Axeeeaop lHPHOH

HCTOPHH, PACCKA3AHHME TEAOM

la.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
Moeeaa
2008
Axeeeaop lnmoo
Hc.oaa, acca+auumc .cxo. la.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa Mauc: 2008, J28 c.
B uarc Axccau(a laaoua, ocuoaa.cxa uanaaxcuaa au.cra.aauaa .auqcaax:uo-(aara.cx:uaa
ncaxo.canaa, onacmaac.ca na.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, a o.ooa coc(aua.ca
ncaxo.canaa, .ao+cc.ao a c(a.aqaa. .o ncaaa uara o Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa ua
ycco a+mc. Kuara a(ccoaaua cncqaaxac.a a oxac.a .auqcaax:uoa a .cxccuoa .canaa,
ncaxoxora, .auqoa a xocoraa, a .ac .c, oy au.cccuo coc(aucuac (aacuaa, .auqa
a ncaxoxoraa.
Aaroeene naaa n aenoeraoeone:
Aa.oo uac.oa_cro .cc.a aaxac.ca Axccau( laaou (irsloa@mail.com)
Ma.caax amny_cu no( xaqcu+aca Attributioa-NoaCommcrcial-SlarcAlilc J.0
Laortcd
Bm uoaere eao6opoo:
Iacnoc.aua.: ~ onaoaa.:, acnoc.aua.: a ncc(aaa.: a.caax.
Maaaoaa.: ~ a(an.aoaa.: a.caax.
Hn eo6xpeonn exepyqnx yexoann:
Ya+auac aa.oc.aa. Bm (oxum oa+a.cx:uo ya+maa.: aa aa.oa
(auuoro noa+ac(cuaa. la acnox:+oaauaa (auuoro noa+ac(cuaa (xa co+(auaa
coc.acuumx ao. aa aa.oa (auuoro noa+ac(cuaa (oxuo m.: ya+auo a
+acxc coaa.ooa axa aum oa+o aauo oo+ua+cuo.
Hcoc+ccaa xaa.c acnox:+oaauaa. Bm uc oc.c acnox:+oaa.: .o
noa+ac(cuac axa co+(auumc c cro acnox:+oaauac ao.m c qcx: noxy+cuaa
namxa.
Iacnoc.aua.: ua .cx c ycxoaaax. lcxa am a+cuac.c, .aucoayc.c,
c.oa.c cao ao.y ua a+c (auuoa, am (oxum acnoc.aua.: cc ua .cx c
camx ycxoaaax.
^oc a+ .ax ycxoaaa oc. m.: cua.o c a+cacuaa oxa(a.cxa aa.ocax
naa.
Bcc.a, (a+aau Maaauua Kacx:caa
Xy(oua ^oa Yaauqcaa
Orxaaxeone
Hcycc.ao cxyaa.: a aonxo_a.:.....................................................................J
lxaaa 1. Moc +uaoc.ao c na.aoa ...............................................................JJ
lxaaa 2. 1a rau(-(am Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa:
Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc, ,auc. A(xc a ,oau Uo(ooy ...........................JJ
lxaaa J. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a oa ncaxo.canaa ...............................22
lxaaa 4. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a xy(occ.acuuoc accxc(oaauac .................J2
lxaaa 5. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a c(a.a.aauaa na.aa a a.yax ...............J9
lxaaa 6. H+ma nccaaauaa: .cxo, +yac.ao, oa+ .............................................46
lxaaa 7. Cc: ac.o+uaoa (aacuaa ...........................................................J4
lxaaa 8. Hc.oaa .cxa: a+cacuac na..cuoa .....................................................6J
lxaaa 9. 1cuaur ,aay_croca ..........................................................................7J
lxaaa 10. 1cuaur Caa(c.cxa ............................................................................80
lxaaa 11. Bc.c+a Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca: noc.auc.ao au.craqaa ........ 88
lxaaa 12. la.aa (xauo a a+u: .................................................................9J
HPHAOmEHHR:
O.ac.m ua aonocm (IAQ) .............................................................................J0J
uoa.m Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa .................................................................J08
laaaxa rynnoamx +aua.aa no Ay.cu.a+uoy ,aacua .............................JJ4
Cxoaa: .cauoa .........................................................................................JJ8
Iccycm no Ay.cu.a+uoy ,aacua ..........................................................J24
^a.ca.ya .....................................................................................................J2J
5
Heeyeerao exymar: n aonxoqar:
Home me:o xonum +noecmeo ucmouu.
la6naxa Por
Ha poeaonea Canperexa:
B eu Aeuqc+. ono cu{um no o:en+x. ee
:o:oeo ne+no:o no:oneno. u no oene onco. no
cmoono+. Aeuenu+ o{omc+ u. ::un: me:o u
noxo{+m ceo.: u. Ono o {mo ocoemc+ e:o-
mo eono:o mo :u ou:oqe:o. mo :u xno:o.
B ecme menem.
1mca+a xc. y(cqm y.ac(a., +.o c+ ou.a.a c
caa cooa, c auy.cuuca naa(oa, ucao+oua c+ac.xaaaa
a noxuoqcuuaa a+u:. Ho +.o .o +ua+a. cxmaa.: cca'
Cxyaa.: cca' 5m.: a ou.a.c c caa cooa'
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac .o noqccc uaxo(cuaa
ou.a.a c caa cooa +cc+ .cxo, (aacuac a .aucq. .o
c+onacuoc noc.auc.ao a aca, or(a a nacy.c.aaa
caa(c.cxa, uax(a_cro auaa.cx:uo, c+ oqcuo a cy(cuaa,
m no+aoxac .cxy a.: caoca a+u:. A(c, or(a noaaa.ca
anyx:c (aacua. lo+aoxac cy acc.a .cxo. ,ac
ao+ouoc.: ccco+ua.cx:uoy noaaa.:ca a (aacuaa a
ucno(aauoc.a. Bonxo_ac no.o auy.cuuax nccaaauaa a
oa+oa.
B .o noqcccc noaaxac.ca .o, +.o cc.: a uac cca+ac, a
+.o m, oc. m.:, uc +ac+ac a ccc. .o. noqccc ac(c. uac
.y(a, r(c m oc m.: .ca, .o m cc.:. Co acca uaaaa
araa a naa(aa, c.axaa a aoc.oraa, ox: a a(oc.:.
.o. onm. aonxo_cuaa a noaaauaa naa(m caocro
cy_cc.aa a nacy.c.aaa (yroro +cxoaca (ac. ua ao+ouoc.:
ouoaa.: o_y_cuac a aocnaa.ac caoro cca a naucc.a .o
uoaoc coc.oauac a cao a+u:.
Hro aoannr ayreornnomn'
Cxoao ay.cu.a+uma noacxo(a. o. rc+ccoro autlca-
tilos no(xauuma, acxo(a_aa a+ ncaoac.o+uaa (uqaxonc(aa
U.o +ua+a.
ay.cu.a+uma'
6
5oray+a a oua). Y ucro .ac cc.: +ua+cuac uc
ax:aaama, uc aa.aqaa a coo.ac.c.ay_aa xa+uoc.a, (yxy
axa xaa.cy (Cxoaa: Bcc.ca).
B +ac.cuqaaxa+c a rxyauuoa ncaxoxoraa .cau
ay.cu.a+uoc.: onacmaac. a+cc.ao +cxoac+ccax (cac.aaa, o.omc
oa+maa.ca ac.auuma no o.uoacua caoy ccc, caoc.a.
Ka.a ,ou Ma.au acnox:+oaax cxoaa ay.cu.a+uoc
(aacuac a J9JJ r., onacmaaa cncccaouac.cac .auqm Ma
Barau: .o aucaucc noaaxcuac. a(c. uc a+ au.cxxc.yax:uoro
+amcxa, a a+ +yac.aa, noxo(a_cro +cc+ o.+ma+aaoc .cxo.
B c+yx:.a.c . m aa(a noxuoc.: ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac,
o.ooc .ccuo caa+auo c oqaouax:um onm.o no(ouo
auc.au.aauoy o.xay ua +yac.ao c.axa.
Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc, ocuoaa.cx:uaqa c.o(a
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, nacaxa: Kor(a (aacuac noc.o
a ucocnoao, uc oc. m.: (yra, a uc acc. +ua+cuaa,
uacox:o ouo oraua+cuuo axa +ac.a+uo, acuuo .or(a noaaxac.ca
.o, +.o a ua+maa ay.cu.a+um, ouo y+uac.ca a yuaax:uoc,
naua(xca_cc acuuo .oa xa+uoc.a. Ay.cu.a+uoc.: aaxac.ca
c(auc.acuum .cauo, o.oma, a a (ya, ouo o.ucc.a
ac.auc ~ ac.auc, o.ooa ucao+ouo uay+a.:ca. (Wlitc-
lousc, J977).
1aa oa+o, a ou.cc.c uaaca uara cy_cc.ayc. .a
a+aaocaa+auumx +ua+cuaa cxoaa ay.cu.a+uma:
J. Ay.cu.a+uoc.: a a+cc.ao noaaxcuaa xa+uoc.a
2. Ay.cu.a+uoc.: a ocooc a+cc.ao (aacuaa
J. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a c.o( a .cxuaa
lcxa a naay Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac c +arxaaumx
ya +ua+a., c+: a(c. o .cxuac, c.o(c axa na.ac. Kor(a
acnox:+y.ca axcu:ac yam ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac
onacmaac.ca ocooc a+cc.ao (aacuaa. Ho oa .ax .caua
onacmaa. onc(cxcuuma ny.: oc.cuaa aonxo_cuuoa naa(m,
no(xauuoc.a caoy ccc.
Bo acc ac x(a a .c+cuac J0 xc. coaa.ca, +.om
na.aoaa.: Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac. Ouo coc(auac. uoro
.a(aqaa: .cana a c(a.aqa, au(aaa(yax:uma a rynnoaoa
noqccc, a.yax a anoaa+aqa. a .o aca mxa uaa(cum
a+xa+umc no(xo(m. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac na.ay. a:
7
Ka c(a.a.aauy, (yxoauy na.ay, o.oaa +cc+
au.craqa .cxa, ya a (yxa naao(a. a+aa.a
co+uauaa.
Ka +ac.: ncaxo.canca.a+ccoro noqccca (xa
a+aa.aa o_y_cuaa cca a coc.acuuoro xaronoxy+aa,
+a+ac.y ouo no+aoxac. naucc.a ccco+ua.cx:uoc
co(cauac a oxac.: oco+uaaauaa.
Ka +ac.: .ao+ccoro noqccca, o.m.aa uoamx
a(ca a a+xoaoaauaa .ao+ccoa ucraa.
Ka oy ao.m a coo_cc.ac (xa cacuaa
rynnoamx noxc a a+aa.aa +yac.aa coo_cc.aa
(no uarenaxau Autbeatie Movemeat Gatberiag, no: 2006, CHA)
H caax uanaca.: .y uary, +.om no(cxa.:ca
uorooa+ac a rxyauoa .oro aucauc noc.oro c.o(a. Muc
xo.cxoc: (a.: uc .ox:o +uauaa o c.o(c a cro ocuoaa.cxax,
ax .coaax a a+xa+umx oa.ax, uo a ncc(a.:, uacox:o
ao+ouo, ocoma ayc, a.occy noqccca. Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac .o oa xa+uaa .aucoaqaouuaa a .ao+ccaa
na.aa, no.oy uc mxo aauo ncc(a.: coc.acuuoc
nouaauac noqccca a cao ac.oa a+aa.aa auy.a c.o(a.
Koc .oro, uc xo.cxoc: co+(a.: (oc.a.o+uo uororauuoc
aa(cuac .oa na.aa, no.oy am y(c.c ac.c+a.: qa.a.m
a+ uar, c.a.ca ncno(aaa.cxca Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, a
.ac am(ca a+ (ucauaoa na.aoa.
.a uara ua+maac.ca Hc.oaa, acca+auumc .cxo,
uo no( cxoao ac.oaa m no(a+ycaac uc noacc.aoaauac c
onc(cxcuum cc.o a rcoaa, a xy nocxc(oaa.cx:uoc.:
com.aa auy.a oraua+cuuoro noc.auc.aa-accua.
Oua oc. m.: ac.oaca, no.oy +.o a uca ac.c+a.ca
onc(cxcuumc .cm a ax a+aa.ac. Oua oc. m.: ac.oaca,
qcxoc.uoc.: o.ooa co+(ac.ca aocnaa.ac uax(a.cxa. Oua
oc. m.: ac.oaca, no.oy +.o m acc aca acca+maac
ac.oa, ac.oa caoca a+ua, a, acca+maaa, o(uoaccuuo
co+(ac cc.
Bca o. accua a y(y ac.aaxa.: o.maa a+ caoo.+c.oa
no noqccca Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa. Moc. m.:, .o (ac.
aa (onoxua.cx:uma, oxcc c.aoa+ccaa a+rxa( ua noqccc.
!
!
!
!
8
,xa occnc+cuaa oua(cuqaax:uoc.a o.+c.m y(y. auouauma.
