Ability to do work

Energy is the driving force for much of what we study in Earth Science

We get most of our energy from the Sun

This energy is distributed from areas of high potential to areas of low potential.

Work in groups of 2 We will pour the boiling water for you.

Must complete all 20 points of data. The two cups should have equal volumes of water

 What

we manipulate or change

X-Axis

Time

 What

we measure

Y-Axis

Temperature

 Instrument

used in studies of heat exchange

 Transfer

of heat energy from atom to atom by collision or touching

 Energy

can be neither created nor destroyed

 change

in field value change in time

1. If the experiment were left standing for 24 hours, what predictions could you make about the temperatures of the cups?

2. The diagram below shows temperature values at various points in a solid piece of aluminum. Toward which point will heat flow from point P? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

3.

A student measures and records the temperature of water in a beaker for 8 minutes as shown below. What is the average rate of cooling for the water in the beaker during the 8-minute time interval? (1) 2 C/min
(3) 4 C/min

(2) 3 C/min
(4) 5 C/min

Time

0 min

1 min

2 min

3 min

4 min

5 min

6 min

7 min

8 min

Temp 90 C eratur e

83 C

77 C

74 C

71 C

67 C

64 C

62 C

58 C

1) Heat energy transfer from molecules colliding into other molecules 2) Conduction occurs best in solids

Solids usually represent the state of matter where the molecules are most closely packed A poor conductor of heat energy would be substances that have molecules spread far apart

PREDICT

OBSERVE

EXPLAIN

1. Heat energy transfer through liquids and gases by moving currents 2. Caused by density differences in the liquid or gas

1. Hot liquid and air rises. 2. Cold liquid and air sinks.

PREDICT

OBSERVE

EXPLAIN

By which process is heat energy transferred when molecules within a substance collide?

Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by (1) density differences (2) molecular contact (3) electromagnetic waves (4) movement through a vacuum

A piece of a plant in a classroom fish tank moved upward and across the tank, away from the water heater. When the plant reached the other side of the tank, it sank before moving back toward the heater. What type of energy transfer does this movement represent?

Water is being heated in a beaker as shown below Draw the most probable movement of water in the beaker due to heating

1)

2)

3)

Energy transferred across empty space in the form of transverse waves Sunlight and starlight reach Earth by radiation No molecules needed

Hotter objects give off more short wavelength energy

Ex. ultraviolet, visible light
Cooler objects give off more long wavelength energy

Ex. infrared

1. Dark & rough surfaces

2. Low specific heat materials

Light colored & smooth surfaces

 The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1C

Liquid water has the highest specific heat - It takes the longest to heat and cool

Substances with LOW specific heat values heat and cool faster

 Specific heat is the resistance a material presents to heating up or cooling off.

PREDICT

OBSERVE

EXPLAIN

According to the graph below, what wavelength of energy does the Earth receive in the greatest intensity?

93% of the incoming ultraviolet radiation never reaches the Earths surface.

Our atmosphere lets in short wave visible light from the Sun, but traps re-radiated longer wave infrared energy from the Earth

The Greenhouse Effect.

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance.

Cold Hot

 Molecules in every material are in constant motion (kinetic energy)

The greater the kinetic energy, the higher the temperature
At absolute zero, all motion stops.

0K

-273C

-459F

Melting solid to liquid Freezing (crystallization/solidification) liquid to solid Evaporation (vaporization) liquid to gas Condensation gas to liquid Sublimation solid to gas (no liquid phase) Deposition gas to solid (no liquid phase)

Check the box which describes whether energy is gained or lost for each process.
Process Condensation Evaporation Melting Solidification Energy Gained Energy Lost

How many Joules are gained or lost by water for each of the following processes?
Process Joules Gained Joules Lost

Condensation
Evaporation

Melting
Solidification

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

All objects above absolute zero radiate electromagnetic energy Hotter objects give off more energy than cooler objects Hotter objects radiate shorter wavelengths than cooler objects Heat energy flows from high temperature heat source to a low temperature heat sink Good absorbers of energy are good radiators of energy (includes dark, rough, non-water surfaces, and substances with a low specific heat)

6.

7.

8.

9.

Conduction energy transfer by collision of molecules (occurs best in solids) Convection energy transfer by moving currents due to density differences (occurs best in liquids and gases) Radiation energy transfer across empty space ( starlight and sunlight reach Earth by radiation) Visible light is least affected by absorption in our atmosphere

Pg. 87: #18, 19, 21, 24

Pg. 89-90: #26, 28

Dont do Lab Discussion questions Do Vocab, Graph Review Book Pg. 93: #31-42, 46, 47 Conclusion: Label your graph similar to page 91 in review book.