Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton. 2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves. 3. Life as a slave could be wildly variedsome slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased. 4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper. 5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers. IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner Black priestl lef a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people (mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter.

Sojourner Truth A freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800s. She was also known as Isabella. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for womens rights.

Theodore Dwight Weld Theodore Dwight Weld was a prominent abolitionist in the 1830s. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the Land Rebels. He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is. Harriet Beecher Stowe An American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential in both her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day.

William Lloyd Garrison A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted immediate emancipation of slaves in the US. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the womens suffrage movement.

David Walker He was a black abolitionist who called for an immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: "Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have? It meant that Cotton was the dominant crop of the South, and thus ran their economy. Britain was heavily dependent on cotton, and thus Southerners felt as if Britain owed them, especially if the South were to secede. The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?" The South, besides running a slave system, also had in control a small oligarchy of rich plantation owners, who ran everything in the South from politics to the economy. They were the ones who owned many slaves; underneath them were the whites who owned a few slaves (middle classish farmers), then the whites who did not own any slaves (aka hillbillies), and then free blacks, followed by slaves. Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton? If cotton production were to suddenly decline, then their economy would plunge as well. Also, over speculation was rampant, and slaves cost money, and lots of it. Big plantation owners, in expanding their farming land since cotton expired the soil, would buy up more land from smaller farmers, thus creating a monopoly. Plus, European immigrants, who contributed heavily to increasing the economy, were unable to enter the South. The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery? They were simply glad that there was someone underneath them, since they were one of the lowest classes, and considered themselves superior. They also wanted to own slaves, a sign of social mobility.

Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain. It depends, because in the North, even though Blacks were free, they had no way of working or having equal rights in general. On the other hand, slaves in the South were taken care of generously, and often were considered family. There were only a few masters who brutally tortured their slaves. Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves. An investment is obviously something precious, so a slave owner would take good care of their slave to make sure they can work well. On the other hand, they are dehumanizing slaves and can do with them as they please, including rape and excess torture. Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible? Under oppression, they would sing songs to send secret messages and relieve their pain, as well as spiritual gatherings, which incorporated the music of their culture. Their rule of not marrying their first cousins is a rule from their ancestors. The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement? This section explains that slavery was a way of preventing Blacks from killing their white masters, which explains the statement from Jefferson that even though some didnt like slaves to be slaves, they were too dangerous to simply let go. Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists. Early abolitionists were adamant about abolishing slavery. The White abolitionists were often radicals, such as William Lloyd Garrison. Black abolitionists such as Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth, were often more loose than their white counterparts. Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass

10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be? William Lloyd Garrison was a radical abolitionist who wrote controversial statements in his newspaper, The Liberator, while Frederick Douglas calmly used his own life as an example of the harshness of the slave system. When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, one should be rigid enough to stand tall for their cause, but not so much that they cause damage to themselves, others, and their own cause. The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists? The South reacted by getting rid of all attempts at emancipation, made a huge campaign explaining the good side of slavery (one example: their slaves were better treated than the wage workers up North), and they even passed the Gag Resolution, which prevented any topics of anti-slavery from being debated upon. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success? Northerners mostly viewed abolitionists as annoying pests who preached too loudly, and as radical terrorists who were up to no good by dividing the Union. The abolitionists, although extremely hated, were extremely successful. Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Big Picture Themes 1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peacably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. 2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, itd been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845 3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better. 4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California. 5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest.

IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler An after-thought Vice President to William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840. He was a democrat but switched over to the Whig Party because he didnt like Andrew Jackson. After

Harrison died after a month in office, Tyler took over. Since he was a Democrat in his principle he was against many of the things the Whigs tried to do. He became the first Vice President to take office because of a presidents death. Slidells Mission America and Mexico were on unfriendly terms with each other. The disagreement came over boundaries along Texas and in California. John Sidell was sent to Mexico in 1845 as a minister. He was given instructions to offer $25 million to the Mexicans for California. He was rejected by the Mexicans and they called this offer insulting. After Mexico refused it lead to the Mexican-American War. John C. Fremont A captain and an explorer who was in California with several dozen well-armed men when the Mexican War broke out. He helped to overthrow the Mexican rule in 1846 by collaborating with Americans who had tried to raise the banner of the California Bear Republic. Fremon helped to take California from the inside. Manifest Destiny The Manifest Destiny was an emotional upsurge of certain beliefs in the US in the 1840s and 1850s. Citizens of the US believed they should spread their democratic government over the entire North American continent and possibly extend into South America. The campaign of 1844 was included in this new surge. James Polk represented the Democrats while Henry Clay was nominated by the Whigs. The campaign and mudslinging was as harsh as ever and spread all over the continent.