1c uc cucc a xo+y noxaro(aa.: accx, .o nc(oc.aaax ax (xa
.oa uara.
H xo+y noxaro(aa.: accx, .o nao axa ocacuuo
y+ac.aoaax a co+(auaa .oa uara:
Au(c Ox:ccu a loxy ,o+a-,ouc, no+uaoaaaax
cua c .a c.o(o,
^acx: Ia(+aaucy, xaro(aa cc roc.cnaac.ay a
ua+ax .y uary,
Oraua+a.ooa Maucoa ^aoa.oaa Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa Axccca Kouc.au.auoaa a Kxa Ko+yuoay.
5xaro(aa .oa ^aoa.oaa uara noxy+axa anyx:c
+aacacua.
1cx, .o caoa nacy.c.aac a cxoac a .auqc noor
ooa.: uorac noxocuaa .oa uara:
Baxcaa Bcacaua, Auuy laaccay, Baxca laxcxcc,
Aucxy ,ouaa, Ox:ry o.oay, Auuy Horauccu, Axccca
Kan.ccaa, lxcuy Mc.cx:, Kaaxxa Haoxacaa, Cxaay
Ccxoacoro, Auuy Cyo.auy, ,cuaca 1yna.y, ^oa:
uocuo, 5ayxa K+coacoro a uorax (yrax.
Axccca Kouc.au.auoaa, ,cuaca 1yna.y a Axccca
Kan.ccaa .ac xo+c.ca noxaro(aa.: +a ax aa(cuac a qcuumc
a(ca, nc(xocuumc aa a noqcccc c(a.aoaauaa uara.
Oraua+a.ooa oax .cuauroa a Mocac, Maucc,
Kacac, Axa-A.c, Xaac, la.cauyrc, Cau.-lc.cyrc,
Bax:ucc a (yrax roo(ax aa, +a no((cy a ao+ouoc.:
ac.c+a c .auqaa uorax x(ca.
Bccx y+ac.uaoa .cuauroa a c.y(cu.oa oy+a_ax
nora, c o.oma m orxa a+(cxa.: noc.auc.ao
(aacuaa a caa(c.cx:c.aoaauaa.

Hoce+qoemc+ +ou+ {em++
11
lxaaa J
Moe aoaeouerao
e Ayreornnomu anaeoneu
H +auaac: Ay.cu.a+um ,aacuac a .c+cuac J4 xc. (c
J994 r.). Bcc .o aca ouo aaxac.ca oca coc.acuuoa na.aoa
acqcxcuaa a caoaccxc(oaauaa a o(ua a+ c.o(oa oca ao.m
a .ao+ccax a .canca.a+ccax rynnax. Bncamc a ac.c.axca c
onacauac .cxuaa a c.a.:c Au(ca Ox:ccu Mcua aa(a., cua
(aac.: Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a ncoauc a yuaxc Coa-
tact Quartcrly. Oua nacaxa: Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac cnococ.ayc.
acqcxcua, nocox:y .cxo naao(a. uac xaua_aca auy.a
aocnoauauaa a nccaaauaa a amao(a. ax ua cac. oco+uauaa.
Haaa ac.oaa xaua.ca a uaac .cxc: aoxqaouumc na..cum
(aacuaa, cxccm +cxoac+ccoro a+aa.aa a xa+uma onm..
Kor(a m +amaac rxa+a a no+aoxac ccc o.(a.:ca (aacua,
noaaxac.ca ccouc+uoc uorooa+ac.(Olsca, J99J)
Mm c Oxcro Hrua.:cam .or(a oraua+oaaxa C.y(a
1auqcaax:uoa Hnoaa+aqaa a r. Hocxaaxc. .o mxo o.m.oc
noc.auc.ao (xa na.aa a accxc(oaauaa .auqa, (aacuaa a
ncoauca. 1a m ua+axa caoa cncacu.m c na.aoa
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa. Ha naaxoc: y+a.:ca y caoa om,
no.oy +.o ox:ac uc y oro mxo y+a.:ca, a au.ccc uoam
a(ca a .auqc a (aacuaa .coaax (cac.aaa. Mm na.aoaaxa
oo.ac noqcccm a o+cu: (xauumc.
H xooao nou 2-x +acoay cccca a J99J r., ao
aca o.ooa a nonax a aoxora+ccy ac.oa a.yax:uoa
c.am, o.ooa acccaxa ry(uy xc.y, +.om (oc.a.:
cc(qc. Hcco.a ua nyra_ac acnc.m .oro onm.a, ou mx
+axaa.maa_c-au.cccum, +.o co+(aaaxo ao+ouoc.:
noaaa.: cro a no.oc, uc oc.auaaxaaaac:, uc +aaaa. H xooao
nou ocu.m caca_ca a(oc.a a _ca_ca ucuoc.a,
nou+a.cx:uoa acuoc.a a uanoxucuuoc.a caxoa ao uorax
noqcccax. 5ox:ac accro cua naaxcax .or(a a.aca+ccaa,
o+ac.a.cx:uma acnc. .oa na.aa, ao+ouoc.: noa.:
au.cucaaumc oqaa a (aacuaa. laaaxa c+onacuoc.a accr(a
mxa cox(cum, a .o. onm. co+(aaax (oacac auy.cuuca,
12
ncaxa+ccoa cax:uoc.a, cc cnocouoc.a caoacqcxcua,
uaxo(cua .o+uoro no(aauoro axauca c(y +yac.ao a
(cac.aac.
Onm. ao.m c (mxa.cx:uma ncaxo.cxuaaa acc.c
c Ccrcc Bccxcaa.ca, Bxa(aao Ko+xoam a Maxaaxo
caoam (ax uoro (xa nouaauaa nao(m ccco+ua.cx:umx
noqcccoa, c.o(oxoraa a na.aa .aucnccouax:umx
ny.cacc.aaa.
lo+(ucc uco.omc yoa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa ua (axa
loxa ,o+a-,ouc, xocora a+ CHA, c o.ooa m ao.axa
ua( noc.o Glostdaacc. B .o noc.c m oa_axac:
(yxa a naa.a o(a, .oy, a ac.oaa uaaca c.aum
oc. noaaa.:ca a .auqcaax:uo (cac.aaa. Mm acnox:+oaaxa
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac (xa no((cauaa +yac.aa o_uoc.a a
rynnc .auqooa a+ a+umx c.au a roo(oa, (xa co+(auaa ocooa
a.occm auaa.cx:uoc.a a (xa noaca uoamx (aacuaa.
H noaoy noqcccm Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa no+.a ua
a(o .cuaurc no au.cra.aauoa .auqcaax:uo-(aara.cx:uoa
.canaa, a +ac.o ca a uax y+ac.ay. uoa. ao.m a naax,
noc.ocuuma ua aacuc.ac y+ac.uaoa, o.cy.c.aaa acaxaa
.canca.-xacu., no+aoxac. .o c(cxa.:. H a .c+cuac 2 xc.
a(ma ccaq a noaoy o.m.y cccca Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa (xa accx x(ca, +uaomx c .oa na.aoa.
B uac.oa_cc aca oa c.y(cu.m a a+umx roo(ax a c.auax
co+(a. caoa rynnm Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a noao(a. +aua.aa
a acaxa.a.om. 1aac rynnm cc.: a H+aaxc, 5cxoyccaa,
Yaauc a Ioccaa. O+cu: aauo, +.o .a +ac+a.cx:uaa na.aa
acnoc.auac.ca, aac. a x(a ac. ao+ouoc.: ac.c+a.:ca
c rxyauuoa auy.cuuca naa(oa (aacuaa, nacy.c.aaa a
a+aao(cac.aaa.
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a .c+cuac uorax xc. mxo cc.o
noaca uoamx .c, oa+oa a (aacuaa (xa oax .auqcaax:umx
ncoaucoa, a cox:umx, .a a rynnoamx. .o ucac+cnacma
ac.o+ua uoaoro, a o.oo oc. ncoa+a.:ca c.aoc.
Icryxaumc noqcccm aaxa.ca ucoxo(aoa na.aoa
auy.cuucro o+a_cuaa a noacucuaa, o.oaa ococuuo ucoxo(aa
x(a, ao.a_a c x(:a ncaxo.canca.a, ncaxoxora,
coqaax:um ao.uaa, .cuca. Bc.c+a c +cxoac+ccaa
1J
c(aa a noxcaa accr(a oc.aaxac. caoa cxc( a (yac a .cxc,
no.oy (xa x(ca .ax nocccaa ucoxo(am ocomc .cxuaa
(xa caoaocc.auoaxcuaa, +ao.m o auy.cuuc noc.auc.ac.
B ac 2008 ro(a oa c.y(cu.m a+ Mauca oraua+oaaxa
Mc(yuao(uy ^aoa.oa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, cc.o
ac.c+a onm.umx na.aoa, r(c m orxa cncacu.aoaa.: a
accxc(oaa.: ao+ouoc.a .oa om. .o mxa ncaaa .aoro
o(a ac.c+a ua noc.coac.co noc.auc.ac.
B aaryc.c 2008 r. a .ac y+ac.aoaax a Autlcatic Movc-
mcat Gatlcria a Bcuc (Aac.aa). .o mxa c(yuao(uaa
ac.c+a ncaxo.canca.oa, na.ay_ax Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac
a na.ay caoa+aa.aa a acqcxcuaa. ^(a a+ cca c.au
aa, x(a c a+uoa ac.oaca (aacuaa auy.a c.o(a (aaraxac:
a caa(c.cx:c.aoaaxa acc.c, no+aoxaa acmaa.:ca +y(y
auy.cuuca naa(m.
loc.cncuuo a ua+aua acc ox:ac nouaa.: cxoaa
,auc. A(xc o .o, +.o Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac .o (oxraa
na.aa. ,cac.aa.cx:uo, cc ayc, a ayc (oororo aaua, co
accuc, c ro(aa, c.auoaa.ca .ox:o ora+c, uacm_cuucc a
a+uooa+ucc.
Mcua a(yc., +.o a ac amxo(a. acc ox:ac uar a uay+umx
ao., nocaa_cuumx .oa y(aaa.cx:uoa (acqanxauc. Coc(auaa
c.oroc.: om a ccnc(cx:uoc.: auy.cuucro aa, acuoc.:
naaax a ucnc(ca+ycoc.: noaaxcuaa, Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac
c.auoaa.ca o.ac.o ua .cxccumc, oqaouax:umc, orua.aaumc,
coqaax:umc a (yxoaumc +anocm coaccuuoro +cxoaca. H
royc: .c, +.o .oa uaroa ory noo+: acnoc.aucua
na.aa cc(a .cx, (xa oro oua oa+maac.ca aaua.
Bo. onacauac oax uc(aauax noqcccoa a oxa (aay_croca
a caa(c.cxa:
Hmemecmeue e xooc nene:en:u nomo {euenu+.
nomo oo.oe {euenu+. eo{oeoom. e omoo+ n:oe+mc+
o+:. u. omoo:o no+e:+mc+ o+: ueomn:e.
:eou. o{q:. ucmomo u nene{co.e+ocm:. e{un:u
nomo {euenu+.
Pumo: {euenu+. o:{o nomo cmonoeumc+ +cnou
o+ou u cu+eo:o+: +en+ cnu+oemc+ (u o{noee+enno
+ cnu+o} eexn o{e{. u ee. ooe-mo ee++
14
ono e:eooueoemc+ /+ e:eooueo ee nou.non. u
ucmou+ no{o:oemc+. no +o+ no.uqu+. +ou eoquu
e {:ue.
B:eenm: ce+ nou.non. mo: onoeum: +u.
H+ (ucauaa caa(c.cxa:
Bnoe: {ueume::noe oqqenue: + c+om no :nn u
eu. mo o{:u noxo{umc+ e ceoe+ noqecce. c:e{em
.o ceoeu ucmoueu. c+e+c:. n:oo. no:.o+. mo:o+. no nu
+mo+ ecm: oqqenue e{uno:o nocmoncmeo. oo:o-mo
oqe:o c:ono:o u nuxom:ueo:o um+o. o:{o ome::
o{no:o e:oeeo om:uoemc+ e +e{:enno+ no{&e+e
{:o:o. {ee {eemu o{noee+enno no{nu+om u.
{:ue {ee :eom +{o+: o{no. .o:emuc:. o {:o+ e
om:mo+ no:oenuu. 3mo cnemo::. o omoo+ onu
ne .nom. no omo:u onu monqm. u +. o ceu{eme::.
moe ocme e +mo+ noqecce. 3mo +oe enu+onue
nocmoncme +e{ nu+u co.{oem e{uncmeo ece:o
noqecco. +mo enu+onue o{o:o. nonoe:ennoe enm:
u:u nonoe:ennoe no nomneo. co.{oem e{uncmeo ece:o
noqecco.
Uc (ox:ac a na.ay .y oy, .c ox:ac cua
noaac. cc rxyaua a caxa. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac (cac.aa.cx:uo
oc. m.: na.aoa (xauo a a+u:, ucoxo(aoa (xa
no((cauaa axauca c(y co+ua.cx:um a ccco+ua.cx:um,
uanoauauac o .o, .o m (cac.aa.cx:uo cc.:, a ny.cacc.aac
no(xauuoc.a caoro cca.

