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Project Report
Submitted towards the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of Master in Business Administration, 2012-14
Under the Guidance Of Prof Peeush RanjanAgrawal Dr. G.P. Sahu Dr. Shefali Nandan Ms. Bhoomika School of Management Studies MNNIT, Allahabad
To School of Management Studies Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad April, 2013
DECLARATION
I, the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled Socio- Economic dynamics of Kumbh Mela 2013: A Study is based on my own work carried out during the course of my study under the supervision of Prof Peeush Ranjan Agrawal, Dr. G.P. Sahu, Dr. Shefali Nandan and Ms. Bhoomika. I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the project report does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this institution or any other University.
Date:
Prof Peeush Ranjan Agrawal (Professor) Dr. G.P. Sahu (Associate Professor) Dr. Shefali Nandan (Guest Faculty) Ms. Bhoomika (Guest Faculty) SMS, MNNIT
Table of Contents
Serial No. 1. 2. 3. Acknowledgement Preface
Chapter -1
Topic
Page Number 1 2 4
Introduction
1.1 Elemental Meaning of Kumbh 1.2 The Prayag Kumbh Mela 1.3 Importance and Significance of Kumbh Mela 1.4 History of Kumbh Mela 1.5 Prayag Kumbh Mela 2013
4.
12
Local Economy 2.16 Management, Maha Kumbh Style 2.17 Healthcare At The Kumbh Mela 2.18 Kumbh Mela, A Sacred Geography 2.19 The Construction Of The Kumbh Mela 2.20 Researches In Kumbh Mela 2.21 Researches At Kumbh Mela Researcher Of Harvard University 2.22 Kumbh Mela: 80 Million Pilgrim March 2.23 Business Worth Of Kumbh Mela 2013 2.24 Opportunities For Corporate Market in Kumbh Mela 2013 2.25 ASSOCHAM Analysis On Job Prospects in Maha Kumbh Mela 2013 by the
5.
47
6.
52
7.
69
8. 9
References Annexure-Questionnaires
71 73
List of Tables
Serial No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Description
1.1 Important Past and Future date of Kumbh Mela at their respective Venue 2.1 Estimated Pilgrims During Kumbh Meha 2013 2.2 Comparison of services provided during Kumbh Mela 2.3 Police services provided during Kumbh Mela 2.4 Services provided by PWD during Kumbh Mela 2.5 Services provided by Jal Nigam during Kumbh Mela 2.6 Services provided by Electricity Board during Kumbh Mela 2.7 Health and Sanitation services provided during Kumbh Mela 2.8 Food and Civil services provided during Kumbh Mela 2.9 Roadways services provided during Kumbh Mela 2.10 Railways services provided during Kumbh Mela 2.11 Camp Charges during Kumbh Mela
Page No.
5
22
23 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 46
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
3.1 Likert Scale to check Satisfaction Level 4.1 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure 4.2 Total Variance Matrix 4.3 Rotated Component Matrix 4.4 Rotated Component Matrix After Adjustment 4.5 Administrative Services 4.6 Information Technology 4.7 Safety and Security 4.8 Basic Amenities 4.9 Product and Pricing
50 53 54 57 60 63 64 66 67 68
List of Abbreviations
PWD SPSS ASSOCHAM APA Public Works Departments Statistical Package for Social Sciences Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India American Psychological Association
Acknowledgment
This is our great privilege to acknowledge our sincere honor and solicitous gratitude to our guide Prof. Peeush Ranjan Agarwal, Head of School of Management Studies, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad for his inspiring and excellent guidance, keen supervision and help in successful completion of this Minor Project. We also express our profound gratitude and thankfulness to Prof. Geetika, Dr. Tanuj Nandan, Dr. G.P.Sahu, Dr. Vibhuti Tripathi, Dr. Tripti Singh, Dr. Piyali Ghosh and Dr. Shefali Nandan for guiding and encouraging us during the completion of our Minor Project. We would also like to express our deep gratitude towards Mr Ashish Gupta,
Mr. Shwetank Parihar, Ms. Swati Gupta, Ms. Bhoomika and Mr. Suman Gupta for their valuable guidance in using SPSS software and in preparation of our report. Ayush Vaish 2012MB73
Preface
Kumbha Mela is "the world's most massive act of faith' the largest congregation of devotees at one place. It is believed that by bathing in the Ganges during Kumbh, one is freed from one's past sins (karma), and thus becomes eligible for liberation from the cycle of birth and death. The literal meaning of Kumbh is a pitcher, but its elemental meaning is something else. The Kumbh Mela takes place in an approximately 4x8km area on the flood plain of the Yamuna and Ganga river and on defense land behind the old Fort at Allahabad (popularly known as parade grounds).The estimated worth of the Kumbh Mela 2013, was 15000 crore rupees, and expected number of visitors to be 10 crores (Source: The Economic Times). The main objective of the research was to study the social and economic dynamics of the Kumbh Mela 2013. The study was divided into two subgroups, i.e. demographics and institutions. The demographic division covers the study and analysis of the pilgrims who are residing in the Kumbh Mela premises as pilgrims for more than a week. The institution division covers all the economic and social aspects of different organizations in the Kumbh Mela. We developed a thorough and diverse questionnaire with contributions from every student of the batch and help and guidance from the faculty. It included various questions regarding all the aforementioned aspects, and some others. The first questionnaire on demographics consists of 26 questions. Similarly the questionnaire on institutions consists of 21 questions. They were either multiple choice types or were based on Likert scale. On 24th of February, 2013, whole batch was divided into 8 groups each comprising of 10 students each and we set out to the Kumbh Mela on various vehicles, each vehicle supervised by a faculty coordinator. Different sectors were pre-assigned to different groups, and we were dropped on respective sectors to conduct the survey. The survey was carried out by directly interviewing the pilgrim in different sectors of the Kumbh Mela. Questionnaires were filled up and the collected data was analyzed using different statistical techniques such as Frequency, Cross Tabulation and Factor Analysis with the aid of SPSS software, to find out various outcome of the study. The portion of the analysis we dealt with was related to study satisfaction level of pilgrims with facilities and arrangements. After the analysis we found that most of the pilgrims were satisfied with the governments arrangements for the Maha Kumbh such as basic facilities of lodging, bathing, drinking water, information and technology, safety and security, the edible product availability and the infrastructure.
We also observed that pilgrims were quite dissatisfied with the way Mela officials dealt with the crowd management and bathing facilities but in spite of some of the odds, it was observed that the overall satisfaction level of the pilgrims were very much satisfactory. At last, several interpretations, conclusion and suggestions are being given after doing the complete study on the Kumbh Mela.
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Chapter -1 Introduction
Kumbh means a pitcher and Mela means fair in Hindi. The pilgrimage is held for about one and a half months at each of these four places where it is believed in Hinduism that drops of nectar fell from the Kumbh carried by gods after the sea was churned. The festival is billed as the "worlds largest congregation of religious pilgrims. There is no scientific method of ascertaining the number of pilgrims, and the estimates of the number of pilgrims bathing on the most auspicious day may vary; approximately 80 million people attended on 14 February 2013. Mauni Amavasya traditionally attracted the largest crowds at the mela, held here every 12 years. The current Kumbh Mela was held on 14 January 2013 at Allahabad. The day marked the second and the biggest ShahiSnan (royal bath) of this event, with 13 akharas taking to the Sangam. 10 Feb 2013 was the biggest bathing day at the ongoing Maha Kumbh Mela and probably the largest human gathering on a single day. Over 30 million devotees and ascetics took holy dip on the occasion of MauniAmavasya.
Through this survey we are going to study Socio-Economic Dynamics of Kumbh Mela 2013 with the objective: 1) To study social and economic aspects of pilgrims 2) To study satisfaction level of pilgrims with facilities 3) To study social and economic aspects of institutions 4) To study satisfaction level of institutions with facilities Our main issue of interest is the emergence of social structure in complex groupings. The Kumbh Mela authorities put down some bright lines on who gets to go where, when, and how for example, rules that govern people's movements during some religious days and some rules are determined by long-standing customs. Other, more informal norms
among disparate groups of people seem to emerge quickly and how cooperation among diverse groups happens, this is a fortuitous setting. This is also the first Big Data Kumbh, also with cell phone usage ubiquitous in India, the millions of cell phones at the Kumbh Mela act as mobile sensors. To imagine the uses to which researchers could put the data, consider these hypothetical ideas: 11
1) The data could be used to understand how untoward incidents have been contained. After all, the Maha KumbhMela has managed to prevent major disasters for a long time. 2) Why don't disasters spiral out of control when massive numbers of people, unfamiliar with each other, are involved? 3) Can we spot the signatures of an incipient disaster in the data, and 4) The process by which those signals are attenuated rather than amplified? There is much commerce, as well as charitable exchange, of goods and services at the Kumbh Mela: 1) How do vendors deal with the inevitable errors in forecasting demand?
