Issues: Climate Change: Climate change is one of the biggest, and broadest issues the human population faces

today. It is generally defined as the warming of the earths climate. The largest contributing factor to climate change is an increased amount of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are among the main greenhouse gases. When the suns rays hit the earth, most of the heat energy is reflected back into space. Greenhouse gases manage to retain some of the heat energy, thus warming the earths atmosphere. Greenhouse gases serve a vital purpose in making sure the earths atmosphere does not get too cold. Beginning with the Industrial revolution, humans started to emit more, and more greenhouse gases. The burning of fossil fuels leads to the release of greenhouse gases. Burning of fossil fuels occur in factories, cars, and planes. Too high a concentration of greenhouse gases causes the earth to get too hot. Climate change has an array of consequences. One of the major consequences is the melting of glaciers/ice caps. The melting of glaciers/ice caps results in a sea level rise. Higher sea levels would lead to increased flooding, and loss of property/life. Climate change also causes a loss of animals diversity. When glaciers melt, polar bears no longer have a home. Additionally, deforestation results in a loss of animal species. The process of deforestation to create room for farming releases carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas.) As the name suggests, deforestation also results in a lower number of trees, and less carbon dioxide recycling.

Water Pollution:

Water is essential to almost all life forms. The pollution of water is a major issue. The WWF summarizes water pollution as the addition of toxins/poisonous products to water. These toxins contaminate the water, making it impossible to drink, and harmful to the people who drink it. Two of the major toxins that enter water, and contaminate it include herbicide, and pesticide. These commonly used farming products enter the water through runoff, when it rains, and contaminate the water. Sewage leakage from factories, and homes into water bodies are another significant cause for water pollution. Acid rain is a major result of water pollution. Acidic materials are evaporated from water bodies, and rain down as precipitation. These acidic materials are a major health hazard to humans, and and damage crop. Eutrophication is another major result of toxic material entering water. Toxic material in water stimulates the growth of plants, mainly algae. When plants die, their decomposition requires a large amount of oxygen. This oxygen is taken away from other animals, in many cases killing them.

Toxins in Food & Soil:

Toxins are harmful chemicals. The major way they enter through soil is through fertilizers, and pesticides. Since they enter soil, they become part of the products that grow in the soil. From that point on, toxins become stuck in the food chain. If humans were to eat cow that fed on the contaminated soil, humans would be putting the initial toxins in their bodies. The consequences of eating contaminated food that grew in toxic soil are immense. A Nanjing University study shows the weight of newborn children is lower, and their intelligence quotient is lower than normal. Eating toxins, especially if they are radioactive, may cause cancer, and other diseases.

Depleting ozone layer:

The Ozone layer is very important as it blocks the suns ultraviolet rays (UV) from entering the earths atmosphere. O3 makes up the Ozone layer. Ultraviolet rays from the sun cause cancer, and other diseases. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are products synthesized by human activities that react with the Ozone layer, and ultimately cause the depletion of the Ozone layer. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are largely derived from refrigerators. When CFCs, and HCFCs react with the ozone layer, Chlorine molecules are produced. These Chlorine molecules create holes in the Ozone layer. The holes allow the entrance of increased ultraviolet rays into the earths atmosphere.

Air pollution: The WWF defines air pollution as the release of toxic material into the air, primarily as a result of burning fossil fuels. Major fossil fuels include petrol, and coal. Air pollution, and climate change share similarities. The burning of fossil fuels lead to the release of greenhouse gases, which trap heat, and warm the earths climate. The burning of fossil fuels largely occur in factories, power plants, and cars. The toxic materials released by the burning of fossil fuels also cause health issues. They include lung diseases, immune system weakness, and general irritation, among others.