15
lxaaa 2
Tn raop-paum Ayreornnooro anaeona:
Man Craee Yanrxaye, aaoer Apxe
n aoao Hopooy
Y Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa cc.: .a a.ca-
ocuoaa.cx:uaqm, .a am(a_acca cu_aum, a(aa a+ o.omx
nauccxa ucoqcuama axa( a ocuoaauac, a+aa.ac a nouaauac
na.aa. .o acaaua: Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc, ,auc.
A(xc a ,oau Uo(ooy.
Man Craee Yanrxaye
B oxo(oc.a Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc (J9JJ-J978)
a+y+axa .aucq a yuaxac.ay a Wcllcslcy Collcc, Macca+ycc.c.
aou+aa oy+cuac, oua o.naaaxac: a lcaua, +.om
.auqcaa.: c Ma Barau, am(a_caca nc(c.aaa.cx:uaqca
uccqoro cncccaouac.coro .auqa. Bcuyaaac: a CHA,
oua ao.axa c Ma.oa l, o(uoa a+ o(oua+ax:uaq .auqa
o(cu. Bmaxa +ay, o(axa (aoax (c.ca, ncccxaxa a
Kaxaoua. B J0-c ro(m ncno(aaaxa .aucq a noxo(axa
uraaucaa auaxa+.
B aoa-.o ocu. oyc cc au.ccca ccc.axca o. .auqa
noqcccy noaaauaa (aacuaa. .o mx aauma (cu:, or(a
a nouaxa, +.o uc y+y 1auqy, a y+y ^(ca. .o noa+axo, +.o
oa rxaauma au.ccc a noqcccc, a uc a c+yx:.a.ax, a .o yc
uc acycc.ao, a (yroa cnoco +cxoac+ccoro a+aa.aa (Wlitc-
lousc, J99J).
Iao.a Yaa.xayc oa+axa ox:aoc axaauac ua uorax
cc c.y(cu.oa a oxxcr, ax+aa .auqooa, .canca.oa a
ncno(aaa.cxca, a mxa a+aa.a na.aaa a CHA a a
laonc.
Ccuaa a J9J0-x rr. cao .auqcaax:uy oacu.aqa c
xy(occ.acuuoa c.ooum ua uanaaxcuac xa+uoc.uoro oc.a a
a+aa.aa a .auqc, Yaa.xayc ua+axa rxaauoc (cxo caoca a+ua,
Ma C.ac
Yaa.xayc
16
noaaaa a onacmaaa noqccc (aacuaa a noaaauaa
(aacuaa (movia aad bcia movcd).
Ho-eu{u+o+. cqecmem {eo nomueono:on:x
muno :{eu. C mou .enu+ ncuxo:o:uu. + +o:
onucom: mex. mo no::oqen ecco.nome::n:+. u
mex. mo ome.on om ne:o. <Hee:+~ oen: :e:o.
o:{o ecm: ceoo{o u+noeu.oquu. Onu ne nu.nom
one{e:ennou o+: u:u nommeno {euenu+. u:u
:o:o {:o:o o:onuenu+. o+e mo:o. omo:u onu
nue:no ucno::.m. u enoo:e +o:m {e:om: :um:
nonenue. ne meqee monocmu. Ho {:ou
e ome eecoe noxo{+mc+ :{u. omo:e ne +o:m
ne{cmoeum: {euenue. ne unuquuoeonnoe co.nome::no
u qe:enonoe:enno. Onu nu:o{:eom .noume::n:e
cu:u+ {:+ mono:o nonu+onu+ mo:o. mo {e:om. u
nouo:ee cocm:ue: e o+ox nonenuu. nommenoe
u o+. Ceoo{o {euenu+ e+ecmo mo:o. mo:
o{oeom:. n:oem ux. noco:: onu ne .nom. mo
{o:n: {e:om: u {oe ec:u u {eumc+. mo c:onn:
oqqom: cmecnenue o::me. e+ {euenue
(Wbitebouse, 1995)
B .o aa(c (aacuaa, a+ay_cca ua nauqanax
uraaucoro auaxa+a, naqacu.m no.auqoamaa. caoc o_y_cuac
auy.cuuax oa+oa, +.o noorac. xy+ac noua.: (aay_ac caxm
noaxoro a uac.oa_cro.
Heeno:nennoe cu::n:+u ++oqu++u. nome me:o
e.omuono eo:uem no +mu ++oquu. H +mu
{euenu+. o noeu:o. o{unooe: ecex. M: ne
onu+oe+c+ u:u ne n::oe+. o:{o +: o.ooen:.
+: ne ocxoueoe+ no o+nome. o:{o :o+uu .e
n:oem noc. Co+u {euenu+ e:oom cm: nomeu
eoquu. {oe xom+ +: u ne oco.noe+ ux e +eno+ eu{e.
H u+enno e +mom +o+enm u o{oemc+ moneq. lo
: o+ on nu nunu+o:. ou+ : mo{uqu++
on nu nuno{:eo:. on u.noo::no eo.nuoem o
nocmo+me::no+ nomenocm: {eu:om:c+ e omeem
no ecmeenn:e u+n::c:. omo:e .oo{omc+ e
17
o:ee ::oux c:o+x. e+ c:oeo. u +mu c:ou +e:+mc+
ecco.nome::n:+u u eco+enn:+u. Onu +o:m
cmom: oco.nonn:+u u nuoecmu o+. o:{o
eo.nunem co+o {euenue. 1oneq ~ +mo ne nocmo
{euenue. no {euenue o e nemo one{e:ennoe.
1onqo ~ + u+e e eu{ ecex. mo monqem. ne
o+.ome::no noeccuono:oe ~ +mo e:oee. e omoo+
+mom no.:e {euenu oqqoemc+ o u.ueco+
u ++oquono::no+ nomenocm:. nomenocm: e:o
{mu no+eum: ce+ eoene u+enno mou+ cnocoo+. B
noqecce monqo on oqqoem ce+ nocmo+qu+ +uo+.
cocmo+qu+ ne u. o&emoe u qe:eu. o u. cu:. +ne:uu.
no:oenuu. Huo{ +mux cu:. oecmeo +mou +ne:uu
+ono oqmum: noce{cmeo+ {euenu+
(Wbitebouse, 1995)
Ia+aa.maaa caoa no(xo( (aacua, Ma C.ac
Yaa.xayc y+axa c.y(cu.oa oco+uaaa.: cncqaa+ccac (aara.cx:umc
anyx:cm, o.omc acxa a+cc.ao .cxccumx +yac.acuumx o_y_cuaa:
Cxc(oaauac auy.cuucy o_y_cua, no+aoxcuac anyx:cy naua.:
oy a+a+ccoro (cac.aaa ~ .o a cc.: a.aauoc aooacuac
a (aacuaa, .o+uo .aoc c, a cxc(oaauac aa+yax:uoy
oa+y a a.aauo aooacuaa. .o uaaoxcc (aa.a+ccac
ncaxoa+a+ccac caa+a, (oc.ynumc co+uaua (Wlitclousc, J96J).
Oua .ac au.cccoaaxac: aa+yax:uma oa+aa,
o.omc ao+uaa. ao aca (aara.cx:uoro onm.a, a a oa+aa
a+ aocnoauauaa, cuoaa(cuaa a au.a+aa. Oa+m orxa m.:
occ.acuuma, +cxoac+ccaa, aao.uma, ac.a.cx:uma axa
aucax:uma, a a xo cxy+ac oua noo_axa c.y(cu.oa oc.aaa.:ca
a caoc coc.acuuo .cxc a a+aao(cac.aoaa.: c auy.cuuaa
xau(aa.aa a cy_cc.aaa, o.omc .a noaaxaxac:. 5mxa ocu.m,
or(a oa+m, a+axoc:, caa xo.cxa aonxo.a.:ca a .cxc, a y(.o
oa+ ouo mxo y+ua.: xy+ac, ccxa ou axo(ax a .cxo (aay_croca.
1or(a c.y(cu.m nccaaaxa uc .ox:o .aucq c oa+o, uo no+aoxaxa
ua aca auy.cuucy oa+y acc.a ax a .auqc.
Yaa.xayc nacuaxa nauqan nonyca.: +yac.ao cao+:
.cxo caoca ao.c a (aara.cx:uoa .canaa, c.aa.cx:uo a+craa
cxoaa .aucq, cxya_cc (xa oo+ua+cuaa c+yx:.a.a. Oua
18
c.caxac: a+aa.a aucc.c.a+ccoro oco+uauaa, aonxo_cuuoro
auy.cuucro +yac.aa. Oua .ac acnox:+oaaxa uraaucaa c.o(
a.aauoro aooacuaa (xa .oro, +.om naaxc+: caoo(umc
accoqaaqaa a (aacuac. .o no+aoxac. acc yoaua co+uauaa a
no(co+uauaa noo(a.: cc.m, anyx:cm a (aacuaa. 1cxo na
.o c.auoaa.ca a cc(c.ao amacuaa, .a a noarmaa.cxc,
a+ o.ooro +ay+a. y+ma rxyauuoro +yac.aa cca.
Caa Yaa.xayc acnox:+oaaxa .cau movcmcat-ia-dctl
(rxyauuoc, qcxoc.uoc (aacuac) (xa onacauaa caocro no(xo(a.
aaoer Apxe
O(ua a+ y+cuaq Yaa.xayc, ,auc. A(xc, a+aaaaxa cc
no(xo( a a J98J r. ocuoaaxa Huc.a.y. Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc.
Hcuuo oua nc(xoaxa acnox:+oaa.: .cau Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac uc .ox:o (xa onacauaa onc(cxcuuoro a+cc.aa
(aacuaa, uo a (xa acca (acqanxaum a qcxo. laa(a, no+(ucc
oua na+uaaaxac:, +.o .c cam auccxa uco.oy ny.auaqy a
nouaauac .caua, ccacuac a+cc.aa a .cxuaa. 1c uc cucc,
acuuo .o ua+aauac Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac naaxoc:,
c.axo y+uaaacm a naua.m.
,auc. A(xc y+axac: y Maou Ucac, ocuoaa.cx:uaqm
acaaucoa .auqcaax:uoa .canaa, ao.axa c ay.a+uma
(c.:a, a a caoc a+aa.aa na.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
noc.cncuuo nccaxa o. .canca.a+ccoa o(ax:uoc.a (yxoauoa
a .aucnccouax:uoa.
,aa y+a.cxa noaxaaxa ua ucc ococuuo cax:uo. O. Ma C.ac
Yaa.xayc uca naaxo nouaauac cuocua co+uauaa (aay_croca,
a o. ncaxoxora ,oua Bcaa naaxo ocuoaauac .oro, +.o no+(ucc
mxo ua+aauo cuocuo co+uauaa caa(c.cxa (Adlcr, J987).
A(xc amacxa no(xo( Yaa.xayc ua (yroa yoacu:. Oua no-
auoy onc(cxaxa ox: caa(c.cxa, ncc(axa cc (aay_aca, a uc
.canca.a, +.o mxo a(aax:um cacuac. .o mx ncama
aar no ao.c c rynnoa, oxxc.aaum co+uauac, amxo( +a
nc(cxm .canaa. Mm xo.a m.: yaa(cum c+ ocy(cuaa,
nocqaa axa au.cnc.aqaa. H, a ouc+uo c+c.c, m xo.a
caa(c.cx:c.aoaa.:, yaa(c.: (yroro. (Adlcr, J987).
,xa A(xc a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa aauo c.cxcuac
caa(c.cxa aa(c.: acuo, .or(a a y (aay_croca cc.: cxauac
,auc. A(xc
19
m.: yaa(cuum. Caa(c.cx: y+a.ca yx:.aaaoaa.: cao
cnocouoc.: y(cxa.: auaauac auy.cuucy onm.y, +ac+aa,
a .o, +.o ou aa(a. a +yac.ayc., co+(ac. anyx:cm a .cxc.
loaaxcuac .ax anyx:coa no(.ac(ac. aaucu.uma
xnncuaur, noacxo(a_aa auy.a .cxa. A(xc roaoa. o ccc a
oxa Caa(c.cxa: Moc uaccuac coc.oa. a .o, +.om (aara.:ca
uaac.c+y coc.acuuoa nyc.o.c, +.o naa(ocax:um oa+o
naao(a. cua auy.cuuca uanoxucuuoc.a, +yac.aa, mcxa,
o_y_cuaa (Adlcr, 2002).
B onacauaa caocro onm.a Caa(c.cx: acnox:+yc. a-a+m,
a+m ucnocc(c.acuuoro onm.a: a aay, a +yac.ay a ..(.
