მოაზროვნის სახელმძღვანელო - მთარგმნელი: თამარ ჯანაშია

moazrovnis saxelmZRvanelo
moazrovnis saxelmZRvanelo
mTargmneli: Tamar janaSia
Tbilisi 2013
redaqtorebi: ia anTaZe, Tamar mosiaSvili dizainer-damkabadonebeli: ekaterine wiqariSvili sakonsultacio jgufi: anTaZe ia gorgoZe sofio mosiaSvili Tamar simon janaSia
daibeWda gamomcemloba mwignobari Tbilisi, 2013 samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2013
ISBN 978-9941-0-5317-7
werili mkiTxvels
gauTviTcnobierebeli adamianebi SemoqmedebiT da kritikul azrovnebas xSirad azrovnebis dapirispirebul formebad aRiqvamen. maTi azriT, erTi iracionalur an qvecnobier Zalebs eyrdnoba, meore ki racionalur da Segnebul procesebs. SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis marTva, misi swavla SeuZlebelia, xolo kritikuli azrovnebisTvis mimarTulebis micema da misi swavleba raime problemas ar warmoadgens. am SexedulebaSi aris simarTlis marcvali. simarTle ki isaa, rom SemoqmedebiTi geniosebis Seqmnis an moswavleebisTvis axali, inovaciuri ideebis generirebis swavlebis cnobili gza ar arsebobs. Cven vxvdebiT SemoqmedebiTobis iseT gamovlinebebs, romlebic bolomde ar gvesmis. igive exeba kritikuli azrovnebis formebsac. magram arsebobs SemoqmedebiTi da kritikuli azrovnebis erTdrouli swavlebis saSualebebi. amisTvis maTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis gonebaSi CabeWdva, maTi urTiermimarTebisa da msgavsebis Seswavlaa saWiro. rodesac kritikul da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas Rrmad gaviazrebT, mivxvdebiT maT erTianobas. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli, erTmaneTTan integrirebuli da erTiania. Cveni azriT, saWiroa dedamiwaze daveSvaT da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis demistifikacia movaxdinoT. am saxelmZRvaneloSi SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas ganvixilavT rogorc geniosebis, aseve, yvelaze mokrZalebuli gamoxatvis formebis (yoveldRiuri aRqma da azrovneba) konteqstSi. rodesac axal koncefciebs vecnobiT, Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT daskvnebi gamogvaqvs, axal sagans an enas vswavlobT, vkiTxulobT, vwerT, vsaubrobT da vismenT, Cveni goneba srulfasovan SemoqmedebiT qmedebebSi erTveba. amgvari qmedebebis gasagebad ar gvWirdeba ezoTerul, brZnul an idumalebiT mocul sferoebTan kavSiri. imisTvis, rom Sedegianad vicxovroT, Cveni azrovnebis (kritikuli analizis) inteleqtualuri standartebis gaTaviseba da gamoyeneba gvWirdeba. Gonebis SemoqmedebiTobis saSualebiT unda SevqmnaT produqtebi, romlebsac mogvianebiT SevafasebT. is, rom goneba mniSvnelovan produqtebs qmnis, sruliad cxadia. magram naTeli araa, aris Tu ara gonebis produqti sasargeblo. warmosaxva da msjeloba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. warmosaxva da msjeloba efeqturia maSin, rodesac maTi qmedeba hgavs siarulisa da sirbilis dros erTad moqmedi marjvena da marcxena fexis moZraobas. Tu mxolod erT maTgans calke SeviswavliT, maSin orive saidumloebiT moculi da damabneveli gaxdeba, an stereotipisa da karikaturis formas SeiZens. riCard poli kritikuli azrovnebis centri linda elderi kritikuli azrovnebis fondi
Sinaarsi kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis buneba da funqciebi

nawili 1: kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis idea kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganuyofeloba kritikuloba afasebs, SemoqmedebiToba warmoSobs........................ 7-13 azrovneba, romelic sagnebis logikas swvdeba yvelanairi azri moicavs mniSvnelobebis sistemas. azrovnebam unda moaxdinos imis Sefaseba, rasac is qmnis. ....................................... 13-14 msjeloba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi aqti nebismieri ramis gaazrebis Cveulebrivi aqti axlis Seqmnaa, SemoqmedebiTi aqtebis axali seria................................................................. 14-15 kreatiuli geniosi gamonaklisi? istoria gvaswavlis, rom did moazrovneebs ideebis damuSaveba da Tavdadebuli inteleqtualuri Sroma sWirdebaT ................................. 16 ena, rogorc gzamkvlevi geniosebs niWis, damokidebulebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Wkuis aspeqtSi ukeT aRiqvamen ............................................................................. 16-18 gonebaSezRuduli geniosi geniosi xSirad romelime viwro konkretul inteleqtualur sferoSia specializebuli da mis farglebSi moqmedebs......................... 18-20 damokidebuleba Tandayolil niWs, garemosa da TviTmotivacias Soris aristotele, beThoveni, kiuri, da vinCi, galileo, miqelanjelo20-26 niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis kritikuli goneba niutoni, darvini da ainStaini geniosis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro kritikuli damokidebulebisa da Tavdadebis mniSvnelobis magaliTs warmoadgenen........................................................................................... 26-29 SemoqmedebiToba mistifikaciis gareSe SemoqmedebiTobis aRqma yvelaze ufro advili, martivi - yoveldRiuri azrebis konteqstSia ................................................................... 29-30 azrovnebis elementebi azrovnebis gageba da misi Sefaseba yvelaze ufro ukeT misi elementebis identificirebisa da analizis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli . ............................................................................................................ 30-33 5
inteleqtualuri standartebi azrovnebis efeqturad Sefaseba mxolod inteleqtualuri standartebis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.............. 33-36 kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba xelovnebaSi SemoqmedebiTi produqcia kritikulad unda Sefasdes .............. 36-41 nawili 2: kritikuli/SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba da mniSvnelobebis safuZvlebi sagnebis logikis garkveva kritikuli azrovnebis dros Cven vakontrolebT im mniSvnelobebs, romlebsac vqmniT ........................................................................... 41-44 saswavlo koncefciebi da ena imisTvis, rom koncefciebi viswavloT da ena gamoviyenoT, isini gonebrivi aqtis gziT unda SevqmnaT...................................................... 44-46 adamianuri azrovnebis kritika imisTvis, rom kargad viazrovnoT, mudmivad unda vakritikoT Cveni egocentruli tendenciebi da iracionaluri azrovneba racionalurad gardavqmnaT ............................................................................... 46-48 akademiuri disciplinebis Seswavla disciplinis Sesaswavlad gonebaSi misi sistema unda SeviqmnaT da Seqmnili sistemebi kritikulad SevafasoT....................................... 48-50 kritikuli damokidebuleba nayofieri kiTxvebis CamoyalibebisaTvis unda movuxmoT rogorc SemoqmedebiTobas, ise kritikulobas................................................. 50-52 kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena dialogikuri qmedebebia, romlebic Sefasebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis mravaljerad aqtebs moiTxovs . ............................................................................................................ 52-60 daskvna.................................................................................................... 60 momavlis azrovnebis xuTi tipi
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nawili 1:
kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis idea

kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganuyofeloba
gonebis kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi funqciebi isea erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli, rom maTi gancalkeveba TiToeuli maTganisTvis mniSvnelovani zianis miyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. anonimi avtori kritikulobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis urTierTdamokidebuleba, ramdenime mizezis gamo, arasworad aris xolme aRqmuli. erT-erTi mizezi kulturul kritikuloba aspeqts ukavSirdeba da mniSvnelovanwiladaa afasebs; ganpirobebuli masmediis mier kritikuli da SemoqmedeSemoqmedebiTi adamianebis sazogadoebisT- biToba ki vis wardgeniT. media SemoqmedebiT adamians warmoSobs. xSirad giJi profesoris biZaSvilis msgavsad warmoaCens. mas mdidari warmosaxva aqvs, spontanuria, emociuri, araordinaruli ideebi awuxebs, magram xSirad sruliad aris mowyvetili yoveldRiur realobas. kritikulad moazrovne adamians media gvixatavs, rogorc pirovnebas, romelic mudmivad Secdomebs eZebs, zedmetad aris gatacebuli detalebiT, an misi gulis mogeba Zalian Znelia. mas ar axasiaTebs spontanuri qceva, ar aris emociuri da warmosaxvis unari ar gaaCnia. amgvari kulturuli stereotipi ar efuZneba sityvebis kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi zust gamoyenebas. magaliTad, vebsteris sinonimebis leqsikoni (Websters Dictionary of Synonyms) sityva kritikuls Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:
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riCard poli, linda elderi
rodesac es sityva adamianis mimarT gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba Seicavdes mcdelobas, rom adamiani sagnebs mkafiod da WeSmaritad xedavs, SeuZlia erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaos aramarto kargi da cudi, srulyofili da arasrulyofili, aramed samarTlianad afasebs da kritikulad ganixilavs maT mTlianobaSi. vebsteris axal msoflios leqsikonSi (Websters New World Dictionary) sityva SemoqmedebiTs sami erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. Seqmna an Seqmnis SesaZleblobis qona, 2. warmosaxvisa da artistuli an inteleqtualuri gamomgoneblobis SesaZleblobis (kreatiuli mwerloba) qona an Cveneba, da 3. warmosaxvisa da gamomgoneblobiTi Zalebis stimulireba. Sesabamisad, orive: kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrebic azrovnebis miRwevebs warmoadgens. kreatiuloba Seqmnisa da keTebis, kritikuloba ki Sefasebisa da ganxilvis process ufro srulyofils xdis. sityva kreatiulis gansazRvreba ukve Seicavs kritikul komponents (mag. warmosaxvisa da artistuli an inteleqtualuri gamomgoneblobis SesaZleblobis qona an Cveneba). maRali donis azrovnebis dros goneba erTdroulad unda axdendes warmoebasac da Sefasebasac, qmnides da kritikulad ganixilavdes azrovnebis produqtebs. mokled, jansaR azrovnebas sWirdeba rogorc warmosaxva, ise inteleqtualuri standartebi. am saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi ideaa inteleqtualuri disciplinisa da Sromismoyvareobis mWidro kavSiri originalurobasa da produqtiulobasTan. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba - azrovnebis es savaraudo polusebi - misi xarisxis ganuyofeli aspeqtebia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ras ganvixilavT: inteleqtualis banalur azrsa Tu yvelaze didi warmosaxvis mqone xelovanis an moazrovnis ideebs. kreatiuli da kritikuli aspeqtebi erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli. goneba qmnis azrebs. gonebis mier Seqmnili azrebis xarisxi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. xarisxis miRweva garkveul standartebs - da amgvarad, kritikul damokidebulebas - iTxovs. am saxelmZRvaneloSi Cven gamovikvlevT kritikuli azrovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis urTierTdamokidebulebas da moviyvanT am damokidebulebis yvelaze ufro kompleqsur (geniosebi)
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kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis buneba da funqciebi
da martiv (yoveldRiuri Cveulebrivi azri) doneebze arsebul magaliTebs. Cven aseve gamovikvlevT Semdeg Temas: yovelgvari mniSvnelobis Camoyalibeba mniSvnelobebis sistemebiskenaa midrekili, da ara erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli nawilakebis msgavsi arsebobisken. es Tavad azrovnebis bunebis ganuyofeli nawilia. nebismieri mniSvnelobis agebuleba TavisTavad gulisxmobs sxva mniSvnelobebs da maTac moicavs. isini, Tavis mxriv, kidev sxva mniSvnelobebsac aerTianebs. nebismieri mniSvnelobis gagebis mcdelobisas adamianebi bunebrivad cdiloben mis mniSvnelobebis jgufSi moTavsebas, miuxedavad imisa, maTi gageba ramdenad mikerZoebuli SeiZleba iyos. roca adamianebi ideis gaazrebas cdiloben, is gonebaSi fesvebs ver gaidgams da ar ukavSirdeba gonebaSi arsebul mniSvnelobebis sistemebs. mokled, imis gasagebad, rom adamianis kargad azrovneba sistemis SigniT azrovnebas niSnavs, Cven unda SevqmnaT mniSvnelobis mqone sistemebi da Cveni qmnilebebi sizustis, marTebulobisa da Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT unda SevafasoT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT. modiT, ramdenime ZiriTadi sakiTxis ganxilviT daviwyoT. upirveles yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom yvelanairi azrovneba erTi da imave xarisxis araa. maRali donis azrovnebis dros samuSao kargad sruldeba. es is azrovnebaa, romelic azrovnebis miznebs axorcielebs. Tuki azrovneba romelime miznisken araa mimarTuli, is ubralod analizs moklebuli warsulis gauanalizebeli asociaciebis usasrulo nakadSi moZraobs: sosisebi burTiT TamaSs magonebs, burTiT TamaSi Cikagos, Cikago Cems Zvel samezoblos, Cemi Zveli samezoblo bebias, mis mier gamomcxvar blinebs, imis Wamas, rac ar miyvars. es magonebs... es magonebs... es magonebs... SesaZloa, zogjer moazrovne raime Rirebuls gadaawydes. Tumca, es xSirad ar xdeba. cotaa iseTi adamiani, romelsac amgvari umizno azrovnebis, ocnebisa da fantaziorobis swavla sWirdeba. Cvens umetesobas amgvari ocneba da fantaziebis ganviTareba bunebrivad kargad gamosdis. magram CvenTvis xSirad rTulia romelime azrisken mimarTuli azrovneba. gansakuTrebiT, Tu azrovneba problemebze koncentrirebasa da CaxlarTul labirinTebSi garkvevas moiT9
xovs. mizanmimarTuli azrovneba kritikul da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas saWiroebs. orive erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. saukeTeso da SesaniSnavi azrovneba am or ganzomilebas Tavis TavSi aerTianebs. Cveni azrovneba SesaniSnavia, Tu gvaqvs unari, warmatebiT CamovayaliboT Sedegebi, movaxdinoT maTi formireba, Seqmna da warmoeba. erTi sityviT, mas aqvs SemoqmedebiTi ganzomileba. raime mastimulirebeli dasasrulis miRwevis mizniT, Cven unda gvqondes kriteriumebi: sazomebi, modelebi, principebi, standartebi an testi, romelic dasasrulis miaxloebis Sesafaseblad gamodgeba. metic, es kriteriumebi gonivrulad unda gamoviyenoT. Cven, kriteriumebis saSualebiT, mudmivad unda SevafasoT azrovnebis procesis mimdinareoba, raTa vicodeT, mihyveba Tu ara is swor gzas; sakmarisad naTeli, mkafio, zusti, Tanmimdevrulia Tu ara da Seesabameba Tu ara Cvens miznebs. saboloo Sedegis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, azrovnebaSi warmatebas ver mivaRwevT. Cven yvelafers garkveuli mizniT vagebT. rodesac raimes vqmniT da vayalibebT, viciT, ris Seqmnasa da Camoyalibebas vcdilobT, amas ase ratom vakeTebT. SemTxveviTi azrovneba, romelic naxevrad Camoyalibebul saxeebs Soris umiznod daexeteba, yovelgvari miznis gareSe miiklakneba, arc SemoqmedebiTia da arc kritikuli. es simarTlea, radgan roca goneba umiznod fiqrobs, mas mcire energia da stimuli aqvs, modunebulia, am gziT miRweuli Sedegebi ki, rogorc wesi, uSinaarsoa. is, rac umiznoa -uazroa da sizarmacesTan, uqmad yofnasTan da umoqmedobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram rodesac azrovnebas saintereso amocana gamouCndeba, goneba unda gamococxldes, inteleqtualuri muSaobisTvis moemzados, inteleqti inteleqtualur saganTan dakavSirebul raime saxis muSaobaSi CarTos. es ,,muSaoba manam unda gaagrZelos, vidre mizans ar miaRwevs, konkretuli Sedegi Sesabamis formas ar miiRebs. inteleqtis muSaoba sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania inteleqtualuri produqtis SeqmnisaTvis. es produqcia da samuSao ki inteleqtualuri standartebis gonivrul gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba SemoqmedebiTi da kritikuli azrovnebis erTmaneTTan Serwyma.
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gonebas, iseve, rogorc sxeuls, Tavisi upiratesobis an sijansaRis sakuTari forma aqvs. iseve, rogorc sxeulis SemTxvevaSi, gonebis sijansaRe fasdeba standartebis (kritikuloba) Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT. jansaRi goneba warmatebiT erTveba Rirebuli inteleqtualuri produqtebis SeqmnaSi, Camoyalibebasa da warmoebaSi. amgvari sijansaRis misaRwevad gonebam unda iswavlos Tavisi Tavis movla, energiis mozidva, siZnelebis gadalaxva, Tu saWiroa, Cakirkiteba, nela da meTodurad muSaoba, amocanaSi CaRrmaveba, yuradRebis koncentrireba, analizi, azrovnebis jaWvSi ukan dabruneba, azrebis gadamowmeba, raTa is ufro srulyofili, zusti da Rrma gaxdes. ideis warmomSobi Zalisa (SemoqmedebiToba) da gonivrulobis (kritikuli azrovneba) erTmaneTisgan gacalkeveba mxolod xelovnurad SeiZleba moxdes. azrovnebis procesSi isini erTiania. amgvarad, azrovneba sistematuria da is saboloo Sedegisken aris mimarTuli. mkafio moqmedebis, gegmis, strategiis an taqtikis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas aseve SeuZlia gverdze gadados sistema da gzamkvlevad Tavisi intuicia gamoiyenos. raimes warmoSobisa da warmoebis SemZle kreatiul gonebas aqvs standartebi, romlebsac is Tavisi produqtis SeqmnisTvis da warmoebisaTvis iyenebs. mas ar aklia goniereba, amocnobis an kritikuli Sefasebis unari; SeuZlia iyos zusti da SorsmWvreteli; ar axasiaTebs bundovaneba, uzustoba, Seuferebloba, banaluroba, araTanmimdevruloba, zedapiruloba da azris siviwrove. jansaRi goneba swored imitom warmoSobs da awarmoebs produqts, rom mas TavisTvisve aqvs dawesebuli maRali standartebi da aRelvebs is, rogor da ras qmnis. mxolod WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis valdebulebis, sagnis arsSi Rrma wvdomis, saazrovno masalis gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba seriozuli azrovneba. seriozuli azrovneba ar SeiZleba iyos dausabuTeblad raimes Seqmna an warmoeba. misTvis aucilebelia konkretuli SezRudvebisa da moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, nebis gareT moqceuli movlenebis masTan dakavSireba, gardauvali obieqturobis gaTvaliswineba. swored es mZime, mouqneli da mkacri realoba iZulebis wesiT amTlianebs inteleqtualur SemoqmedebiTobasa da produqtiulobas. rai11
me sakiTxis garkvevis procesis miRma rom obieqturoba ar arsebobdes, araferi gveqneboda gasarkvevi. Tu yvelafris, rac gvinda an razec vocnebobT, garkveva SesaZlebeli iqneba, maSin Tavad sityva garkveva logikas moklebuli xdeba. ra Tqma unda, yvela goneba misi sijansaRis Sesabamis produqts qmnis da awarmoebs. goneba, romelic standartebisa da disciplinirebuli kritikuli midgomis mimarT gulgrilia, Sefasebisas arazustia, Seuferebeli da winaswari ganwyobiT sazrdoobs. crurwmena, siZulvili, iracionaluri eWvianoba da SiSi, stereotipebi da mcdari Sexedulebebi aseve gonebis mier iqmneba. Tumca, isini ar warmoadgens SemoqmedebiTi gonebis produqts. isini aradisciplinirebuli, arakritikuli azrovnebis stils asaxaven, amitom, kreatiulobis produqtebad ar aRiqmebian. garda iSviaTi gamonaklisisa, kreatiuloba kritikul damokidebulebas, kritikuli damokidebuleba ki kreatiulobas gulisxmobs. es Zalian mniSvnelovani azri xSirad uyuradRebod rCeba, an bundovania xolme. axla ki koncentrirebas azrovnebis SemoqmedebiTobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxze - azris ganxilvaze - movaxdenT; vimsjelebT azrovnebis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis, azrebis organizebis, maTTvis formis micemis Taobaze. ganvixilavT ganviTarebul azrovnebas, romelic miznis miRwevis, problemebis gadaWris, adamianis winaSe mdgari mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis mogvarebis saSualebas gvaZlevs im samyaroSi, sadac swrafi clilebebi erT-erTi mudmivi sidide xdeba. goneba, romelic inteleqtualur kriteriumebsa da standartebs sistematurad da efeqturad ar iyenebs, ver axerxebs sagnebis disciplinirebul gaazrebas. amgvari goneba SemoqmedebiTi araa. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cndeba inteleqtualur qmnilebasa da kritikul SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli ormxrivi logika. arsebobs Zalian mWidro urTierTkavSiri inteleqtualuri produqtis Seqmnasa da Seqmnis procesis mimdinare kritikas Soris. modiT, ormxrivi logika sxvadasxva magaliTis saSualebiT ufro detalurad ganvixiloT. mxatvrebs tiloze saRebavis mcire raodenoba daaqvT, Semdeg ukan ixeven da namuSevrs afaseben, isini am qmedebis monacvleobiT muSaoben. asobiT funjis mosmas asobiT Sefasebis
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aqti mosdevs. mxatvrebis msgavsad, mocekvaveebi cekvis procesze dakvirvebisTvis studiaSi damonataJebul sarkeebs iyeneben. isini sarkeSi xedaven sakuTar moZraobebs da CarTulni arian Sefasebis asobiT aqtSi. mocekvaveebi varjiSoben da, amave dros, gonebaSi amuSaveben im koncefcias, risi Seqmnac surT. maT SeuZliaT im gansxvavebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier miznad dasaxul koncefciasa da danaxul qmedebas Sorisaa moqceuli. isini cekvas erTdroulad qmnian da afaseben kidec. modiT, es principi azrovnebis yvela tipze ganvazogadoT.
azrovneba, romelic sagnebis logikas swvdeba