James K. Polk Polk was the surprise (dark horse)) candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of the Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System. Polk was the last strong pre-Civil War president and the first president whose photographs while in office still survive. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which country owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain. When Mexico rejected the American annexation of Texas, Polk led the nation to a sweeping victory in the Mexican-American War, which gave the United States most of its present Southwest. He secured passage of the Walker Tariff in 1846, which had low rates that pleased his native South, and he established a treasury system that lasted until 1913. Webster-Ashburton Treaty A compromise over the Maine boundary; America received more land but England got the Halifax-Quebec route; it patched up the Caroline Affair of 1837. Spot Resolution Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from President James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American

territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldiers blood had been shed. In Polks report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. The Tariff of 1842 A protective tax that was used to create more money for the government. It was reluctantly passed by President John Tyler. The tariff was made to get the government out of a recession. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico sold the United States all of the Southwest for $15 million dollars in agreement that the rights and religion of Mexican inhabitants of this land would be recognized by the United States Government. It was drawn up by Nicholas P. Trist and sent to Congress. The antislavery congressmen passed the treaty and signed it on February 2nd, 1848. Wilmot Proviso Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in the Senate. The Wilmot Proviso as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the US. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Accession of "Tyler Too" Know: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler 1. "Yet Tyler...should never have consented to run on the ticket." Explain this quote from your text. Tyler was a Democrat at heart, yet he was the presidential candidate for the Whig party. At every point he would clash with his own cabinet and party members. John Tyler: A President Without a Party Know: "His Accidency," Henry Clay 2 What proof can you give of Tyler's unpopularity? What did Tyler do that made Whigs so angry with him? A mob came drunk to the White house and began jeering at him for not passing the new Bank of the United States. Even fellow Whigs started to call him names like His Accidency and named a stroke of disease after him (Tyler grippe). A War of Words with England Know: Caroline, Creole 3. Explain at least four causes of tension between the US and Great Britain in the 1830's and 1840's. There was still hatred from the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Also, there were no more Federalists British Sympathizers, so England had no standing in American politics. That, and

Englanders saw Americans as rude and disorderly, which led to authors on both sides waging a war with pen and paper. There were also more disputes in Canada. Manipulating the Maine Maps Know: Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster 4. What was the result of the Ashburton-Webster Treaty? The Caroline Affair was taken care of, and the British gained a little land from the Maine deal. Maine was given to the Us. The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone Know: Lone Star Republic 5. How did Mexico view Texas from 1836 to 1845? Mexico saw Texas as a rebelling territory that was to be retaken as soon as possible. The Belated Texas Nuptials Know: Conscience Whigs 6. Why did some hesitate to annex Texas? Why was it finally admitted to the Union? Anti-slavers feared Texas could be turned into a slave state, thereby shifting the balance in Congress. Texas was finally admitted because everyone saw how much of a bad idea it would be if they lost it instead. Also, they feared British factors. Oregon Fever Populates Oregon Know: 54 40', Willamette Valley, Oregon Trail 7 What change with Oregon from 1819 to 1844 caused the British to become more willing to negotiate a final boundary? Americans were starting to settle in Oregon, and no sensible British person wanted to deal with them again. A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny Know: James K. Polk, Dark Horse 8. What part did Manifest Destiny play in the 1844 election? Polk used the idea of Manifest Destiny to promote his idea of annexing Texas, thereby winning the election. Polk the Purposeful 9. What were Polk's four goals? Assess his degree of success. Polk was successful in lowering the tariff with the Walker Tariff of 1846, restoring an independent treasury, and taking California from Mexico during the Mexican-American War, and taking half of Oregon with the British. Misunderstandings with Mexico Know: John Slidell, Nueces River 10. What were the sources of the strained relationship between the U.S. and Mexico? Mexico was still bitter over the loss of Texas, which was about to be annexed by the US. They were also insulted by Slidells offer of 25 million.

American Blood on American (?) Soil Know: Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolutions 11. Explain some of the reasons Congress declared war on Mexico. Polk asked Congress to wage war on Mexico for unpaid claims and for refusing Slidells offer. Also, General Tylers men were attacked by Mexicans, which caused Congress to immediately vote for war. The Mastering of Mexico Know: Stephen Kearney, John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic, Winfield Scott 12. What battles were fought to defeat Mexico? General Kearny took Santa Fe, Captain Fremont took California from the inside, Taylor won at Buena Vista, and General Scott took Mexico city. Fighting Mexico for Peace Know: Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 13. Why did some people oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? The US was going to agree to pay large amounts of money in return for some Mexican land such as California. Profit and Loss in Mexico Know: Wilmot Proviso 14. What positive and negative outcomes resulted for the United States from the MexicanAmerican War? America had expanded greatly thanks to Mexico, and the Mexican-American War taught the future generals of the Civil War. This also increased tensions, as Mexico was bitter about losing, and Americans were increasingly divided on the slavery issue when it came to organizing the newly gained territory. Yet, both sides began a small respect for each other after fighting against each other.