Threats to Biodiversity: An Overview Guided Viewing Name: 1: Natural Capital: Forests Ecological Services Economic Services

Plants with cancer fighting timber chemicals. Reduce the effects of pollution Pulp to make paper Purify water and air Absorb and release water Store atmospheric carbon Provide numerous wildlife habitats Reduce soil erosion Mining Fuel wood Jobs Recreation Livestock grazing

2: What are the 3 main types of forests? Old growth forests, second growth forests and tree plantation. 3: What are some of the problems associated with deforestation? Deforestation causes the decreasing of soil fertility as well as the extinction of species living in those forests. 4: What are the methods for harvesting trees? Some methods of harvesting tress are strip cutting or selective cutting. 5: Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages Disadvantages

More wood used for more things Decreased soil fertility Easier and faster Cheaper than being selective Runoff of fertilized soil into aquatic systems Premature extinction of species with specialized niches. Loss of habitat for native species and migratory species. Regional climate change due to loss of regulation Release of co2

6: What are some solutions for sustainable forestry? We need to grow more timber on long rotations and rely more on strip cutting and selective cutting. 7: What is the Healthy Forest Restoration Act? What are the PROS and CONS?

They let the tree cutters cut 71 percent of the forest but in return they also have to clear off the smaller trees and shrubs prone to burning up in a fire. Its suppose to help the forest but scientist say that since they cut down the good trees we get left with the smaller bad ones. 8: Logging in National Forests Advantages Helps country meet timber needs Cut down forests grow back down. Promotes jobs Promotes growth in nearby communities. Disadvantages Provides only 4percent of timber needs

Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Keeps lumber and paper prices Damages nearby rivers and waters

Has little effect on paper and timber prices. Decreases recreational opportunities.

9: What are some causes of tropical deforestation? They are chopped down to make way for cattle ranches and crops. 10: Why should we care about the loss of tropical forests? Tropical forest carry one of the larges amount of biodiversity in the planet. 11: Sustaining Tropical Forests Prevention Restoration

Protect most diverse and Reforestation endangered areas. Educate settlers about Rehabilitation of degraded sustainable agriculter and forest areas. Concentrate farming and Reduce illegal cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth Certify sustainability grown timber.
Protect forests with debt-fornature Add subsidies that encourage swaps and conservation sustainable easements forest use Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use ranching on already-cleared areas

12: Why are rangelands/grasslands so important? Soil formation, erosion control and nutrient cycling. 13: How can we sustain rangeland productivity? What are some solutions to overgrazing? Integrate plans for managing parks and nearby federal lands. Add new parkland near threatened parks. Buy private land inside parks 14: What is the 4 point strategy to restoring biodiversity worldwide?

Map global ecosystems Locate and protect endangered ecosystems & species. Restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible. Make development biodiversity 15: What is a biodiversity hotspot? How many are there worldwide?
Biodiversity hotspots are ecosystems that carry important endangered animals.

16: What are the top 6 hotspots in the United States? They are: Florida panhandle, San Francisco bay area, SoCal, Hawaii, Death Valley and southern appacalachian. 17: What are the five basic science-based principles for ecological restoration? Identify cause. Stop abuse by eliminating or sharply reducing factors. Reintroduce species if necessary. Protect area form further degradation. Use adaptive management to monitor 18: Define: Preservation Setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities. Remediation repairing an ecosystem that has been destroyed. Sustainability the ability of a system to survive for an amount of time. 18: What are the eight priorities for protecting biodiversity? Stability- stable environment Genetic reserves- genetic diversity Medicinal- medicines Agricultural- food Industrial- building homes; things we use Scientific- experimental; new technology Aesthetic- beautiful Ethical- what should we do regarding the environment Religious- religious beliefs regarding environment 19: Define: Reconciliation/Applied Ecology this is when there is so little left of a species that they can no longer play their ecological role. 20: Define: Background Extinction: this is a slow and continuous rate of extinction.(nature) Extinction Rate: a percentage of the species that go extinct in a given amount of time. Mass Extinction: the extinction of many species in a short amount of time.

21: What are characteristics of vulnerable species? Low Reproductive Rate Specialized Feeding Habits Feed at high trophic levels large size. Specialized nesting or breeding areas. Found only in one place or region 22: What is HIPPCO? Habitat destruction, degradation and destruction. Invasive species. Population growth.

23: What can you do about invasive species? Dont dump unused bait into the car. Use firewood from where you ar, dont bring any. Basically dont bring plants or animals or leave them where they didnt start off in in the first place. 24: What are some characteristics of successful invader species? They have a high reproductive rate and they live long. They also have genetic variability. 25: How is pollution affecting species? Pesticide kills 1/5 of the honeybee population every year. It kills 67 million birds a year. 26: What is overexploitation? Overexploitation is when animals are killed for money, for being an annoyance or some other reason.

27: What is the U.S. Endangered Species Act? This act was made to help protect landowners protect the species living on their land. 28: What is the CITIES Treaty? A treaty signed by 152 countries to protect the rights and lives of more than 800 species of flora and fauna. 29: What can you do to help terrestrial biodiversity? What can you do to help protect species worldwide? You can refuse to buy furs or skins from endangered species. You can refuse to buy birds, fish or other animals that have been taken from the wild. You can refuse to buy cacti and other plants that have been taken from the wild. You can talk to family and friends about what they can do to help and whats going on.