,auc. A(xc a onc(cxcuuma ocu. oo+ua+axa
qcx: Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa: a+aa.ac auy.cuucro
caa(c.cxa. .o. auy.cuuaa caa(c.cx: oayc.ca a
a+aaaac.ca a y ,aay_croca, .a a y Caa(c.cxa. A(xc
y.ac(ac., +.o m uy(acca (yr a (yrc, +.om o_y.a.:
ncna.c.aaa ua ny.a aonxo_cua qcxoc.uoc.a. Haaa
cnocouoc.: coc.a(aua noxuoc.: +aaaca. o. uaacro
onm.a a+aao(cac.aaa c (yraa x(:a, uaaax o.uoacuaa
c qcxm (Adlcr, 2002).
B caoca uarc ,a oco+uauuoro .cxa oua onc(cxaxa
ny.: a+aa.aa auy.a Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, c.aoa+cca
ua+maaa cro au(aaa(yax:uoc .cxo oxxc.aauoc .cxo
oco+uauuoc .cxo. .o. ny.: noxo(a. +cc+ 4 a+m:
o.uoacuaa ,aay_croca a aucaucro Caa(c.cxa,
o.uoacuaa ,aay_croca a auy.cuucro Caa(c.cxa,
o.uoacuaa ,aay_croca (a .o +acxc a oxa
Caa(c.cxa) c rynnoa,
o.uoacuaa ,aay_croca/Caa(c.cxa c ,yxo.
(AJler, 2002)
lo A(xc Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac +aoc.ac. auaauac ua
noqcccc a+aaonouaauaa c(y (aay_aca a caa(c.cxc.
Kor(a m +yac.ayc, +.o uac cxmaa., m ua+auac cxyaa.: (yrax.
Kor(a m a+aaaac a ccc .ouoro a no((caaa_cro caa(c.cxa,
m oc no+aoxa.: (yra cxc(oaa.: ax coc.acuuoy onm.y
(aacuaa a nccaaauaa (aacuaa. loqccc cxyaauaa ac.oaa
(aacuaa uaacro .cxa (cxac. uac ccxcc a no+uauaa caax cca.
!
!
!
!
20
aoao Hopooy
l_c o(ua +cxoaco, auccaa ocoma axa( a a+aa.ac
c.o(a, ouo ua+aa.: uraaucoro auaxa.aa ,oau Uo(ooy.
Oua c+a.ac. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac (aara.cx:uoa ooa
a.aauoro aooacuaa, o(uoa a+ .cxua auaxa.a+ccoa
.canaa.
,oau Uo(ooy y+axac: y naoucoa .auqcaax:uoa .canaa:
1y(a Hyn a Ma C. Yaa.xayc, a oou+axa Huc.a.y. K.l.
Kura a ^oc-Aucxccc. Oua mxa nc+a(cu.o Acaaucoa
Accoqaaqaa 1auqcaax:uoa 1canaa (J974-76 rr.) a uanacaxa
uary Booacuac a (aacuaa: .auqcaax:uaa .canaa a
rxyauuaa ncaxoxoraa.
Oua am(cxac. (aa no(xo(a a au(aaa(yax:uoa .auqcaax:uoa
.canaa: c.y.yuma a ay.cu.a+uma. B ncao cxy+ac, m ao.ac
c ouc.uma oaa (aacuaa, nc(xarac xacu.y acaaa.:
cxoaa: (aacuaa a ..(. Bo a.oo cxc(yc +a a+aoa+aaa_aca
noqccco, no((caaaa cro c+onacuoc.:. ,. Uo(ooy aa(a.
(aa uanaaxcuaa a ao.c c (aacuac (aacuac oc.
amaa.: ncaxa+ccoc co(cauac (cncccaa) axa am+maa.:
o.xa (ancccaa). B cax:uo noqcccc .a ao+ouoc.a
ncc.ca. a no((caaa. (yr (yra. Hc.o+uaaa (aacuaa
ory. m.: a o_y_cuaa, .a a oa+m, uo oua ory. acxo(a.: a+
a+umx oxac.ca ccco+ua.cx:uoro. Oua acnox:+yc. Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac acx+a.cx:uo a .canca.a+cco ou.cc.c, no.oy
y(cxac. ocooc auaauac .canca.a+cca o.uoacuaa, (oaca,
c+onacuoc.a, nccuocy a ou.nccuocy.
Cu::n:e oo.:. ecmeo u eocno+unonu+ +o:m
no+eum:c+ :o:o{o+ co+onoo{oqu+c+ {euenu++
u omnomenu++. enmu omo:x noucxo{um {euenue.
Hoco:: noqecc e:oem ucno::.oeonue me:o
{:+ no+e:enu+ eoooenu+. on +oem nueo{um:
{euqe:oc+ o+n:eco+. ucmou omo:x +ono
onoum: e cenco+omono+ neuo{e +:o{enecmeo
u onne:o {emcmeo. Heeueonu+ u {euqe:oc+. u
ceu{eme:+ neen:emen:. noco:: .o{oeu meoneemo-
ceu{eme:+ +e:+emc+ ncuxo:o:ueco+ no{{eo
{euqe:oc+ u ++nomuecoe om.eo:ueonue
(CboJorow, 1982)
,oau Uo(ooy
21
Oua uoro ao.ac. c .coaca ncaa+umx ac.oa
^. C.a.a a y(cxac. ocooc auaauac a+aao(cac.aa
co+ua.cx:uoro a ccco+ua.cx:uoro a noqcccc Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa:
Xom+ u+n::c {euenu +oem no+eum:c+ u.
ecco.nome::no:o. me:o. omooe no.eo:+em u+n::co+
no+e:+m:c+. ocmoemc+ oenenn:+ e nonou
eo::nocmu ceoe:o cqecmeoeonu+. Co+o {euenue
co.{oem nonuoqenmuen* u unecmemuec
oomn ce+.:. omoo+ c:um mo+. mo
ecco.nome::noe cmo:ueoemc+ c me:ecnou eo::nocm:
+:o. Bcmeo+c:. u+n::c: ecco.nome::no:o u me:ecnoe
+:o no-nocmo+qe+ e.ou+no om u omc+ {:
{:o
(CboJorow, 1982)
O cc ao.c c Ay.cu.a+um ,aacuac a ooa
a.aauoro aooacuaa y(c. acca+auo a rxaac Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac a oa ncaxo.canaa, a o ouqcnqaa ac.o+uaoa
(aacuaa a rxaac Cc: ac.o+uaoa (aacuaa.
Ka(aa a+ .ax .cx cu_au auccxa caoa yuaax:uma
axa( a a+aa.ac .cxuaa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa. Oua
+axoaxa ocuoam a nc(xoaxa ny.a a+aa.aa .oro c.o(a,
o.omc no+aoxaxa cy acnoc.aua.:ca no accy ay.
' lonaoqcn.aauma o.uoca_aaca auy.cuua o_y_cuaa, caa+auum c
(aacuaaa a noxocuac .cxa a noc.auc.ac.
22
lxaaa J
Ayreornnooe anaeone
eae oua nenxoreannn
H+ (ucauaa Caa(c.cxa:
B eu{e:. mo ono {eu:oemc+ oen: nocmo. xo{um.
eoqoemc+: +mo ::u coquo::n:e. nomu :moe:e
{euenu+. {euenu+. u{que u. 3:o. Co+oe cmonnoe.
mo ono {eu:o:oc: {ocmomono omueno. no nue:o u
nuo:o ne .o{eeo:o.
Cxe+o {euenu+ noemo+:oc:. Aeuqo+c+ noxo{u:o
no o{nu+ u me+ e +ecmo+. ecmeo:o mex e :{eu.
cxe+o noemo+:oc: u nomu ne +en+:oc:. \ +en+
eo.nu:o ecmeo coo:enu+.
Bo ee++ oc{enu+ Aeuqo+c+ co.o:o. mo nee
ece ee++ ::o e:onue e:umu u. +mou o+nom:. o
{mo .{ec: e ece non+mno u noo u{mu {o-mo eqe.
3mo nono+nu:o eu cumoqu no oome: e one{e:ennou
.one ece u.eecmno u ece no:oemc+. no e no+e:+emc+
oqqenue. mo noo u{mu {o::me.
Cy_cc.ayc. uccox:o .o+c +cuaa ua ao+ouoc.a
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a ncaxo.canca.a+cco ou.cc.c. H
xo+y onaca.: +c.mc o(cxa, +c.mc aa(cuaa .canca.a+ccoro
noqccca a oxa ay.cu.a+uoro (aacuaa a uc. Bo uorax nyu.ax
oua noxoa, uo, a a+acc.uo, aca cy.: a (c.axax.
,auc. A(xc .a onc(cxac. c.a(aa .canca.a+ccoro
noqccca:
Honee ayreornnooro panaeona. .o ncao(, or(a
xacu. y+a.ca acno+uaaa.: caoa cc.cc.acuumc,
ac.auumc (aacuaa, (aacuaa, o.omc o.xa+a.ca
o. .oro, +.o ou amy+ax axa +uac..
Bmaaeone ayreornnooro panaeona. Y+uaa
ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac, xacu. y+a.ca amaa.: ax,
no+aoxac. ccc ox:ac (oaca.: a, y+uac. uoay
caoo(y noaaxcuaa. .o ncao( ox:aoa a(oc.a a
y(oaox:c.aaa.
!
!
C.a(aa
.canca.a+ccoro
noqccca no
,. A(xc
2J
Yaoaaaone noaaxaqnxea narreooa. Ha .oa c.a(aa
.canca. a xacu. acc ox:ac y+ua. noa.oa_acca
.cm a (aacuaa. Oa+maac.ca, +.o cro ay.cu.a+uoc
(aacuac acc. caoa oraua+cuaa.
Heexepoaaone reu: oeyenoaaone. Ha .o .anc
xacu. na no((cc .canca.a accxc(yc., aac
acuuo .cm noaaxa.ca a .ax noa.oa_axca
na..cuax.
Onmr aaemeona. .o ncao(, or(a xacu. a(c.
cao+: .a .cm a nccaaauaa, uc o.c.ynaa. 1aoa
ny.: naao(a. a+cacua coc.oaua acuoc.a,
nooa a xaa ccc.
(AJler, 1972)
B onacauaax cxy+aca oua naao(a. nacm noc.cncuuoro
noaaauaa xacu.aa au.cucaaumx +yac.a, .aax, a ruca axa
c.ax. loaaauac naao(a. .oy, +.o +yac.aa a+cua.ca:
yxo(a. axa .aucoay.ca.
1auqcaax:uma .canca. Koxaau lau. ua .a
onacmaac. noxoaa no(xo(:
M: nounoe+ oom c u.nenn:x cumoquu. oqqenuu
me:o u cnoe. Hno:{o + +o: ne{:oum: ooe-mo
nocmoe {euenue {:+ noo:o. nonu+e. nooueonue.
u {o:ee +: u{e+ .o me+. mo o.eooueoemc+ u. +mo:o
{euenu+. B noqecce ceoo{no:o {euenu+ +o:m enoe:
u enoe: no+e:+m:c+ one{e:enn:e nommen: {euenu+.
Onu +e:+mc+ eon:+u cu:no:o+u u {o:n: :m:
ucc:e{oeon:
(lay, 1971)
,oau Uo(ooy a+aaaac. no(xo( Ay.cu.a+uoy
,aacua a oc a.aauoro aooacuaa, noqcccy,
acnox:+ycoy a uraaucoa .canaa. ,xa .oro onacauaa a y(y
acnox:+oaa.: a.caax a+ cc c.a.:a 1auqcaax:uaa .canaa a
.aucqcu(cu.uaa yuqaa:
lxaauaa onacuoc.: a acnox:+oaauaa a.aauoro
aooacuaa onacuoc.: m.: +axaa+cuum ccco+ua.cx:um.
lo.oy .o. noqccc nacua. .ox:o x(a c (oc.a.o+uo
!
!
!
24
cax:um ro, cnocouma naua.: ac.c+y co+uauaa a
ccco+ua.cx:uoro a aaumx na.ucoa.
M. ^. ou uauq am(cxaxa +c.mc .ana noqccca
a.aauoro aooacuaa:
(J) o.m.ac ccco+ua.cx:uoy,
(2) na(auac anyx:ca om,
(J) caqaa ro,
(4) noaaauac.
Heamn mar: oremrne 6eeeoaoarex:oouy.
lcama aar a a.aauo aooacuaa noxo ua uorac
no(xo(m a om c(a.aqaa. Ou ax+ac. a cca ocxaxcuac
aqaouax:uoro, a.a+ccoro onoucu.a co+uauaa, +.om
co+(a.: nxo(oo(uy no+ay (xa noaaxcuaa ccco+ua.cx:uoro
co(cauaa. Y .auqcaax:umx .canca.oa cc.: ocomc ccycm (xa
noac(cuaa .oro ncaoro aara.
Bcc.o .oro +.om noc.aaa.: +a(a+y yy onyc.oaa.:
caoro cca, .auqcaax:umc .canca.m onaa.ca ua onm. .cxa.
Hcnox:+oaauac .cxua cxacaqaa, ocooc auaauac (mxaua,
a+aa.ac +yac.acuuoro/aucc.c.a+ccoro oco+uaaauaa, oco+uauac
+ac.ca .cxa a ax o.uoacuaa (yr c (yro acc .o aaumc
x+a, o.omc o.maa. (aca ccco+ua.cx:uoy.