2) Do inter-vendor communication patterns allow the collective containment of uncertainties? 3) Telecom data generated at the Kumbh Mela should provide grist to the intellectual mills of statisticians, engineers, mathematicians, and social scientists for a long time? Important past and future date of Kumbh Mela at their respective Venue. Year Prayag Nashik Ujjain Haridwar
1983
Ardh Kumbh
1989
Purna Kumbh
1991
Kumbh
1992
Kumbh
Ardh Kumbh
1995
Ardh Kumbh
1998
Kumbh
12
Year
Prayag
Nashik
Ujjain
Haridwar
2001
Purna[21] Kumbh
2003
Kumbh
2004
Sihasth
Ardh Kumbh
2007
Ardh Kumbh
2010
Kumbh
2013
Maha Kumbh
2015
Kumbh
2016
Sihasth
Ardh Kumbh
2019
Ardh Kumbh
2022
Kumbh
Table 1.1 Important past and future date of Kumbh Mela at their respective Venue.
(Source:
http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/thousands-take-holy-dip-as-maha-kumbh-
13
14
caste, creed, colour and religion. It is once in a lifetime experience seeing millions of pilgrims and tourists from all over the world come together for a common goal-this spectacle of Faith is truly unforgettable. This festival is held in highest regard as the ritual bath in the sacred water on this day saturated with flower & incense fragrance amidst chanting of vedichyms and mantras liberates one from all sufferings and miseries of Life. The Kumbh Mela considered the most sacred and greatest of North Indian festivals where the ceremonial dip in the Holy River is an important ritual. It is believed that bathing on this auspicious day cleanses one of all sins. The most auspicious day for the ritual bath at Kumbh is on the day of the new moon when one gets rid of all sins and evils and is granted salvation. One attains Moksha (meaning liberation from the cycle of Life, Death and Rebirth).This festival will be incomplete without the presence of Sadhus and ascetics who represent different orders (Akhadas). Sadhus like Vaishnav(Followers of Vishnu), Shaiva (flowers of Shiva). The most interesting feature is the presence of Naga Sadhus-(known as preserver of faith). A particular sect of sadhus initiates the ritual bath and leave after the dip in the holy water to make way for another order. Many pilgrims gather to also take blessings from this sadhus.Significance of this unique event is the blending of religious and cultural features. Rig Veda has a mention about the significance of convergence of river Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati at Prayag or Sangam. References can be found about the significance of this ritual in VarahaPurana and MatsyaPurana as well. There is a belief that the ashram of the leamedBharadvaja, where Lord Ram, Laxman and Sita lived at the time of their exile, was situated at Sangam. It is said that a number of saints including the great Shankaracharya and ChaitanyaMahaprabhu visited Sangam and observed the Kumbh Mela. The great Indian epics such the Ramayana and Mahabharata have mentioned that a yagna was conducted by Lord Brahma at Sangam.
15
For the task of churning the milk ocean, the Mandara Mountain was used as the churning rod, and Vasuki, the king of serpents, became the rope for churning. With the demigods at Vasukis tail and the demons at his head, the churning began. At first, the churning of the milk ocean produced a deadly poison which Lord Shiva drank without being affected. As Lord Shiva drank the poison, a few drops fell from his hands which were licked by scorpions, snakes, and similar other deadly creatures. Also, during the churning, the Mandara Mountain began to sink deep into the ocean, seeing which Lord Vishnu incarnated as a great tortoise and supported the mountain on His back. Finally, many hurdles and 1000 years later, Dhanwantari appeared with the Kumbh of immortal nectar in his hands. The demigods, being fearful of the demons' ill intent, forcibly seized the pot with its safety entrusted onto the four Gods - Brahaspati,Surya, Shani, and Chandra. Demons, after learning that their part of the agreement has not been kept, went after the demigods and for 12 days and 12 nights, the chase continued. Wherever the demigods went with the pot of nectar, fierce fighting ensued. It is believed that during this chase, a few drops fromthe Kumbh fell at four places Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik. There is also a prevalent legend that it was actually the demons that were being chased by the demigods for 12 days and 12 nights, during which the drops of elixir of immortality fell at these four places. These four places are since believed to have acquired mystical powers. Because 12 days of Gods are equivalent to 12 years for humans; the Kumbh Mela is celebrated once every 12 years in each of the four places - banks of river Godavari in Nasik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar, and at the Sangam of Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati in Allahabad, where the drops are believed to have fallen. Millions of devout, come together to partake in ritualistic bathing and ceremonies to cleanse themselves of all sins.
Kumbh 2001 was for 44 days while Kumbh 2013 will be for 55 days (+25%).* Countrys population was 102.87 Crore in 2001, it is estimated to be 121.02 Crore in 2011 (+17.6%)*. 16
The State population was 16.61 Crore in 2001 which has risen to 19.96 Crore in 2011 (+20%).*
Allahabad Nagar Nigam had 9.75 lakh population in 2001 which was 12.47 lakh in 2011 (+28%)*
(Source: http://kumbhmelaallahabad.gov.in/english/kumbh_at_glance.html, visited on 25 April 2013) The other salient features of Kumbh Mela 2013 are as follows:
Around 10 crore people are expected to visit the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad in 2013. The
Makar Sankranti day alone will witness around 1 crore pilgrims and more than 3 crore pilgrims are expected to take the holy dip on Mauni Amawasya on February 10.
The total budget for Maha Kumbh 2013 is Rs 1,200 crore, which is 200 crore more than that
The Mela would generate employment for over 6 lakh people. Rs 12,000 crore is expected to
18 pontoon bridges and 35,000 public toilets have been built for pilgrims.
156 km of new roads, made of chequered steel plates have been laid on the river bank.
571 km of water pipelines have been laid, 800 km of electric wires and 48 power sub-
125 ration shops, 4 godowns opened in Mela area for pilgrims to buy grains, groceries and
vegetables.
17
2,500 religious and social organisations from across the world will participate. 30,000 policemen, 30 new police stations, and 72 companies of paramilitary forces have
120 CCTV cameras have been installed in Mela area and Allahabad city. 22 doctors and 120 ambulances on round-the-clock duty at the new 100- bed central hospital
in Kumbh Mela area with other facilities of doctors and medical to be provided by various institutions setting up camp in Kumbh Mela.
50.83 sq km the total area where the Kumbh is held, almost double the size of the last mela
in 2001.
Rs 6,000 crore is the daily rent for the plush Swiss cottages set up by UP Tourism. Hollywood celebrities Richard Gere, Michael Douglas and wife Catherine Zeta
Jones expected to visit apart from spiritual guru Dalai Lama, former US presidential candidate John Hagelin.
Digitised Maps of the entire Mela area have been uploaded on the internet for people to
select which place they want to visit and have a dip in the holy waters.
GPS-Enabled Systems to locate their spiritual and religious heads and the camps/ashrams
that they have set up in the Mela area. To estimate exact number of crowds the government has sought cooperation from ISRO and Remote Sensing Application Centre. They will capture photographs of the entire Mela area every 24 hours.
18
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they charge in to the river to bathe. Then there are the sadhus to be seen on any day performing amazing acts of asceticism. Some held his arm up so long that it was withered and his nails curved round like talons, another one standing on one leg, and one lying on a bed of thorns. At Kumbh Melas there is much religious teaching also, and a multitude of discourses. There are the sadhus to be seen on any day performing amazing acts of asceticism'. They demonstrate the wide variety of Hindu traditions, and Hinduism's tolerance too. Some of the discourses seemed to me obscurantist, some profound, and some surprising. The devotees of the 15th Century saint Kabir told they condemned images of the deities and maintained that washing under a tap was just as good as bathing in the Ganges. No-one seemed to object to their unorthodox views. Perhaps that's because Hinduism is so varied that for most Hindus there is no concept of heresy. Hindu pluralism is also shown by the different creation myths the Mela commemorates. The word Kumbh means an urn, and one of the several myths is the story of an urn filled with the nectar of immortality which emerged from the primeval waters when they were being churned by gods and demons. The urn was snatched by demons but the son of the ruler of heaven, the god Indira, recovered it. Drops from the urn fell at the Sangam and other places in India where Kumbh Melas are held.In India. Politics enter into all walks of life and the Kumbh Mela is no exception. In 1989, the campaign the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) hoped would bring it to power on a wave of Hindu nationalism was in full swing. The festival is a feat of organisation by the authorities and pilgrims and in one of the tented pavilions fanatic speakers fulminating against the mosque in Ayodhya they claimed stood on the birth place of the god Rama, and demanding that it be pulled down to be replaced with a temple. Mela means a fair, and as with all fairs plenty of business is done at Kumbh Melas. There are stalls selling everything a pilgrim might need including of course the accoutrements required for pujas, or worship. Barbers shaving heads do a roaring trade. The traditional priests who keep family records set up their stalls and do good business updating genealogies and performing ceremonies for the souls of the dead. Government constructed a vast tented city, laying down miles of steel plates for roads and constructing pontoon bridges. The administration also insured there was food for the pilgrims, and water too - sanitation, as well as electricity. The police, not usually renowned for their gentleness, 20
were politeness personified as they shepherded millions of pilgrims down to the river banks, keeping them in orderly queues, and insured their safety while bathing. But in this they were helped by Indians remarkable ability to organise themselves in situations which in most other countries would degenerate into chaos.
