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getting rid of the unwanted rock to obtain concentrated form of the mineral obtaining pure metal from the mineral by chemical reactions
2Al2O3
4Al + 3O2
WAYS OF EXTRACTION
Extraction by electrolysis of molten Al2O3 dissolved in cryolite
POTASSIUM SODIUM CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM ZINC IRON TIN LEAD COPPER MERCURY SILVER GOLD PLATINUM
K NA CA
MG AL ZN FE SN PB
CU HG
AG AU PT
EXTRACTION OF IRON
CARBON, C
FOR THE O2 IN IT CALCIUM CARBONATE, CACO3
HOT AIR
LIMESTONE
WASTE GASES ESCAPE THROUGH THE TOP OF THE FURNACE EG. CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN
WHY STEEL?
STEEL IS IRON THAT HAS MOST OF THE IMPURITIES REMOVED.
STEEL ALSO HAS A CONSISTENT CONCENTRATION OF CARBON THROUGHOUT (0.5 PERCENT TO 1.5 PERCENT)
PIG IRON TO STEEL USING BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE PEAR-SHAPED FURNACE, LINED WITH REFRACTORY BRICKS, THAT REFINES MOLTEN IRON FROM THE BLAST FURNACE
AND SCRAP INTO STEEL SCRAP IS DUMPED INTO THE FURNACE VESSEL FOLLOWED BY THE HOT METAL FROM THE BLAST FURNACE. A HIGH-PRESSURE STREAM OF OXYGEN IS BLOWN INTO IT TO CAUSE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT SEPARATE IMPURITIES AS FUMES OR SLAG ONCE REFINED, THE LIQUID STEEL AND SLAG ARE POURED INTO SEPARATE CONTAINERS
TYPES OF STEEL
Steel Mild carbon steel High carbon steel Stainless steel alloy Percentage of carbon Up to 0.25% 0.45% - 1.50% Little carbon, with chromium & nickel
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
CAN BE CHANGED BY THE USE OF CONTROLLED ADDITIVES EG. CARBON, CHROMIUM, NICKEL, MANGANESE, SILICON ETC
Steel Mild carbon steel strong, hard & malleable High carbon steel strong but brittle Stainless steel does not rust
USES OF STEEL
Uses Make steel parts in car bodies , machineries Make knives, hammer, cutting tools Pipes & tanks in chemical plants, making cutlery, surgical instruments
ALLOY
MIXTURE OF A METAL WITH OTHER ELEMENTS ELEMENT IN THE LARGEST PROPORTION IS THE BASE METAL ELEMENTS IN SMALLER PROPORTIONS ARE THE ALLOYING ELEMENTS
METALS
SOFT LOW RESISTANCE TO CORROSION HIGH M.P EASY TO SHAPE
ALLOYS
HAVE DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COMPARED TO THEIR CONSTITUENT
ELEMENTS
IMPROVING STRENGTH AND HARDNESS IMPROVING RESISTANCE TOWARDS CORROSION IMPROVING APPEARANCE OF METAL LOWER M.P OF METAL
RAW MATERIALS
AL2O3.2H2O
CARBON ELECTRODES
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
CRYOLITE IS ADDED TO LOWER THE MELTING POINT & TO DISSOLVE THE ORE &
BAUXITE ORE OF ALUMINIUM OXIDE IS CONTINUOUSLY ADDED
AL3+ IS ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVE CATHODE O2- IS ATTRACTED TO THE POSITIVE ANODE
AT THE ANODE,
O2- LOSES 2 ELECTRONS TO THE ANODE TO FORM OXYGEN 2O2-(L) O2(G) + 4E OXYGEN RELEASED ATTACKS CARBON ANODE, TO FORM CARBON
MONOXIDE/DIOXIDE. CARBON ANODE DISSOLVED. NEEDS TO BE REPLACED REGULARLY
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) +
RUSTING IS AN EXOTHERMIC REDOX xH2O(l) REACTION2 WHERE IRON IS OXIDIZED TO FORM HYDRATED IRON(III) OXIDE
2Fe2O3.xH2O (s)
PREVENTION OF RUSTING
USE OF PROTECTIVE LAYER PAINTING USED IN CARS, SHIPS, BRIDGES GREASING TOOLS & MACHINE PARTS ZINC PLATING(GALVANISING) ZINC ROOFS TIN PLATING FOOD CANS CREATES BARRIER AROUND THE METAL PREVENTING CONTACT WITH
OXYGEN AND WATER
SACRIFICIAL PROTECTION
MORE REACTIVE METAL, EG, MAGNESIUM OR ZINC IS ATTACHED TO IRON OR
STEEL
IRON WILL NOT RUST IN THE PRESENCE OF A MORE REACTIVE METAL USED IN UNDERGROUND PIPES, SHIPS, STEEL PIERS
ALLOYING
ADDITION OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM TO IRON CHROMIUM (III) OXIDE CR2O3 ON THE SURFACE PROTECTS IRON FROM
CORROSION
FINITE RESOURCE
METAL ORES FINITE RESOURCE, WILL BE USED UP NEED TO RECYCLE METALS SAVE RESOURCES AND SOLVES LITTER DISPOSAL SAVES ENERGY SAVES COSTS