5ccco+ua.cx:uoc auacc.ayc. cca +cc+ ucncmauma
no.o .cxccumx o_y_cuaa a cu.ax:umx oa+oa. .a
o.uoca.cx:uo ccocuumc noaaxcuaa ory. ax+a.: a cca
auy.cuuac no(araaauaa, nyx:caqaa, aaaqaa, o_y_cuaa
(aaxcuaa, aoxum (accuqaycoa a uc(accuqaycoa
ucraa, auy.cuuac roxoca, +aya, cxoaa, au.a+aa, +yac.aa,
coc.oauaa, aocnoauauaa a anyx:cm. B .o. ocu., or(a
m ua+auac na(aaa.: oy .oy cmoy a.caaxy,
m nccxo(a o a.ooy .any noqccca a.aauoro
aooacuaa.
Broon mar: nnpaone oum.
Ma Yaa.xayc naac., +.o (aacuaa o(a.ca a+
cncqaa+ccax auy.cuuax anyx:coa, oxa(a_ax a+cc.ao
o_y_cuaa. lcxa a om+uo noqcccc a.aauoro aooacuaa
m cxc(yc +a aa+yax:um oa+o, .o a.aauoc aooacuac
A.aauoc
aooacuac
O.m.ac
ccco+ua.cx:uoy
la(auac om
25
a (aacuaa ax+ac. a cca .cxc(oaauac +a auy.cuua
o_y_cuac, no+aoxcuac anyx:cy c.a.: a+a+cca (cac.aac...
Bo. onacauac onm.a a.aauoro aooacuaa a (aacuaa:
B cu{e:o no no: co ceqenn:+u no:o+u. enu+onue
nue:eo: um+ +oe:o {:xonu+. Hocmenenno. +mo
eoe:e:o +en+ e :oe:e nooueoque {euenu+.
enoo:e oen: +o:en:ue u e.onocn:e. H+n::c:
nocmenenno cmonoeu:uc: cu::nee. u + ocoueo:oc:. ece
o::me u o::me om:on++c: om qenmo. Hoe:e eo:n:
+ne:uu mo:o:u +en+ mo no o{un ou. mo no {:ou.
B e o+:oc:. mo no{. B no.eo:u:o {euenu++
cmuxnm:. u nume: nomo ecme u eocno+unonuu.
B .aax nccaaauaax accr(a cc.: xccu. ucoa(auuoc.a.
lccaaauac noacxo(a. acuuo a .o. ocu. a am+maac.
ooc.cuuoc aocnaa.ac, o.ooc om+uo xaa.ca+yc.ca
.o.ax:uoa norxo_cuuoc.: caa noqccco (aacuaa. loqccc
oc. conoao(a.:ca axa uc conoao(a.:ca oa+aa axa
oqaaa.
,yroa aa( (aacuaa a(y_cro a+uy.a noaaxac.ca
cocc a+ oa+a, +c a+ o_y_cuaa. B o.xa+ac o. cxc(oaauaa
+a auy.cuuaa o_y_cuaaa .aoc (aacuac ocuoamaac.ca ua
au.a+aa. Ouo cxc(yc. +a ucncmaum no.oo aa+yax:umx
oa+oa. Huor(a na .o .cac.ca cnou.auuoc.: (aacuaa,
o.oaa cc.: na ao.c c o_y_cuaaa, .c uc cucc .o oc.
uc ac.: +ua+cuac, ccxa ao.ac. yuqaa .aucqcu(cuqaa.
Bo+ouo, xy(ouaa ox:ac accro +uao a.ooa aar
a.aauoro aooacuaa, .a a ou ax+ac. a cca uaaoxcc
o+caa(uma acnc. .ao+ccoro noqccca. Aqcu. +(cc: c.aaa.ca
ua .o, +.om co+(a.: ao: c+onacuoc.a +cc+ na(auac
ccco+ua.cx:uoy a.caaxy onc(cxcuuoa om. Kur
nc(noxarac., +.o a+umc x(a ory. (cxa.: .o a+xa+uma
cnocoaa: +cc+ nac:o, acyuo, xcny a ..(. Ou c+a.ax, +.o
uc(oc.a.o (aacuaa aaxac.ca cxouoc.: cro +anoauauaa.
lo.oy acyuo a (yrac om a+oa+a.cx:uoro acycc.aa
ory. m.: ncacum (onoxucuac onm.y (aacuaa,
no+aoxaa ama+a.: cy_uoc.: ucnocc(c.acuuoro nccaaauaa a
oxcc ac.a.uoa oc.
26
,yroa ao+ouoc.: +aacacuaa noqccca aaxac.ca
noa.o uaaoxcc +anouaaaaxca na+o(oa. lo.o .o oc.
m.: .aucoaoaauo a xocoraa+ccy noc.auoay.
lac:o .ac ouo acnox:+oaa.:, xao o.c.aauo
onacmaaa (aacuaa a ax a+cc.ao, xao oa_aac: no.a+cca
c.aoa.
1canca.a+ccac o.uoacuaa aaxa.ca c_c o(ua aaum
cnocoo occnc+cuaa c+onacuoc.a noqccca (aacuaa. lo+.a
acc ncaxa+ccac noqcccm aocnauaa.ca a+uy.a, a .aucq
a (aacuac ory. m.: acuo yaa(cum (yraa x(:a. 1aa
oa+o, noqccc (aacuaa aaxac.ca o(uoaccuuo auy.cuua
onm.o a aucauca oyuaaqaca. locox:y .auqcaax:umc
.canca.m oxa(a. amcooa+aa.ma uaamaa uax(cuaa +a
(aacuaaa, .o xacu. oc. noxy+a.: .o+uy oa.uy caa+:.
.o a+aao(cac.aac +ac.o noo(ac. +ua+amc .cm nccuoca
a ou.nccuoca, o.omc ory. m.: accxc(oaaum a +ac.:
.canca.a+ccoro noqccca.
1ac ouo acnox:+oaa.: aa(co+anac:, o.oaa (ac.
(oc.yn xoa nocxc(oaa.cx:uoc.a (aacuaa, noacxo(aaaax
a noqcccc.
Mm (cxac .aoa aqcu. ua (oycu.aoaauaa, no.oy
+.o (ac camc cax:umc auy.cuuac nccaaauaa (oxum m.:
._a.cx:uo a co+ua.cx:uo +aacaoaaum, a no.aauo cxy+ac y uax
cc.: .cu(cuqaa ycox:+a.: . Ha a.oo .anc noqccca a.aauoro
aooacuaa m (oxum acuy.:ca a oxac.: co+ua.cx:uoro a
uanaaa.: cro ua cxyy ccco+ua.cx:uoy. 1aa oa+o, no.o
ccco+ua.cx:uoro oc.ac.ca cc(qcaauoa noqccca, uo co+uauac,
c.aaac: a+ca.: ucuyuoro axaauaa, (oxuo m.: aoaxc+cuo
a +a(a+y na(auaa om. Kur onacmaac. c+yx:.a. .oro
noqccca a qcxoc, a o.oo .coc(aua.ca co+ua.cx:uoc a
ccco+ua.cx:uoc, aonxo_aa c.cxcuac ccco+ua.cx:uoro cac.y
a co+uauaa oc... (Kur, J99J)
locxc co+(auaa .aoa om (acyua, acca+a axa
.auqa), +ac.o noaaxac.ca o_y_cuac, +.o noqccc +aacacu.
.o +yac.ao +aacacuuoc.a anoxuc nacxco (xa xy(ouaa,
uo .canca.a+ccaa +a(a+a c_c uc +aacacua. B a.aauo
aooacuaa, a oc .canaa, ua uyuo c_c uoroc c(cxa.:
c .c no(y.o, o.oma noaaaxca.
27
Ternn mar: Peaeqna Sro
B .c+cuac (ayx ncamx .anoa noqccca a.aauoro
aooacuaa ccco+ua.cx:uoc +auaaxo no+aqa xa(ca. la
nccxo(c .c.:cy aary .o+a +cuaa ro c.auoaa.ca oxcc
a.aauoa. ro (oxuo noxuoc.: o.caraoaa.:, +.om na(.a
corxaacua c ccco+ua.cx:um a.caaxo.
H +(cc:, ao+ouo, ox:ac, +c ua xoa (yroa
c.a(aa noqccca, aauo acuoc a+xa+cuac (auaaa a.aauoro
a naccaauoro aooacuaa. laco naccaauoro aooacuaa
aaxac.ca noxocuac xca, c +am.ma rxa+aa, or(a am
uax(ac.c +a a.auaa, noaaxa_aaca a roxoac, uc
aoaxcaac: xa+uoc.uo. B .ao naccaauo aooacuaa +cxoac
oc. uaau.a+aoaa.: aoa-uay(: oa+, uanac, my,
+a.c nccxc.c.: oa+y n.aqm, o.oma oc. m.: ccucu
cac.xa+o. .o oc. m.: au.cccuo. Bm a y(.o co.a.c
ax: axa .cxcaa+aouuoc aoy. O(uao cy_uoc.uaa +a(a+a:
na(.a rxyauuoy corxaca c oa+o .cac.ca.
lo ou.ac.y, a a.aauo aooacuaa +cxoac a.aauo
acaaaac.ca, axo(a a caoa coc.acuumc au.a+aa. Buy.cuuac
arym na .o .ac aaum, a a m caa. Mm oa_acca
ua c yaacuac a ro.oauoc.: +cy-xao uay+a.:ca (yr y (yra.
,aacuac, no caoca nao(c, cc.: a.aauoc.:. lo.auqoamaaa
oa+, naac(aaa a+ ccco+ua.cx:uoro, m oc m.:
noxuoc.: aoaxc+cum a .o. noqccc a oxcc cnocoum aocnaua.:
a noxaro(aa.: .o. acnc. caocro cy_cc.aa.
C o(uoa c.ooum, auy.cuuaa axa +anacmaacma (aaxor
oc. m.: oxcc noc.m cnocoo caqaa ro, nocox:y
+(cc: (aaxor c oa+aa ccco+ua.cx:uoro c.oa.ca .a c,
a a (aaxor c om+uma x(:a. 1c uc cucc, caqaa a+
co+ua.cx:uoa no+aqaa oc. m.: cax:uoa a c.aauoa a a
cxy+ac ao.m c acyuo, .cc.o axa xm (yra no(y.o
ccco+ua.cx:uoro. B ao.c c .aaa oaa, Kur nc(xarax
ayc.oacaa aonoc: Ka ua cua axaac. .o. +ua'
Bo aca (aacuaa a ca+y nocxc noqccca ory. m.:
accxc(oaaum o.ac.m ua camc a+umc aonocm:
Hacox:o .o. onm. +uao uc'
Kaoao oc caoc auucc aocnoauauac o .o
ouc.uo na..cuc (aacuaa'
!
!
Icaqaa ro
28
B ao cmcxc .o. onm. aaxac.ca uoam (xa cua'
Bo+ouo xa, +.o a uaor(a (o .oro uc (aaraxca c
.a a+cc.ao'
Kaac a+ .ax a+cc.a (aacuaa ory. m.: ococuuo
noxc+um a oca a+ua acuuo cca+ac'
U.o m a +yac.aoaax, ccxa m oa uax(a.cxc
mx m oa o.cq, axa a.:, axa cynyr, axa ccuo'
Ka m cua aocnauaaxa, ccxa m a (aaraxca c .a
a+cc.ao a (c.c.ac'
lc.: xa y cua na..cum (aacuaa, o.omc
noaaxa.ca auoa: a auoa:'
U.o a +yac.ay, or(a (cxa .o (aacuac'
U.o noa+oa(c., ccxa a oc.auyc: c ua'
Ka .o axaac. ua cua'
Mory xa axa(c.: a nauaa.: .aoc ucaooa+aoc
a+uooa+ac +yac.a'
Kaoro o(a (aacuaa a (cxa, or(a nccaaa
cax:uy oqa axa oa+'
Ka acc .a nccaaauaa caa+aum (yr c (yro'
B O(acccc co(ca.ca xacca+ccaa ac.oaa o
no.aaooc.ac co+uauaa a ccco+ua.cx:uoro .o ac.oaa o
o:c Mcucxaa a lo.ca, ocoro ora. Mcucxaa y(caaax
cro a o.a.aax, a lo.ca nauaax .mca+a a+umx o. Ou
c.auoaaxca x:ao, (aouo, +cca, no.oo ao(m, (ccao a
uoraa (yraa cy_cc.aaa. B ouqc ouqoa, yc.aa, lo.ca
nauax cao ac.auuy oy a ua+ax (aaxor c Mcucxac, ua+ax
o.ac+a.: ua cro aonocm.
Cnocouoc.: +cxoaca noc.oauuo a co+ua.cx:uo
oa_a.:ca onm.y .cxa, o(uoaccuuo no+aoxaa
anyx:ca a+ ccco+ua.cx:uoro noaaxa.:ca a oc
a+a+ccax (cac.aaa, ouo onaca.: +cc+ ac.oa o:m
Mcucxaa c lo.cc. Hcuuo +cc+ oco+uauac auaauac
caoa (aacuaa noaaxac.ca ax cmcx, ax +ua+cuaa,
o.maa_acca ua.