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is celebrated once every 12 years in each of the four places - banks of river Godavari in Nasik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar, and at the Sangam of Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati in Allahabad, where the drops are believed to have fallen. Millions of devout, come together to partake in ritualistic bathing and ceremonies to cleanse themselves of all sins.
It is believed that taking a holy dip in water paves way for attainment of Moksha. However, it is of paramount importance that the person who is performing the rituals has complete faith and trust in the power of divinity. Mentions have been made about the Kumbha Mela in the Brahma Purana and Vishnu Purana, which clearly state that a person who performs the bathing ceremony during the month of Magh at Prayag (Allahabad) derives manifold benefits, which surpasses the reward obtained by performing numerous Ashvamedha rituals.
Rig Veda has a mention about the significance of convergence of river Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati at Prayag or Sangam. References can be found about the significance of this ritual in VarahaPurana and MatsyaPurana as well. There is a belief that the ashram of the learned Bharadvaja, where Lord Ram, Laxman and Sita lived at the time of their exile, was situated at Sangam. It is said that a number of saints including the great Shankaracharya and ChaitanyaMahaprabhu visited Sangam and observed the Kumbh Mela. The great Indian epics such the Ramayana and Mahabharata have mentioned that a yagna was conducted by Lord Brahma at Sangam.
22
with cells and tissues. That is why it is Kumbh. Desire, that is longing, is also Kumbh. God Vishnu is also Kumbh as He pervades the entire creation, and the creation pervades in Him.
2.8 Kalpvaas
Kalpvaas has a special significance in Prayag. It holds special significance in the month of Magh, and it lasts from the 11th day of the month of Paush till the 12th day of the month of Magh. Kalpavas is marked by patience, non-violence and devotion, and meals are to be partaken only once a day. It is believed that kalpvaasis who fulfill all the vows get reborn as a king.
2.9 Akhara
In Hinduism, Akhara (also akhada) is an association of different sects of Sadhus Vairaghis yogis or Hindu Renunciates. Its history dates back to the eighth century when AdiShankaracharya established 23
seven Akharas, Mahanirvani, Niranjani, Atal, Avahan, Agni and AnandAkhara. Some yogis link these akharas to Gorakhnath rather than to Shankaracharya. Today there are 3 major Akharas (Juna, Mahanirvani and Niranjani) and 3 minor Akharas (Atal affiliated with Mahanirvani, Anand affiliated with Niranjan). Furthermore there is one small BrahmachariAkhara named Agni. There also numerous minor Akhara's usually set up by disciples as an affiliate to the major group or sometimes due to disagreements on succession or Gurudev of an Akhara. The biggest Akhara - based on the number of Sadhus is Juna, followed by Niranjani and Mahanirvani. Akharas are classified into different Sampradayas based on their traditional systems. An Akhara is divided in 8 davas (divisions) and 52 marhis (centres). Each Marhi is governed by a Mahant. The top administrative body of the Akhara is Shree Panch (the body of five), representing Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and Ganesha. It is elected on every Kumbh Mela and the body holds its post for 4 years. The head of the Akhara is the Acharya Mahamandaleshwar, followed by other Mahamandaleshwaras, Mandaleshwaras and Shree Mahants.
ATM, internet access kiosks, ONGC offices, cell phone towers, and also bank branches. Expected number of visitors: 14th Jan: 1crore 13 lakh, 27th Jan 55 lakhs 10th Feb. 3.25 crores. Approximately 1 crore population (check) rumoured to be staying as residents. However, people tell me that Mela authorities exaggerate numbers. Estimated population counts still underway by Tourism Department.
On 20th Oct, the Ganges fully receded and final flood plain mapped. Layout work commenced.
based on their relationship with the contractors. The rent of each plot is 1000 rupees per tent. The supply of material for government areas is also from registered contractors. E.g. forest department will provide all the bamboo poles. 2.10.4 Public Health Program
22 administrative sectors for health.This is not a medical facility but a health program. Here again facilities are divided between 1) Permanent: with existing hospitals such as GT hospital being improved 2) Temporary: hospitals and related facilities created at Kumbh. No serious illnesses are treated at Kumbh they are ambulanced to the town hospital. There are three wings that fall under this department 1) Public Health: which does sanitation work and has check posts for infectious diseases. They also check food and water samples on a regular basis. 2) Clinic: dealing with medical treatment 3) Vector Borne Disease Control Unit: which is largely the anti fly unit. Staff for the Health Department is drawn from hospitals all across UP. Lower level and first aid staff are drawn from government schemes like Aganwadis (child care centers). They also hire the lower ranks of staff like sweepers and laborers. Medical supplies and equipment procurement is handled by the Purchase department. Infectious disease control and health checks. One, 100 bed hospital at parade ground: this will be made of plywood. Ten hospitals of 20 bed each across sectors these will be made with tin, tents. The entire hospital is made by Lalooji and Sons who hold a monopoly over the construction of the Nagri. 12 sectors will be serviced by sweeper gangs who will sweep the areas free of night soil and waste (image of carts the garbage is carted in). Laborers dig large pits in available open areas and on the outskirts (wherever they can find space I am told). They also liberally spray these pits with DDT and
26
other chemicals to prevent spread of bacteria etc. Each gang consists of 11 sweepers, one of whom is in charge of them. There will be 9000 sweepers at Kumbh this year. There are expected to be 35,000-45,000 toilets created at Kumbh. Toilets are constructed in tin shed and a cement platform with the Indian style toilet is made within it. Plastic pipes lead into a pit dug behind the toilet rows. The pit is lined with bricks but I am to understand that a lot of them end up being just pits. Pits are covered with a lattice of bamboo and covered with dry grass to allow gasses to escape. Mud is placed on them. Extra pits are made for overflows. In sandy areas tin barrels are placed upside down to act as septic tanks as otherwise the sewage rises up through the sandy soil. A large number of the visitors are villagers who refuse to use toilets as they are unaccustomed to them. They squat in any available open land. Their night soil is swept up every day and taken to pits and buried. I can see this as a huge problem: already areas in between two tin compounds or near existing drainage canals are lined with human feces. 2000-2500 pits are dug for garbage and night soil (environmental nightmare!), I am told the sweepers also act as scavengers and remove plastic and other recyclable refuse as they dig the pits. Here again expected funding is 30% from Central Government and 70% from state.
Stoves and dung cakes to burn on stoves are under production on the Kumbh site Brand items such as coke, Nescafe etc are all present but are through local store owners who get the respective agents to supply for the Kumbh Companies such as hero honda etc have stalls that advertise, but not sell products. Meena Bazzar: this is the specified area allocated for small shops at Sangam and generally has a clothes market where a large number of Tibetans and Kashmiris sell goods.
Religious goods: texts, prayer beads, other things required for rituals, music cds and cassettes, religious idols and posters. These include Buddhists as well.
Kumbh 2001 was for 44 days while Kumbh 2013 will be for 55 days (+25%). Countrys population was 102.87 Crore in 2001, it is estimated to be 121.02 Crore in 2011 (+17.6%).
The State population was 16.61 Crore in 2001 which has risen to 19.96 Crore in 2011 (+20%).
Allahabad Nagar Nigam had 9.75 lakh population in 2001 which was 12.47 lakh in 2011 (+28%).
S. NO.
1 2 3 4 5 6
29
POLICE Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 Police Stations State Police Personnel PAC Central Para Military Personnel 5 6 7 CCTV Camera Variable Signage Board Fire Station No. No. No. 0 0 28 19 0 28 85 30 30 No. No. No. No. Service/ Infrastructure Unit Kumbh2001 28 9965 35 7 Ardh Kumbh 2007 28 10913 45 40 Kumbh2013 30 12461 46 40
PWD Sl. No. Service/ Infrastructure Unit Kumbh2001 Ardh Kumbh 2007 Kumbh2013
30
1 2
Km No.