Sefasebisa da aRiarebisTvis yvela inteleqtualur produqts garkveuli logika, Tanmimdevruloba, gasagebi da racionaluri argumentebiT gamyarebuli struqtura sWirdeba. es exeba rogorc leqsebsa da eseebs, naxatebsa da qoreografias, istorias an anTropologiur angariSs, eqsperimentebsa da mecnierul Teoriebs, filosofiasa da fsiqologias, ise konkretuli movlenebis angariSs, yvelanairi zogad fenomenebsa da kanonebs. azrovneba inteleqtualuri namuSevari, romelic mniSvnelobegaugebaria, romlis racionaluri analizi, bis sistemas Sefaseba da gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, ver xegulisxmobs. rxdeba misi integrireba sxva inteleqtualur azrovnebam namuSevarTan, verc erT akademiur tradiciaunda Seafasos is, rasac qmnis. sa an disciplinaSi mniSvnelovan rols ver Seasrulebs. Cveni ideebi Tanmimdevruli logikis mqone mniSvnelobebis im sistemaSi unda davalagoT, romelic CvenTvis gasagebi da logikuria (da mas Cvenve vqmniT da vafasebT), imis miuxedavad, WanWikebis axal mosaWers vqmniT, Cveni bavSvis cudi saqcielis aRkveTas vcdilobT, Tu religiis perspeqtivaze vmuSaobT.
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msjeloba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi aqti

farTo gagebiT yovelgvari azrovneba garkveul sistemaSi azrovnebaa. Tu Cven mocemul sistemas ar vicnobT, magaliTad, ar vicnobT Sidawvis Zravis muSaobis, marTkuTxa samkuTxedis an delfinis qcevis logikas, Cvenma gonebam es sistema Tavad unda Seqmnas, mas xorci Seasxas da misces im struqturis saxe, romelic azrovnebis Cveneul gzas Seesabameba. amgvarad, roca raimes Sesaxeb fiqrs viwyebT, vqmniT CvenTvis advilad gamoyenebad da Cveul logikas, vayalibebT axal kavSirebs miznebsa da argumentebs Soris, vayalibebT axal varaudebs da koncefciebs, vsvamT axal kiTxvebs, vakeTebT axal daskvnebs da raime saganze sruliad axali mimarTulebis warmodgenas gamovimuSavebT. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs azri, rom motivirebuli azrovneba raimes (Tundac, adre ukve dadgenilis) garkvevis, axlis Seqmnis procesis da SemoqmedebiTi aqtebis axali seriaa. Cven xom Cveni wina azrebis mTel qargas iSviaTad vixsenebT xolme. xSirad mxolod is gvaxsovs, rac adre davaskveniT da danarCens ki isev Tavidan vaskvniT (imaze dayrdnobiT, romeli nawilis logika an sxva logikuri struqturaa im wuTas Cvens gaazrebis xelT). SesaZloa, vcvliT arsebul ideebs, yoveli WeSvcdilobT, movargoT axal informacias, Tanmariti aqti daTanobiT xelaxla viazrebT da Zvel naazaxlis Seqmrevs xelaxla gadavamuSavebT. nasTanaa dakavifiqreT im procesze, romlis Sedegadac Sirebuli da anTropologs cxovelis mxolod erTi Zvlis SemoqmedebiTi aRmoCenis safuZvelze SeuZlia misi warmoaqtebis axal Sobis, sxva Zvlebisa da cxovelis sxeulis daserias warmonarCeni nawilebis aRdgena. adamianis goneba Sobs. mudmivad iyenebs garkveul mniSvnelobas sxva mniSvnelobebis Sesaqmnelad. mniSvnelobebi, cocxali arsebebis msgavsad, sistemaSia moqceuli. isini gonebaSi ganyenebulad ar arsebobs da tomaraSi Cayril erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel SuSis burTulebs ar hgavs. mniSvnelobebi saWmlis momnelebeli, nervuli, sasunTqi da a. S. sistemebis msgavsad, erTad da SeTanxmebulad muSaobs.
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rogor qmnis goneba mniSvnelobas? es rom gavigoT, aucilebelia SevafasoT SemoqmedebiTi da kritikuli azrovneba, romelic qmnis logikurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobis jgufs, gaviazroT azrovnebis Semqmnisa da Seqmnilis logikis Sefasebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, gavigoT, rogor qmnis goneba mniSvnelobas. raimes garkvevis procesSi sul mcire sami sistemaa CarTuli: 1. logika, romelic unda gavigoT (sistema, romlis gagebas an Semqnasac vcdilobT gonebaSi); 2. logika, romelsac arsis gasagebad viyenebT (virCevT mas im sistemebidan, romlebsac ukve vicnobT an romlebic ukve Seqmnili gvaqvs gonebaSi); 3. logika, romelic sabolood Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinareobs da romlis sijansaRec unda Sefasdes; unda gairkves, ramdenad moculi sistema aqvs. SesaZloa, vinmem d. h. lourensis romanSi (mag. vaJebi da sayvarlebi, D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers) mocemuli mTavari Temebis gaazrebis mizniT Seqmnili CarCo, misi meore romanis (mag. ledi Caterlis sayvareli, Lady Chatterleys Lover) Temebis gasaazrebel sawyis CarCod gamoiyenos. SeiZleba ase ufro gasagebi gaxdes Tavad ambavi. SeiZleba ase arc moxdes. SesaZloa, adamianis mier Camoyalibebuli logika araadekvaturi aRmoCndes. Tu vinme 1990-iani wlebis aSS-s ekonomikuri krizisis gasagebad adrindeli ekonomikuri krizisis logikas gamoiyenebs, magaliTad 1930-iani wlebis aSS-s kriziss, adamianis mier Seqmnili gonebrivi rekonstruqcia SesaZloa sakmarisi ar iyos 1990-ian wlebSi ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebis gasagebad. Cven gonebaSi vqmniT pirobiT modelebs (mcire masStabis logikur sistemebs), raTa gavigoT is, ris swavlasac vcdilobT (sistema, romlis Cawvdomasac vcdilobT). am process ki azrovnebis produqtiT, Cven mier Seqmnili sistemiT vasrulebT, romelic realobas an Seesabameba, an - ara.
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SemoqmedebiTi geniosi gamonaklisi?

SesaZloa, vinme ewinaaRmdegeba aqamde Cven mier Camoyalibebul msjelobas. SeiZleba, maT Tqvan, rom kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis istoria gvasmWidro urTierTkavSiri WeSmaritad Semowavlis, rom did qmedebiTi geniosebis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba; moazrovneebsac ki ideebis damuS- ikamaTon imis Sesaxeb, rom Semoqmedebiaveba da Tavdade- Ti geniosebi spontanurad ibadebian, genialuri ideebis warmoSoba idumalebiTaa buli inteleqmoculi da qvecnobier procesebTan aris tualuri Sroma dakavSirebuli. geniosebis azrovneba sWirdebaT. racionalur axsnas ar eqvemdebareba, kritikuli azrovnebisa da racionaluri azris miRma warmarTuli procesebia. maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad moiyvanon didi xelovanebis, gamomgoneblebisa da moazrovneebis naSromebi, Tundac, leonardo da vinCi, rembranti, miqelanjelo, mocarti, beThoveni, vagneri, edisoni, Seqspiri, ainStaini, niutori da darvini. imisTvis, rom geniosis SemoqmedebiT da kritikul azrovnebas Soris arsebuli kavSiri kargad gaviazroT da argumentebze pasuxis gacema SevZloT, modiT, Semdegi sakiTxebi ganvixiloT: ra masStabiTaa SesaZlebeli geniosis SemoqmedebiToba swavlis gareSe? ramdenad aqvs ganviTarebuli genioss kritikuli azrovneba? am sakiTxebs mokled mimovixilavT jer konceptualuri, Semdeg ki istoriuli TvalsazrisiT.
ena, rogorc gzamkvlevi

jer vnaxoT, ras gveubneba ena geniosebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli koncefciebis SemTxvevaSi. oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikoni (Oxford English Dictionary) genioss orgvarad gansazRvravs:
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1. adamiani, romelsac aqvs bunebrivi unari, codna da kompetencia; samuSaos Sesaferisi azrovnebis unari, SesaZlebloba da gansakuTrebuli niWi. 2. bunebrivad maRali inteleqtualuri Zala, romelic dakavSirebulia xelovnebasTan, azrTan, moqmedebasTan, SemoqmedebasTan, originalur azrTan, gamogonebasTan, aRmoCenasTan da fasdeba, rogorc udidesi. pirveli gansazRvreba axlosaa imasTan, rasac sityva niWieri gulisxmobs. niWi gansazRvravs romelime sferoSi winaswar midrekilebas da maRali xarisxis azrovnebas. meore gansazRvreba ki inteleqtualur procesebs da, upirveles yovlisa, SemoqmedebiTi warmoebis warmatebul gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, rac Tandayolil niWs ar saWiroebs. geniosis koncefciis ukeT gasagebad, modiT, gavixsenoT misi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi: talanti, niWiT dajildoebuli, unari, goniereba, brwyinvaleba, ganaTleba, daxelovnebuloba, virtuozuloba. gaiTvaliswineT vebsteris axal msoflio leqsikonSi (Websters New Worl Dictionary) mocemuli Semdegi gansazRvrebebi (da gansxvavebebi): talanti: gulisxmobs naTlad gamoxatul bunebriv SesaZleblobas konkretuli saqmianobis mimarT da damatebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs imas, Tu talantis mqone adamiani mis ganviTarebas axdens, an misi ganuviTarebel mdgomareobaSi datoveba SeuZlia. niWiT dajildoebuli: gansakuTrebuli bunebrivi da ara Zalisxmevis Sedegad miRweuli SesaZleblobebiT dajildoebuli adamiani. unari: konkretuli samuSaosadmi bunebrivi midrekileba, rac gulisxmobs konkretul sferoSi gansakuTrebulad SesaZlebel miRgeniosebs ukeT wevebsa da warmatebas. geniosi: gulisxmobs umeteswilad Semoq- aRiqvamen talantis, niWis, damedebiTi an gamomgoneblobiTi timokidebulebis, pis Tandayolil gansakuTrebul SesaZleblobean fenomenalur gonebriv SesaZlebisa da Wkuis blobebs xelovnebis an mecnierebis aspeqtSi. sferoSi.
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goniereba: gulisxmobs gamocdilebidan gamomdinare raimes swavlas an gagebas; axal gamocdilebaze pasuxis warmatebulad gacemas. brwyinvaleba: gulisxmobs gonierebis araCveulebrivad maRal xarisxs. ganaTleba: unarebis mqone, daxelovnebuli. daxelovnebuli: Zalian kompetenturi, unarebis mqone, mcodne. virtuozi: pirovneba, romelic xelovnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, musikaluri nawarmoebis SesrulebaSi Zalian maRali donis teqnikur unars flobs. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom talanti, niWi, geniosoba da unari azrovnebis romelime sferoSi warmatebisadmi Tandayolil midrekilebas gulisxmobs. magram goniereba, brwyinvaleba, ganaTleba, daxelovneba da virtuozuloba ar saWiroebs Tandayolil Tvisebebs. Tu vivaraudebT, rom es gansxvavebebi adamianis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs asaxavs da realur SesaZleblobas warmoaCens, Tandayolili didi niWis arqonis miuxedavad, adamiani SeiZleba iyos Zalian kreatiuli da brwyinvalec ki. es SesaZlebloba empiriuli faqtidan gamomdinareobs. bevrma Zalian warmatebulma moazrovnem, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba geniosad, Tavisi brwyinvaleba mxolod mas Semdeg gamoavlina, rac Tavisi Cveulebrivi potencialis daxvewas wlebi moandoma.
gonebaSezRuduli geniosi
sakiTxis gulmodgined damuSavebamde SevTanxmdeT, rom genialuroba garkveul sazRvrebSia moqceuli. erTsa da imave dros adamiani SeiZleba Tavis TavSi aergeniosi xSirad Tianebdes geniossa (cxovrebis erT romelime viwsferoSi) da viwro da SezRudul adamians ro konkretul (yvela sxva sferoSi). magaliTad, bevri brwyinvale moazrovne enTuziazmiT emsax- inteleqtualur sferoSia speureboda nacistur reJims. erT-erTi maTgani araCveulebrivi inJineri verner fon cializebuli da mis farglebSi brauni (Werner von Braun) iyo. mis msgavsad moqmedebs. iqceodnen germaneli generlebi rommeli
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(Rommel) da guderiani (Guderian). isini Zalian maRali donis specialistebi iyvnen, magram maTi eTikuri azrovnebis SesaZleblobebi da samyaros aRqmis perspeqtiva, samwuxarod, sakmaod susti iyo. geniosis cxovreba, sxva adamianis cxovrebis msgavsad, SeiZleba erTganzomilebiani iyos. individebs SeuZliaT erT sferoSi geniosis doneze azrovnebdnen, cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebis umetesobaSi ki sakmaod zedapirulebi iyvnen. gaixseneT maikl kernis1 (Michael Kearney) magaliTi. man skola eqvsi, koleji ki rva wlis asakSi daamTavra. bakalavris xarisxi aTi wlisam miiRo. kerni, romelmac mikrobiologiis magistris xarisxi ToTxmeti wlisam miiRo, am naSromis weris dros cxrameti wlisaa da sadoqtoro disertaciaze muSaobs. is korporacia maikrosoftis (Microsoft Corporation) praqtikantia. sagazeTo statiis mixedviT, kernim, romelic inglisuri enis specialobis 22 wlis students Sexvda, Tqva: kargia, rom Cven arasdros gviwevs inteleqtualur kamaTSi CarTva, radgan araferi vici jein ostinis Sesaxeb. man aseve Tqva, rom Tavi ar daunebebia Tavisi ocnebisTvis - satelevizio gasarTobi Sous wamyvani gaxdes. miuxedavad mTeli Tavisi inteleqtisa, mas mxolod is surs, rom gadacemis iRblis fasi wamyvanis, bob barkeris pensiaze gasvlis SemTxvevaSi, Secvalos igi. sadRac gonebaSi me mudam meZaxis holivudi, - Tqva kernim, romelmac sxvadasxva Toq-SouSi miiRo monawileoba da erTis wamyvanic ki gaxda. Tumca, man ar gamoricxa arc maswavleblis kariera da arc maikrosoftis TanamSromlis mudmivi samsaxuri, romelsac sakaifo samsaxuri uwoda. cxadia, kerni is adamiania, romelic iSviaTi Tandayolili inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebiTaa dajildoebuli. magram rogori dasanania, rom genioss, an, Tu gnebavT, potenciur genioss, siamovnebs is faqti, rom araferi icis jein ostinis Sesaxeb da Tavis umaRles miznad holivudis gasarTobi Sous wamyvanobas isaxavs. es mxolod erTia im mravali magaliTidan, romelic gviCvenebs, rom kritikuli kompetenciis ganviTarebis gareSe,
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Tandayolili niWi advilad SeiZleba fuWad an arasworad daixarjos. Tuki vinmes surs, qeba-dideba daimsaxuros, man Tandayolili niWi kritikuli azrovnebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad unda ganaviTaros.
damokidebuleba Tandayolil niWs, garemosa da TviTmotivacias Soris