Kax Kur onacmaac. ro a onxcc (auumx, o.oma
a+ua+ax:uo ouc.a.yayc.ca o_a oco+uauac .cxa. lo.oy
ao+ouo (oc.a.o+uoc auaauac onm.y .cxa, o.ooc
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
29
no+aoxac. o(uoaccuuo amaa.: ccco+ua.cx:uoc a (aacuaa
a y.ac(a.: cax:uy no+aqa ro. locox:y .cxo cnocouo
o(uoaccuuo amaa.: co+ua.cx:uoc a ccco+ua.cx:uoc,
ouo oc. m.: o+cu: o_um auc.ycu.o caxa+aqaa
.aucqcu(cu.uoa yuqaa.
Heraermn mar: noanaaone
B caoca aa.oaoraaa Kur naac.: lya.cx:uoa
oaaoa mxo m c+a.a.:, +.o (oc.a.o+uo uco.ooro nouaauaa
oa+oa, a .o +uauac acc a+cua.. Hucaa. (oxcu m.:
ncoa+oaau a .a+ccoc oa+a.cx:c.ao. Ou no(+caaac.
aauoc.: caxa+aqaa a cax:uoa a+ua .oro, +cy m uay+axac:
y ccco+ua.cx:uoro.
.o nauoca. aonoc a+xa+cuaa c(y .a+cca
oa+a.cx:c.ao, o o.oo ou naac., a +ac.oa caxoa aoxa. Uac.aa
caxa aoxa no((caaac.ca .ox:o ro a c.ca.ca aruoaoaa.:
aac m .o ua mxo nonm.a ccco+ua.cx:uoro naaxc+:
auaauac (aaa m +(ooama, no cy.a, oua uc mxa). C
(yroa c.ooum, acuuo .a+ccoc oa+a.cx:c.ao naaucc.a
uoay auy.cuu ca.yaqa a noacc(ucauy a+u: y(c.,
cocc accro, no((cauo axc.ano qcxoc.uoc.a Caoc.:.
1aoc oa+a.cx:c.ao oc. ax+a.: ao.y no nco(oxcua
c.amx naam+c, uo uc y(c. noxoa ua o:y, o.oaa +ac.o
accoqaayc.ca c aoxcam nco(oxcuac.
1auqcaax:uaa .canaa oc. m.: xooaa ua+axo
ao.m ua .o .anc a.aauoro aooacuaa, no.oy +.o +cc+
(aacuac m oc cax:uo, a+a+cca aonxo_a.: xoc uoaoc
auy.cuucc (oc.acuac. Ha .o .anc m oc uanay
amaa.: .c a+cc.aa a na..cum (aacuaa, o.omc o.aa. a
no((caaa. uc(aauac auy.cuuac a+cucuaa.
B .canca.a+ccax o.uoacuaax ua .o yoauc oc.
ncoxa(a.: acax:uoc a+aao(cac.aac a/axa ao.a co
c.y.yaoaauum (aacuac. ,yrac ao+ouoc.a xca.
a acnox:+oaauaa caoo(uoa anoaa+aqaa a (aacuaa a
ncaxo(aa.a+ccac om, +.om accxc(oaa.: c ax noo_:
uoama cnc. ao+ouoc.ca, o.maa_aaca xaro(aa
noxy+cuuoy aucaa.y. 1ac cy_cc.ayc. ao+ouoc.:, +.o
ox:aaa +ac.: ao.m, ucoxo(aoa (xa .oa c.a(aa, yc
loaaauac
J0
noac(cua ua nc(acc.ay_ax .anax. loaxya, uaaoxcc
au.cccuma acnc. acnox:+oaauaa (aacuaa .aa oa+o .o
oa_cuac cro uorocuoa nao(c, +.o uanoauac. ua o cy.a
qcxoc.uoro nccaaauaa (Clodoro, J978).
^au(a Xa.xa, nc(c.aaa.cx: cxc(y_cro nooxcuaa
.auqcaax:umx .canca.oa, a+aaaac. no(xo( dcvclomcatal
movcmcat tlcray (.canaa a+aaaa_cro (aacuaa, Mills,
Marlc & Colca, J979), coc(auaa Body Miad Ccatcria,
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a ouqcnqa uorocuoa caoc.a ,.
C.cua.
Oua naac.: Ka .auqcaax:uo-(aara.cx:uma .canca.
a .cxccuma .canca. a caoca ao.c a rxyoo aoaxc+cua a
na.ay Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, a .o +acxc a no.oy, +.o
ouo ao.ac. ua o+cu: rxyoo yoauc. acqcxaa a+oaauuoc.:
a nccaaauaa H. Ouo aaum oa+o qcua. a noqccc
(aacuaa a acax:uma ocu (aay_croca a caa(c.cxa caoa
onm.o (aacuaa, .a (acqanxaua no+aoxac. naaucc.a .cxccuma
onm. auy.: a+ma.
Kor(a qcx: .canaa aaxac.ca o.m.ac ccco+ua.cx:uoro
a.caaxa, .canca. (oxcu +ua.:, +.o ro xacu.a (oc.a.o+uo
cax:uo, +.om amucc.a a au.craoaa.: acc, +.o noaaa.ca, .a a
.o. onm. oc. ax+a.: uco.omc accuuoc ac+c+uoacuac
rauaq .
Kxacu., o.ooy uyuo ycnxa.: acuoc o_y_cuac
cy_uoc.uoro H, oc. acnm.maa.: cxouoc.a a acaxa+aqaa
onm.a (aacuaa, ou oc. uc +ua.: cc.ouaxo(cuaa caocro
auy.cuucro caa(c.cxa, +.o +aaaca. o. o_y_cuaa cy_uoc.uoro
H, a no.oy acc. .cu(cuqa ccco+ua.cx:uo ac.aoa.:ca
auy.a nccaaauaa, uc a+xa+aa auy.cuu a aucau
cax:uoc.:, axa noaxoc a uac.oa_cc. la.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa oc. noo+: .aa xacu.a c .c+cuac accua
a+aa.: .y yuqa cnocouoc.: oco+uaaa.:, uax(a.:
cca ao aca (aacuaa, cnocouoc.: nocxc ao+aa_cuaa ro-
co+uaua au.craoaa.: .o, +.o naaxo a+ ccco+ua.cx:uoro.
ao.xaaoc a co+ua.cx:uoc (miadlull) auaauac aucaucro
caa(c.cxa noorac. cy noc.cncuuo au.cuaxa+oaa.: nacy.c.aac
conccaaa_cro a nauaa_cro caa(c.cxa a .o a+aaaac.
o_y_cuaa H (Hartlcy, 200J).
lo(xo( ^. Xa.xa
J1
1aa oa+o, a+umc ncaxo.canca.m, acnox:+y_ac
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a caoca na.ac, no(+caaa.
+ua+aoc.: (oc.a.o+uoa +cxoc.a xacu.a a aauoc.a
au.craqaa a.caaxa, noaaaaacroca a Ay.cu.a+uo
,aacuaa. B .o cxy+ac (aacuac c.auoaa.ca noo_uao
a acqcxcuaa, aocc.auoaxcuaa +(ooaoa a noxuoqcuuoa a+ua.
Ho ncaxo.canaa aaxac.ca accro xaa: o(ua a+ ao+oumx
ny.ca auy.a Ay.cu.a+uoro (aacuaa.
J2
lxaaa 4
Ayreornnooe anaeone
eae xypoaeeraeoooe neexepoaaone
H+ (ucauaa (aay_croca:
C:e{: monqo mo e +oe+ me:e. no +mo nocmo c:e{:.
no+mo+ onmom :e:o o.moem +o eo:n. + eno{o
e nue:no mo+no-occ:o:enno-meeono-omunnoe
cocmo+nue.
Bo emoou .oxo{ co. eno-e::e oo.::
o:+enm: cmounn:x :oe nee{ ::o.o+u. {euenu+
+cn:e. no o:once {e:o-c:oemc+. lonmom on+m:
e:eo{um e {e:o. e {euenue u. u.eecmno:o. xom+
u o:ee u.oemome::noe no +mom o.: u. onmomo
moneq .ee+. ne oo. .ee+. no e:o moneq cu::n:u. c
o.eoomo+u u ocmonoeo+u.
Hom:oc: no :u-mo no:u. cnom:oc:. noemo+
cnom:onue. ono nocmenenno neexo{um e eem.
mo-mo e:xo{um ee. +mom moneq. oo+-mo +ne:u+
coc:eoemc+. H noc:e +mo:o enoe: no+e:+emc+
c:umnocm: {e:o-c:oemc+. neemeonue oo.oe u
{euenuu. cmoocm: cmonoeumc+ +.:ou. o no{enue
+o:umeou.
Xocoram a .auqoa_aa coaccuuoro .auqa, cacccm
a a.cm ory. oa_a.:ca Ay.cu.a+uoy ,aacua a
c.o(y accxc(oaauaa uoaoro a.caaxa, noacy uoamx (aacuaa,
yrxyxcua nouaauaa oa+oa, c o.oma oua ao.a..
B J9J8 r. Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc amc.ynaxa co caoaa
c.y(cu.aa ua +acc(auaax Kuraaucoro Kxya a ^oc-Aucxccc
a uanacaxa a auoucc amc.ynxcuaa: .<(cac.aac~ y(c.
amrxa(c.: .a, a y(.o m no+aoxac (aacua noacxo(a.:
caoy no ccc, a uc (cxac axa co+(ac ax. la .o ory.
ao+uaa.: aocxa.a.cx:umc uoamc no+m a aa(m (aacuaa. .o-.o
a y(c. .c cam cmm a.caaxo .auqa, cmm a.caaxo
+ua+cuaa a cmcxa. ,aacuac, ao+uaa_cc ua ocuoac .aoa
ouqcu.aqaa, om+uo xaa.ca+yc.ca qcxoc.uoc.:, o.ooa
JJ
ucao+ouo (oa.:ca c noo_: aoa-xao .cxuaa, .aoa
ouoaca a uanaaxcuuoc.:, +.o a no+aoxac. ncc(a.: (c
noo_: .auqa) uc+.o ococuuoc (Wlitclousc, J9J8).
,xa onc(cxcuaa .oro, a ao.ac. Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac a .o o.uoacuaa, a nc(xara acnox:+oaa.: noua.ac
xy(occ.acuuoro accxc(oaauaa (artistic iaquiry).
Xy(occ.acuuoc accxc(oaauac .o accxc(oaauac,
o.ooc: J) acnox:+yc. xy(occ.acuumc c.o(m (xa coa, auaxa+a
a/axa nc+cu.aqaa (auumx, 2) na+uac. a nauaac. noqccc
.ao+cc.aa, a J) o.aaayc.ca a onc(cxac.ca c.c.a+ccaa
qcuuoc.aa accxc(oaa.cxa (Hcrvcy, 2000).
Cao .o noua.ac noaaaxoc: a c+yx:.a.c a+aa.aa
noc.o(cuac.coro aa(cuaa o.uoca.cx:uoc.a ouc.yaycmx
+cxoac+ccax ac.au.
lo+cy acuuo accxc(oaauac' loua.ac accxc(oaauaa
acc. o.uoacuac yc.auoaxcua ac.aum a uaxo(cua
cmcxa. 5a.aucac accxc(oaa.cxa a oxac.a ncaxo.canaa a
uay o noac(cuaa +cxoaca l. Ia+ou a l. Xoyauc (Rcasoa I.,
J988) a+xa+a. (ac a+oamx o(ax:uoc.a accxc(oaauaa
o.acua.cx:uy a ama+a.cx:uy. O.acua.cx:uaa
o(ax:uoc.: .o xaccaaaqaa, ouqcn.yaxa+aqaa noc.ocuac
.coaa a onoc ua onm.. Oua caxa+yc.ca a oc onaca.cx:uoro
auaxa+a a cncacu.a. Bma+a.cx:uaa c o(ax:uoc.:
no+aoxac. cmcxy onm.a a+aoa+aaa.:ca, auacc.aoaa.: cca.
.o oc. noacxo(a.: na noo_a a+umx aa(oa acycc.aa.
Ia+ou a Xoyauc +a(a. naaocuma a o.+ac.a
noaoaqaouuma aonoc: Mm co+(ac cmcx axa o.maac
cro' Oua nc(xara. .a a+rxa(a, .a o.ac.a ua .o. aonoc.
lcama noacxo(a. a+ nc(c.aaxcuaa ncaxoxora I. Aacuca,
o.oma y.ac(ac., +.o ac_a, co+(auumc uaaa aooacuac,
.ac cax:um a (oc.ynum a oxxc.aauoa ncaxac, a a .c, +.o
aocnauaa.ca axa o.maa.ca a a.caax:uo ac. B.oaa
.o+a +cuaa naua(xca. acaaucoy mcxa.cx Kcuy
Yaxcy, o.oma roaoa. o a+uaqc c(y c.o(aa accxc(oaauaa
a (ayx cax:uoc.ax aucauca a auy.cuuca, a.caax:uoa a
cy.c.aauoa. .a cax:uoc.a, no Yaxcy, nauqanaax:uo uc
cao(am (yr (yry, a accr(a cy_cc.ay. o(uoaccuuo, uo oua
.cy. a+umx no(xo(oa, a+umx noqc(y accxc(oaauaa.
