Structural Geology

a cht cu trc l g?

a cht cu trc l g?
(Th ch)

( phin)

First guessing?
Quick Introduction Fold

( hoa)

(t gy)

Np un (Kch thc rt ln)

Np un (kch thc va)

Np un (Vi cu trc)

t gy (C rt ln)

t gy (C trung bnh)

t gy (C nh)

Khe nt

Ph hy

Mch

Th ch

a cht cu trc l g v n phn bit g vi a kin to?

a cht cu trc
Nghin cu kin trc ca cc , tp hp t vi cu trc n t l ln m chng c thnh to t nhng pha bin dng trong v Tri t.
Structural Geology & Tectonics

Kin to

Tng t vi a cht cu trc nhng vi quy m ln n rt ln (VD. Mt vng, mt khu vc)

Cc gi thuyt kin to Tri t

Tri dt lc a ca Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Dng i lu mantle ca Author Holmes (1898-1965) Tch gin y i dng ca Harry Hass (1906-1969)

Siu lc a Proterozoic s liu ca Piper (1987)

Siu lc a Paleo vo cui Proterozoic (~750 Ma) s liu ca Hoffman (1991)

Paleocontinents vo Cambrian Mun (~500 Ma) s liu ca Hoffman (1991)

Paleocontinents vo Ordovician Gia (~475 to 490 Ma) s liu ca Bombach et al. (1980)

Paleocontinents vo Carboniferous sm (~340 to 360 Ma) s liu ca Bombach et al. (1980)

Paleocontinents vo cui Paleozoic v u Mesozoic (~200 Ma) s liu ca Diets and Holden (1970)

Paleocontinents vo cui Triassic (~180 Ma) s liu ca Diets and Holden (1970)

Paleocontinents vo cui Jurassic (~135 Ma) s liu ca Diets and Holden (1970)

Paleocontinents vo cui Cretaceous (~65 Ma) s liu ca Diets and Holden (1970)

Phn b a hnh Tri t hin ti s liu ca Diets and Holden (1970)

V nguyn tc trong kin to mng c 3 kiu ranh gii mng ph thuc vo hng dch chuyn ca cc mng thch quyn: Ht chm (C), tch gin (D) & Trt bng (chuyn dng) . Lc t nhng dch trt ca cc mng thch quyn l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng trong cc ai to ni (mountain belts) .

a cht cu trc nm u trong bnh ny?

Cc ai to ni trn v Tri t

ai to ni L mt vng, min bin dng hp v b bin dng trong mt giai on ngn ca lch s pht trin a cht

Trong thi i hin ti, cc ai to ni u nm ranh gii mng Cc ai to ni c hnh thnh do tng tc gia cc mng thch quyn trn c s thuyt kin to mng

ai Appalachians

Mauretinides

Laurussia
~340 to 360 Ma

~300 Ma

Gondwana
200 Ma

nh cao nht Mt. Everest ~ 9 km

Su nht mng Mariana ~-11 km im thp nht ca v Tri t

a cht cu trc nghin cu kin truc ca nh th no?

Phn loi a cht cu trc v kin to

C hc
ng lc

Hnh thi

Hnh thi

Yu cu c bn ca nghin cu a cht cu trc

Hp nht cc cu trc c 3 chiu ca chng (VD. Np un v t gy) v chng li c th hin di dng khng gian 2 chiu trn Kinematics bn v mt ct a cht

Geometry

Mechanics

ng lc

Cc chuyn ng to nn cc cu trc (VD. n/c vi cu trc, n/c chuyn ngc a t gy, ng lc ca bin, ...). y l nhng nghin cu ch yu ca a cht cu trc trong th k 20.
ng lc

Hnh thi

C hc

C hc

Cc yu t sc cng (stress) v/hoc lc tc Geometry ng c gii thch cho s hnh thnh mt cu trc (VD. Cc lc c hc tc ng lu di, khoa hc vt cht) Nhng hng pht trin mi ca Mechanics Kinematics nghin cu a cht cu trc cui th k 20 n nay.

Hnh thi

Nhng cu trc g ta c th nhn thy FTB?

FTB: Fold thrust belt

Nhng cu trc g ta c th nhn thy FTB?

Leamington Canyon thrust, Utah

Nhng cu trc g ta c th nhn thy FTB?

t gy chuyn tip sang np un (Utah)

KiN TRC HNH THI

o v chi tit thc a Lp Projection S phn chia a tng Mt ct a cht s b Hp l ha v khi phc li cc mt ct a cht

Chi tit bn trn s liu thc a

S phn chia a tng

Mt ct s b

Lin h, khi phc li mt ct a cht

Nghien cu ng lc
3-D strains Fracture population study Fault motion study c-axis measurement Relative chronology

3-D Strains

3-D Strains

Fracture population study

Fault motion study

c-axis measurement

KINEMATIC EVOLUTION
Relative chronology

Geodynamic Study - Mechanics

Experiment by Yamada & Matsuoka (Kyoto Univ.)

3-D model wedge showing displacement contours (along X-direction) during progressive incremental deformation

Stress orientations in different parts of the wedge

Plane strain vs. non-plane strain

Middle of the model wedge

Model oblique ramp

Model lateral ramp

Summary
Structural Study

Required Course Work

Introduction to physical geology, Structural geology, Field camp, Structure & tectonics of mountain belts and Geometry of thrust faults.

Structural Geometry

Kinematics

Strain & deformation, Microtectonics, Material properties of deformed rocks and Brittle & ductile deformation.
Stress & force, Mechanics of faults, folds etc. and Numerical modeling in geological setting.

Mechanics

Undergraduate level structural geology course will cover most of the geometric portion of structural geology and parts of kinematics and mechanics. Most of the kinematics and mechanics of structural geology will cover as graduate level courses in the future classes.

Grading

Mid Term Exam 35% Final Exam 35% Homework sets 15%. Class attendance 15% Field trip (Not decided)
Structural Labs will be covered by homework sets Homework sets must be submitted at the following weeks Lab Class

Grading

26 F, W

1/3 ( 20 )

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References
Lab Marshak, S. and Mitra, G. (1988). Basic Method of Structural Geology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 446 p.

Class Twiss, R.J. and Moores, E.M. (1992). Structural Geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 532 p. Van der Pluijm B.A. and Marshak, S. (2003). Earth Structure (2nd Edition). W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 656 p.

Next Class & Lab

Lab
Quiz (Thursday) Primary structures, Attitude measurements (strike, dip; dip, dip direction); Vs rule; three point problem; and true thickness calculation

Class
Earth Structure - Plate Tectonics - Primary Structure
Suggested Readings: Twiss & Moores Ch. 2 Van der Pluijm and Marshak Ch. 2.2, 2.4, 2.5

Class materials will be uploaded at ESS homepage (http://geo.yonsei.ac.kr) on Wednesday night!