96.40 13
116.50 14
156.20 18
JAL NIGAM Sl. No. 1 KLs of drinking water supply 2 3 4 5 length of Pipelines No of connections No of active tube wells No of OHT in operations Km No. No. No. 340 15430 28 2 458 18523 38 2 550 20000 40 5 KLs Service/ Infrastructure Unit Kumbh2001 56000 Ardh Kumbh 2007 76000 Kumbh2013 80000*
31
HEALTH AND SANITATION Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 No of Allopathic hospitals No of Homeopathy hospitals No of Ayurvedic hospitals No of beds in mela areas No of Toilets
Service/ Infrastructure
Unit
Kumbh2001
Kumbh-2013
14 07 10 360
14 12 12 370
20481
17000
35000*
20
105
340
Trench Pattern
17100
12875
Non-conventional Toilets
1000*
Fig 2.7 Health and Sanitation Services Provided During Kumbh Mela
FOOD AND CIVIL SUPPLIES Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 No of ration cards issued Allotment of Wheat Allotment of Rice Allotment of Sugar No. MT MT MT Service/ Infrastructure Unit Kumbh2001 127000 13500 7800 5000 Ardh Kumbh 2007 117481 10000 5000 Kumbh2013 200000* 16200 9600 6000
32
5 6 7 8
Allotment of K Oil PDS shops in the mela area Allotment of milk Milk Distribution shops in mela area
KL No. KL No.
Fig 2.8 Food and Civil Services Provided During Kumbh Mela
ROADWAYS Sl. No. 1 No of Temporary bus stations 2 No of buses in operation(Reg.) 3 No of buses in operation(Spl) 4 No of Pilgrims Lac 36.64 46.78 90.00* No. 2824 2202 3608 No. 776 798 892 No. Service/ Infrastructure Unit Kumbh2001 4 Ardh Kumbh 2007 4 Kumbh2013 5
33
2.12 Others Services Offered At Maha Kumbh * Accommodation during the Kumbh Mela * Allahabad Sightseeing * Transportation Facility by Bus / Qualis or Innova on exclusive or sharing basis (As per Guest's Requirement) * Paramedic Staff trained for Camp Deal. * English Speaking Guide * Meals on Full board * Camp OM at Kumbh will offer daily Yoga Classes by our Yoga instructor KARAN GURJI and we will be offering AyurvedicPanchakarma Treatments.
CAMP CHARGES PARTICULARS Deluxe Tent Attached Toilet Semi Deluxe Tent Common Toilet Standard Tent Common Toilet SINGLE INR Rs. 6,600/Rs. 4,400/Rs. 3,300/DOUBLE INR SINGLE USD Rs. 8,800/Rs. 5,550/Rs. 3,800/$ 120 $ 80 $ 60 DOUBLE USD $ 160 $ 100 $ 70
Fig 2.11 Camp Charges During Kumbh Mela FOR EXTRA BED: PARTICULARS Deluxe Tent attached Toilet Semi Deluxe Tent Common Toilet Standard Tent Common Toilet INR Rs. 2,200/Rs. 1,350/Rs. 1,100/USD $ 40 $ 25 $ 20
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Cost Include:
There will be basic facilities provided such as mattress, quilts, sleeping bags, etc. Sufficient lights will be provided for all the tents outside and inside. Semi Deluxe and Standard Tent Toilets will be common for every twenty five set of tents. There will be separate dining facility to be provided for all the two hundred tents, where we are serving all three meals pure vegetarian without onion and garlic. We will have water filtration plant such as commercial Aqua Guard or R-O system installed at dining hall.
TRANSPORT CHARGES PARTICULARS Allahabad Railway Station to Camp Om Allahabad Railway Station to Camp Om Allahabad Airport to Camp Om Allahabad Airport to Camp Om Allahabad to Varanasi Allahabad to Varanasi Vehicle Tata Indigo (3 Seater) Toyota Innova (5 Seater) Tata Indigo (3 Seater) Toyota Innova (5 Seater) Tata Indigo (3 Seater) Toyota Innova (5 Seater) INR Rs. 1,650/Rs. 2,200/Rs. 2,200/Rs. 3,300/Rs. 3,800/Rs. 6,100/USD $ 30 $ 40 $ 40 $ 60 $ 70 $ 110
Fig 2.13 Transport Charges During Kumbh Mela Estimated Pilgrims during Kumbh 2013
Kumbh 2001 Bathing Days Dates MakarSankranti PaushPurnima MauniAmawasya VasantPanchami MaghiPurnima 14.1.2001 09.1.2001 24.1.2001 29.1.2001 08.2.2001 Estimated Visitors 100 Lac 50 Lac 276 Lac 175 Lac 150 Lac 35 Dates 14.1.2013 27.1.2013 10.2.2013 15.2.2013 25.2.2013 Projected Visitors 110 Lac 55 Lac 305 Lac 193 Lac 165 Lac Kumbh 2013
S. NO.
1 2 3 4 5
MahaShivratri
21.2.2001
50 Lac
10.3.2013
55 Lac
2.13 The World of the Kumbh Mela: Inside the Largest Single Gathering of Humanity
At the confluence of the Yamuna, Ganges and (mythical) Saraswati Rivers, as many as 100 million people will participate over the next month in an ancient Hindu festival known as the Kumbh Mela. The pilgrimage, which dates back millennia, occurs in 12-year cycles in 2001, the Indian government estimated a staggering 70 million congregated by the Ganges banks to ritually bathe in its sacred waters.
The ASSOCHAM, the apex trade association of India, has published its findings of a study assessing the impact of Kumbh Mela on various sectors in a paper titled Maha Kumbh Mela 2013 Possible Revenue Generation Resources for Uttar Pradesh. The assessment has detailed the impact of the Mela on both organized and unorganized sectors. The paper suggests that the overall business in the course of the two months of the Kumbh Mela could be worth between Rs 12,000 to Rs 15,000 crore. The study provides sector-wise break-up of revenue estimates and employment generation statistics.
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The Maha Kumbh will begin on January 27 and conclude on February 25. The piligrimage will attract a large number of foreign tourists from as far apart as Australia, UK, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, New Zealand, Mauritius, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka. The hospitality industry in the region is targeting 100 per cent occupancy across the board in small, budget and luxury hotels during the Maha Kumbh. Apart from UP, states like Rajasthan (Jaipur, Jabalpur, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Kota), Uttarkhand (Nainital, Mussoorie, Aulli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Ranikhet, Almora), Punjab (Amrtisar, Ludhiana) and Himachal Pradesh (Shimla, Kufri, Manali, Panchkula), will majorly benefit from the enhanced revenue generation with a large number of national and foreign tourists expected to explore other destinations.
Uttar Pradesh Tourism and the Railways are likely to share in a revenue bonanza of a whopping Rs 1,500 crore along with airports and private hospitals by offering attractive tours and medical tourism packages to the tourists and piligrims. The employment generation figures due to Kumbh are likely going to be as follow: Hotels 2.5 lakh jobs; Airlines and airports 1.5 lakh; Tour operators 45,000, Eco-tourism and medical tourism 50,000 and Skilled and unskilled workers for construction/ renovation 85,000. Add 55,000 new jobs in the unorganised sector comprising tour guides, taxi drivers, interpreters, volunteers, etc and the employment generation potential of the festival stands at a massive 6.35 lakh jobs. The Maha-Kumbh, a sacred Hindu pilgrimage, is thus expected to generate direct and indirect business activities, the fruits of which would hopefully benefit the masses of Uttar Pradesh. (Source: http://www.mediasyndicate.in/medsyn/20130111150638, as assessed on 25 April 2013)
Pilgrims and tourist (expected): 100 millions Jobs (temporary) creation locally: 635,000 Investment by government: $220 million USD Expected Revenue generation: INR 12000 Crores (~ $ 2.2 billion)
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Foreign Tourists (Expected) 1 million Number of tourists also opting for Tour Packages for visiting other tourist destinations 500,000 Amount (Expected ) of expenditure per tourist $ 500 Total Revenue from Tour Packages = 500,000 X 500 = $ 250 million
BBC report the economics of Indias Kumbh Mela has provided following arrangements for pilgrims and tourists:
Temporary tent city 20000 Sq Km Food Grain Procured 30000 Tonnes Toilets built- 40000 Total length of water pipes laid 550 Km Policeman on Duty 30000 (Source:
http://globindian.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/maha-kumbh-holy-dip-2013-largest-
Thanks to efficient management, Kumbhnagari, the temporary township set up near Allahabad, has remained a clean, largely polythene-free place, despite the enormous numbers of a floating population that has no stake in its upkeep. The great river itself, particularly at the Sangam the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati remains somewhat polluted along the 20-odd bathing ghats. Compared to 2001, the Kumbh Mela area has increased from about 1,500 hectares to 2,000 hectares. The number of sectors increased from 11 to 14, and parking lots from 35 to 99. In fact, Allahabad city seems to overflow with human beings.