Xy(occ.acuuoc
accxc(oaauac'
J4
1c.:a .o+a +cuaa, ua o.oy oua onaa.ca .o
.coaa a+aa ,aa(a 5oa o cm.o noa(c cy_cc.ay_ca
cax:uoc.a, o.oma ucncmauo a+aoa+aaac.ca a
caoa+aaac.ca, a no.oy uc cy_cc.ayc. a+uaqm c(y uaaa
.ao+cc.ao a o.m.ac .oro, +.o ucncmauo a+aoa+aaac.ca
na uaac y+ac.aa. .a o.ac.m naao(a. Xoyauca a Ia+oua
naa(ocax:uoy o.ac.y ua noc.aaxcuuma aonoc: Cmcx
o(uoaccuuo co+(ac.ca uaa a auacc.ayc.ca +cc+ uac.
K aa uoam cmcxa ac(c. xy(occ.acuuoc
accxc(oaauac +cc+ Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a ou.cc.c
amc.ynxcuaa, ncoauca, nc(c.aaxcuaa'
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac oc.:
oora.a.: ncoauc xa+um nacy.c.aac
ncocoa,
yrxya.: a+aaocaa+: c(y a.caaxo ncoauca
a xa+um onm.o,
m.: ccyco (xa ncoauca, ac.o+uao uoamx
.c a a.caaxa,
noo+: o+ac.a.: (aara.cx:uma cnc.ya o. c.amx
na..cuoa,
m.: cnocoo amxo(a a+ .ao+ccoro +ac.oa,
a+cua.: aocnaa.ac ncoauca,
m.: caoc.oa.cx:uoa ooa ncoauca.
Bcc .a ao+ouoc.a caxa+y.ca a noqcccc a(y+aaoa a
oco+uauuoa na.aa.
Bo aca aoaona ua Mc(yuao(uoa ^aoa.oaa
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a 5cxoyccaa m c oxxcraa
nc(nauaxa accxc(oaauac, a o.oo oa. Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa mx uc .ox:o cnocoo+ accxc(oaauaa, uo a
ne{+emo+ xy(occ.acuuoro accxc(oaauaa. O.+c.o o .o
ucox:ao noc.c a xo+y noaxxc.aoaa.: ao+ouoc.a
.oa .cm.
H(ca accxc(oaauaa ao+uaxa a+ uax(cuaa +a .c,
+.o a noqcccax Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa auor(a cxa(maa.ca
y(aaa.cx:umc ono+aqaa, noua+auumc ocom a+cc.aa
nacy.c.aaa, o.omc a c(o ac.c+a a anoaa+aqaouumx
ncoaucax.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
U.o (ac. A.,. (xa
ncoauca
J5
H+ (ucauaa Caa(c.cxa:
Cnonmonno+ o+no.uqu+: onu ne eu{+m {: {:o. no
nee{o +nou o.eooueomc+ ce+.n:e .o: {euenuu:
o{un no{nu+oemc+. o:{o {:ou oncoemc+. :unuu
no::qee {eeme e o.n:x onqox .o:o nee:uomc+
{: c {:o+ u m.{. lo+no.uqu+ e ::o.ox c+om+qe:o:
unmeecno. {:+ mo:o. mo: co.nome::no nu{mu
moo+ e oecme u o:uecme cnonmonnou
o+no.uquu. nno {ocmomono {o::o+ nomuo.
d{ec: e +mo nocmo c:oemc+.
l_c Ma Yaa.xayc nacaxa, +.o ca au.cccucc co.c.: ua
x(ca a c.y(aa, a uc ua cqcuc. Hxa, roaoa cxoaaa o(uoa a+ y+ac.uaq
^aoa.oaa, ccco+ua.cx:uoc y(aaa.cx:uma xocora.
Ka ouo naaxc+: .oro xocoraa y+ac.a a
ncoaucc' Ka ouo coxaua.: ay.cu.a+uoc.: a c.y.yc
anoaa+aqaouuoro amc.ynxcuaa'
.o ox:aaa a aauaa .ca, o.ooa ucoxo(ao
oa_a.:ca, uo (xa uaaca xaoa.oaa uyuo mxo ama.:
oxcc y+aa oyc. Ocuoauaa qcx: uaaca xaoa.oaa ooaxac:
cxc(y_a oa+o:
Kaa oa+o Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac oc. c.a.:
+ac.: ncoauca'
Om+uo ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac acnox:+yc.ca a cmoa
a.caax, nc(aaa.cx:uaa uaao.a .c, o.aaoa, (aacuaa.
A +.o, ccxa nonooaa.: co+(a.: .ay c.y.yy, auy.a o.ooa
ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac c +am.ma rxa+aa c.auc. oraua+uoa,
onaa(auuoa a c.c.a+cca +ua+aoa +ac.: amc.ynxcuaa' B
+c cuocuoxora+cca a oax:uo o.xa+a.ca Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac a ncoauc' Ka ouo co+(a.: (oc.a.o+uo
c+onacuoc noc.auc.ao, +.om aucc.a (am Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa a anoaa+aqaouuoc amc.ynxcuac'
.a qcx: no(uaaxa uoro au.cccumx aonocoa.
H+ua+ax:uo m uac.axa J uanaaxcuaa ao.m:
J. Ka no(ro.oaa.: noc.auc.ao noqcccy'
2. Kaac oa.m a .cm noora. naaucc.a
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a ncoauc'
J. Ka no(ro.oaa.: +a.cxa aocnaa.a .aoa om'
A. ,. a +ac.:
ncoauca
J6
B caoa aua-xaoa.oaa y+ac.aoaaxo o. 9 (o J2 +cxoac.
Oua coc.oaxa a+ 4 (ayx+acoamx ccccaa. aacacuac c.ax
ncoauc A, .o..
lcama aonoc caaxca ao uoro ca cooa a uaac
acnoacuaa mx ouccuq-+ax. Mm caaxa am(cxa.: cc.o
(xa +a.cxca-caa(c.cxca (Witacss Audicacc, .cau, a+a.ma a+
noc.a Maya Lila, ltt://.orsclill.act/mayalila.ltm). H
c.ax .cuo-ccma oac, +auaa_aa noxoaauy +axa. Bauo
mxo .ac, +.om noc.auc.ao mxo acaax:uo +ac.m, c+
xaauax (c.axca.
,xa .c.:ca .cm (no(ro.oaa ay(a.oaa) a am(aauyx
a(c: ua ncamc J0 au. ncoauca nc(xoa.: +a.cxa
ox: ,aay_axca (Movcrs), a ncoca c.a.: Caa(c.cxaa
(Witacss). Muc noa+axoc:, +.o .o nooc. +a.cxa c (yroa
no+aqaa a+rxauy.: ua ncoauc, a ncoca a+a.: +ac.:
a.caaxa a+ (aacuaa +a.cxca a, .c cam yc.auoaa.: (yrac
o.uoacuaa c(y ncocaa a +a.cxaa.
Haaox:acc auaauac m y(cxaxa a.ooy uanaaxcua:
Kaac oa.m a .cm noora. naaucc.a A.,. a
ncoauc'
B ocuoauo uaac accxc(oaauac a+acuyxoc: aoyr .cm
o.m.mx a +am.mx rxa+. loua.uo, +.o acuuo a .o coc.oa.
ocuoauoc oax:uoc, aucaucc o.xa+ac Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
o. ncoauca. lo.oy ua c.axo au.cccuo accxc(oaa.:
a+xa+umc aaaau.m ao.m co ccuoa o.m.mx a +am.mx
rxa+.
lcama oa., c o.ooro m ua+axa: ua nxo_a(c 6
+cxoac. lcamc J auy.m oua (aay.ca c +am.ma rxa+aa,
a.omc J auy.m c o.m.ma.
lcaoc anc+a.xcuac cam au.cccum oa+axca
ocu. nccxo(a o. +am.mx rxa+ o.m.m. B c+yx:.a.c
oc.auoaaxac: ua aaaau.c: Ccua. Ha nxo_a(c mxo 6
+cxoac, noxoaaua c o.m.ma, noxoaaua c +am.ma rxa+aa,
a(mc 2 auy.m no caruaxy ccua .a oxa cua.ca.
.o. oa. noacuax ocuoauy .cy axa ocuoauy
au.ary uaacro ncoauca: cxcnoa-aa(a_aa. 5ox:ac accro
ucraa uaxo(axoc:, or(a ncoc-(aay_aaca nona(ax
a ca.yaqa, o.oy cy yc.aaaax caa(c.cx:-ncoc,
J7
auor(a uc (ora(maaac: (no aauca cc, (c.ax:uo), a auor(a
mxo aa(uo, a ncoc-(aay_aaca nouaac., a ay
ca.yaqa nona(ac. a aa(uo, a oua axa ou noaaa. noaaxcuac
uoamx ycxoaaa axa (cac.aaa. .a au.ara mxa (oc.a.o+uo
+auaa.cx:uoa, +.om (ca.: auaauac a oc.aaa.:ca acuoa.
l_c o(au oa.: ua nxo_a(c ,aay_aaca c +am.ma
rxa+aa a Caa(c.cx:-lcoc c o.m.ma, .c.aa
na.uc Caa(c.cx:-a.cx:. Caoc cxouoc a au.cccuoc
a .o oa.c coxaua.: Caa(c.cxa a ncocc. .o
coxaucuac Caa(c.cxa a ncocc a c.axo o(uoa a+ ocuoaumx
+a(a+ a no(ro.oac ncoauca. Muc ac.ca, .o. aauma
.cuaur, o.oma .cyc. ox:ac accua. lo.oy +.o xa+uo
(xa cua a(cu.a+uoc.: ncoca o.xa+ac.ca o. oxca
a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa Qcx: ncoca co+(aaa.:
ncoauc, y(y+a cooa, amc.yna.: (xa +a.cxa, a+(cxa.:
onm. anoaa+aqaa. ,xa ,aay_croca aqcu. ua a+(cxcuaa
onm.a a co+(auaa amc.ynxcuaa uc c.oa. (ccxa .ox:o o.uoacuaa
co Caa(c.cxc uc c.auoaa.ca oyco noqccca). 1o+ucc acc .a
aqcu.m ucuoro cc_cum. Caa(c.cx: auy.a ncoca
.oc ocoaa ouaryaqaa auaauaa ynocuac auaauac a
uc-(cauac.
Yaxca.cx:uaa +a(a+a +ac+a.: a a+aaaa.:
,aay_croca a Caa(c.cxa a ncocc oc. uoroc (a.:
(xa a+aa.aa uaamoa a cnocouoc.ca amc.yna_cro. Ha .oa
xaoa.oaa m .ox:o naocuyxac: a+aa.a Caa(c.cxa a
,aay_croca a ncocc.
ax+a.cx:uoa +ac.: uaaca aua-xaoa.oaa c.ax
ncoauc no( ao+a ua+aauac: A, .o. Hac.oaoa ua
amc.ynxcuac c.axo 8-auy.uoc Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac +a.cxca-
y+ac.uaoa ^aoa.oaa. a.c .a (aay_acca +a.cxa c.axa
+a.cxaa-caa(c.cxaa, a ua cqcuc ua+axoc: coxo c +am.ma
rxa+aa, o.ooy no.o nacoc(auaxca caa(c.cx:-ncoc.
,y. ccuaxca aa.c.o, a o.oo no caruaxy cuaxac:
o.m.mc a +am.mc rxa+a. a.c (yroc coxo, o.ooy
nacoc(auac.ca c_c o(ua naa: caa(c.cx: a (aay_aaca. locxc
uax uoama aa.c. c .oa c a(cca ccum.
Bmc.ynxcuac, oc y(oaox:c.aaa, nauccxo c_c
uccox:o .c a aonocoa:
J8
1. Bonoem 6eaonaeooern a amerynxeonn e aaemrmun
rxaaaun.
Haxa+ac ox:aoro oxa+cc.aa +a.cxca no(uaxo o_y
ucra, (aacuaa c.axa oxcc acoaauuma, a o(au
a+ ,aay_axca y(aaxca roxoaoa o c.cuy. locox:y
.o mxo coxo, .o Caa(c.cx: uc or nc(o.aa.a.: y(a.
,aay_aaca no(oxax .auqcaa.:, a uaaax nocxc(c.aaa
uc mxo, uo ca a. roaoa. o ucoxo(aoc.a yc.auoaxcuaa
(onoxua.cx:uoro aqcu.a ua c+onacuoc.: a .oa ca.yaqaa.
2. Bonoe eoxaoeona a neouaoee oeo6on nryax:ooern n
nooneooaeoooern, nneyqnx Ayreornnoouy anaeon.
Uac.o acoc.uaa nao(a anoaa+aqaa cc. caoc a
(ac ox:ac, +anoxuaa cooa noc.auc.ao ncoauca.