maSin ra ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan maT, visac gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba aqvs da maT, visac amgvari ram ar gaaCnia? Cveni analizis Tanaxmad, araCveulebrivi kreatiuli naSromebi kritikulobisa da originalobis erTdrouli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi iqmneba. Cven imaze vTanxmdebiT, rac isedac cxadia: didi miRwevebisTvis aucilebelia Tandayolili SesaZleblobebis minimaluri done. Tumca, adamiani SeiZleba gamoCenili moazrovne Tandayolili geniosobis an araCveulebrivi niWis gareSec gaxdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saSualo donis nedli SesaZleblobebi, inteleqtualuri Seupovroba, stimulireba da disciplina erTmaneTs Seerwymeba. ufro zustad, maRali donis kreatiuli azrovnebis miRwevaSi sami piroba iRebs monawileobas: 1. Tandayolili inteleqtualuri SesaZlobebis minimaluri done, Tumca, araa aucilebeli, rom is gansakuTrebuli iyos; 2. garemo, romelic am SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis stimulirebas axdens; 3. dadebiTi gamoZaxili da Sinagani motivacia msgavsi monacemebis mqone da msgavs situaciaSi Tandayolili moxvedrili adamianis mxridan. SesaZleblobebis am Tvalsazriss anekdoturi mtkicexelSewyobas gare bulebebiT gavamyarebT. es mtkicebulemxardaWera da bebi didi moazrovneebis, msaxiobebis, Sinagani motivamocekvaveebisa da kompozitorebis ganvicia sWirdeba. TarebaSi inteleqtualuri disciplinis,
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gare mxardaWerisa da Sinagani valdebulebebis rols asaxavs. daakvirdiT, yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi, am moazrovneebidan TiToeuls ramdeni yuradReba da darigeba, ramdeni Tavdadeba da varjiSi dasWirda. Cven swored iseT geniosebze SevCerdebiT, romelTa warmatebaze am faqtorebma ufro meti gavlena moaxdina, vidre Tandayolilma niWma.
aristotele
enciklopedia britanikas (Encyclopedia Britannica, meTerTmete gamocema, 1910) mixedviT aristoteles mama makedoniis mefis amintas meoris eqimi da, amave dros, asklepiadebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli iyo. upirveles yovlisa, sargebeli moutana im faqtma, rom galenis mtkicebiT, man vaJebs anatomiuri analizis Catareba aswavla. vaJebs biologiisa da medicinis interesi gauRviva, ramac maT bunebisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mimarT rwmena Camouyaliba. amas garda, mamam aristoteles makedoniis sasamarTloSi gavlenisaken gaukafa gza. SesaZloa, swored aman Seaguliana aristotele, mediciniT dakavebuliyo. aristotelem Tavisi cxovrebis meore naxevari aTenSi gaatara. is TiTqmis oci wlis manZilze, metafizikasa da morals Soris wonasworobis SenarCunebas da Sesabamisad, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs Soris upirobo liderobas axerxebda. am periodSi, aristotele kiTxulobda platonis naSromebs da ganixilavda mis mier Camoyalibebul dogmebs. is madlieri, seriozuli da damoukidebeli moswavle iyo. aristotele Tavis biblioTekaSi mudmivad muSaobda xelnawer masalebze: Sehqonda maTSi SeniSvnebi da jvaredini miTiTebebi, Sesworebebi, xelaxla iwerda maT, Temebs ajgufebda da ukiTxavda moswavleebs, Tavad ki suliTa da guliT simarTleze iyo koncentrirebuli (gv. 501). adleris mixedviT2 aristotele oci wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo platonis moswavle. is niWieri studentidan wamyvan filosofosad iqca. swavlobda bunebas, logikasa da mizezobriobas... 50 wels rom
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gadaabija, mTeli rigi wignebi dawera, romlebic biologiis safuZvels warmoadgens. aristotele moTminebiT akvirveboda bunebriv movlenebs, wlebi gaatara swavlasa da cxovelebis gakveTaSi. mTlianobaSi, daaxloebiT 600 biologiuri saxeoba aRwera, daadgina maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi, Caiwera axlo an Sori urTierTobis niSnebi da Seecada biologiuri saxeobebi daejgufebina. moswavleebs {Tavisi Tavi} moqmedi naturalistis pirvel da erT-erT saukeTeso modelad SesTavaza; Seqmna biologia, rogorc mecniereba. aristotele Rrma SekiTxvebs svamda da sazogadoebas uCvenebda, rom maTze pasuxis gacema bunebasTan gamarTuli momTmeni da mondomebuli dialogis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli (gv. 22-24).
ludvig van beThoveni

rogorc enciklopedia amerikanas (Encyclopedia Americana) 1950 wlis gamocema gvamcnobs, beThovenis saxelSi holandiuri van miuTiTebs mis holandiur warmoSobaze. holandia meTxuTmete-meTeqvsmete saukuneebSi msoflios musikalur centrs warmoadgenda. beThovenis babua momRerali (bani) da diriJori iyo, mamamisi tenori... beThovens mamam aswavla violinosa da klavirze dakvra. mas (beThovens) mudmivad edo jibeSi rveuli, romelSic TavSi mosul azrebs iwerda, mogvianebiT ki maT ramdenjerme gadaxedavda xolme. mis musikaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba xazi, romelzec darwmunebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom is mravaljer xelaxla ar gadawerila. Canawerebis mixedviT, fidelios nawyvetSi saxelad o, imedo sasule instrumentebis partia 18-jeraa Secvlili, gundis partiaSi ki 10 Sesworebaa Setanili. es Canawerebi sainteresoa, Wkuis saswavlebelia da warmodgenas gviqmnis geniosis muSaobis procesis Sesaxeb (gv. 436-437).
mari kiuri
1897 wels mari kiurim Tavis sadoqtoro kvlevaze daiwyo muSaoba. kvleva uranSi arsebuli axali tipis gamosxivebas exe22
boda. adleris Tanaxmad3 misi naSromi Tavidanve zusti, sistematuri da SorsmWvreteluri iyo. mari misTvis damaxasiaTebeli SeupovrobiT Seudga axali elementis an elementebis arsebobis mtkicebas. isev da isev axdenda xsnarebis daSlasa da gamokristalebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, didi Sromis Sedegad, SeZlo ori axali, Zlier radioaqtiuri elementis umciresi raodenobis miReba... es miRwevebi niSnavda: sami wlis gamomfitav muSaobas sawyobSi, romelic ar Tbeboda, uzarmazar avzebSi moTuxTuxe qimiuri nivTierebebis mZime rkinis niCbiT morevas, mogvianebiT ki, xsnarebis ramdenjerme bejiTad gamokristalebas. mari kiurim Tqva: dRis bolos daRlilobisgan fexze Zlivs videqi xolme. mari kiurim SeZlo, misi moRvaweobis sferoSi mowinave adgili daekavebina. is gaxda pirveli qali, romelmac nobelis premia miiRo (gv. 108-109).
leonardo da vinCi
fankis da vegnalis axali enciklopediis (Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia) 1986 wlis gamocemis Tanaxmad: da vinCi iyo mdidari florencieli notariusisa da glexi qalis Svili. 1460-iani wlebSi ojaxi dasaxlda florenciaSi, sadac leonardom miiRo saukeTeso ganaTleba, romelic florencias - italiis inteleqtualur da saxelovnebo centrs - misTvis SeeZlo SeeTavazebina. Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi, is im drois wamyvani florencieli mxatvrisa da skulptoris andrea del veroCios (Andrea del Verrocchio) studiaSi muSaobda. rogorc mecniers, mas Tavis an momdevno saukuneSi mcxovreb nebismier adamianze ukeT esmoda zusti samecniero dakvirvebis mniSvneloba... swavlobda anatomias, sisxlis mimoqcevasa da Tvalis moqmedebas; gaakeTa aRmoCenebi meteorologiasa da geologiaSi, Seiswavla mTvaris gavlena zRvis mimoqcevaze, winaswar gansazRvra kontinentebis formirebis Tanamedrove koncefciebi da ivarauda wiaRiseuli sawvavis buneba... (gv. 65). cxadia, rom leonardo da vinCis es SesaZleblobebi sistematuri da disciplinirebuli kvlevis Sedegad ganuviTarda.
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galileo
enciklopedia amerikanas (Encyclopedia Americana, 1950) mixedviT galileos mama florencieli gaRaribebuli keTilSobili gvaris warmomadgeneli iyo. man aiZula vaJi, laTinuri, berZnuli, xatva da musika eswavla... 1581 wels galileom swavla pizas universitetSi ganagrZo, raTa medicinisa da aristoteles filosofiis Sesaxeb Catarebul leqciebs daswreboda. swored universitetSi ganacxada man uari, maswavleblebis dogmaturi gancxadebebi kritikuli analizis gareSe mieRo (gv. 237-238). adleris mixedviT, 1609 wels galileom gaarRvia im dros arsebuli informaciis sazRvrebi, Seqmna martivi teleskopi da is cisken mimarTa... man gadawyvita, logikisa da eqsperimentebis saSualebiT daemtkicebina da gaefanta erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego Teoriebi... {is} daJinebiT iniSnavda dros, romelic daqanebul ficrebze burTebis Camogorebas sWirdeboda... nadavls dadevnebuli maZebari ZaRlis JiniT awarmoebda dakvirvebebs teleskopiT. 1610 wlis SemodgomisTvis mas daaxloebiT 100 teleskopi hqonda Seqmnili... galileo iyo pirveli adamiani, romelic realur eqsperimentebs atarebda simaRlidan agdebda da agorebda sxvadasxva simZimis sagnebs... man saTave daudo moZraobisa da gravitaciis kvlevas (gv. 44-48).
miqelanjelo
rogorc fankis da vegnalis axali enciklopedia (Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, 1986) gvauwyebs: cameti wlis miqelanjelo mamam saswavleblad mxatvris domeniko girlandaios (Domenico Ghirlandaio) saxelosnoSi miabara. daaxloebiT ori wlis Semdeg man swavla mediCis baRebSi arsebul moqandakeTa skolaSi ganagrZo. siqstis kapelas Wer24
is mosaxatad mzadebisas man mravali figuris Canaxati gaakeTa, uamravi sxeulis tipi da poza moigona (gv. 273-274). enciklopedia britanika (Encyclopedia Britannica, meTerTmete gamocema, 1910) miqelanjelos cxovrebis Sesaxeb Semdeg detalebs amatebs: cameti wlis asakSi is saswavleblad Zmebi girlandaioebis saxelosnos miebara, sadac daqiravebul asistentad muSaobda. domeniko girlandaio im droisTvis florenciis mTavari mxatvari iyo. saxelosnoSi muSaobisas axalgazrda miqelanjelom SeiTvisa freskebis xatvis is unar-Cvevebi, romelTa damsaxurebiTac oci wlis Semdeg romSi Tavis cilismwameblebs gegmebi CauSala. is aseve swavlobda brankaCis kapelaSi (Brancacci), sadac samoci wliT adre freskebs mazaCo xatavda (Masaccio)... SemorCenilia ostatis mier Sesrulebuli TiTqmis yvela didi namuSevris mosamzadebeli uamravi Canaxati. Canaxatebis nawili dasrulebulia, nawili ara, Tumca, moswavleebisTvis didi Rirebulebisa da interesis matarebelia. miqelanjelo yvelaze ganswavluli da mecnierebebSi kargad garkveuli, yvelaze STagonebuli da gambedavi iyo mxatvrebs Soris. siWabukidan Rrma siberemde arasdros SeuCerebia fanqriT, carciT an saweri kalmiT varjiSi... miqelanjelos poeturi stili masaviT energiuli da koncentrirebulia. is bevrs muSaobda Tavis nawerebze da maT xSirad asworebda kidec. Cven TiTqos vgrZnobT, rogori mgznebare temperamentiTa da warmatebis Zlieri surviliT srulyofda enobriv masalas gaafTrebuli miqelanjelo, zustad imgvarive uzomo energiiTa da gatacebiT, rogoriTac, misi Tanamedroveebis aRweriT, is marmarilos masalis damuSavebas iwyebda (gv. 362368).
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niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis kritikuli goneba

modiT, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT niutoni, darvimecnierebis istoriis sami yvelaze didi ni da ainStaini warmomadgenlis: niutonis, darvinisa da geniosis ganviTaainStainis azrovneba. is, rac niutons, rebisTvis saWidarvinsa da ainStains aerTianebs, raime ro kritikuli amouxsneli an ezoTeruli Tviseba ki ar damokidebulebiaris, aramed daeWvebis xelovneba da dassa da Tavdadebis mul kiTxvebze Rrma pasuxebis miRebis mimagaliTs warmomarT uCveulo sijiutea. maT inteleqtuadgenen. alur ganviTarebaze dakvirveba mistikurs verafers gamoavlens. samive mecnieri sagnis mniSvnelovan da fundamentur elementebze axdenda koncentrirebas. kvalificiuri aRqmisa da Seupovari kritikuli analizis saSualebiT, maT fizikuri msofliosa da samyaros Sesaxeb Cveni Sexedulebebis xelaxali formulireba SeZles. kiTxvebi, romlebic wamowies da is xerxi, romlis saSualebiTac maTze pasuxebs eZebdnen, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis arss warmoadgens.
isaak niutoni4
kembrijis universitetis kurikulumiT naklebad dainteresebulma cxrameti wlis niutonma 45 saTauris qveS gaerTianebuli kiTxvebis sia Camowera. siis saerTo saTauri Quaestiones mis mizanze miuTiTebda: mudmivad eWvqveS daeyenebina materiis, adgilis, droisa da moZraobis buneba. niutonis stili gamorCeulad araezoTeruli iyo da codnisken gzis Seupovrad gakvalvaSi mdgomareobda. magaliTad, man dekartis geometria iyida da is damoukideblad waikiTxa. ori an sami gverdis Semdeg, roca veRaraferi gaigo, wignis kiTxva Tavidan daiwyo, masSi TandaTan gaerkva da manam ar moeSva, vidre mTeli naSromi
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dawvrilebiT ar Seiswavla. roca hkiTxes, rogor aRmoaCina gravitaciis kanoni, niutonma upasuxa: es sakiTxis Sesaxeb ganuwyveteli fiqris saSualebiT SevZeli. sagani mudmivad Tvalwin mqonda da velodi, Cem winaSe rodis gaixsneboda nel-nela riJraJiviT da rogor gardaiqmneboda naTel Suqad. eWvqveS dayenebis Tanmimdevrulma, TiTqmis daucxromelma principma, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis kombinaciam, is samyaros Sesaxeb adre arsebuli Teoriebis gaazrebamde da rekonstruqciamde miiyvana. niutoni codnas aRiqvamda, rogorc aRmosaCen Tvaluwvdenel vels: ar vici, msoflios Cemze ra warmodgena aqvs, magram Cemi TavisTvis is patara biWi var, romelic zRvis sanapiroze TamaSobs da drodadro Cveulebrivze ufro gluv kenWs an lamaz niJaras poulobs maSin, roca WeSmaritebis uzarmazari okeane jer kidev aRmouCenelia.
Carlz darvini5
niutonisa da ainStainis msgavsad, darvins ar hqonda swrafi goneba, is muyaiTi adamiani iyo: CemTvis rTulia azrebis cxadad da lakonurad gamoxatva da, am sirTulis gamo, bevri dro davkarge. Tumca, manve momitana sapirispiro upiratesoba da maiZula, yvela winadadebis Sesaxeb ufro xangrZlivad da daJinebiT mefiqra. amis wyalobiT, Cems azrovnebaSi, Cems sakuTar an sxvaTa dakvirvebebSi Secdomebi aRmovaCine. inteleqtualur kiTxvebze pasuxebis Ziebisas darvini eyrdnoboda ara maxsovrobasa da swraf refleqsebs, aramed Seupovrobasa da uwyvet fiqrs. verc erT TariRs an leqsis taeps ramdenime dReze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ver vimaxsovrebdi. amis magivrad, mas hqonda moTmineba, raime amouxsnel sakiTxze wlebis manZilze efiqra... arasdros vyofilvar swrafad moazrovne an mwerali. yvelaferi, rac ki mecnierebis sferoSi gamikeTebia, xangrZlivi fiqris, moTminebisa da gulmodgine muSaobis Sedegia.
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albert ainStaini6
ainStaini skolaSi imdenad cudad swavlobda, rom roca mamamisma skolis direqtors hkiTxa, mis vaJs romeli profesia unda aerCia, direqtorma upasuxa: amas araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. is warmatebas veraferSi miaRwevs. universitetSi arsebulma jgufebad dayofis sistemam mas Zalauflebis Rrma eWvi gauCina, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gahyva. ainStains geniosobis raime niSnebi ar gamouvlenia da zrdasrul asakSic uaryofda Tavisi gonebis gansakuTrebulobas: arafris gansakuTrebuli niWi ar maqvs. ubralod Zalian cnobismoyvare var. is ciurixis politeqnikuri universtitetis misaReb gamocdebze CaiWra. roca bolos da bolos universitetSi moxvda, gamocdebma misi goneba imdenad daZaba, rom saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samecniero sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fiqri saerTod aRar undoda. ainStainis mier Cabarebuli bolo gamocda arafriT gamoirCeoda, ris gamoc mogvianebiT asistentis Tanamdebobaze uari uTxres (yvelaze dabali safexuris samsaxuri universitetis kursdamTavrebulTaTvis). miuxedavad kargad ganviTarebuli kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisa, gamocdebis Cabareba misi Zlieri mxare arasdros yofila. kritikuli azrovnebis wyalobiT, ainStains SeeZlo, problema Zalian daeviwroebina: erT-erTi misi yvelaze didi inteleqtualuri niWi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mcire da didi sakiTxebisTvis yvelaferi is CamoeSorebina, rac am sakiTxisTvis ararelevanturi iyo. roca sami moazrovnis: niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis moRvaweobas ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT ara ganusazRvrelad did genialur gonebas, aramed moazrovneebs, romlebic kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrebis kombinirebas WeSmaritebis mgznebare, magram ara ezoTerul ZiebaSi axerxebdnen.
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kreatiuloba mistifikaciis gareSe