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There is hardly a household in the city whether Hindu, Muslim, Christian or Sikh which has not hosted some pilgrim acquaintances from near or far, says a resident. The February 10 stampede at Allahabad railway station, in which nearly 40 perished, took many by surprise as the mela area remained incident-free despite brimming with 2-3 crore people.
The temporary township of Kumbhnagari has no fewer than 30 police stations, as many fire stations, 38 hospitals with 370 beds, and even courts and magistrates. Nearly 14,000 policemen, six lost-andfound centres and 100 CCTVs have been deployed for crowd management. It is a very prestigious posting for any administrator and bureaucrat in Uttar Pradesh to head the Kumbh Mela and prove his or her professional competence, says an official. To facilitate pilgrims progress, a 156-km road network and 18 temporary pontoon bridges across the river were built at the township. Set up two months ahead of the event, the township will eventually disappear until the next Kumbh comes around.
(Source: Pandit, 2013 Feb 28. Business Style, Management, Maha Kumbh Style)
The centre piece of this healthcare delivery system is the central hospital in sector 2. Here patients can be seen by a range of specialists, including orthopaedics, surgery, and obstetrics. There is a 100bed inpatient unit and a 2-bed ICU. Diagnostic tools such as X-ray, ultrasound and electrocardiograms are available. Dr Srivastava, who supervises the entire healthcare delivery system of the Mela is based here, and receives daily reports on the number of patients seen at each of the smaller sector hospitals. Connecting these hospitals is a fleet of more than 100 ambulances which are responsible for transferring patients who need specialized care from the sector hospitals to the central hospital. The ambulances, like the doctors who staff the hospitals, have been drafted from community health centers across the state. Each ambulance arrives with its own driver, who is then provided with accommodation at the Mela. The drivers, who receive no additional training for the Kumbh, seem to take great pride in their work. During our visits to the hospitals, we noted that the doctors manning the outpatient posts see up to 800 patients a day and many times that figure on bathing day and are clearly overstretched. Lines of patients preclude even a cursory medical examination. No vital signs are documented and there are no stethoscopes in sight. On the other hand, inpatient units were almost uniformly unoccupied. Row after row of hospital beds, neatly folded red blankets, and I.V. poles stand untouched. On our visit two days before the peak bathing day, we saw only the occasional hospitalized patient a testament to excess capacity in the system. Sources: (Kazi, 2013 Febraury. Ephemeral Hospitals, Enduring Insights: Healthcare at the Kumbh) ( http://fxbkumbh.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/ephemeral-hospitals-enduring-insights-healthcare-atthe-kumbh/ as assessed on 25 April 2013)
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When the event ends five weeks later, approximately 100 million people would have moved into and out of Allahabad. (I say "approximately" because the precise numbers are difficult to come by.) It took 60 years for the population of Istanbul to grow from one to 10 million, and 50 years in the case of Lagos. At Allahabad, though, the population rose from zero to 10 million, give or take a few million, in just a week's time. That's a slightly unfair comparison because the local government isn't going to put in place all the fixtures of a functional metropolis. However, it's only partly unfair. The Indian authorities do have to pull off the creation of a huge temporary tent city with minimal mishap. An enormous amount of urban planning, civil engineering, governance and adjudication, and maintenance of public goods physical ones like toilets as well as intangibles such as law and order and plans to deal with unexpected events goes into the creation of this city. Those are pretty much the main elements surrounding the creation of any city in the world. There will also be a reasonably efficient dissolution of the city when the Kumbh Mela ends in late February, but that's another story. Some cities have declined over time, but I can't even imagine what it would take for one of the world's major metropolises to unwind. The mammoth people flows at Allahabad got me excited when two colleagues at Harvard University, religion professor Diana Eck and design professor Rahul Mehrotra, broached the idea of studying the Maha Kumbh Mela some months ago. As a child growing up in India, I had read about the festival, but had never entertained the idea of visiting it or studying it. Having lived outside India for over two decades, I now find myself in a position to revisit the event, intellectually and physically. The flows of humanity that my colleagues and I will study during the five weeks of the KumbhMela will shed light on similar events, such as responses to unexpected events, disasters, and the like, that will take decades to unfold in other metropolises. Some researchers are social anthropologists, in effect, following key officials during the Mela to unmask the processes that allow efficient and rapid decision making. In a sense, the festival is a laboratory setting that scientists of all sorts constantly look for. While there are other large gatherings of folks, such as the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, those are a tenth of the size in terms of the number of participants. Another issue of interest is the emergence of social structure in complex groupings. The KumbhMela authorities put down some bright lines on who gets to go where, when, and how for example, rules that govern people's movements during some religious days and some rules are determined by long-standing customs. Other, more informal norms among disparate groups of people seem to
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emerge quickly. To those interested in how cooperation among diverse groups happens, this is a fortuitous setting. This is also the first Big Data Kumbh, as I call it. With cellphone usage ubiquitous in India, the millions of cell phones at the Kumbh Mela will act as mobile sensors. My colleagues and I have undertaken, with the help of local cellular providers and government authorities, to amass, arguably, the biggest ever telecom data set. To imagine the uses to which researchers could put the data, consider these hypothetical ideas. The data could be used to understand how untoward incidents have been contained. After all, the Maha Kumbh Mela has managed to prevent major disasters for a long time. Why don't disasters spiral out of control when massive numbers of people, unfamiliar with each other, are involved? Can we spot the signatures of an incipient disaster in the data, and the process by which those signals are attenuated rather than amplified? There is much commerce, as well as charitable exchange, of goods and services at the Kumbh Mela. How do vendors deal with the inevitable errors in forecasting demand? Do inter-vendor communication patterns allow the collective containment of uncertainties? Indeed, the telecom data generated at the Kumbh Mela should provide grist to the intellectual mills of statisticians, engineers, mathematicians, and social scientists for a long time, and allow us to model the use of this kind of Big Data. (Source: Eck, 2013 February. Harmony Book, Kumbh Mela, A sacred Geography)
These constructed sources root the Kumbha Mela in the distant past, both to give it the authority of antiquity and to portray the festival as unchanging, but these new sources reflect these new forces. These forces have transformed the Kumbha Mela from a theater for ascetic military power into a governmentcontrolled mass religious festival, and this government control is now being challenged by Hindu nationalists. The constant feature throughout the festival's history has been the way it has served as a stage on which groups can enact and contest for authority. (Source: Lochtefeld, 2013 February, The Construction of the Kumbha Mela, South Asian Popular Culture)
pilgrims are given specific times and opportunities to bathe based on their social status. When the festival is not in session, the ground on which the city sits is used for different forms of agriculture. (Source: Mehrotra Feb 2013, Times of India)
For much of the year, this area actually is covered by the Ganges. Only in October can the Kumbh Melas administrators and planners ascertain the lay of the land that they actually can use for the gathering. (As one guru put it while holding forth in an ashram, The Ganga gives what she will give.) By early January, a temporary city roughly the size of Cambridge has sprung up in the dusty sand to house hundreds of thousands of sadhus, or holy men, and millions of their followers for six weeks. On the main bathing days, planners expect upwards of 30 million visitors, and such days often draw media coverage for their sheer scale, devotion, and spectacle. But perhaps more impressive is the fact that the regular rhythms of life can exist at the temporary Kumbh, from a steady supply of water and electricity to the building of colorful, organic neighborhoods within each sector. Our concern is to look at this in a much larger context, and not look only at the spectacular and the exotic, said Diana Eck, a professor of comparative religion and Indian studies and Fredric Wertham Professor of Law and Psychiatry in Society, who co-taught a course on the Kumbh with Mehrotra in the fall. The life of this mela as a marketplace, as a place of teaching, of entertainment, of evening performances is something that goes on every day. (Mela is a Sanskrit word for gathering or marketplace.) With that in mind, teams of professors, researchers, and students from across Harvard are meeting under one roof at the Kumbh to explore myriad issues related to rapid urbanization, public health, business, and religious expression at this years festival. The teams are studying everything from the way marketplaces operate, to the use and types of toilets at the Kumbh, to the allocation of living space within different akharas, or sects. The melas lessons, researchers hope, could be applied in many situations. Public health workers and doctors from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS) see the Kumbh as a model showing how to support mass migrations of people into small areas in the event of a war or natural disaster. Urban planners from GSD, working with Mehrotra, view the gathering as an example of how India whose smaller cities are expected to grow dramatically in the coming years can best support the natural, democratic development of communities. A Harvard Business School team dropped in for research, hoping to turn the Kumbh into one of its trademark case studies. And Eck, a leading scholar of Indias pilgrimage tradition, sees the Kumbh as an opportunity to wed Hinduisms longstanding reverence for the natural environment and its sacred rivers to a growing campaign to clean up the Ganges.
