3 (a) The design and construction of biochemical reactors must preclude foreign contamination (sterility).

Furthermore, monoseptic conditions should be maintained during the fermentation and ensure containment. (b) Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear achieved by proper designing of agitator and aerator (c) Adequate mass transfer (oxygen) achieved by monitoring the speed of agitator and agitator (d) Clearly defined flow conditions that can be maintained by proper opening valves and monitoring devices (e) Feeding of substrate with prevention of under or overdosing by proper feed ports and monitoring (f) Suspension of solids (g) Gentle heat transfer (h) Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scaleup; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures. 1.2 DESIGN OF FERMENTER 1.2.1 Components of fermenter 1. Basic component includes drive motor, heaters, pump, etc., 2. Vessels and accessories 3. Peripheral equipment (reagent bottles) 4. Instrumentation and sensors Various components of an ideal fermenter for batch process are: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Part Top plate Clamp Seal Vessel Drive motor Drive shaft Marine impeller Baffles Sparger Exit gas cooler Inoculation needle Feed pumps Peristaltic pumps Syringe pump Purpose cover (made of steel) top plate compressed onto vessel using clamp separates top plate from vessel (glass) to prevent air leakage glass, jacketed, steel with ports for various outputs, inputs, probes etc used to drive mixing shaft mixes the medium evenly with its impeller for plant tissue culture prevent sedimentation on sides and proper mixing air supplier / after filtration via membranes ensures efficient dispersal by attached to impeller like condenser remove as much moisture as possible from exhaust port to add inoculum regulates the flow rates of additives (medium, nutrients) variable speed fixed speed pumps used for continuous sampling using a syringe mostly used in batch