Cveni azriT, SemoqmedebiTi adamianebis istoriebis dawvrilebiT Seswavla gaamyarebs Cvens SemoqmedebiTomTavar mtkicebas, rom kritikuli da Semobis aRqma yvelaze qmedebiTi azrovneba mWidrodaa erTmaneTufro advili Tan dakavSirebuli. am oridan erT-erTis martivi, yovelgamocalkeveba misi gamoyenebis areals dRiuri azrebis zRudavs. SemoqmedebiToba kritikuli konteqstSia. ganxilvis gareSe ubralod siaxlea. kritikuli azrovneba SemoqmedebiTobis gareSe ki mxolod negatiuri Sefaseba. bunebrivi niWi ver ganviTardeba Sromisa da garemos mxridan xelSewyobis gareSe. magaliTad, ainStaini verasdros gaxdeboda msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze didi mecnieri, is rom ukidures gaWirvebaSi mcxovreb samxreT saharel dedas gaeCina. Sroma da xelSewyoba mimarTuli unda iyos gonierebisa da originalobis mxardaWerisken, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT inteleqtualur siTamamesa da Seupovrobaze, romelic didi niWis mqone adamianebs inteleqtualuri samuSaos mravalwliani Sesrulebisas swavlisa da ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. mTavari azri aq is aris, rom SemoqmedebiTobis mistifikacia ar unda moxdes. bevri amouxsneli ram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi didi nawili mainc, SeiZleba amoixsnas miwieri perspeqtividan. araCveulebrivi niWiT dajildoebuli adamianebic ki saWiroeben kritikuli azrovnebis makoreqtirebel da gamafarToebel Zalas. kritikuli azrovnebis analitikuri instrumentebis gareSe (instrumentebi, romlebic moazrovnes aZleven saSualebas, codnis struqturis srulyofa moaxdinos) adamians nebismieri mocemuli sferos codnis mxolod SezRuduli aRqmis saSualeba eqneba. codnis struqturisa da misi sistemuri funqciebis gagebis gareSe, adamians gauWirdeba codnis erTi konteqstidan meoreSi gadatana. kritikuli azrovnebis inteleqtualuri standartebis gareSe, adamianebi azrebis siZlieres Cveulebriv gadaWarbebulad dadebiTad, mis SezRudvebs ki - zedmetad uaryofiTad afaseben. Tu miRebuli ganaTleba kritikuli azrovnebiT ar aris gamyarebuli, pirovnulad ver ganvviTardeb29
iT, ver SevamCnevT araTanmimdevrulobasa da urTierTgamomricxav winaaRmdegobebs. Cven midrekilebi varT imisken, rom piradi cxovrebis bevr sferos kritikuli damokidebulebis gareSe daveqvemdebaroT. TiToeuli Cvengani arsebuli winaswari gonebrivi wyobiT ibadeba, romelic Cvens kontrols miRmaa. Tumca, miuxedavad Tandayolili nedli SesaZleblobebisa, goneba droTa ganmavlobaSi unda ganviTardes, raTa Cveni potencialis maqsimums mivaRwioT. kreatiulobisTvis saWiroa jansaRi kritikuli azrovneba, xolo kritikuli azrovnebis Camoyalibebasa da gaumjobesebas neba sWirdeba.
azrovnebis elementebi
kritikuli azrovnebis arsis Sejameba Semdegnairadac SeiZleba: kritikuli azrovneba aris azrovnebis Sesaxeb fiqris xelovneba, romelic axdens: 1. azrovnebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis gansazRvras 2. (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) misi gaumjobesebuli formiT warmodgenas. pirveli moiTxovs iseTi moazrovnis arsebobas, romelic analitikur da SefasebiT azrovnebaSia daxelovnebuli. meore ki - moazrovnes, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis kargi unari aqvs. amgvarad, kritikul azrovnebas sami ganzomileba aqvs: analitikuri, SefasebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi. marTalia, Cven am funqciebs Teoriuli sicxadis mizniT erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavebT, magram migvaCnia, rom procesebSi samivem erTad unda miiRos monawileoba. kritikuli azrovneba ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnas, rogorc azrovnebis calkeul elementebad daSlis izolirebuli procesi. mas Semdeg, rac Cveni azrovnebis Semadgenel nawilebs cxadad davinaxavT, maT Sefasebas ukeT SevZlebT. Semadgeneli nawilebis Sefaseba ki maRali donis azrovneba - kritikuli azrovnebis kreatiuli ganzomilebaa. adamiani analizs imisTvis akeTebs, rom Seafasos. Sefaseba ki gaumjobesebisTvis xdeba.
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Tvalsazrisi: kriteriumi, perspeqtiva, orientacia, msoflmxedveloba Sedegebi: logikuri Sedegebi, Sedegebi
daniSnuleba: mizani, amocana, funqcia
varaudi: winaswari varaudi, aqsiomebi, bunebrivad naboZebi informacia
azrovnebis elementebi
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxva: problema, sakiTxi

informacia: monacemebi, faqtebi, mtkicebulebebi, dakvirvebebi, gamocdileba, ganmarteba
koncefcia: Teoria, gansazRvrebebi, kanoni, principebi, modelebi
interpretacia da daskvnebi: daskvna, sakiTxis gadawyveta
aq mocemulia im SemoqmedebiTi qmedebebis aRwera, romlic analitikuri azrovnebis nawilad moiazreba: 1. daniSnuleba, mizani an mosalodneli daboloeba: nebismier msjelobas yovelTvis aqvs bolo, romelic raime miznis miRwevas, romelime saWiroebis an survilis dakmayofilebas gulisxmobs. Tu iseT miznebs davisaxavT, romlebic ararealisturia an Cvens sxva miznebs ewinaaRmdegeba, maT misaRwevad gamarTuli msjeloba problemuri iqneba. 2. sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxva (an gadasaWreli problema): msjelobisas yovelTvis arsebobs minimum erTi SekiTxva, sul mcire, erTi problema, romelic unda gadaiWras. amitom
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3.
4.
5.
6.
msjelobaSi CarTuli adamiani unda dafiqrdes, rogor Camoayalibos pasuxgasacemi kiTxva an gadasaWreli problema. Tu kiTxvas cxadad ar CamovayalibebT, mkafiod ar ganvsazRvravT kiTxvis kavSirs Cvens ZiriTad mizezTan an mizanTan, ver SevZlebT logikuri pasuxis gacemas, an iseTi pasuxis miRebas, romelic Cvens mizans emsaxureba. rodesac kiTxvas vsvamT, pasuxismgeblebi varT mis sicxadesa da gaurkvevlobaze. Tvalsazrisi an kriteriumebi: msjeloba raime Tvalsazrisis an kriteriumis CarCoebSi unda movaqcioT. Tvalsazriss an kriteriums Cveni goneba qmnis da nebismieri naklovaneba SeZleba Cveni msjelobis problemebis SesaZlo wyaro gaxdes. Cveni Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa SezRuduli, araswor an damabnevel analogiebze an metaforebze dafuZnebuli, arasakmarisad zusti, winaaRmdegobebis Semcveli da a. S. iyos. Cveni goneba warmoSobs im Tvisebebs, romlebic Cveni msjelobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tvalsazrisi TavisTavad ar arsebobs. maT adamianis goneba qmnis. informacia, romelsac msjelobisas viyenebT: msjelobis dros, rodesac raime Temis an fenomenis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT. arasrulyofili monacemebi, mtkicebulebebi an nedli masala SesaZloa problemis wyaro gaxdes. Cven unda miviRoT gadawyvetileba, - mravalferovani gamocdilebidan, monacemidan an mtkicebulebidan romels gamoviyenebT. amgvari gadawyvetilebebi Cveni gonebis muSaobis produqtia. informacia TavisTavad ar arsebobs. maT adamianis goneba qmnis. Cveni msjelobis konceptualuri ganzomileba: yvelanairi msjeloba Cveni gonebis mier Seqmnili garkveuli ideisa da koncefciis gamoyenebas efuZneba. msjelobisas gamoyenebuli - koncefciasa da ideaSi arsebuli (aqvea gaerTianebuli Teoriebi, principebi, aqsiomebi an wesebi) - nebismieri nakli SesaZloa problemebis wyaro gaxdes. ideebis simwiris Zalas Cveni azrovnebis xarisxi gansazRvravs. koncefciebiTa da ideebiT buneba ar gvamaragebs. maT adamianis goneba qmnis. varaudebi msjelobis sawyisi wertilebi: nebismieri msjeloba saidanRac unda daiwyos, zogierTi ram bunebis naboZebad unda aRiqvaT. naklovani sawyisi wertili, bunebriv procesebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri problema, SesaZloa, problemebis wyaro gaxdes. mxolod Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT iseTi varaudebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac msjelobas SevZ-
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lebT. Cveni azrovnebis sawyis wertilebs Cvenve vqmniT. 7. daskvnebi da interpretaciebi: msjeloba daskvnebisganac Sedgeba. daskvnis gakeTeba azrovnebis Semdeg procesTanaa dakavSirebuli: imis gamo, rom es asea, isic asea (an SesaZloa asec). msjelobis Sedegad gakeTebuli daskvnebis dros gamovlenili nebismieri nakli aseve SeiZleba Cveni msjelobisTvis problemad iqces. informacia, monacemebi da situacia ar gansazRvravs Cven mier gamotanil daskvnebs. Cveni gonebis mier Seqmnili koncefciebisa da situaciebTan dakavSirebuli varaudebis safuZvelze vqmniT daskvnebs. daskvnebi mxolod gonebaSi arsebobs. isini mniSvnelobis Seqmnis struqturis elementebia. 8. Sedegebi saiT mivyavarT msjelobas: yvela msjelobas aqvs dasawyisi (sawyisi wertili) da dasasruli (saboloo wertili). msjeloba sawyisi wertilidan saboloo wertilisken miemarTeba. statikuri msjeloba ar arsebobs. amgvarad, msjelobas axlavs misgan gamomdinare Sedegebi da ideebi; qmedebebi, romlebic SeiZleba maSin moxdes, Tuki Cvens msjelobas ama Tu im mimarTulebiT waviyvanT da erT an meore gadawyvetilebas miviRebT. Sedegebi msjelobis procesis bunebrivi qmnilebebia. gonebam unda SeZlos imis gansazRvra, ra mohyveba ama Tu im situaciaSi ganxorcielebul ama Tu im qmedebas. es gonebis kreatiuli aqtia. azrovnebaSi Sedegebis gamo warmoSobili nebismieri problema SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis problemacaa.
inteleqtualuri standartebi
efeqtur moazrovned CamoyalibebisTvis saWiroa, gavcdeT azrovnebis analizs da azrovnebis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva standarti gamoviyenoT. Tavad azrovnebis buneba da is, risTvisac azrovneba gvWirdeba, warmoSobs inteleqtualur standartebs. inteleqtualuri standarti saWiroa imisTvis, rom Cven mier gacemuli informacia iyos cxadi da naTeli. gaugebari ena miznis ganxorcielebas xels uSlis an SeuZlebels xdis. inteleqtualuri standarti aseve dakavSirebulia Cvens mcdelobasTan, gavigoT sagani an sxvebs informacia ise gavacnoT, rogoric is sinamdvileSia. amas akuratulobis standartsac uwodeben.
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saWiroebidan gamomdinare, saWiroa konkretuli, zusti monacemebis Segroveba. uzustoba an detalebisa da konkretuli monacemebis miwodebis SeuZlebloba miznis miRwevas xels uSlis. Sesabamisobis inteleqtualuri standarti dakavSirebulia faqtTan, rom zogierTi informacia ar Seicavs kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis gacemac Cven gvWirdeba. azrovnebis procesSi CaCxeril ararelevantur informacias Cveni yuradReba saWiro informaciidan sxva sakiTxebze gadaaqvs da ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, Cven winaSe warmoSobil kiTxvas vupasuxoT. rom ganvazogadoT, gaugebari iqneboda Semdegis Tqma: me minda kargad vimsjelo, magram ar mainteresebs Cemi msjeloba mkafio, zusti, akuratuli, relevanturi, logikuri, Tanmimdevruli an samarTliani iqneba Tu ara. msgavsi ramis Tqma SeiZleba im koncefciebisa da sityvebis Sesaxebac, romlebsac zrovnebis efeqganaTlebuli adamiani saubrisas iyenebs. turad Sefaseba gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, gauge- mxolod intelebari iqneboda winadadeba: me vcdilob ganqtualuri stanvsazRvro, var Tu ara egoisti, magram ar dartebis SeqmnimaRelvebs is, Tavad sityva egoisti ras sa da gamoyenebis niSnavs. kiTxvis - aris Tu ara jeki egoisSemTxvevaSia ti? - logika gulisxmobs sityva egoistis SesaZlebeli. damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebas. Tu termins gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, Cven is nacnobi mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT da, am mxriv, akuratulebi viyoT. maRali xarisxis msjeloba inteleqtualuri standartebis frTxili gamoyenebis saSualebiT xdeba. am standartebis gareSe Cveni azrovneba, savaraudod, gaifanteba da Cven mier Seqmnili azrebi mimarTulebas dakargavs. Cven ki veRar SevZlebT maRali da dabali xarisxis msjelobis erTmaneTisgan garCevas. mokled, kreatiuli azrovneba aucilebladaa dakavSirebuli inteleqtualur standartebTan. aba, dafiqrdiT am gamoTqmis absurdulobaze: Cemi azrovneba Zalian kreatiulia. erTaderTi problema isaa, rom is ar aris mkafio, zusti, akuratuli, relevanturi. samagierod, zedapirulia, viwro, alogikuri da banaluri.
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kiTxvebi inteleqtualuri standartebis Sesaxeb

sicxade
SegiZliaT cota ufro meti informacia mogvawodoT? SegiZliaT magaliTi damisaxeloT? SegiZliaT imis ilustrireba, rasac gulisxmobT? amis Semowmeba rogoraa SesaZlebeli?
akuratuloba rogor SeiZleba imis gageba, es simarTles Seesabameba Tu ara?

rogor SeiZleba am informaciis dadastureba an gadamowmeba? SegiZliaT ufro konkretulad isaubroT? SegiZliaT meti detali momawodoT? SegiZliaT ufro zusti informacia mogvawodoT? rogoraa es informacia dakavSirebuli problemasTan?
sizuste
relevanturoba rogoraa es informacia dakavSirebuli kiTxvasTan?

rogor dagvexmareba es informacia sakiTxis garkvevaSi? romeli faqtorebi ganapirobebs am sakiTxis sirTules? Tu SeiZleba, CamoTvaleT ramdenime sirTule, romlebic am sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. Tu SeiZleba. CamoTvaleT is sirTuleebi, romlebze muSaobac mogviwevs. saWiroa Tu ara am sakiTxis sxva kuTxiT ganxilva? saWiroa Tu ara sxva Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswineba? saWiroa Tu ara am sakiTxis gadaWris/mogvarebis sxva gziT ganxilva? ramdenad gasagebia es yvelaferi? Seesabameba Tu ara Tqveni pirveli da bolo abzaci erTmaneTs? gamomdinareobs Tu ara mtkicebulebebidan is, rasac ambobT? aris Tu ara gansaxilveli problema yvelaze mniSvnelovani?
siRrme
sifarTove
logika
mniSvneloba aris Tu ara centraluri idea is, romelzec koncentrireba

unda movaxdinoT? am faqtebidan romelia yvelaze mniSvnelovani? samarTlianoba aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli am sakiTxTan Cemi piradi interesi? pativiscemiT warmovadgen Tu ara sxvaTa TvalTaxedvas?
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kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba xelovnebaSi

Cven ukve visaubreT inteleqtualuri standartebis mniSvnelobaze msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli produqtis Sesafaseblad. magram rogoraa saqme mxatvruli azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnili SemoqmedebiTi produqtis SemTxvevaSi? ramdenadaa, an aris Tu ara saerTod kritika an kritikuli analizi mxatvruli azrovnebisa da Semoqmedebis Sinagani nawili? zogi amtkicebs, rom xelovnebis Sefaseba saerTod ar unda xdebodes, an Tu mainc xdeba, amgvari Sefasebisas racionaluri procesebi mxedvelobaSi ar unda miviRoT. zogierTi adamianis mtkicebiT, xelovnebis nimuSebi imdenad Taviseburi da individualuria, rom maTi bunebis aRwera SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis mSvenierebis gadmocema sityvebs ar ZaluZT. magram Tavad xelovanebi xSirad kamaToben xelovnebis nimuSebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis Sesaxeb: xelovnebis zogierT nimuSs aqeben, zogs ki gakicxaven. arsebobs xelovnebis iseTi nimuSebic, romlebsac adamianebi kidec aqeben da kidec aZageben. yvela namuSevars maRali Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia: zogierT maTgans muzeumebsa da xelovnebis skolebSi ganaTavseben, zogs ki nagvis yuTSi yrian. amgvarad, Tuki vfiqrobT, rom arsebobs maRali xelovneba, jobia, ukeT movemzadoT Cveni argumentebis dasabuTebisaTvis. kritikas xelovnebis sferoSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tuki Cven davuSvebT, rom xelovnebaSi yvelafris keTeba SeiZleba, gamova, rom xelovneba Seqebas ar imsaxurebs. nebismieri ram yvelaferia da amave dros - araferic. Tuki SeuZlebeli iqneba xelovnebaSi maRali miRwevebis gansazRvra, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba xelovnebis Sesaxeb ise saubari, rom Cvensave Tavs ar SevewinaaRmdegoT. xelovnebis kritikosebi ver Tanxmdebian Sefasebisas gamosayenebeli mniSvnelovani standartebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans,
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mainc arsebobs zogadi standartebis nakrebi, romelic xelovnebis yvela mniSvnelovan nimuSs gansazRvravs. aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis yvela Sedevrs aqvs Tavisi mniSvnelovani, universaluri da droTa ganmavlobaSi dadgenili Rirebuleba. mniSvnelobis, universalurobisa da droTa ganmavlobaSi dadgenili Rirebulebis standartebi is minimaluri kriteriumebia, romlebsac xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi akmayofilebs. ra Tqma unda, es standartebi rig SemTxvevebSi xelovnebis fakultetis kargad informirebuli studentebis cxare kamaTs iwvevs xolme. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xelovnebis Sesaxeb gamarTuli nebismieri msjeloba im inteleqtualuri standartebis Sesabamisad unda Sefasdes, romlebic, zogadad, yvela tipis msjelobisas gamoiyeneba. xelovnebis, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis, Seqmnis procesis, istoriis, sazogadoebrivi rolis, mniSvnelobis, daniSnulebis, gzavnilis Sesaxeb iseve unda vimsjeloT, rogorc disciplinirebuli SemoqmedebiTi moazrovneebi msjeloben ricxvebis, mcenaproduqcia krireebis, urTierTobebis, arqiteqturis da tikulad unda nebismieri sxva sferos Sesaxeb. Sefasdes. universaluri inteleqtualuri standartebis miRma arsebobs saganTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri standartebic, romlebsac moazrovneebi nebismier disciplinaSi (xelovnebis CaTvliT) iyeneben. msjelobisas qimikosi qimiis, istorikosi istoriis, sociologi sociologebis, xelovani ki mxatvrul standarts iTvaliswinebs. amgvarad, arsebobs xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri standartebi, romlebic poeziis, mxatvrobis, piesebis, romanebis da, ra Tqma unda, xelovnebis nebismieri produqtis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba. bunebrivia, rom specifikuri standartebis gamoyeneba konkretuli xelovnebis obieqtis mimarT xandaxan eqspertebs Soris intensiuri debatebis sagani xdeba
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xolme. daxvewil xelovans xelovnebis bevri standartis identificireba da maTi intuiciurad gamocnoba SeuZlia. magaliTad, grafikul kompoziciaSi ramdenime fundamentur princips iyeneben: 1. batonoba, romelic gulisxmobs suraTze erTi obieqtis an centris arsebobas. yvela sxva obieqti mas unda eqvemdebarebodes; 2. dapirispireba, romelic moiTxovs, rom suraTze arsebuli sxvadasxva elementi erTmaneTTan kontrasts qmnides da xazis, formisa da Rirebulebis mravalferovnebas gamoxatavdes; 3. wonasworoba, romelic moiTxovs, rom kontrastma harmoniuli efeqti Seqmnas. xelovnebis kritikosebi Tanxmdebian miqelanjelos, mocartis, beThovenis, rembrantis, van gogis, miltonis, Seqspiris, poupis, kitsis, dostoevskis da tolstois mier Seqmnili xelovnebis nimuSebis maRal Rirebulebaze. magram kritika, romelic sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xelovnebis nimuSebs ar exeba, Zalian seriozulia xolme. xSirad kritikosebi mravalferovani paradigmebis mixedviT fiqroben da zogjer ver eguebian dapirispirebul azrebs. is, rac xandaxan xelovnebaSi kreatiulobad iTvleba, SesaZloa, imdenad ezoTerul produqtad iqces, rom mis dacvasa da kritikas Soris sazRvari bundovani gaxdes.
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rodesac kritikoss sagnis arsis gagebis siRrme aklia, xelovnebis standartebs subieqturad iyenebs da mxatvrul mgrZnobelobasa da gansjaze aqvs pretenzia, maTi Sefasebis satirulad gamoxatva. gaixseneT diskusia vudi alenis filmidan manheteni. am scenaSi isaaki (vudi aleni) da misi megobari gogona treisi, isaakis saukeTeso megobars da mis inteleqtual Seyvarebul meris xvdebian. isaaki: Cven qvemoT fotogamofena davaTvaliereT... araCveulebrivia, sruliad araCveulebrivi! meri: marTla? mogewonaT? isaaki: qvemoT gamofenili fotoebi... mSvenieria! Tqven ara? meri: ara. Cemi azriT, Zalian banaluri fotoebia. diana arbusis fotoebis gadamRerebad momeCvena, Tumca, arbusis fotoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonebamaxviloba akldaT. isaaki: sinamdvileSi, unda vaRiaro, rom fotoebi ise Zalian ar mogvwonebia, rogorc organuli minisgan gakeTebuli skulptura. imisi Tqma minda, rom... meri: marTla? ese igi, organuli minis skulptura mogewonaT?
isaaki: Tqven arc is mogewonaT? meri: sainteresoa... isaaki: rkinis kubs gacilebiT sjobda. rkinis kubi naxeT? treisi: yvelaze uaresi eqsponati iyo. meri: Cemi azriT, brwyinvale iyo. namdvilad brwyinvale iyo. isaaki: rkinis kubi iyo brwyinvale? meri: diax. CemTvis is Zalian struqturuli iyo. iciT, ras vgulisxmob? srulyofilad iyo integrirebuli da hqonda... araCveulebrivi negatiuri SesaZlebloba. yvelaferi danarCeni rac qvemoT vnaxe, nagavi iyo.
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es scena mxolod sasacilo araa. is imitomaa sasacilo, rom gviCvenebs Wkvian adamians, romelic ver xvdeba xelovnebis Sesaxeb sakuTari uvicobis masStabs da imasac gviCvenebs, rogor erevaT siTamame raimes codnaSi. ese igi, ras vambobdiT? jer erTi imas, rom xelovnebaSic ki, sadac umaRlesi donis kreatiulobas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, kritikuli azrovneba gadamwyvetia. didi xelovani xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT kritikulia. gansakuTrebiT kritikulebi sakuTari nawarmoebis mimarT arian. maT bevri SeiZleba Tqvan imis Sesaxeb, risi miRweva surT da rogor cdiloben amis ganxorcielebas. rodesac xelovani an kritikosi xelovnebis Sesaxeb msjelobs, misi msjeloba kritikul analizsa da Sefasebas eqvemdebareba. xelovnebis yvela calkeuli sfero specifikuri standartebis leqsikas ayalibebs. Sefaseba bevr sxvadasxva doneze xdeba. magram xelovnebaSi, iseve, rogorc adamianuri miRwevebis yvela sxva sferoSi, kritikuli da kreatiuli samuSao erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, urTierTdamokidebulia, urTierTqmedebs da gavlenas axdens erTmaneTze.
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nawili II
kritikuli/SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba da gaazrebulobis safuZvlebi