Part 2: Research Reactions that contribute to these environmental threats 1. Climate Change a. Classify the reaction i. C2H6O (Ethanol) + O2 H2O + CO2 + Energy ii. Combustion

b. Balance the reaction and include all states i. C2H6O(l) + 3O2(g) 3H2O(g) + 2CO2(g) + Energy c. Identify if Red-Ox or not, identify species and number of electrons transferred. i. Yes ii. Reduced: O in O2(g) iii. Oxidized: C in C2H6O iv. # e- transferred: 12 ed. Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction i. 2C2+(l) + 6O0(g) 2C4+(g) + 6O2-(g) e. Give qualitative observations of reactants and products i. Reactants: Clear liquid , and clear gas ii. Products: Carbon dioxide gas (colorless), Water vapor (colorless), heat energy (flames)

2. Water Pollution a. Classify the reaction i. Double Replacement a) NO2 + H2O HNO3 + H2 ii. Synthesis a) SO3 + H2O H2SO4 b. Balance the reaction and include all states i. 2NO2(g) +2H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + H2(g) ii. SO3 (g) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq) c. Identify if Red-Ox or not, identify species and number of electrons transferred. i. 2NO2(g) +2H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + H2(g) a) Yes b) Reduced: H in H2O c) Oxidized: N in NO2 d) Number of electrons transferred: 2 eii. SO3 (g) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq) a) No b) Reduced: NA c) Oxidized: NA d) Number of electrons transferred: NA d. Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction i. 2N4+(g) + 2H+(l) 2H+(aq) + 2N5+(g) ii. No Change e. Give qualitative observations of reactants and products i. Reactants: Clear gas, colorless liquid (water) Products: Clear liquid, bubbles (hydrogen gas) ii. Reactants: Clear gas, colorless liquid (water) Products: Clear liquid

3. Toxins in Food & Soil a. Classify the reaction i. Here b. Balance the reaction and include all states i. Here c. Identify if Red-Ox or not, identify species and number of electrons transferred. i. Here d. Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction i. Here e. Give qualitative observations of reactants and products i. Reactants: ii. Products: 4. Depleting Ozone Layers a. Classify the reaction i. Decomposition a) CFCl3 CFCl2 + Cl ii. Double Replacement a) Cl + O3 ClO + O2 b. Balance the reaction and include all states i. CFCl3 (g) CFCl2(g)+ Cl(g) ii. Cl(g) + O3(g) ClO(g) + O2(g) c. Identify if Red-Ox or not, identify species and number of electrons transferred. i. 2CFCl3 (g) CFCl2(g)+ Cl(atoms) a) Yes b) Reduced: F in CFCl3 c) Oxidized: Cl in CFCl3 d) Number of electrons transferred: 2 eii. Cl(g) + O3(g) ClO(g) + O2(g) a) Yes b) Reduced: O in O3 c) Oxidized: Cl in Cl2 d) Number of electrons transferred: 2 ed. Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction i. 2F3+ (g) + 3Cl- (g) F2+ (g) + 2Cl- (g) ii. Cl0(g) + O0(g) Cl2+(g) + O2-(g) e. Give qualitative observations of reactants and products i. Reactants: Clear gases Products: Clear gases ii. Reactants: Clear gases

Products: Clear gases 5. Air Pollution a. Classify the reaction i. C2H6O (Ethanol) + O2 H2O + CO2 + Energy b. Balance the reaction and include all states i. C2H6O(l) + 3O2(g) 3H2O(g) + 2CO2(g) + Energy c. Identify if Red-Ox or not, identify species and number of electrons transferred. i. Yes ii. Reduced: O in O2(g) iii. Oxidized: C in C2H6O iv. # e- transferred: 12 ed. Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction i. 2C2+(l) + 6O0(g) 2C4+(g) + 6O2-(g) e. Give qualitative observations of reactants and products i. Reactants: Clear liquid , and clear gas ii. Products: Carbon dioxide gas (colorless), Water vapor (colorless), heat energy (flames) Part 3: Investigate proposed solutions to solve these environmental threats

ill look up solutions to acid rain, you look up solutions to sealing to ozone layer ok lets go

Climate Change:

Water Polution: By introducing large amounts of Potassium hydroxide, there can be many benefits. The primary benefit is the neutralization of acids in the atmosphere, bringing down acid rain toxicity. The second benefit is the creation of a by product, Potassium sulfate. Potassium sulfate has medicinal properties, as discovered by pharmaceutical chemist Christopher Glaser, and acts as a green fertilizer. The introduction will not only lower the acidity of acid rain, but also help crops grow without detriment. H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O Toxins in Food & Soil:

Depletion of Ozone layer:

CFCs, and HFCs are the major reasons for the depletion of the ozone layer. Scientists are now conducting large amounts of research in trying to find replacements for CFCs, and HFCs.

Air Pollution: Trees. Plants recycle Carbon Dioxide to make Glucose, and Oxygen.