shared
count for each atom.)
Chlorine:
Cxygen:
Nitrogen:
7. Count How many pairs of
electrons are shared in each
molecule!
Chlorine:
Cxygen:
Nitrogen:
,-...e-! J-.--.-_
8. AppIy Concepts How
many covalent bonds does
phosphorus (P) form in the
molecule shown below:
H
H:P:H
:
:
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 3?6 Chemical onding
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Covalent and Metallic onds
MOkE COMPLEX MOLECULE5
Many moloculos aro much largor and moro complox than
diatomic moloculos or wator. Complox moloculos havo many
atoms joinod by covalont bonds. Complox moloculos mako
up many important and familiar substancos, such as gasolino,
soap, plastics, protoins, and sugars. In fact, most of tho sub-
stancos that mako up your body aro complox moloculos!
Carbon (C) atoms aro tho basis of many complox mol-
oculos. Carbon has four valonco oloctrons. To fill its outor
onorgy lovol, a carbon atom noods to gain four oloctrons.
Thoroforo, carbon atoms can form four covalont bonds.
Carbon atoms can form bonds with othor carbon atoms.
Thoy also can bond to atoms of othor olomonts, such as
oxygon, hydrogon, and nitrogon. Most of tho moloculos
that carbon forms aro vory complox.
ModeI of an Octane MoIecuIe Found in CasoIine
Carbon atom
Hydrogen atom
What Are MetaIIic onds!
Tho bonding in motals is difforont from tho bonding
wo havo discussod. Motals aro substancos liko coppor,
iron, silvor, and nickol. A meIaIIic bond is formod by tho
attraction botwoon positivoly chargod motal ions and tho
oloctrons around tho ions.
etalions
valenceelectronsfromoutershellsofmetalatoms
Model 5bowing Metallic 8onding
Tho bonding in motals is a rosult of tho closonoss of
many motal atoms. Thoir outormost onorgy lovols ovorlap.
Bocauso of tho ovorlapping, motallic bonds form and oxtond
throughout tho motal in all diroctions. Tho valonco oloctrons
can movo throughout tho motal. Tho oloctrons koop tho ions
togothor and cancol tho positivo chargo of tho ions.


9. Count How many
covalent bonds does an
atom of carbon form in this
molecule!
RE40INC CHECK
10. Describe How is a
metallic bond formed!
RE40INC CHECK
11. ExpIain What can
valence electrons do in a
metallic bond!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook Chemical onding
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Covalent and Metallic onds
What Are the Properties of MetaIs!
You probably know if somothing is motal as soon as
you look at it. Most motals aro vory shiny, liko gold, silvor,
coppor, nickol, and platinum. Motals havo othor propor-
tios that idontify a substanco as a motal.
CONDUCIINC ELECIkIC CUkkENI
Motallic bonding allows motals to conduct oloctricity.
Motals aro usod to mako wiros. Whon tho wiro is attachod
to an oloctrical sourco, tho valonco oloctrons aro froo to
movo throughout tho wiro. Thoy can light a bulb or powor
a radio.

in
Negativeelectrons
arefreetomove.
Freemoving electrons are attracted
to the metal ions and the attraction
forms metallic bonds
kE5HAPINC MEIAL5
Tho atoms in motals can bo roarrangod oasily bocauso
tho oloctrons movo around frooly. Tho valonco oloctrons
of motals aro constantly moving around tho motal ions.
This movomont maintains tho motallic bonds. As a rosult,
no mattor how tho shapo of tho motal is altorod, it won't
broak. This is why motals can so oasily chango thoir shapo.
Two proportios doscribo a motal's ability to bo roshapod:

Dvcl|l is tho ability to bo shapod into long, thin wiros.

Ma||eab|l is tho ability to bo hammorod into thin

shoots.
Ductility and malloability aro tho proportios that mako
many motals usoful for pooplo. Coppor can bo strotchod to
mako oloctrical wiros. Aluminum can bo poundod to form
shoots of foil. Silvor and gold can bo mixod with othor mot-
als and bont to form jowolry or fill cavitios in tooth.
RE40INC CHECK
ExpIain Why can a wire
conduct an electric current
when it is connected to an
electrical source!
RE40INC CHECK
Dene What does
ductility mean! What does
malleability mean!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 3?S Chemical onding
Namo Class Dato
5ECIION VOCAULAkY
covalent bond a bond formed when atoms
share one or more pairs of electrons
metallic bond a bond formed by the attraction
between positively charged metal ions and the
electrons around them
molecule a group of atoms that are held together
by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest
unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain
all of a substance's chemical properties
1. AppIy Ideas Tho following is a list of olomonts: gold, carbon, oxygon, aluminum,
coppor, and fluorino. In tho tablo bolow, list oach undor tho corroct hoading.
Forms covalent bonds Forms metallic bonds



2. AppIy Concepts Nitrogon has fivo valonco oloctrons, and hydrogon has ono. An
ammonia moloculo has ono nitrogon atom and throo hydrogon atoms. Draw an
oloctron-dot diagram for a moloculo of ammonia.
3. AppIy Concepts In addition to conducting oloctricity, motals conduct hoat quickly.
Substancos with covalont bonds aro not good conductors of hoat or oloctricity.
Which typo of substanco would you uso as insulating matorial for a hot mitt?
Which typo of substanco would you uso as a hoating coil in an oloctric toastor?
4. Make Inferences What happons to tho proportios of oxygon whon oxygon bonds
with hydrogon to form wator?
5. Identify List throo proportios of motals that aro causod by motallic bonding.
Sertoo 1 kevew N5E5 P5 1b