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A whirlwind week at the Kumbh makes for a chaotic experience, but one that should prove fruitful for the type of ambitious multidisciplinary work that SAI fosters, said associate director Meena Hewett. As South Asia expands rapidly in both population and influence, Harvard can take the lead in understanding the region, she said. (SAIs influence has recently grown as well. Under the leadership of director and Harvard Business School Professor TarunKhanna since 2010, it was recently upgraded from an initiative to an institute within Harvard.) I think Harvard has a lot to learn from South Asia, Hewett said. One thing youll hear from all faculty is the issue of scalability. Its very easy to transform the lives of one or two individuals. But when youre working on issues that affect 2 billion people, the impact is huge. The KumbhMela is a microcosm of the region. 2.21.1 A lesson on urban planning of Kumbh Mela If you wanted to jury-rig your own local version of Google Maps, you might end up with something like the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) team gathered one January morning, already sweltering under the rising Indian sun. But GSD professor Rahul Mehrotra and his colleagues and students were going where Google hasnt: into the heart of the Maha Kumbh Mela, Indias ephemeral city, an impressive grid of colorful, tent-lined streets that pops up every 12 years to accommodate the worlds largest gathering of Hindu pilgrims. Instead of using a Street View van to capture the 360-degree sweep of the citys streets, the graduate students would be deployed to take panoramic shots on DSLR cameras. And in lieu of highresolution satellites that capture aerial photographs, the team had a high-powered handheld camera mounted to a kite and flown high in the air. Each akhara is allotted space by the Kumbhs administrators before the event begins, and each maintains a high degree of control over how it organizes its neighborhood. Photo by Felipe Vera/Courtesy of GSD India Initiative Their equipment may have been modest, but the groups ambitions were big: to map the mela, or gathering, as comprehensively as possible, from its informal back roads and infrastructure grid to the flow of people and resources in and out of the Kumbh, which accommodates up to 80 million pilgrims on peak days.
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The Kumbhs surprisingly orderly feel is a result, he believes, not just of the pilgrims respect for the sacred space, but also of the city planners careful decision-making: wide central roads, well-spaced public toilets, and the casual but pervasive presence of 10,000 police officers. Cities in India are often not about grand design, theyre about grand adjustment, Mehrotra said later. In Indian cities, a lot of the landscape is a kind of temporary landscape, a phenomenon he calls temporal urbanism. While Indian cities may neglect the slums springing up organically within them, the Kumbh Mela has found a way to make the temporary nature of its housing and infrastructure work. At the Kumbh, [the citys administrators] use infrastructure as a way to organize and deploy order in the city, and then they allow within these blocks incredible chaos, Mehrotra said. The result is a lesson in how infrastructure can be used as a tool to neutralize differences and still let differences thrive. If we value pluralism and we value coexistence, then these become important lessons, he said. Its a common refrain for Mehrotra, whose work as an architect in India, prior to his Harvard appointment, included projects as diverse as the conservation of the TajMahal and the design of public toilets. That pluralism was on full display once the sector four team left the main margs, or roads, and entered the city-block space designated to members of the JunaAkhara, one of the largest and most powerful sects at the Kumbh. Each akhara is allotted space by the Kumbhs administrators before the event begins, and each maintains a high degree of control over how it organizes its neighborhood. In the JunaAkhara area, flashing lights, displays of ornamental weapons garlanded with marigolds, and a crowded network of alleys winding among the tents created a vibe that seemed a world apart from the quiet, sparse, and open space of the ashram next door. That diversity can thrive within these enclaves is one of the Kumbhs lessons for urban planners, especially those who study temporary spaces, such as refugee camps or slums. Refugee camps, some of them last for 20, 30, 40 years, but they become soulless, Mehrotra said. Refugees are housed in a repetitive pattern of tents; ethnic groups identities are neutralized to prevent infighting within the camps. Whats interesting about the kumbh is that the neutralizing instruments are the grid, the roads, the things that are shared by everyone, Mehrotra said. But then every Akhara is a community of 47
50,000 people who are allowed individual expression, and they all have their own internal logic in terms of the way theyre organized. And that creates a module, a neighborhood; it creates a sense of community which never happens in refugee camps. Its much more clean and neat than what you would expect, said Felipe Vera, a Chilean design student. The Kumbhs surprisingly orderly feel is a result, he believes, not just of the pilgrims respect for the sacred space, but also of the city planners careful decision-making. Photo by VineetDiwadkar/Courtesy of GSD India Initiative Since joining the GSD faculty in 2010, Mehrotra has been taking groups of students from Harvards Schools to sites in Mumbai as part of his studio workshop in extreme urbanism. He soon realized that whatever his students backgrounds law, public policy, business, design they often arrived with preconceptions of how Mumbai functioned and how it should change, baggage that took a whole semester to unpack, he says. After all, the clinic didnt even exist four months ago, when the land it stood on was still covered in water. Back in the fall, Singh received a call from the planners of the Maha Kumbh Mela, Indias massive religious gathering held every 12 years, saying he would be needed to staff one of the festivals dozens of hospitals and clinics, which would be built like everything else in this temporary city virtually overnight. By early January, clinics like Singhs were up and running, ready to serve the millions of Hindu pilgrims who would be coming through to worship, as well a curious Harvard researcher or two. This is really impressive, said Gregg Greenough, an emergency physician and assistant professor of global health and population at Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), as he toured the clinic. In my department, we only have 10 beds. Greenough found himself at the Kumbh as part of a research team run by Harvards FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, which planned to monitor all kinds of public health concerns at the Kumbh, from the provision of pre-hospital care (how quickly those new ambulances navigated the Kumbhs crowded footbridges) to the management and care of lost children (a big problem in a crowd of millions speaking dozens of languages) to the quality of the drinking water and public toilets at the festival. The massive amounts of data and dozens of public health lessons will also be used back at Harvard, where student interest in global health extends well beyond the confines of HSPH. The Harvard Global Health Institute (HGHI), a kind of University-wide think tank on health education across 48
disciplines and one of two major funders of the project, along with the South Asia Institute, is planning a series of case studies based on Harvard research at the Kumbh. Theyre hoping to create a permanent archive of research materials on the festival and its history, some of which they have already gathered in an online bibliography. Sources: (Katie K, 2013 January 21. Harvard Gazette: Inside Indias pop-up city: Harvard team maps the Kumbh Mela, the worlds largest gathering) (Katie K, 2013, March1. Harvard Gazette: Tracking disease in a tent city: Public health researchers follow outbreaks in real time at Indias Kumbh Mela)
Allahabad benefits from "centuries of experience" staging Kumbh events, he adds. Every year, the city hosts the Magh Kumbh, which is one-sixth the size of the current festival. (Magh is the 11th month of the Hindu calendar and falls between January and February.) Once the bridges were in place, workers toiled around the clock to install a temporary electricity grid. It had 100,000 connection points, 45 diesel generators, 52 substations and 22,000 posts carrying 2,081 miles of cable with it.
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Temporary road surfaces were put down using 99 miles of double steel plating to enable cars to move on land that cannot bear much of a load. Some 25,000 street lamps were added to the site, which totals 22 square miles.
Some 466 miles of piping were laid to provide 27,000 connections to ground water, with the capacity to generate 21 million gallons a day. About 30,000 toilets with closed waste pits were installed, with 9,000 to be added by Feb. 10, when the largest crowds are expected. There are five new sewage treatment plants .Many of the staff at the festival, including 250 doctors and 400 paramedics in the 15 field hospitals, are seconded from elsewhere in the state. So are the 14,000 police officers on patrol.
So far the biggest test for the emergency services was a fire caused by a cooking accident in a tent on Jan. 25. The incident was reported on one of three dedicated emergency lines, and the response was coordinated from a central police control room staffed by 70 officers. Firefighters from the 30 on-site fire crews used mobile backpack extinguishers to tackle the blaze, which officials say was out within 15 minutes. Six people were badly burned and were airlifted to a specialized hospital in New Delhi.
with ASSOCHAM Secretary General DS Rawat saying that visitors would be arriving from as far 50
apart as Australia, UK, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, New Zealand, Mauritius, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka. The hospitality industry in the region is targeting 100 per cent occupancy across the board in small, budget and luxury hotels during the Maha Kumbh. "Apart from UP, states like Rajasthan (Jaipur, Jabalpur, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Kota), Uttarkhand (Nainital, Mussoorie, Aulli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Ranikhet, Almora), Punjab (Amrtisar, Ludhiana) and Himachal Pradesh( Shimla, Kufri, Manali, Panchkula), too, will majorly benefit from the enhanced revenue generation with a large number of foreign tourists expected to explore other destination.