sagnebis logikis garkveva
rogorc dasawyisSive vTqviT, aucilebelia miwaze daveSvaT da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis demistifikacia movaxdinoT. swored amitom, aq ganvixilavT SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis magaliTebs rogorc geniosebis naSromebSi, ise SedarebiT mokrZalebul nimuSebs, romlebic Cveulebriv aRqmebsa da azrebSia xolme gamoxatuli. rodesac axal koncefcias vswavlobT, gamocdilebis safuZvelze daskvnebi gamogvaqvs, viazrebT, vwerT, vkiTxulobT, vsaubrobT an vismenT, Cveni goneba srulfasovan (Tumca ki, banalur) SemoqmedebiT aqtSi erTveba. imis gasagebad, Tu rogor da ratom xdeba es banaluri SemoqmedebiTi procesi, sulac araa saWiro ezoTerul, tvinis saWylet an saidumloebiT mocul sferoebTan kavSiri. modiT ganvixiloT, rogor muSaobs goneba sxvadasxva sakiTxis garkvevis dros, rogor iqmneba mniSvneloba yoveldRiurad, rogor xdeba am mniSvnelobis xarisxis Semowmeba. raimes mniSvnelobis gageba msjelobis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. Cven iseTi koncefciebis Camoyalibeba SegviZlia, romlebic sagnis bunebas akuratulad, Tumca, SesaZloa detalurad ar axasiaTebs. sagnis Sesaxeb msjeloba misi raime formiT konceptualurad gaazrebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. magram imis gamo, rom buneba Tandayolili ideebiT ar gvamaragebs, koncefciebi individualurad an kritikuli azsocialuri CarTulobis meSveobiT unda Serovnebis dros vqmnaT. koncefciebis Seqmnis Semdeg xdeba Cven vakontrosagnis integrireba ideebis qselSi. integlebT im mniSvrirebuli koncefcia bevri SesaZlo daskvnelobebs, romnis mamoZravebel Zalad iqceva xolme. lebsac vqmniT.
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magaliTad, Cem mier Camoyalibebuli qorwinebis koncefcia marTavs Cems gadawyvetilebebs, kerZod, unda davqorwinde Tu ara konkretul adamianze; ramdenad warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos Cemi qorwineba, an saWiroa Tu ara ganqorwineba. swavlis procesTan dakavSirebuli koncefcia warmarTavs swavlasTan mimarTebaSi daskvnebis SemuSavebis process. magaliTad, Tu me swavlas mxolod faqtebis damaxsovrebad aRviqvam da sxvadasxva informaciis damaxsovrebaSi gawafuli var, davaskvni, rom kvalificiuri moswavle var. vivaraudeb, rom yvela, visac ki faqtebis damaxsovreba kargad SeuZlia, gonebagaxsnilia; is ki, vinc amas ver axerxebs - ara. vifiqreb, rom erTaderTi, rac adamianma kargad unda ganiviTaros, damaxsovrebis unaria. aqedan gamomdinare, me swavlis Sedegebs arasworad gavigeb, es gaugebroba ki swavlebis Cemeuli araswori konceptualizaciis Sedegad moxdeba. raime sferos Sesaxeb kargad an cudad, dasabuTebulad an dausabuTeblad daskvnebis gakeTeba koncefciis mniSvnelobisa da sagnis Sesaxeb arsebuli Cveni codnis Sesabamisad an masTan Seusabamod SeiZleba moxdes. Tu frTxilad ar viqnebiT, SesaZloa (da es xSirad gvemarTeba), iseTi ram davaskvnaT da warmovidginoT, rac nagulisxmevze ufro metia. Tuki kars ukan xma mesmis da mas karebze fxaWunad aRviqvam, SeiZleba davaskvna, rom Cems ZaRls oTaxSi Semosvla surs. me Cemi msjelobis unari (konceptualizaciisa da daskvnis gamotanis Cemi kreatiuli SesaZlebloba) gamoviyene da xmauri fxaWunad aRviqvi. gaazrebis procesSi vivaraude, rom erTaderTi axlos myofi arseba, romelsac Cems karze fxaWuni SeuZlia, Cemi ZaRlia. magram Cemi msjeloba SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. SesaZloa, xma arasworad aRviqvi fxaWunad (iqneb, xmis warmomavlobis mimarTulebac ki ver gavigone sworad), an SecdomiT davaskveni, rom garSemo sxva am xmis gamocemis SemZle arseba ar arsebobs. daukvirdiT, - am qmedebebis dros me vqmni, vayalibeb an xorcs vasxam Cemi azrovnebis dros mimdinare konceptualizacias. CvenTvis yvelaferi, rasac vuyurebT, aris is, risi gaSifvra, Semdgomi konceptualizacia da masze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gakeTebac (da amiT damatebiT momavali konceptualizaciis procesis warmarTva) gonebis ZaliTaa SesaZlebeli. amas
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imdenad rutinulad da meqanikurad vakeTebT, rom Tavs Cveulebrivi logikuri Semoqmedebis procesSi CarTuladac ki ver aRviqvamT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi CvenTvis msoflio koncefciebisgan Tavisufali garemo ar aris da, movlenebis ukeT gasagebad, Cvens gamocdilebebs Segnebulad kategoriebad vyofT. es yvelaferi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos, sagnebi Tavisive memkvidreobiT miRebuli saxelebiT gadmogvecema. Cven vxedavT xeebs, Rrublebs, balaxs, gzebs, adamianebs, kacebs, qalebs da a. S. da am koncefciebs intuiciur doneze ise viyenebT, TiTqos, maTSi aranairi racionaluri an kreatiuli qmedeba araa CarTuli. magram Tu am yvelaferze davfiqrdebiT, gavacnobierebT, rom iyo dro, roca sagnebis saxelebis swavla gviwevda. Sesabamisad, vidre maTi saxelebi ar vicodiT, am fenomenebs mxolod koncefciebis SuamavlobiT vxedavdiT. koncefciebis Seswavlis procesSi ki, Cven isini gonebaSi ukve Seswavlil koncefciebze dayrdnobiT unda Segveqmna. roca Cven raimes logikas vaxsenebT, am dros raRac Zalian mTavarsa da martivs vgulisxmobT, kerZod: mniSvnelobebis sistemas, romelic raime sagnis arss warmoadgens. arsis gasagebad jer misi Zireuli mniSvneloba unda gavigoT. magaliTad, rogor muSaobs velosipedi. rodesac Tqven misi muSaobis princips gaigebT da sistemis axsnas SeZlebT, velosipedis funqcionirebis logikasac mixvdebiT. ra Tqma unda, velosipedis marTvis swavla misi muSaobis principis gagebis gareSec SeiZleba. magaliTad, Cven cocxal organizmebs imisTvis vswavlobT, rom bio-logi(k)a (biologia) CamovayaliboT, is gzebi SevqmnaT, romlebic sicocxlis sxvadasxva formis konceptualizaciisa da maT Sesaxeb marTebuli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems. socialur wyobas imisTvis vswavlobT, rom sociologi(k)a CamovayaliboT, sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb marTebuli daskvnebi gavakeToT da konceptualizaciis gzebi davamuSaoT. istoriul warsuls imis gamo SeviswavliT, rom istoriis logikis struqtura SevqmnaT: warsulis Sesaxeb marTebuli daskvnebis gakeTeba da konceptualizaciis gzebis monaxva SevZloT. imis gamo, rom es konceptualuri struqturebi Tandayolili araa, isini yvelam TavisTvis, individualurad unda Seqmnas. amgvarad, gamodis, rom mxolod imis gamo, rom adamiani
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adamianuri cxovrebiT cxovrobs da, Sesabamisad, am procesSi sxvadasxva fenomenis gagebas gverds ver auvlis, yvela adamiani kreatiulia. kritikuli azrovnebis procesSi Cven Cvenive konceptualuri qmnilebebis kontrols viwyebT da maT gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad vafasebT, vidre amas Cveulebriv akeTeben xolme. koncefciebi, adamianis mier Seqmnili yvela fenomenis msgavsad, SeiZleba kargad an cudad iyos Camoyalibebuli. Seqmnisa da struqturis ganviTarebis process, damoukideblad imisgan, es konceptualuri ganviTareba iqneba Tu materialuri, Tan axlavs kritikuli Sefaseba (gamWriaxoba, goniereba). saxelmZRvanelos Semdeg nawilSi gamovikvlevT kritikuli azrovnebis or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fazas: mniSvnelobis sistemebis warmoeba (Seqmna) da Sefaseba (kritikuli damokidebuleba). Cven konkretulad SevCerdebiT Semdeg sakiTxebze: koncefciebi da ena adamianis azrovneba akademiuri disciplinebi SekiTxvebi kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena.
saswavlo koncefciebi da ena

am saxelmZRvaneloSi sityva koncefcias im sagnebis jgufisTvis viyenebT, romlebic erTnairad aRiwereba. Cveni warmodgeniT, konceptualizacia aris procesi, romelic adamians sagnebis romelime klasis Sesaxeb daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas aZlevs. amgvarad, Tu me vinmes Wkvian adamianad movixsenieb, mas adamianTa ganzogadebul jgufSi (gonebamaxvilebSi) mivuCen adgils. imisTvis, rom Cven samyaros obieqtebs erTmaneTTan koncefciebi msgavsebis an erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuviswavloT da lobis principiT kategoriebad an koncefena gamoviyenoT, ciebad dayofis saSualebiT gaviazrebT. isini gonebriSemdeg maT sxva koncefciebTan vakavSivi aqtebis gziT rebT, mTeli am procesis ganmavlobaSi ki unda SevqmnaT. daskvnebis saSualebiT maT legitimacias
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vaxdenT. magaliTad, me Tu Cem win mdgar arsebas ZaRlad miviCnev, SemiZlia davaskvna, rom is yefs, ar knavis da arc krutunebs. metic, sxva koncefciebis saSualebiT ZaRlis Sesaxeb mTel ojaxs vqmni (cxoveli, bewvi, cxviri, TaTi, kudi da a.S.). mSobliur enaze laparakis swavlis dros Cven vswavlobT aTasobiT koncefcias. Tu koncefciebs sworad gamovyenebT, Cven garSemo arsebuli sagnebis Sesaxeb uamrav marTebul daskvnas gavakeTebT. samwuxarod, raime enis Seswavla ver gvaiZulebs, koncefciebi frTxilad gamoviyenoT, arc arazusti daskvnebis gakeTebisken gvibiZgebs. gonebas SeuZlia rogorc kargi, aseve cudi mniSvnelobebis Seqmna. vidre goneba koncefciebis gamoyenebis principebs ar icnobs, is egocentruli an ganuswavleli gonebrivi aqtebis Sedegad mraval araswor daskvas gaakeTebs. swored amitomaa aucilebeli kritikuli azrovneba. inglisuris msgavsi enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli koncefciebis swavlis procesi hgavs Cvens gonebaSi arsebuli Sefaruli koncefciebis zusti aslebis Seqmnas, romlebsac Cven garSemo saubrisas iyeneben. magram Cven ar SegviZlia, vinmes sityvis an frazis mniSvneloba mivceT. es mniSvneloba yovelma adamianma, vinc mas swavlobs, individualurad unda Seqmnas. Cven SegviZlia mas mxolod leqsikoni da sityvis ganmarteba mivawodoT. Tumca, es ganmartebac unda gadamuSavdes da misi perifrazireba moxdes, rom goneba mas daeuflos. roca Cven mniSvnelobis araswor interpretirebas vaxdenT, sityvis mniSvnelobas arasworad vswavlobT, gonebaSi vqmniT im mniSvnelobas, romelic sityvis damkvidrebas ewinaaRmdegeba. azrovnebaze kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi kontrolis dasamyareblad, Cven kontroli unda davamyaroT saubris dros. Cven mier gamoyenebuli ideebis an koncefciebis didi nawili swored mSobliuri enidan modis. sityvebis saTanado gamoyeneba niSnavs im kriteriumebisa da standartebis pativiscemas, romlebic naTeli da zusti azrovnebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Cven, ra Tqma unda, ufleba gvaqvs, konkretuli sityva gansakuTrebuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT, magram es mxolod maSin SeiZleba moxdes, Tu Cven misi damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobis Secvlis saTanado mizezi gveqneba.
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Tu sityvis mniSvnelobis Secvlas gadavwyvetT, aucilebelia misi dadgenili mniSvneloba naTlad gaviazroT. magaliTad, Cven ar gvaqvs ufleba, sityva ganaTleba imave mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT, romelic aqvs sityvebs ideologiuri damuSaveba, socializacia an swavleba. ar SegviZlia erTmaneTTan gavaTanabroT sityvebi siamaye da sieSmake, simarTle da rwmena, codna da informacia, qedmaRloba da Tavdajerebuloba, survili da siyvaruli da a.S. yvela sityvas Tavisi dadgenili logika aqvs, romlis ugulebelyofa dabneulobis an Secdomis gareSe SeuZlebelia. yovel sityvas mniSvnelobaTa sul mcire erT sistemaSi mainc aqvs damkvidrebuli adgili. sityvaTa sistemaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis gasagebad, Cven raRac sxva (dakavSirebuli) mniSvnelobebis Sesaxebac unda vicodeT, sistema Cvens azrovnebaSi unda aRvadginoT da es produqti adre Seqmnil mniSvnelobebs davafuZnoT. sityvis mniSvnelobis swavla martivi amocana araa, radgan yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi gonebaSi ukve gaazrebuli koncefciebidan axali iqmneba. axali koncefciis Seqmna gulisxmobs, rom is mowesrigebuli, SemosazRvruli, regulirebuli da kontrolirebadia. sityvebs is mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT, romelic Cven gvinda, rom maT hqondeT. Cven sakuTar gonebaSi unda SevqmnaT maTi mniSvnelobebi. rogorc yovelTvis, gaazreba iTxovs kritikul Sefasebas da moqmedebs kreatiuli produqtis Seqmnis gaazrebis paralelurad.
adamianuri azrovnebis kritika

TavisTavad mniSvnelobis Seqmna aranair keTilSobilur saqcielTan araa dakavSirebuli. crurwmenebi, Tavis motyueba, azris damaxinjeba, gaugebrobebi da karikaturebi gonebis mier Seqmnili produqtebia. samwuxarod, adamianebi Cveulebriv bundovan, danawevrebul, urTierTgamomricxav, egocentrul, sociocentrul da safuZvels moklebul azrebs qmnian. es ase imitom xdeba, rom adamianis gonebis bunebrivi mdgomareoba egocentrulia. am mdgomareobaSi muSaobis dros Cven gonebis qvecnobier procesebs Tavisufali batonobis saSualebas vaZlevT. enis gamoyeneba sakuTari interesebis dasacavad da
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Tavis mosatyuebelad, manipulirebis saSualebiT upiratesobis mosapoveblad xdeba. racionalizebas imisTvis vaxdenT, rom rame davmaloT da gavamarTloT. am dros xdeba kritikuli Sefasebisa da warmoebis kreatiuli SesaZleblobebis borotad gamoyeneba. mouwesrigebeli egocentruli azrovimisTvis, rom nebis dros, Cven sakuTar Tavs ver vxedavT kargad viazrovSeqmnis, formirebisa da mniSvnelobebisTnoT, mudmivad vis formis micemis procesSi. ar gvesmis unda vakritiurTierTobis mniSvneloba, erTi mxriv, koT Cveni egoenis gamoyenebaze zrunvasa da sizustes, centruli meore mxriv, azrovnebaze zrunvasa da sitendenciebi da zustes Soris. roca sityvebis SerCevis iracionaluri kriteriumebi ar gvaqvs, bundovnad vlaazrovneba raciparakobT da vwerT. xSirad ver vaxerxebT onalurad garwinadadebebis erTmaneTTan gasagebad dadavqmnaT. kavSirebas, radgan, umetes SemTxvevebSi, amis gakeTebis pasuxismgeblobas ver vgrZnobT da danamdvilebiT arc is viciT, es rogor unda movaxerxoT. damuSavebuli inteleqtualuri disciplinis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Znelia, kargad ganviTarebul an daxvewil konceptualur urTierTobebSi daostatde. adamianis azrovnebis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba xangrZlivi drois periodSi unda moxdes da azrovnebis sxvadasxvanair tipebs Soris mimosvlis SesaZleblobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. Cven inteleqtualur disciplinebze unda vimuSaoT. mxolod da mxolod mouwesrigebel azrovnebasa da mowesrigebul gaazrebas Soris win da ukan moZraobis saSualebiT SeiZleba gardaviqmnaT inteleqtualurad mowesrigebul moazrovneebad. azris kritikuli kontrolis gareSe Rirebul ideebs ver SevqmniT. egocentruli adamianebis azrovnebis unari SezRudulia. isini kargad mxolod maSin azrovneben, roca saqmeSi maTi egocentruli tendenciebi ar monawileobs. magaliTad, SeiZleba adamiani ojaxsa da megobrebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze egocentrulad fiqrobdes, profesiuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas (rogorc fizikosi, arqiteqtori an qimikosi) ki kritikulad
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msjelobdes. erTi sferos eqspertebi sxva sferoSi azrovnebis dros xSirad iracionalurebi arian da sakuTari Tavi SecdomaSi SehyavT xolme. adamianis goneba erT mTlianobad ar viTardeba. swored amitomaa mniSvnelovani kritikuli azrovnebis yvelaze ufro zogadi da gasagebi gziT Seswavla. azrovnebis koncefciebis erT sferoSi Seswavlisas, sasargebloa sxva sferoebSi arsebuli logikuri magaliTebis gacnobac. adamianis azrovnebis kreatiuli ganzomileba mowesrigebuli azrovnebisa da kritikuli Sefasebis ararsebobis pirobebSi iSviaTad viTardeba. adamianebs sWirdebaT kritikuli azrovnebis instrumentebi imisTvis, rom cxovreba produqtiul struqturas dauqvemdebaron, gadaWran maT winaSe arsebuli problemebi da kompleqsur logikur sakiTxebze imuSavon.
akademiuri disciplinebis Seswavla

kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis gadasaxedidan akademiuri disciplinis Seswavlis logika ganaTlebaSi mdgomareobs. nebismieri akademiuri disciplina azrovnebis is sferoa, romelSic adamianebi specializebul koncefciebs iyeneben da iseT daskvnebs akeTeben, romlebic am koncefciebidan gamomdinareobs. sakvanZo koncefciebi azrovnebaSi gonebrivi aqtebis seriis saSualebiT unda ganvaviTaroT da mowesrigebuli sistemis forma mivceT. Cven unda SevqmnaT safuZveli da am safuZvlidan gamomdinare koncefciebi. Seqmnis yoveli wuTi gamWriaxobasa da Sefasebas moiTxovs. SeuZlebelia Sefasebis procesSi qarxnuli wesiT damzadebuli formis Canergva an Seyvana. ar SeiZleba inteleqtualuri brZolis gareSe misi pirdapir gonebaSi Cagdeba. ganviTarebisken mimarTuli yvela qmedebisTvis mniSvnelovania kritikuli Sefaseba da Seqmnis yvela aqti Riaa kritikuli SefasebisTvis. Cven vqmniT da vafasebT; vafasebT imas, rasac vqmniT; Sefasebas ki Seqmnis procesSi vaxorcielebT. azrovnebis nebismieri sistemis Sesaxeb arsebuli Canasaxovani codnis Semowmebis erT-erTi gza fundamenturi koncefciebis ilustrirebis, magaliTad moyvanis, damuSavebisa da mtkicebis cdaSi mdgomareobs. magaliTad, Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom
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romelime mecniereba iciT, sul mcire, disciplinis unda SegeZloT, axsnaT, ra SesaZlebloSesaswavlad gobebs sTavazobs is im adamianebs, vinc am nebam misi sistemecnierebis ZiriTad logikaSi daostatda. ma unda Seqmnas gonebrivma Zalebma naTeli unda gaxados da Seqmnili sisgonebis moqmedeba. swavlis procesisTvis temebi kritikumniSvnelovani koncefciebis Camoyalibelad SevafasoT. bis erT-erTi gza teqstis parafrazirebaa. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, aq CamoTvlili qmedebebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ris swavlas SeZlebdiT: CamoayalibeT, ra aris cocxali sistema (erTi winadadebiT). ufro metad gaSaleT is, razec ilaparakeT (axseniT mravali winadadebiT). aageT erTi cocxali sistemis modeli. cocxali sistemis ideis asaxsnelad daamuSaveT analogia an metafora. Camoyalibebis es oTxi aqti SeiZleba nebismieri koncefciis Sesaxeb arsebuli ZiriTadi codnis Sesafaseblad gamoviyenoT. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rogor SeiZleba imave procesebis gamoyeneba demokratiis, gantolebis, masis, energiis, qimiuri reaqciis, moTxrobis mTavari personaJis sakvanZo problemis, ambis ZiriTadi azris da, ra Tqma unda, TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani koncefciis asaxsnelad da dasamuSaveblad. yvela sferos aqvs qseli an koncefciebis sistema, romelic warmatebuli azrovnebisTvis unda aigos gonebaSi. nebismieri sagnis Sesaswavlad konstruqciuli da kreatiuli moqmedebebi unda gamoviyenoT. swored isini warmoadgenen disciplinis kontrolis ZiriTad saSualebas. akademiuri disciplinis gaazreba xSirad rTulia, radgan bevria iseTi disciplina, romelic mraval sxvadasxva logikas aerTianebs. amis gamo, adamians uerTierTgamomricxavi gonebrivi konstruqciebis ageba moeTxoveba. am disciplinebis SigniT individualur Teoriebs sxvadasxva, savaraudod, Tanabari kompetenciis mqone mxardamWerebi icaven. yvela disciplinaSi warmoiSoba sakiTxebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli
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sistemebis problemis gadawyvetas emsaxureba. miuxedavad amisa, iseTi disciplinis SemTxvevaSi, romelic adamianuri realobis konceptualizebasa da garkvevas cdilobs, mravali logikis arseboba gardauvalia. aseT disciplinebs Sorisaa istoria, fsiqologia, sociologia, filosofia, anTropologia, ekonomika, literatura, xelovneba da sxvebi. am sferoebSi nayofierad moazrovne adamianebi xSirad aviTareben Rrma, alternatiul, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul Sexedulebebs. amgvari sferoebis gasagebad adamianma erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli logikis (Teoriebi, sistemebi) tipebis Camoyalibeba da maTi erTmaneTisTvis morigeba unda iswavlos. mravali logikuri tipis Semcveli msjeloba diskriminaciul TavSekavebasa da TviTregulirebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, froidis, adlerisa da iungis naSromebis kiTxvisas me gonebaSi sami iseTi azrTa sistema unda Sevqmna, romlebic nawilobriv erTmaneTs emTxveva. es sistemebi garkveul sakiTxebSi erTmaneTs eTanxmeba, zogierT sakiTxSi ki dapirispirebulia. Tu me wakiTxuls gavigeb, SevZleb, azrovnebis sam sxvadasxva sistemaSi fiqris unari ganviviTaro. kidev erTxel vusvam xazs imas, rom SemoqmedebiToba da kritikuli analizi erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben. mowesrigebuli inteleqtualuri muSaobis procesis Sedegad, gonebaSi yvela moswavlem unda Camoayalibos, moamzados da warmoSvas froidis, adlerisa da iungis azrebi. TiToeulma maTganma unda Seqmnas Tavisi Sinagani gaazreba, romelic miscems saSualebas, iseTi natifi gansxvavebebi Camoayalibos, romlebic maT mier warmodgenili mravali logikis mimarT pativiscemiT iqneba gamsWvaluli. dabolos, TiToeulma moswavlem unda Seafasos is azrovneba, romelsac is Tavad qmnis.
kritikuli damokidebuleba
yvela kargad Camoyalibebuli SekiTxva Cven winaSe konkretul moTxovnas wamoWris. es moTxovnebi Tavad kiTxvaSi Canergili koncefciebidan, am koncefciebis damkvidrebuli gamoyenebidan da kiTxvis konteqstidan gamomdinareobs. Cemi kiTxva: ra aris 434-sa da 987-is jami? moiTxovs pasuxs, romelsac damkvidrebuli sityva jami gansazRvravs. Tu davsvam kiTxvas:
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jeki Seni megobaria Tu, ubralod, nacnonayofieri kiTxbi? mas dasWirdeba pasuxi, romelic sityvebis Camoyavebis megobari da nacnobi gamoyenebaze libebisaTvis iqneba damokidebuli. Tu me Sen gkiTxav unda movuxmoT ramdenad Rrmad swavlob kritikul azrogorc krearovnebas? kiTxva Semdeg moTxovnebs wamotiulobas, ise giyenebs: 1. unda zustad gaigo, ras niSnavs kritikulobas. gamoTqma kritikuli azrovneba; 2. unda Seafaso Seni azrovneba da gansazRvro, SeuZlia Tu ara adamians kritikuli azrovneba da amis gakeTeba ramdenad Rrmad ZaluZs. nebismieri SekiTxvis Sesaferisi pasuxi is aris, romelic kiTxvis logikuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisadaa struqturirebuli. magram adamianebi pasuxebis formulirebisa da kiTxvebze muSaobisas araseriozulad iqcevian xolme. zusti kiTxvebis dasma bevrs ar SeuZlia, sxvebis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas ki respondentebi xSirad impresionistul pasuxebs iZlevian. yovelgvari dainteresebis, disciplinis an mgrZnobelobis gareSe Camoyalibebuli damokidebuleba kiTxvis logikis an konteqstis mimarT, romelSic kiTxva daisva, xSirad subieqturia. rodesac amgvar adamianebs kiTxvebis daxvewas an sxvis kiTxvebze ufro yuradRebiT da zustad pasuxis gacemas sTxoven, bevri maTgani aseT Txovnas gaRizianebiT pasuxobs. isini wyobidan gamohyavs azris cxadad, zustad, Sesaferisad an Tanmimdevrulad Camoyalibebis SeTavazebas (maTTvis gaugebari mizezebis gamo). kiTxvebis logikis mimarT arsebuli zogadi ugrZnobloba enis logikis farTo ugrZnoblobis nawilia. es ugrZnobloba msjelobisas saWiro aucilebeli sifrTxilisa da disciplinis, koncefciebis gamoyenebis, Cven garSemo arsebuli samyaros logikis aRqmis kidev ufro farTo ugrZnoblobidan modis. xolo saboloo jamSi ki, es yvelaferi Cveni gonebis kreatiuli produqciis mowesrigebis saWiroebis, misTvis kritikul da SezRudul pirobebSi formis micemis mimarT zogadi ugrZnobelobis nawils warmoadgens. pirobebi xan enis logikis saSualebiT ganisazRvreba, xan ki maT materialuri samyaros buneba ayalibebs.
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kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena

kargad kiTxvis dros xdeba aqtiuri interpretacia, alternatiuli mniSvnelobebis warmodgena SesaZlebeli winaaRmdegobebiT da, amgvarad, kiTxvis procesSi kreatiulad fiqri. garda amisa, kiTxvis dros adamiani afasebs da kritikulad msjelobs teqstis Sesaxeb. kiTxvis procesi kargi - akuratuli, cxadi da gasagebi ver iqneba, Tu is kritikul analizs ar Seicavs. imaves Tqma SeiZleba weris Sesaxebac. enis Canasaxovani unarebis qonis pirobebSi sakuTari ideebis Cawera da werilobiTi formiT Seqmna nebismier Cvengans SeuZlia. magram kargad wera naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da racionaluri ideebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs. amis sapirispirod, naweri, romelsac aklia disciplina, kritikuli elementebi, xSirad bundovani, areul-dareuli da/ an araTanamimdevrulia. Tu adamiani enis ZiriTad formebs flobs, am enaze laparaki SeuZlia. romelime enaze kargad laparaki niSnavs, rom adamiani azrs naTlad da Tanamimdevrulad ayalibebs; gaazrebuli aqvs, risi Tqmac unda; kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena SeuZlia Tavisi azrebis Tanmimdevrul ideebad Camoyalibeba. dialogikuri imave argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba qmedebebia, rommosmenis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiTac. lebic Sefasebisa karg msmenels unda SeeZlos naTqvamis Seda kreatiulobis mravaljerad jameba da gonebaSi mosaubris mier SeTavazebuli mniSvnelobebis Seqmna. aqtebs moiTxos. Cveni argumentebis sailustraciod am Tavis darCenil nawilSi SevexebiT kiTxvis kavSirs kritikul da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebasTan. msgavsi msjeloba marTebulia weris, laparakisa da mosmenisTvis. nawarmoebSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis sistema adamianis gonebaSi mxolod mniSvnelobebis im sistemis saSualebiT aRwevs, romelsac is kiTxvis procesamde flobda. kiTxvis unaris gareSe Cven swavlis mxolod SezRudul SesaZleblobebs vflobT da wakiTxul masalas zustad ver SevafasebT. Cven ar SegviZlia gaazrebis formis mudmivi cvla da teqstis kiTxvis procesSi misi gadakeTeba. Cven mxolod kiTxvis unarebis saSualebiT da
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teqstis yuradRebiT wakiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia axali koncefciebis Seqmna an axali informaciis gaTaviseba. kiTxvis procesSi Cven mier Seqmnili mniSvnelobebis sistema teqstis logikis Sesabamisia. kiTxvas aqvs rogorc kreatiuli (keTeba, Seqmna), ise kritikuli (Sefaseba, gansja) daniSnuleba. keTeba da Sefaseba, Seqmna da gansja - jansaRi msjelobis procesis Semadgeneli nawilia. Cven teqstis logikas kritikuli procesebis gamoyenebiT gonebaSi gamarTuli dialogis dros vqmniT. kiTxvis dros vsvamT da vpasuxobT sacdel kiTxvebs. Cveni pasuxebis saSualebiT warmovSobT da formas vaZlevT ideasa da mniSvnelobebs.
warmoidgineT klasikuri teqsti, damoukideblobis deklaraciis Sesavali: rodesac kacobriobis istoriaSi erTi romelime xalxisTvis aucilebeli xdeba, daSalos is politikuri kavSiri, romelic mas sxva xalxebs uqvemdebarebs da imisaTvis, rom man bunebis kanonisa da RvTis bunebiT moniWebuli uflebis ZaliT moipovos damoukidebeli da Tanaswori adgili dedamiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa Soris, kacobriobis azris marTebuli pativiscema moiTxovos, ganacxados is mizezebi, romlebmac igi aiZula, calke gamoyofiliyo. CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom adamianebi Seqmnilni arian, rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma mianiWa garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken ltolva (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t 11. gv 556). mxolod yuradRebiT kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis Semdeg SevZlebT am da sxva nebismieri monakveTis asaTvisebel nawilebad dayofas da mis detalur da gasageb parafrazirebas. miaqcieT yuradReba Semdeg magaliTs: rodesac kacobriobis istoriaSi erTi romelime xalxisTvis aucilebeli xdeba, daSalos is politikuri kavSiri, romelic mas sxva xalxebs uqvemdebarebs
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parafrazi: politikuri mowyoba (mmarTvelobis forma) mudmivi ar aris. xandaxan mniSvnelovania arsebuli mmarTvelobis gauqmeba da axali mowyobis SemoReba. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebis erTi jgufi unda gamoeyos im jgufs, romelTanac adre iyo dakavSirebuli. da imisaTvis, rom man bunebis kanonisa da RvTis bunebiT moniWebuli uflebis ZaliT moipovos damoukidebeli da Tanaswori adgili dedamiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa Soris, parafrazi: arc erT mTavrobas ar unda mieniWos upiratesoba sxvasTan SedarebiT. yvela maTgans erTnairi statusi unda hqondes (iyos calke mdgomi da Tanabaruflebiani). amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis cameti Stati unda iyos msoflios calke mdgomi da Tanabaruflebiani Zala. es aqti, romliTac adamianebi Tavis Tavs sxva xalxisgan damoukideblad acxadeben (visTanac adre dakavSirebulebi iyvnen) sruliad bunebrivi aqtia, romelic bunebis kanonebs efuZneba. camet Stats aqvs bunebrivi ufleba, ajanydes da Tavisi Tavi msoflios yvela qveyanas calke mdgomad da Tanabaruflebianad warudginos. kacobriobis azris marTebuli pativiscema moiTxovos, ganacxados is mizezebi, romlebmac igi aiZula, calke gamoyofiliyo. parafrazi: roca adamianebi gadawyveten, sxva xalxs CamoSordnen da Tavisi sakuTari eri daaarson, maT msoflios sxva xalxebis Tvalsazrisis pativiscemis niSnad unda warmoadginon mizezebi, romlebmac amgvari revoluciuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisken ubiZga. CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom adamianebi Semnilni arian, rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma mianiWa garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogorebicaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken ltolva.... parafrazi: zogierTi WeSmariteba imdenad naTelia, rom yvelam unda aRiaros. magaliTad: yvela adamiani erTnairad kargia, yvela maTgans unda hqondes iseTi ZiriTadi uflebebi, romelTa uaryofas veravin SeZlebs. kerZod, moicavs uflebas, ar gatkinon, ar dagazianon, ar mogklan; gqondes azrovnebis, moZraobis, megobrebis SerCevis, rwmenis Tavisufleba da im cxovrebiT cxovrebis SesaZlebloba, romelic mogwons.
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axla erTmaneTs SevadaroT teqstis kiTxviT dakavebuli ori moswavle (stiveni da kolini).7 arsebobs maTi xmamaRali fiqris detaluri Canaweri. isini teqstis mocemul monakveTze msjeloben. mkvlevaris kiTxvebi frCxilebSia moTavsebuli. komentarebi, romlebic moswavleebis saubris yovel epizods mosdevs, mkvlevarebs norissa da filipss ekuTvniT. amocanis simulirebis mizniT, warmogidgenT monakveTs saTauris garSe da yovel jerze TiTo epizods SemogTavazebT, iseve, rogorc es moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi moxda. ase davinaxavT saocar gansxvavebas am or mkiTxvels da maT mier gamovlenil maRali da dabali donis unarebs Soris.
7. magaliTi aRebulia stiven norisisa da linda filipsis statiidan, Explanation of Reading Comprehension: Scema Theory and Critical Thinking Theory, Stephen Norris da Linda Phillips in Teachers Record, Volume 89, Number 2, Winter 1987.
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epizodi #1
dilis siwynare dairRva. kacebi yurisken eSvebodnen. stiveni: kacebi yurisken eSvebodnen. ar var darwmunebuli, ratom. Zalian wynari dila iyo. (raime kiTxvebi gaqvT?). ara. (rogor fiqrobT, saiT midian?) vfiqrob, SesaZloa sanaosnod midiodnen, an wylis TxilamurebiT sasrialod an rame msgavsis gasakeTeblad. kolini: es kacebi sayidlebze midian. (amas ratom ambobT?) isini Bay-Si apireben tansacmlis yidvas. (Bay ra aris?) savaWro centri. (rame kiTxvebi Tu gaqvT?) ara. (rogor fiqrobT, saiT midian?) sayidlebze midian, radgan, rogorc Cans, raRac gautydaT. stiveni xvdeba, rom informacia ar aris sakmarisi imis asaxsnelad, kacebi ras akeTeben. kiTxvebis dasmis dros is saorientaciod gvTavazobs ramdenime alternativas, romlebic mocemul informacias Seicavs, magram, amave dros, imazec miuTiTebs, rom sxva SesaZleblobebic arsebobs. kolini ambis erT axsnas gvTavazobs da sakmaod darwmunebuli Cans imaSi, rom kacebi Bay-Si, kanadur savaWro centrebis qselSi tansacmlis sayidlad midian. SekiTxvebis dasmis dros imeorebs Tavis azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom kacebi sayidlebze midian, magram aseve gvTavazobs axsnas, romelic tansacmlis sayidlad wasvlis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mis pirvel ideas ar Seesabameba. is varaudobs, rom gatyda raRac konkretuli sagani, romlis Secvlac Bay-Si nayidi produqtiTaa SesaZlebeli.
epizodi #2
badis amoReba Zneli iyo. mZime zRva da Zlieri moqceva saqmes girdisTvisac ki arTulebda. badeSi gaxveulma nadavlma Segvaguliana, rom meti Zalisxmeva gamogveyenebina. stiveni: Zalian kargi dRe ar yofila, radgan talRebma mdgomareoba gaarTula. Saqme, albaT, raRacis gasakeTebel
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manqanas exeba. bade, albaT, wylidan ramis, magaliTad, Zveli CaZiruli nawilebis amosatanad hqondaT Tan. ara, moica! aq weria gaxveuli nadavli. ar vici ratom, magram Tevzze vfiqrob. bunebrivia, rom Tu Tevzi daiWires, misi wylidan amotanac moundebodaT. (rame kiTxvebi Tu gaqvT?) kiTxvebi ar maqvs. Ubralod, vfiqrob, rom girdi SesaZloa am kacebis manqanaa, romelic maT Tevzis an badeSi gabmuli sxva ramis amotanaSi exmareba. SesaZloa, raRac borblis msgavsi ram iyos. kolini: mgoni, wylis didi Sadrevani unda iyos. (ratom iyo badis amoReba rTuli?) wyalze bevri Zalaa koncentrirebuli. (ratom iyo maTTvis mniSvnelovani badis amoReba?) raRac xom unda ekeTebinaT? (amiT risi Tqma gsurT?) bade unda amoeRoT, amis gakeTeba ki rTuli iyo. (rame SekiTxvebi xom ar gaqvT?) ara. (rogor fiqrobT, sad midian?) sayidlebze. meore epizodis interpretacia orive bavSvma pirvelze dafuZnebiT aago. stiveni agrZelebs imaze fiqrs, ras akeTebdnen kacebi. is zRvasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva alternatiul interpretacias gvTavazobs. maT kidev ufro xvews da cdilobs, hipoTeturi interpretaciebi konkretul detalebs daupirispiros. bolos midis daskvnamde, rom girdi manqanaa. Tumca, mis detalebs, bunebasa da funqciebs ar akonkretebs. is frTxilad gvTavazobs misi badisTvis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, magram maSinve eWvi Seaqvs mis funqciebSi, roca xvdeba, rom nadavlTan ver daakavSirebs. amis Semdeg is manqanas alternatiul funqcias aniWebs da mogvianebiT am interpretacias moTxrobidan moyvanili faqtiT adasturebs, rom kacebi Seguliandnen. mas sjera, rom Tu Tevzs daiWer, misi gemze atanac aucileblad mogindeba. bolos is xedavs, rom sityva girdis ufro konkretuli, magram frTxili interpretacia SeuZlia moxdinos. kolini kvlav icavs Tavis interpretacias Bay-Si sayidlebze wasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. roca amis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs usvamen, kolini intervius Camtarebels bundovani an taftologiuri terminebiT pasuxobs. is TiTqos ar axdens sityvebTan bade,
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nadavli da zRva dakavSirebuli informaciis pasuxebSi integrirebas da kmayofili Cans imiT, rom mas damatebiT informacias ar awvdian girdis bunebisa da badis qaCvis mizezis Sesaxeb. bolos is darwmunebiT daaskvnis, rom kacebi sayidlebze midiodnen.
epizodi #3
bortze oTxi kvintliT wasasvlelad mzad viyaviT. kapitanma CrdiloeTiT faSatebis kudebi dainaxa. stiveni: sainteresoa, kvintlebi ra aris? iqneb, sazRvao terminia? sityva, romelic SeiZleba bortze arsebul wonasTanac iyos dakavSirebuli. iqneb, imas niSnavs, ramdeni Tevzi hyavdaT gambanze? (anu Tqven fiqrobT, rom es Tevzia?) vfiqrob, rom Tevzia an iseTi ram, rac wyalSi ipoves, magram Tevzisken ufro vixrebi, radgan iq sityva nadavli ewera. (ratom aRelvebdaT faSatebis kudebis ambavi?) ar vici. faSatebis kudebi... moicadeT, faSatebi cxenebia, magram wyalSi cxenebs ra undaT? faSatebis kudebi CrdiloeTSia. aq fermerebi CrdiloeTiT amindis prognozis gasagebad iyurebian xolme. iqneb meTevzeebic ase iqcevian? diax, me vfiqrob, rom saqme swored amaSia. Rrublebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zlier qars, setyvas an rame iseTs niSnavs, rac SesaZloa, navSi msxdomTaTvis saSiSi yofiliyo. Tanac maT bortze didi wona hqondaT dagrovili. (raime SekiTxvebi xom ar gaqvT?) ara. kolini: isini sayidlebs morCnen da saxlSi wasasvlelad emzadebodnen. (gembanze ra hqondaT?) kvintlebi. (kvintlebi ra aris?) ar vici. (faSatebis kudebze ratom Relavdnen?) quCaSi cxenebis jogi idga da SeeSindaT, rom manqanas daesxmodnen Tavs. (raime SekiTxvebi xom ar gaqvT?) ara. stiveni warmatebiT axerxebs interpretaciis ganviTarebaSi axali informaciis CarTvas. is Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom ar icis sityva kvintlis mniSvneloba da am ucnobi amocanis amoxsna
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surs. is gvTavazobs mniSvnelobas, romelic interpetaciisa da teqstSi mocemuli informaciis Sesabamisia. mcdelobisas, gaigos, ras niSnavs gamoTqma faSatis kudebi aRiarebs, rom misi mniSvneloba ar icis. amis Semdeg is daadgens imas, rac zogadi codnidan (faSatebi cxenebi arian, cxenebi wyalSi ver iqnebian, fermerebi amindis gasagebad CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iyurebian xolme), teqstidan (kacebi yureSi arian, maT raRaceebi aqvT bortze, faSatebis cxenebi? CrdiloeTSia) da adre gakeTebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare (kacebi navSi arian, isini Tevzaoben) icis. is am codnis integrirebas misTvis nacnobi albertas fermerebis SeSfoTebisa da meTevzeebis msgavsi SeSfoTebis SedarebisTvis axdens. anlogiis bunebidan gamomdinare, daaskvnis, rom faSatebis kudebi Rrublis forma unda iyos, romlis saSualebiTac amindis gageba unda iyos SesaZlebeli. stiveni cdilobs, mxardaWera moipovos im daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi azri faSatebis kudebis gamo kapitnis Sewuxebas axsnida. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom man ambis gagebisTvis saWiro zogadi xazi ar dakarga. kolini kvlav Tavisi pirveli interpretaciis erTguli rCeba da masSi axali informaciis CarTvas ar axdens. is muSaobs informaciaze, romelic saxlSi mimaval kacebsa da faSatebis kudebs Seexeba, magram ignorirebas ukeTebs an bundovnad xsnis sxva informacias. magaliTad, ambobs, rom tvirTi kvintlebisgan Sedgeboda, magram aranairad ar cdilobs daadginos, es arsebebi vin arian. is axsenebs faqts, rom kacebi mzad iyvnen wasasvlelad da varaudobs, rom sayidlebs morCnen. amave dros, kolini ar cdilobs axsnas sityvebis kapitani da bortze kavSiri tansacmlis yidvasTan. is faSatebis kudebs cxenebis jogad aRiqvams da fiqrobs, rom SesaZloa, is adamianebs daesxas Tavs. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, ar ambobs, ratom SeiZleba iyvnen cxenebi quCaSi. is TandaTan ufro da ufro tolerantuli xdeba orazrovanebisa da misi interpretaciis naklulobis gamo. daakvirdiT, wina gverdebze mocemul epizodebSi orive mkiTxveli kreatiul da kritikul azrovnebebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis asaxvas rogor axdens. stivi qmnis interpretacias da aqtiurad aviTarebs mas. amave dros, iyenebs
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adre miRebul codnasa da Tavisi warmosaxvis kreatiul da konstruqciul mxareebs. saqmis msvlelobisas interpretacias afasebs kidec. misgan gansxvavebiT, kolini kreatiuli mxolod erTi TvalsazrisiTaa: is aviTarebs ucnaur interpretacias, romelsac arc realobisa da arc msjelobis sicxadis TvalsazrisiT raime SezRudva ar gaaCnia. (mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac waikiTxa, rom kacebma Tavisi daWerili Tevzi daWres, gadawyvita, rom SesaZloa, kacebma es Tevzebi akvariumSi Casves). amgvari kreatiuloba ar warmoadgens WeSmaritad kreatiul azrovnebas. mxolod kritikuli analizis mowesrigebuli procesi xdis SesaZlebels, rom adamianis gonebaSi teqstis logikis Camoyalibebisa da mniSvnelobebis is sistema Seiqmnas, romelic teqstSi mocemuli mniSvnelobebis sistemas asaxavs.
daskvna
SemoqmedebiToba termini, romelic saqebar konteqstSi gamoiyeneba xolme, Tavis TavSi imaze mets gulisxmobs, vidre mxolod ubralo SemTxveviToba an arakritikuli gadawyvetilebebia. es ufro metia, vidre raimes Seqmnis nedli procesi. SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs, rom rac iqmneba, ris gakeTebasac vcdilobT, yvelaferi Sinagan kriteriumebs unda Seesabamebodes. mxolod siaxle sakmarisi ver iqneba, radgan Rirebulebis armqone siaxlis warmoeba advilia. sworad gamoyenebuli inteleqtualuri standartebi da disciplina xels ar uSlis kreatiulobas. piriqiT, isini misi gaaqtiurebis karg saSualebas warmoadgens: nela da mtkivneulad, TiTo jerze TiTo problemis gadaWriTa da TiTo azris Camoyalibebis gziT moqmedebs. Tuki Cven dasabuTebuli azrovnebisa da analizis meSveobiT, problemebis inteleqtulur ganxilvas viswavliT, maSin azrebis bunebisa da xarisxis gonieri kritikosebi gavxdebiT, gamova, rom yvelaferi gavakeTeT imisTvis, rom kritikulad kreatiuli da kreatiulad kritikuli adamianebi da moazrovneebi gavmxdariyaviT. mastimulirebeli inteleqtualuri samuSao aviTarebs rogorc Semfasebeli Semqmnelis, ise Semqmneli Semfaseblis inteleqts. Sedegad ki gonebis sijansaResa da yovelmxriv inteleqtualur daxelovnebas miviRebT.
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avtorebis Sesaxeb
doqtori linda elderi ganaTlebis fsiqologiis specialistia. is kolejSi fsiqologiasa da kritikul azrovnebas aswavlis. aris kritikuli azrovnebis fondis prezidenti da kritikuli azrovnebis centris aRmasrulebeli direqtori. doqtori elderis gansakuTrebuli interesis sfero azrisa da emociis, kognitiuri da afeqturi sferoebis urTierTobaa. man Camoayaliba kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis etapebis axali Teoria. linda elderi kritikuli azrovnebis Temaze dawerili oTxi wignisa da Tvrameti saxelmZRvanelos avtoria. is dinamikuri momxsenebelia da didi gamocdileba aqvs kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis miZRvnili seminarebis CatarebaSi. doqtori riCard poli kritikuli azrovnebis mimdinareobis erT-erTi wamyvani specialistia. is kritikuli azrovnebis centris kvlevis ganyofilebis direqtori da kritikuli azrovnebis xelovnebis erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomarea. kritikuli azrovnebis Temaze dawerili aqvs 200-ze meti statia da Svidi wigni. doqtor pols Catarebuli aqvs aseulobiT seminari kritikuli azrovnebis sferoSi da Seqmnili aqvs rva videoprograma sazogadoebrivi satelevizio arxisTvis (PBS). misi Sexedulebebi kritikuli azrovnebis Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis New York Times, Education Week, The Chronicle of Higher Education, American Teacher, Educational Leadership, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, Readers Digest furclebze.
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hovard gardneri
momavlis azrovnebis xuTi tipi

hovard gardneri mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisSi momavalze msjelobisTvis kargad varT momzadebuli. koncefciis Camoyalibebisas viTvaliswineb iseT farTod aRiarebul tendenciebs, rogorebicaa mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis mzardi Zala; ekonomikis, kulturisa da socialuri sferoebis urTierTkavSiri; sxvadasxva warmoSobisa da miswrafebebis mqone adamianebis erTmaneTTan urTierToba. rogorc adamianma, romelic momavlis sakiTxebis ganxilvas mTel msoflioSi Seswrebia, SemiZlia davadasturo, rom ganaTlebis Zalis (kargia es Tu cudi) rwmena sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. Cven ganaTlebas ubralod im sawarmod miviCnevT, romelmac momavlis azrovneba unda Camoayalibos. azrovnebis romeli tipebi unda ganvaviTaroT momavlisTvis? Cemi azriT, Cvens droSi yvelaze aqtualuri xuTi Semdegi tipi gamoikveTa. neba momeciT, isini saTiTaod warmogidginoT.
I. disciplinirebuli azrovneba
inglisur enaze sityva disciplinas ori gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. erT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vsaubrobT gonebis Sesaxeb, romelmac erTi an meti disciplina Seiswavla - xelovneba, xeloba, sxvadasxva profesia, mecnierebebi. uxeSi SefasebiT, adamians daaxloebiT aTi weli sWirdeba romelime disciplinaSi imdenad dasaxelovneblad, rom is mis eqspertad an specialistad CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, Zvel droSi adamians SeeZlo damtkbariyo miRweuli warmatebiT mas Semdeg, rac romelime disciplinaSi daostatdeboda. magram axla es ase aRaraa! icvleba rogorc Tavad disciplinebi, ise garemo pirobebi da moTxovnebi im individebis mimarT, vinc Tavis disciplinaSi Tavdapirveli daxelovneba moaxerxa. adamianma Tavisi Tavisa da sxvebis ganaTleba momavali aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSic unda
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gaagrZelos. codnis amgvari dagroveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu adamiani am sityvis meore mniSvnelobiT disciplinirebulia. Tu mas gamarjvebulis poziciaSi darCena surs, amisTvis mudmivad da disciplinirebulad unda imuSaos. disciplinirebuli azrovneba Tavdapirvelad skolaSi gviyalibdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mogvianebiT, akademiuri disciplinebiT cota Cvengani dainteresdeba. mravali Cvengani Seiswavlis iseT disciplinebs, romlebic, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, naklebad mecnierulia. Tumca azrovnebis daxvewis saWiroeba sxvadasxva sferos warmoadgenlebis farTo speqtrs moicavs, iqneba es iuristi, inJineri, xelosani Tu biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebuli adamiani, romelsac personalTan, marketingTan, gayidvebTan an menejmentTan aqvs Sexeba. udavoa, rom amgvari ganaTlebis miReba akademiuri leqciebis an praqtikuli samuSao gamocdilebis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli, ris Semdegac adamiani aRwevs daxelovnebis im dones, romelic momavali wlebis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad unda daxvewos. dRevandel dRes erT disciplinaze metis eqspertobas didi pativiT ekidebian. Cven vafasebT interdisciplinur, multidisciplinur an transdisciplinur sferoSi momuSave adamianebs. magram amgvar sakiTxebSi frTxilebi unda viyoT. mxolod erT enaze molaparake adamians ar unda vafasebdeT, imave principiT, pluridisciplinur sferoSi momuSave adamiani (mapatieT am neologizmis gamo), mxolod maSinaa gansakuTrebuli, Tu is erTze met disciplinasaa dauflebuli da maTi erTmaneTSi integrireba SeuZlia. bevri CvenganisTvis saqmis sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganxilva ufro keTilgonivruli mizania.
II. sinTezuri azrovneba

fizikis dargSi nobelis premiis laureatma da multidisciplinuri muSaobisTvis aRiarebulma mecnierma miurei gelmannma (Murray Gell-Mann) Cvens drosTan dakavSirebiT Zalian saintereso gancxadeba gaakeTa. is xazs usvams imas, rom ocdameerTe saukuneSi yvelaze dafasebuli azrovneba swored sinTezuri azrovneba iqneba. es azrovnebis is tipia, romelsac far63
hovard gardneri
To speqtris wyaroebis kvlevis Semdeg SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli informaciaa mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo da mogvianebiT is imgvarad daalagos, rom aramarto misTvis, aramed sxvebisTvisac iyos gasagebi. gel-manni aq mniSvnelovan sakiTxs exeba. informaciis mowodeba mwiri arasdros yofila, magram axali teqnologiebisa da mediis ganviTarebasTan erTad (gansakuTrebiT, es internets exeba) Cven 24 saaTiani uzarmazari moculobis, erTi SexedviT, mounelebeli raodenobis informaciiT varT garSemortymuli. aucilebeli xdeba misi seriozuli daxarisxeba. visac sinTezireba kargad SeuZlia, Tavisi wris mwvervalze moeqceva. isini ki, vis mier ganxorcielebuli sinTezi sxvebisTvis gasagebi iqneba, fasdaudebeli maswavleblebi, komunikatorebi da liderebi gaxdebian. modiT, moviyvanoT magaliTi biznesis sferodan. warmoidgineT, rom kompaniis aRmasrulebeli piri xarT da Tqveni firma axali kompaniis SeZenas gegmavs. es kompania im sferoSi muSaobs, romelic TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani Cans, magram mas arc Tqven da arc Tqveni uaxloesi kolegebi kargad ar icnobT. Tqveni mizania, moipovoT rac SeiZleba meti informacia imisTvis, rom sabWosTan erTad momavali ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi gaazrebuli gadawyvetileba miiRoT. am saqmis sawyis wertilad arsebuli sinTezi da misi ganxilva-Sefasebac gamodgeba. Tu msgavsi sinTezi ar arsebobs, Tqven am saqmis yvelaze karg mcodneebs mimarTavT da maT sinTezisTvis aucilebeli ZiriTadi informaciis mowodebas sTxovT. am sawyis monacemebze dayrdnobiT miiRebT gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, romeli informaciaa adekvaturi da ra sferoebSi dagWirdebaT damatebiTi monacemebi. amave dros, Tqven unda gadawyvitoT isic, Tu rogori iqneba saboloo sinTezis forma da formati: iqneba es dawerili narativi, zepiri prezentacia, sxvadasxva scenari, cxrilebisa da grafikebis nakrebi, Tu dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis ganxilva, rac saboloo daskvnebamde migiyvanT. amis Semdeg daiwyeba sinTezuri azrovneba. saWiroa axali informaciis mopoveba, misi gadamowmeba, Sefaseba, siaxleebisTvis Tvalyuris devneba an misi gverdiT gadadeba. axali informacia unda iyos SeZlebisdagvarad gamosadegi sawyisi sinTezisTvis. iq, sadac misi gam64
oyeneba ver moxerxdeba, ormxrivi koreqtireba unda moxdes. dRis wesrigSi am sakiTxebze mudmivi fiqria. saboloo sinTezis gamovlenamde garkveuli periodiT adre unda moxdes protosinTezis ganviTareba. saWiroa, rom es Sualeduri versia Semowmdes TanamSromlebis yvelaze mcodne nawilis, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, kritikulad ganwyobili konstruqciuli auditoriis mier. arsebuli droidan da resursebidan gamomdinare, umjobesi iqneba, erTze meti cda Tu Catardeba. Tumca, bolos da bolos, dadgeba WeSmaritebis momenti, roca yvelaze saukeTeso SesaZlebeli sinTezi damakmayofilebeli aRmoCndeba. ra tipis azrovnebaa saWiro sinTezis mosaxdenad? cxadia, miuxedavad imisa, rom sinTezirebis xelmZRvaneli romelime sferos eqsperti unda iyos, is, savaraudod, yvela Sesabamisi disciplinis specialisti ver iqneba. am sakiTxis gamosasworeblad mas unda hqondes sakmarisi codna aucilebeli disciplinebis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlos gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, vis da ras endos. garda amisa, man unda aRmoaCinos is adamianebi, vinc gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi daexmareba. sinTezirebis xelmZRvanelma unda icodes sinTezis Sesabamisi formebi da formati. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mzad unda iyos SesaZlebeli an rekomendebuli cvlilebebisTvis da bolo vadis moaxloebasTan erTad, saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba unda SeZlos. sinTezis xelmZRvaneli mudmivad unda adevnebdes Tvalyurs zogad suraTs da, amave dros, darwmundes, rom Sesabamisi detalebi mopovebuli da sasargeblo wyobiTaa dalagebuli. marTalia, es sakmaod maRali moTxovnaa, magram sruliad realuria iseTi adamianebis moZebna vinc e. w. proJeqtoris msgavsi WkuiTaa dajildoebuli. aseTi goneba maT saSualebas aZlevs, yvelafers farTod Sexedon, daakvirdnen da darwmundnen, rom yvela sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis informacia Segrovebulia. maT damatebiT aseve SeuZliaT lazeris msgavsi Wkuis mqone adamianis CarTva, radgan is srulad flobs codnas romelime konkretuli disciplinis Sesaxeb. saWiroa msgavsi adamianebis
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hovard gardneri
aRmoCena da SenarCuneba. Zalian mniSvnelovania sinTezirebis SesaZleblobebis farTo ganviTarebis gansazRvra, radgan mas momavalSi ufro meti mniSvneloba mieniWeba.
III. SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba

Cvens droSi TiTqmis yvela kargad gaazrebuli saqmianoba avtomatizebuli xdeba. arsebul disciplinebSi daostateba saWiro iqneba, magram ara - sakmarisi. SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba axal samoqmedo areals qmnis. Cvens sazogadoebaSi axali ideebisa da praqtikis Semomtani adamianebi dafasebulni arian; Cven gansakuTrebuli pativiT vepyrobiT im iSviaT adamianebs, visi inovacebic maTi kolegebis muSaobas sruliad cvlis. Cems sferoSi amgvar adamianebs did Semoqmedebs vuwodebT. rogorc Semoqmed moswavles, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi megona, rom raimes Seqmna, upirveles yovlisa, kognitiuri unari, winaswar miRebuli codnisa da Sesabamisi SemecnebiTi procesis Sedegi iyo. magram axla vfiqrob, rom pirovnuli Tvisebebi da xasiaTi Tanabrad da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac ki mniSvnelovani Semoqmed pirovnebad Camoyalibebis msurvelTaTvis. Semoqmeds Zalian unda undodes sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba, ucnob sferoebSi bedis cda, warumateblobis daSveba, Semdeg RimiliT adgoma da imave brZolaSi kidev erTxel Tavidan Cabma. warmatebis SemTxvevaSic ki Semoqmedi ar tkbeba mopovebuli didebiT. is mzadaa, xelaxla Seabijos ucnob sferoebSi da damarcxebis riskze wavides, amovides zedapirze imis imediT, rom SesaZloa, horizontze axali warmatebebi gamoCndes. mniSvnelovania, ganisazRvros damokidebuleba aqamde warmodgenil azrovnebis sam tips Soris. naTelia, rom sinTezireba misi Semadgeneli disciplinebis kargi codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia. SesaZloa, calke gamoikveTos sinTezirebis disciplinac ki, romelic gancalkevebuli iqneba iseTi disciplinebisgan rogorebicaa maTematika, pantomima an menejmenti. Cemi azriT, msgavsi ramis Camoyalibeba nakleb savaraudoa disciplinaSi daxelovnebisa da sinTezirebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
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IV. pativiscemis gamomxatveli azrovneba

bavSvebi pataraobidanve yuradRebiT epyrobian sxva adamianebs. kavSiri mSoblebsa (Cveulebriv, dedas) da bavSvebs Soris umetesad cxovrebis pirvel TveebSi yalibdeba. am kavSiris buneba da siZliere gansazRvravs sxva adamianebTan Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis bevr sxvadasxva aspeqts mTeli Semdgomi cxovrebis manZilze. mozrdili individebisa da individTa jgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, patarebs Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT. Cven Sesabamisad varT aRWurvili imisTvis, rom individsa da individTa jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebi martivad davadginoT. ra Tqma unda, Cveni gadarCena damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor SevZlebT gavarCioT adamianebi, romlebic dagvexmarebian da sazrdos mogvawvdian imaTgan, vinc SeiZleba ziani mogvayenos. magram Cvens konkretul garemoSi arsebuli informaciuli gzavnilebi gansazRvravs, romel kategoriaSi movaqcevT konkretul individsa Tu jgufs. Cveni sakuTari gamocdileba, megobrebisa da axlobeli ufrosebis mier gamomJRavnebuli damokidebuleba ganapirobebs Cvens damokidebulebas individebTan da individebis jgufebTan, kerZod, mogvwons, mowiwebiT vuyurebT, pativs vcemT garkveul adamianebs da jgufebs, Tu, piriqiT, vufrTxiT, gveSinia maTi an gvZuls isini. Cvens droSi TiTqmis yvela calkeuli individi, savaraudod, piradad xvdeba aTasobiT adamians. miliardobiT adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, sazRvargareT imogzauros, an daSorebuli kulturebis warmomadgenlebs vizualuri an cifruli mediis saSualebiT daukavSirdes. Tanamedrove adamiani miesalmeba da pativiscemiT epyroba sxvadasxva adamianTan da adamianTa jgufebTan Sexvedris amgvar SesaZleblobas. WeSmariti kosmopolitebi sxvebs daeWvebis saSualebas aZleven, Tavidanve gamoxataven ndobas, cdiloben, axali kavSirebi daamyaron da winaswar Camoyalibebul ganwyobebs Tavi aaridon. pativiscemiT mopyrobas safrTxes uqmnis aratolerantuli da winaswar gansazRvruli damokidebuleba, rac yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi individualur, saxelmwifo an saxelmwifos miRma arsebul terorizmad yalibdeba. winaswari ganwyobis mqone ada67
hovard gardneri
mians Camoyalibebuli aqvs ideebi adamianebisa da sxvadasxva jgufis Sesaxeb da am ganwyobis dangrevas ewinaaRmdegeba. aratolerant adamians misTvis ucnobi movlenebis mimarT Zalian dabali sawyisi Sefasebis wertili aqvs dawesebuli. misi savaldebulo varaudi efuZneba mtkicebas: ucnauri aris cudi. ar aris advili, pativi sce im adamianebs, visic geSinoda, visac ar endobodi an ar mogwonda. Tumca, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul samyaroSi, zrdis amgvari potenciali axlad damyarebuli an ganaxlebuli pativiscemisTvis gadamwyvetia.
V. eTikuri azrovneba
eTikuri pozicia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar upirispirdeba pativiscemis gamomxatvel azrovnebas, Tumca, adamianebisa da maTi jgufebis mimarT gacilebiT ufro daxvewil midgomas iTvaliswinebs. eTikuri azrovnebis mqone adamians SeuZlia, sakuTar Tavze abstraqtulad ifiqros. mas SeuZlia dasvas kiTxvebi: rogori adamiani minda viyo? rogori muSaki minda viyo? rogori moqalaqe minda viyo? amgvari kiTxvebis dasmis miRma adamians SeuZlia, sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb universalurad ifiqros: rogori iqneboda samyaro, yvela adamiani ise rom moqceuliyo, rogorc me viqcevi? Cemi profesiis yvela adamians sakiTxebisadmi rom iseTive damokidebuleba hqonoda, rogoric me maqvs? Cems regionSi an samyaroSi mcxovrebi yvela adamiani iseve rom asrulebdes Tavis rols, rogorc amas me vakeTeb? amgvari konceptualizacia moiTxovs yvela rolTan dakavSirebuli uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis aRiarebas. rac mTavaria, eTikuri adamiani mis mier Camoyalibebuli pasuxebis Sesabamisad iqceva maSinac ki, Tu amgvari qceva mis sakuTar interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba. Cemi sakuTari warmodgena eTikuri azrovnebis Sesaxeb aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi im profesionalebis gamocdilebis Seswavlas emyareba, romlebic cdilobdnen, saqme brwyinvaled, sainteresod da eTikurad SeesrulebinaT (ix. http://www.goodworkproject.org). eTikuri qcevis gansazRvra yovelTvis advili ar aris da SesaZloa, sakmaod seriozuli gamowvevac ki aRmoCndes im droSi, romelic, Cveni drois msgavsad, sakmaod swrafad cvlis pirobebs da Zlieri da mkacri sabazro moTxovnebiT xa68
siaTdeba. maSinac ki, roca adamians ukve aqvs gansazRvruli swori mimarTuleba, yovelTvis advili araa eTikurad moqceva. es gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebs exeba, roca adamians didi ambiciebi aqvs, sxvebi ki araswori meTodebiT moqmedebas cdiloben; sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebi TanamSromlebisgan erTmaneTis gamomricxav qmedebas iTxoven, eTikuri kursi bolomde mkafiod Camoyalibebuli araa da adamianis uSualo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba. gacilebiT ufro advili da bunebrivicaa, eTikuri azrovneba adamianis eTikur garemoSi cxovrebis pirobebSi ganvaviTaroT. Tumca, mxolod amgvari garemo arc aucileblobas warmoadgens da arc sakmarisia. gadamwyveti wvlili am saqmeSi adamianis samuSao adgilze arsebul atmosferos Seaqvs: rogor iqcevian Zalauflebis mqone zrdasruli adamianebi; risi rwmena aqvT da rogori qceva axasiaTebT kolegebs; da, albaT, rac mTavaria, ra xdeba mkafiod gamoxatuli eTikuri gadacdomebis da, samwuxarod, ufro iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, individis an jgufis eTikuri TvalsazrisiT samagaliTo qcevis dros? marTalia, adamianis eTikis sferoSi ganaTleba SeiZleba iseve adre ar daiwyos, rogorc es pativiscemis SemTxvevaSi xdeba, magram dasasruli arasdros arc erT kurikulums ar gaaCnia. Tu eTikuri azrovnebisTvis aucilebel maRal standartebs gaviTvaliswinebT, warumatebeli magaliTebis siuxve ucnaurad aRar mogveCveneba. ar aris Zneli qurdobis an gayalbebis msgavsi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kanondarRvevis an cxadad araeTikuri qcevis amocnoba. magaliTad, Jurnalisti, romelic iseT ambavs aqveynebs, romelic icis, rom simarTles ar Seesabameba; genetikis specialisti, romelic misi hipoTezis sawinaaRmdego monacemebs ugulebelyofs da a. S. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, eTikurma gonebam unda gaiazros da daadginos, rogori individi surs, rom iyos. rodesac adamianis sityvebi an qmedebebi am idealur variants ewinaaRmdegeba, man mdgomareobis gamosasworebel qmedebebs unda mimarTos. aqve davamatebdi, rom asakis matebasTan erTad, mxolod sakuTari eTikuri principebis erTguleba sakmarisi aRaraa. adamianis pasuxismgebloba farTovdeba im sferoSi, romelsac miekuTvneba. magaliTad, calkeuli Jurnalisti an genetikosi SeiZleba eTikurad moqmedebdes, magram Tu misi kolegebi ase ar iqcevian, asakiT ufrosma TanamS69
hovard gardneri
romelma sferos sijansaRis SenarCunebaze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze unda aiRos. aseT adamianebs me ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs vuwodeb. es is veteranebi arian, romlebsac bevri adamini scems pativs, maTi interesi karieris mimarT sul ufro mcirdeba da isini sferos sijansaRis erTgulebi rCebian. rogorc erTxel frangma dramaturgma Jan-baptist molierma (Jean-Baptiste Molire) aRniSna: Cven pasuxismgebeli varT aramarto imaze, rasac vakeTebT, aramed imazec, rasac ar vakeTebT.
VI. daZabuloba azrovnebis tipebs Soris

azrovnebis xuTi tipidan SesaZloa adamianebs pativiscemis gamomxatveli da eTikuri azrovnebis tipebi erTmaneTSi aerios. nawilobriv es, rogorc wesi, enis problemasTanaa dakavSirebuli. pativiscemis gamomxatveli da eTikuri azrovmebis tipebs, Cven Rirsebad miviCnevT da vvaraudobT, rom adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes mxolod erTi maTgani. metic, Zalian xSirad isini erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. eTikuri adamianebi pativiscemiT epyrobian garSemomyofebs da piriqiT. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, am or kategorias ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganvixilav. SesaZloa, adamians pativiscemis grZnoba misi mizezebis Rrma gaazrebis arqonis miuxedavad, bavSvobidanve hqondes Camoyalibebuli. amis sapirispirod, eTikis koncefcia da eTikuri qceva winaswar gulisxmobs abstraqtul da moridebul damokidebulebas, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebisgan distancirebas da sakuTar Tavze - rogorc muSakze an moqalaqeze - fiqris SesaZleblobas. amis karg magaliTs `gangaSis amtexebi~ warmoadgenen. kompaniis umaRlesi menejmentis doneze momxdar araswor qmedebebs bevri adamiani xedavs, magram amis Sesaxeb xmas ar iRebs. SesaZloa, maT samsaxuris SenarCuneba undodeT, magram, amave dros, aseT adamianebs surT, pativi scen sakuTar ufrosebs. Zalian didi simamace da gonebrivi distancireba sWirdeba imis moxerxebas, rom Sens Tavze ifiqro rogorc ara romelime zedamxedvelis nacnobze, aramed, rogorc garkveuli valdebulebebis mqone instituciis an profesiis warmomadgenelze. `gangaSis amtexi~ eTikur pozicias Tavisi zemdgomebis mimarT
70
pativiscemaze uaris Tqmis xarjze ikavebs. xandaxan SeiZleba pativiscemam eTika gadawonos. Tavidan vfiqrobdi, rom safrangeTis mTavroba sworad iqceoda, roca musulman qalebs skolaSi Tavsafris tareba aukrZala. imave principis gamo vicavdi daniuri gazeTis uflebasac, islamuri fundamentalizmis dasacini naxati gamoeqveynebina. orive SemTxvevaSi, CemTvis amosavali amerikuli uflebebis kanoni gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis garantia iyo da ara saxelmwifo religia. Tumca, sabolood im daskvnamde mivedi, rom es eTikuri pozicia sxvaTa gulwrfeli da Zlieri religiuri mrwamsis mimarT upativcemulo damokidebulebis WrilSi unda gangvexila. islamuri wes-Cveulebebis pativiscema, abstraqtuli principis pativiscemasTan SedarebiT, naklebi mniSvnelobisa Cans. amiT, ra Tqma unda, ar vcdilob imis damtkicebas, rom swori gadawyvetileba miviRe. mxolod imis Tqma msurs, rom pativiscemasa da eTikas Soris arsebuli daZabuloba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad gadawydes.
VII. daskvna
azrovnebis tipebs Soris ar arsebobs mkacri ierarqia, romelic SeZlebda imis gansazRvras, rom romelime tipi meoreze ufro adre unda ganviTardes. Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli ritmi. logikuri sinTezis wamowyebamde adamians sWirdeba Sesabamisi disciplina (am terminis orive mniSvnelobiT). Tu sinTezi erTze met disciplinas moicavs, maSin saWiro iqneba yvela calkeuli Semadgeneli disciplinis ganviTareba. amave principiT, nebismieri WeSmaritad SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba disciplinaSi garkveul daostatebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, mamacoba sinTezirebis procesSi saWiro ar aRmoCndes, TiTqmis yvela SemoqmedebiTi garRveva xelovnebis, politikis, mecnierebis Tu korporaciul sferoSi, garkveulwilad, winaswar sinTezzea damokidebuli. da mainc, zedmeti disciplina xels uSlis kreatiulobas. nakleb savaraudoa, rom sinTezis moxdenisas warmatebulma adamianebma radikalurad kreatiul garRvevebze gavlenis moxdena SeZlon. sasurvelia, rom momavalSi yvelas hqondes miRwevebi azrovnebis xuTive tipis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi. amgvari piradi in71
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tegracia, savaraudod, yvelaze metad maSin gamovlindeba, Tu individi im garemoSi gaizrdeba, sadac azrovnebis xuTive tipia warmodgenili da dafasebuli. kidev ufro ukeTesi iqneba iseTi misabaZi magaliTebis arseboba, rogorebic arian mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, ostatebi, aRmzrdelebi, romlebic regularulad axdenen disciplinis, sinTezis, Semoqmedebis, pativiscemisa da eTikis aspeqtebis demonstrirebas. amgvari azrovnebis tipebis gaerTianebis paralelurad, skolaSi an samsaxurSi myof saukeTeso pedagogebs SeuZliaT im mxardaWerisa da konsultaciebis gaweva, romlebic disciplinis danergvas daexmareba, xels Seuwyobs sinTezis ganxorcielebas, waaqezebs kreatiulobas, mxars dauWers pativiscemasa da eTikuri poziciis Camoyalibebas. SeuZlebelia azrovnebis xuTi tipis iZulebiT ganviTareba da integrireba. calkeulma adamianebma unda gaiazron, rom mniSvnelovania azrovneba. isini unda mixvdnen droisa da resursebis mniSvnelovani moculobis investiciis Rirsebas da gare daxmarebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSic ki - maTi mxardaWeris gagrZelebis aucileblobas. adamiani samsaxurSi, sayvareli saqmis keTebisas, saxlSi, Temsa da ufro farTo garemoSi unda dafiqrdes azrovnebis yvela tipis rolze. man unda icodes, rom xandaxan azrovnebis es tipebi erTmaneTs daupirispirdeba da mdgomareobidan nebismieri gamosavali raime daTmobis xarjze moxdeba. momavalSi, savaraudod, yvelaze ufro dafasebuli azrovnebis forma swored sinTezirebis SemZle azrovneba iqneba. am ideas kargad exmaureba isic, rom am azrovnebebis tipebis erT individSi gaerTianeba piradi sinTezis ZiriTad gamowvevas warmoadgens.
avtori: hovard gardneri ganaTlebis umaRlesi skola, harvardis universiteti wyaro: skolebi: ganaTlebis sferos kvlevebi, tomi #5, #1/2 (2008 wlis gazafxuli/Semodgoma), gv. 17-24. gamoqveynda: University of Chicago Press-is mier Francis W. Parker School-Tan TanamSromlobiT URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/591814 nanaxia: 21/07/2012 15:48
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ideis warmomSobi Zalisa (SemoqmedebiToba) da gonivrulobis (kritikuli azrovneba) erTmaneTisgan gacalkeveba mxolod xelovnurad SeiZleba moxdes. azrovnebis procesSi isini erTiania.
riCard poli kritikuli azrovnebis centri linda elderi kritikuli azrovnebis fondi
rogorc adamianma, romelic momavlis sakiTxebis ganxilvas mTel msoflioSi Seswrebia, SemiZlia davadasturo, rom ganaTlebis Zalis (kargia es Tu cudi) rwmena sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. Cven ganaTlebas ubralod im sawarmod miviCnevT, romelmac momavlis azrovneba unda Camoayalibos. hovard gardneri ganaTlebis umaRlesi skola, harvardis universiteti

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