Uttar Pradesh Tourism and the Railways are likely to share in a revenue bonanza of a whopping Rs 1,500 crore along with airports and private hospitals by offering attractive tours and medical tourism packages to the foreign and domestic visitors thronging the region, the ASSOCHAM paper says. The Maha-Kumbh will generate much direct and indirect business activities, the fruits of which would hopefully benefit the masses of Uttar Pradesh, The paper suggests that the overall business in the course of the two months of the Kumbh Mela could be worth between Rs 12,000 to Rs 15,000 crore. According to the sector-wise break-up devised by ASSOCHAM, the Kumbh employment generation figures are likely going to be as follow: Hotels 2.5 lakh jobs; Airlines and airports 1.5 lakh; Tour operators 45,000, Eco-tourism and medical tourism 50,000 and Skilled and unskilled workers for construction/ renovation 85,000. Add 55,000 new jobs in the unorganised sector comprising tour guides, taxi drivers, interpreters, volunteers, etc and the employment generation potential of the festival stands at a massive 6.35 lakh jobs. (Source: 2013, Jan 12.The Economic Times: Kumbh Mela: 'Overall business could be worth between Rs 12,000 to Rs 15,000 crore)
entertainment and modern technology to connect with consumers, be it middle class pilgrims or ashsmeared sadhus.
"Not only are companies becoming more concerned about consumers at the Kumbh grounds but they are also realising the importance of subtlety for their services and promotions," says Pradeep Kashyap, CEO of rural marketing consultancy MART.
Mobile service provider Vodafone India, for instance, is reaching out to consumers by screening films and providing musical ear-muffs, wired with in-built speakers that play devotional songs. GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare has a basketball ring at its stall for people to shoot hoops and win free biscuits with their cups of Horlicks while cosmetics company Emami Ltd has set up massage kiosks for pilgrims to experience its Navratna Oil brand. It has also introduced stilt-walkers to hand out dry sampling packs.
According to Infinity Advertising Services, the official advertising firm for the 2013 Kumbh Mela, about 52 companies are at the fair this year. Allahabad is not their only opportunity to reach out to rural consumers: India has about 25,000 rural fairs each year and companies use around one-tenth of them to expand their rural presence.
"It takes organisers 60 days to set up this mela, which has an estimated population equal to that of any of the four metros. This has always been a great place for companies to market their products," says Kashyap. All experts agree there is big money at the Maha Kumbh. According to an Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) report, this year's fair is likely to bump up Uttar Pradesh's coffers by Rs 12,000 crore, apart from generating employment for airlines, airports, tour operators and a host of other sectors. Government officials estimate up to 30 million people take a dip at the Sangam - the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati rivers - on the main Shahi Snan days. With such massive numbers of people, the Kumbh Mela is the subject of a Harvard University case study on the logistics behind the "pop-up mega-city" that comes up in Allahabad during the religious festival. As the Kumbh Mela goes up market, visitors do not have to grunge it out in makeshift tents anymore. For about Rs 11,000 a night, they can stay in luxury tents offering all the creature comforts they want from tiled bathrooms to buffet breakfasts. (Source: 2013, March 3. Business Today: How Corporate India is making the most of the Maha Kumbh)
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Sector Airlines & Airports Hotel Industry Tour Operators Eco Tourism & Medical Tourism
Skilled & Unskilled Workforce Construction/ Up gradation Unorganized Sector (Tourist Guides, Taxi Drivers, Interpreters, Volunteers etc.) Total 55,000 6.35 lakhs 85,000
(Source:
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II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
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XI.
XII.
XIII.
Management of crowd
XIV.
XV.
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a) Determining sample design: As the total geographical area of interest is big, we chose Convenience Sampling. The subjects are selected just because they are easiest to recruit for the study and the researcher did not consider selecting subjects that are representative of the entire population. a) Target Population: The conduction of the survey took place by considering the Pilgrims of the Maha Kumbh 2013 as the target responders for Demographic Profiling and the Institution members for the Institutional Questionnaire.
b) Sample Size and Sample Technique: The sample chosen for our Project is Convenience sample. When population elements are selected for inclusion in the sample based on the ease of access, it can be called convenience sampling. The sample size for the survey was taken to be around 2000.
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IV.
Collecting the data: Questionnaire technique was used for the purpose of data collection. Close ended questionnaire were framed and we interviewed pilgrims from different sectors of the Kumbh Mela premises to get detail and unbiased desired information.
Questionnaire Format: The Questionnaire designed for the survey is divided into following parts1) Demographic Profiling- This part contained questions related to Age, Gender, Location, etc. 2) Income & Expenditure- This part contained questions related to money spent throughout the Mela. 3) Satisfaction level for various services- In this part 37 questions were asked on 3 point Likert scale according to how much the respondents are satisfied with various services.
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
V.
Execution of the project: To execute our project a very important step is research process. Approximately 4 months for our project. We divide our time such a manner that we are able to complete our research within predetermined time. Literature Review one and half month Sampling of questionnaire 15 days Plot survey and design final questionnaire 20 days Final survey on 24th February 2013 Analysis of data 1 month
VII.
Analysis of data: After the data have been collected, we turn to the task of analyzing them. For the analysis of data we have done number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. Thus, we have classified the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories. The SPSS software was used to serve the purpose. The following process of analysis was adopted.
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Coding & Editing is done to to facilitate interpretation of data in SPSS. Tabulation operation we do for the getting data in the form of tables. Analysis work after tabulation is generally based on the computation of various percentages, coefficients, etc., by applying various well defined statistical formulae.
Statistical Inferences: The collected data will be analyzed using following statistical tools with the help of SPSS :
a) Frequency analysis and Graphical depiction: In statistics the frequency (or absolute
frequency) of an event is the number of times the event occurred in an experiment or study. These frequencies are often graphically of represented an event in histograms. refers to the The relative absolute
probability)
frequency normalized by the total number of events. The data will also be depicted in terms of pie chart, bar graphs etc.
b) Cross Tabulation: Cross tabulation (or crosstabs for short) is a statistical process that
summarizes categorical data to create a contingency table.
c) .Factor Analysis: Factor analysis a technique that is used for data reduction. It is used to find
factors among observed variables. In other words, if your data contains many variables, you can use factor analysis to reduce the number of variables. Factor analysis groups variables with similar characteristics together. With factor analysis you can produce a small number of factors from a large number of variables which is capable of explaining the observed variance in the larger number of variables. The reduced factors can also be used for further analysis. Conclusion and Suggestions After performing analysis of various aspects of the project, the final conclusion is taken out of the findings to solve the actual Research problem. In this section the conclusions were drawn on the basis of the data analysis. The entire project was then compiled in the form of a report.
VIII.
58
59
KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square df Sig. Table 4.1- Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure .758 2.018E4 630 .000
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy - This measure varies between 0 and 1, and values closer to 1 are better. A value of .5 is a suggested minimum. Taken together, these tests provide a minimum standard which should be passed before a factor analysis (or a principal components analysis) should be conducted. From the above table we can see that the value of KMO=0.758 which is above the minimum standard required of KMOs value to be 0.5. Thus the minimum standard required to be passed before conducting Factor Analysis is attained.
60
Initial Eigenvalues
% of Cumulativee % of Cumulative % of Cumulative c d Component Total Variance % Total Variance % Total Variance % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 6.341 3.512 2.840 2.301 1.781 1.552 1.396 1.229 1.192 1.168 1.086 .979 .888 .831 .779 .726 .650 .621 .558 .530 .492 .461 .449 .406 .367 .354 17.615 9.756 7.889 6.393 4.948 4.312 3.879 3.415 3.310 3.245 3.016 2.721 2.467 2.309 2.165 2.016 1.806 1.724 1.550 1.471 1.366 1.282 1.248 1.128 1.019 .984 17.615 6.341 27.370 3.512 35.259 2.840 41.652 2.301 46.600 1.781 50.912 1.552 54.791 1.396 58.206 1.229 61.516 64.761 67.777 70.498 72.965 75.274 77.439 79.454 81.261 82.985 84.535 86.006 87.372 88.653 89.901 91.029 92.047 93.032 61 17.615 9.756 7.889 6.393 4.948 4.312 3.879 3.415 17.615 3.363 27.370 3.303 35.259 3.133 41.652 2.695 46.600 2.301 50.912 2.220 54.791 2.187 58.206 1.752 9.343 9.174 8.703 7.487 6.392 6.165 6.075 4.867 9.343 18.517 27.220 34.707 41.099 47.264 53.339 58.206
A. Factor Initial
27
.344 .329 .297 .277 .247 .231 .228 .210 .181 .164
.957 .915 .825 .769 .687 .641 .633 .582 .504 .457
93.988 94.903 95.729 96.497 97.184 97.825 98.458 99.040 99.543 100.000
The 28
29
Number of 30
factors used Eight is (8) 31 32 33 34 35 b. Initial Eigen values Eigen values are 36
as assigned by us.
the variances of the factors. Because we conducted our factor analysis on the correlation matrix, the variables are standardized, which means that the each variable has a variance of 1, and the total variance is equal to the number of variables used in the analysis, in this case, 36. c. Total - This column contains the eigen values. The first factor will always account for the most variance (and hence have the highest eigen value), and the next factor will account for as much of the left over variance as it can, and so on. Hence, each successive factor will account for less and less variance. d. % of Variance - This column contains the percent of total variance accounted for by each factor. e. Cumulative % - This column contains the cumulative percentage of variance accounted for by the current and all preceding factors. For example, the eight rows show a value of 58.206%. This means that the first eight factors together account for 58.206% of the total variance. f. Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings - The number of rows in this panel of the table correspond to the number of factors retained. In this example, we requested that eight factors be retained, so there are eight rows, one for each retained factor. The values in this panel of the table the left panel of the table, because they are based on the common variance, which is always smaller than the total variance are calculated in the same way as the values in the left panel, except that here 62
the values are based on the common variance. The values in this panel of the table will always be lower than the values in. g. Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings - The values in this panel of the table represent the distribution of the variance after the varimax rotation. Varimax rotation tries to maximize the variance of each of the factors, so the total amount of variance accounted for is redistributed over the eight extracted factors. .
63
.705
.663
.624
.565
64
Support of police Security of self and belongings Lost and found guidance Communication and Announcements Efficiency of Electricity supply Police and government personnels imparting the right information Conditions of Roads Conditions of Pontoon Bridges Medical facilities ( Number of Hospitals, Availability of services and medicine) Drinking water facilities Adequacy of price for essential products Quality of products as per the price paid Availability of Variety of products Efficiency of Banking facilities Availability of Fire fighting facilities
.697 .689
.645
65
Efficiency of Postal services Availability of essential products Display boards indicating directions to specific locations or ashrams Adequate number of Signboards and directions Availability of fuel for cooking Proper Bathing facility Quality of network for your mobile Sanitation facilities ATMs functioning Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 11 iterations. .660 -.592
.727
.587
66
Component
3 4 5
Administrative Services
Information Technology
Basic Amenities
Table 4.4- Rotated Component Matrix after adjustment 4.1.5 Analysis of Rotated Component Matix After Adjustment
67
a- Rotated Factor Matrix - This table contains the rotated factor loadings (factor pattern matrix),
which represent both how the variables are weighted for each factor but also the correlation between the variables and the factor. Because these are correlations, possible values range from -1 to +1. On the Coefficient Display Format, we used the option suppress absolute value less than point five (0.5), which tells SPSS not to print any of the correlations that are 0.5 or less. This makes the output easier to read by removing the clutter of low correlations that are probably not meaningful anyway.
b- Factor - The columns under this heading are the rotated factors that have been extracted. Five
factors were extracted (the eight factors that we requested). These are the factors that analysts are most interested in and try to name. For example, the first factor is called "Administrative Services" because items like "Wood availability at public places for bon-fire", "Management of crowd" and Availability of Transportation load highly on it. The second factor might be called "Information Technology" because items like "Website developed for Kumbh Mela" and "Display panel regularly updating information about train running status" load highly on it. The same procedure is followed for the third, fourth and fifth factors.
68
69
(Table 4.5)
(Table 4.6)
4.2.2.1 Case Processing Summary N Cases Valid Excludeda Total a. List wise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. 1344 49 1393 % 96.5 3.5 100.0
4.2.2.3Item-Total Statistics
Corrected ItemScale Mean if Scale Variance Total Cronbach's Alpha Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation if Item Deleted Website developed for Kumbh Mela Display panel regularly updating information about train running status Display panel regularly updating information about bus status 9.5739 5.884 .522 .662
9.6252
5.280
.603
.634
9.5575
5.606
.469
.673
71
Availability of updated information about Kumbh Mela on website Ease of website accessibility Quality of network for your mobile Display boards indicating directions to specific locations or ashrams
9.4824
5.549
.611
.638
9.4600 9.6967
5.631 7.511
.560 -.051
.650 .787
9.8289
6.204
.348
.702
72
(Table 4.7)
4.2.3.1 Case Processing Summary N Cases Valid Excludeda Total 1380 13 1393 % 99.1 .9 100.0
4.2.3.3 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item Deleted if Item Deleted Communication and Announcements Security of self and belongings Support of police Availability of Fire fighting facilities Efficiency of Electricity supply 5.2370 5.2333 5.2848 5.0362 5.2348 2.658 2.397 2.508 2.949 2.654 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .449 .574 .556 .245 .433 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .640 .583 .595 .726 .647
4.2.4.3 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item Deleted if Item Deleted Conditions of Roads Conditions of Pontoon Bridges Efficiency of Banking facilities Medical facilities ( Number of Hospitals, Availability of services and medicine) Drinking water facilities 5.3842 5.3652 5.2615 2.509 2.614 3.396 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .483 .493 .169 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .596 .589 .726
5.5091
2.807
.537
.577
5.5771
2.980
.504
.597
(Table 4.9)
4.2.5.1 Case Processing Summary N Cases Valid Excludeda Total 1391 2 1393 % 99.9 .1 100.0
4.2.5.3 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item Deleted if Item Deleted Availability of Variety of products Adequacy of price for essential products Quality of products as per the price paid 3.3091 3.0582 3.1280 2.012 1.567 1.604 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .424 .593 .583 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .740 .540 .553
76
On the basis of the entire study and survey conducted, the following suggestions can be helpful for the future in order to provide more hassle free Kumbh Mela in future. I. Pricing of the products should have been more reasonable so that pilgrims from different strata of the society could avail them.. II. III. Variety and quality of the products available needed to be improved. The drainage facilities needs to be improved by the organizations and waste of the camps should not be dumped just outside the camps. IV. V. The lost and found services had a scope of better communicating with the people. .Awareness about the Kumbh Mela website should have been promoted by the administrators among the visitors to make them realize its utility. VI. Mobile network facilities should be improved to maintain the connectivity among the people. VII. Mobile charging points should have been made available at various locations in the premises. VIII. . The organizations must depute more and more volunteers to help the pilgrims during the Snans and Parvs. .
77
References
Arora N, 2013 February 19. Times of India: River of Faith 2013 Dhruv K, 2013 Febraury. Ephemeral Hospitals, Enduring Insights: Healthcare at the Kumbh Eck D.L, 2013 February. Harmony Book, Kumbh Mela, A sacred Geography Katie K, 2013, March1. Harvard Gazette: Tracking disease in a tent city: Public health researchers follow outbreaks in real time at Indias Kumbh Mela Katie K, 2013 January 21. Harvard Gazette: Inside Indias pop-up city: Harvard team maps the Kumbh Mela, the worlds largest gathering Lochtefeld L, 2013 February, The Construction of the Kumbha Mela, South Asian Popular Culture) Vol. 2, pp. 103-126. Mehrotra R, Feb 2013. Times of India: Research Prospects of Kumbh Mela Pandit V, 2013 Feb 28. Business Style: Management, Maha Kumbh Style Saraswat D.C, 2013, Jan 12.The Economic Times: Kumbh Mela: 'Overall business could be worth between Rs 12,000 to Rs 15,000 crore Singh P, 2012 November, Preliminary Report from the field, Public Health Program in Maha Kumbh Mela by Government Tharur I, 2013, Jan 15. Times World: The World of the Kumbh Mela: Inside the Largest Single Gathering of Humanity Verma G, 2013, March 3. Business Today: How Corporate India is making the most of the Maha Kumbh Wesley J, 2013 February. Walstreet Journal: 80 Million Pilgrim March 2013, January. Maha Kumbh (Holy Dip) 2013: Largest Human Gathering on the Earth. Retrieved on 25 April 2013, from http://globindian.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/mahakumbh-holy-dip-2013-largest-human-gathering-on-the-earth/ 78
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Mela
and
Urban
Economics.
Retrieved
on
26
April
2013,from
http://kumbhmelaallahabad.gov.in/english/kumbh_at_glance.html
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