Hoc.: auor(a caac. noaaxcua .ouoc.a.
J. Bonoe aaanrna n eoxaoeona reum a neouaoee.
lcxa +ac.: x(ca uaxo(a.ca c +am.ma rxa+aa, a
ouo a+aaaa.:, uc .ca.: uaa(cuumc .cm a o.aam,
coxauaa ucncmauoc.: a+(cxacoro onm.a'
Amenmunoe Aeuenue .oocm+em enu+onue
no noqecce nonu+onu+ +e{ {euqu+c+ u
ceu{eme:e+. +e{ neo+eo+ u .ume:++u. lo:{o
+: ecmee+. mo noc eu{+m. +: cnocon: eu{em:.
lo:{o +: ecmee+. mo noc c::mom. +: nounoe+
c:mom: {:ux. lo:{o +: o.eueoe+ e cee mono:o u
no{{eueoqe:o enmenne:o ceu{eme:+. +: +oe+
no.eo:um: {:u+ c:e{oeom: ux cocmeenno+ on:m
{euenu+ u noueonu+ {euenu+. Hoqecc c:monu+
ucmouu nome:o me:o e {euenuu {oem no+ c+e:ocm:
no.nom: co+ux ce+ u nunecmu oco.nonnocm: e
neo+onc.
(Olsea, 199J)
J9
lxaaa J
Ayreornnooe anaeone
eae uepnrarnaoaa naernea n nryax
B cmounn:x mecmox umoe+:
Hoc {eoe. Hmuqo. omoo+ :em. u nmuqo. omoo+
c+omum. Heeo+ +em. emoo+ ocmonemc+ um:.
Hm: o{o:o u. noc +oem ocqecmeum:c+ mo::o
nu no:uuu +mo:o +o:o:ueo:o nucmcmeu+.
Ean loroaeenn
B (auuoa rxaac a onaac: ua accxc(oaauac ,auc.
A(xc, o.oaa caauaaaxa Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a uco.omc
om c(a.aqaa, a ao.m Cau.aa Hoaa a ,aum ^oyxx o
a.yaxc, .auqc a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa, a .ac caoc nouaauac
aauoc.a coaccuumx nccouax:umx a.yaxoa a ncaxo.canaa a
a+aa.aa xa+uoc.a.
Hccxc(ya a+oay oy Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
ao.y a naax ,aay_aaca/Caa(c.cx: ,auc. A(xc
noc.cncuuo naaxa amao(y, +.o auy.a na.aa ac.c+ac.ca
a( cuocuoa, o.omc uc ory. m.: o.ucccum .ox:o
.canca.a+cca o.uoacuaa, xa+uoy a.caaxy. Oua cocc
ory. o.uoca.:ca oxac.a .aucnccouax:uoro, noc.auc.ay +a
nc(cxaa ro.
,xa nouaauaa .ax cuocuoa ox:ac no(xo(axa
naa(ara aoc.o+uoa axocoaa a (yxoaumx na.a. 1or(a
A(xc ua+axa caauaaa.: Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a c(a.aqa.
B oeux {ucqun:unox neeuno enu+onue omnomenu++
+e{ no:{enue+ u {eucmeue+. O{noo e +e{umoquu.
o ceu{eme::cmeoeonue. mo u {euenue noucxo{+m
enmu. O:no +e{umuquu ne {eu:oemc+ omueno.
xom+ me:ecn:u on:m +e:+emc+ oen: omuenou ocm:
noqecco. On umc+ :m: neeo.+mu+:+ no:{ome:e+
ceoe:o me:o u ceoe:o +o. Amuenocm: +e{umoquu
noucxo{um u. omueno:o +o u oemo+omuecu
e:oem e ce+ ecmeqee me:o
(AJler, 1999)
A. ,. a c(a.aqaa
40
O.xa+ac Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a .o, +.o ouo
+a_c accro ua+auac.ca a noqccc a+aao(cac.aaa c(y
(aya x(:a, o(au a+ o.omx cc. ua cca ox: .oro, .o
uax(ac., a (yroa ox: .oro, +a c uax(a.. lo cc
a+aa.aa na.aa auy.a co+uauaa ,aay_croca noaaxac.ca
Caa(c.cx:, a, coo.ac.c.acuuo, Caa(c.cx: ua+auac. uax(a.: a
cao coc.acuuy ccco+ua.cx:uy a.aauoc.:. loc.cncuuo a
Caa(c.cx:, a ,aay_aaca uaxo(a. ao+ouoc.: coc(aua.: .a
noxauoc.a auy.a cca.
Oc na.aa .cy. uccox:ax xc. (xa a+aa.aa
noqccca, o.oma coc. naucc.a nccaaauac axauca,
acuoc.a a qcxoc.uoc.a. Ocuoauaa a+uaqa c(y (aya
.aa (acqanxauaa coc.oa. a .o, +.o +a_c accro c(a.aqaa
.cyc. onc(cxcuuoro noxocuaa .cxa. B Ay.cu.a+uo
,aacuaa naaax:uoc.: onc(cxac.ca caa (aacuac, uc
cncqaa+ccoa no+oa axa ooa, a .oa ooa, +.o noy(ac.
(yay, (yx axa Caoc.:.
^(a, cc:c+uo na.ay_ac a c(a.aqa, a
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac, noxoa a .o, +.o oxa(a. a+aa.oa
.cxccuoa ro-c.y.yoa. .a x(a cnocoum caooco+uaaaua,
ouqcu.aqaa a +aau.cccoaaum accxc(oaauac uca+acc.uoro.
Uc ox:ac ncao( na.aa, .c oxcc a+aa.o co+uauac
caa(c.cxa y uax. .o a+aa.ac naao(a. ox:acy +yac.ay
acuoc.a o.uoca.cx:uo coc.acuuoro noac(cuaa, auy.cuucro axa
aucaucro. ,xa.cx:uaa naaccuuoc.: xoy a+ ny.ca oc.
naacc.a (yxoauoy ncco(cua.
louaauac Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa uc .ox:o a
.canca.a+ccoa, uo a (yxoauoa (acqanxaum, o.maac. uoamc
a+ccuaa a .oa ao.c. B aaoo cnc.c nccaaauaa m
ac.c+ac uc .ox:o (o-acax:umc coc.oauaa, uo a .auc-acax:umc,
uc .ox:o nc-roa+ccac, uo a .auc-roa+ccac. Mm ua+auac
aca.:, a nacax Kcu Yaxc, +.o x(a uc (oxum m.: nxcuuaaa
coc.acuuoa ac.oaa, uo ncaocxo(a.: cc (Wilbcr, J98J).
lcxa nc(noxoa.:, +.o Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac aaxac.ca
ooa coaccuuoro .auqcaax:uoro a.yaxa, .o aauo o.c.a.::
cy_cc.ayc. (aa ocuoaumx cmcxa cxoaa a.yax ~ coqaax:uo-
aoxora+ccoc a yx:.yuo-aoxora+ccoc. B ncao cxy+ac
a.yax ~ c.au(a.umc om noac(cuaa ococa o(uoro aa(a
U.o .aoc a.yax'
41
a c.oro onc(cxcuumx ca.yaqaax: oa+oaauac a+uoa nam,
om noaaxcuaa .oxora+ccoro ncaocxo(c.aa, ouxa. c
cocc(o ua rauaqc au(aaa(yax:uoro axa ruc+(oaoro y+ac.a a ..
n. (lxoccaaa.y, ltt://.lossary.ru/)
Ia.yax a yx:.yuo-aoxora+cco acnc.c ~ .o
amc.aaaauac o.uoacuaa c(y Kococo a Xaoco, caa_cuum
a aca. a(nu:uuuuuuuua+a a.yaxa +ax+ac.ca, ua oa
a+rxa(, a .o, +.om +a(aaa.: onc(cxcuuma noa(o +cxoac+ccoa
a+ua, na+c noa(o rxyauuma, a uc ycxoauma a noacxuoc.uma.
B (cauac accua xoc o_cc.acuuoc com.ac mxo a.yax:uo
ynoa(o+cuo, a o_y_cuac aauoc.a noacxo(a_cro ncc(aaaxoc:
cxarao+uoa .ouax:uoc.: (Kncxx, 2002).
Ia.yax ~ uc .ox:o (cac.aac, uo a coc.oauac +cxoaca
a aa, +ua+aoc noc.auc.ao-aca. Ia.yax accr(a mx
cc.cc.acuuoa a nxo(oo(uoa no+aoa (xa acycc.aa. H ncam
xy(occ.acuum oc.o, amocaa ua .oa no+ac, c.ax .aucq
(Laacr, J9J7).
Ia.yax ~ .o uc noc.o ouqcu.aqaa cccu.oa,
cac(cuaa o qcuuoc.ax a uoax, .o a ucomuoacuuma
uao na.a+ccax ya+auaa a caaoxa+ccax naa(ar (xa
noacc(ucauoro noac(cuaa. .o c_c a cnxaa cax, o.omc
c+a.a.ca nacy_aa x(a, nc(c.a, o.uoacuaa, na+o(a
a noacc.aoaauaa, nc(c.aaxcuumc a.yax:uma caaoxaa.
.o oaxa+aqaa ucraa, .a c, a a a(ca. B .o cmcxc
nc(c.m a coo.ac.c.ay_ac (cac.aaa ~ uc noc.o ac_a,
caaoxa+ay_ac aumc ac_a axa uc+.o ac.a.uoc, oua
aaxa.ca ucnocc(c.acuuoa +ac.: .cx cax a qcxa.cx:umx
(cac.aaa, o.omc oua nc(c.aaxa. (1uracr, J99J). la
ao ycxoaaa oc. oa+a.:ca +ua+a_a acc: a a qcxo'
Ba(ao, .ox:o a coo.ucccuaa c (yra ao axa c caa cooa,
uo a auo coc.oauaa.
B ara+cco a.yaxc o(ua a+ c.oou acc. c.a.yc
caax:uoro. Hanac, y aac.axaacax aoarcuoa
+ua+cuaa cc., ac_ca, aaxcuaa a com.aa yocucum a ..u.
accua cuoaa(cuaa ~ aono.a+cco noaxo, o.ooc
naa(ocax:um oa+o cy_cc.ayc. uc (o, uo +a axa
auy.a uac.oa_cro. ,oc.yn ucy ao+ocu a ocomx,
caax:umx cc.ax, a xo(c a.yaxoa axa +cc+ nocaa_cuumx,
42
..c. a ouc+uo a.orc, nocc(c.ao ocomx coc.oauaa co+uauaa,
ncmaauac a o.omx o.maac. +cxoacy cmcx a na+aum
ac_ca. Icryxauo amnoxuacma a.yax aaxac.ca oa_cuac
+yac.a ncam a nocxc(ua ac_a, ou uc caoo(uoc
amacuac oqaa, a ynoa(o+cuuoc noc.ocuac naaax:umx
o.uoacuaa (Laacr, J9J7).
Co+cqauac caa_cuuoro am+maac. onc(cxcuuoc
au.cxxc.yax:uoc ao+y(cuac (au.cxxc.yax:uoc, no.oy +.o
ouo cocc(o.o+aaac.ca ua yc.acuuoa a.aauoc.a), ao+y(cuac
caxa+y_caca a+ua a caxm, ycc.acuuoc.a, concua+cc.aa a
cc.a.
1aoc co+cqauac +a.araaac. acc: cnc. +cxoac+ccax
oqaa. Ia.yax amaac. +yac.aa a xora+cco, a uc a
a+aoxora+cco cmcxc. Ia.yax oc. oxa(a.: .c, +.o
Aac.o.cx: ua+maax a.aca+ccoa qcuuoc.:, +.o, o(uao,
uc aaxac.ca xaa.cac.aoa a.yaxa. Ou naao(a., nc(c
accro, a.ayxaqaa +yac.a.
locxc(uaa no(y. .aoa a.ayxaqaa ~ uc noc.aa
oqaa, a cxouoc noc.oauuoc o.uoacuac. .o o.uoacuac,
o.ooc aaxac.ca caqaca noxoua_croca ua o+acuac.
Ouo noxy+ac.ca xaro(aa caa_cuum caaoxa a amc.ynac.
oqaouax:uoa o(cx:, ynaaxa_ca acca au(aaa(yax:uma
a+uaa. ucuocuoxora+cca a.yax:uma .aucq nc(c.aaxac.
cooa oa+cq yc.auoaxcuaa caa+a co ccoa, o_y_acoa a
a+cc.ac caa_cuuoa. (Yaxc, 2002)
Acaaucaa au.onoxor a accxc(oaa.cx: .auqa
Cau.aa Hoaa onc(cxac. a.yax a c.au(a.a+aoaauuoc,
c.y.yaoaauuoc a coqaax:uoc (cac.aac axa ccaa (cac.aaa,
+ac.o c cxarao+um axa ac.a+cca +ua+cuac (Novacl, J998)
a o.c+ac. uco.omc na+aum, no+cy acnoxua.ca a.yaxm.
Cc(a a.yaxoa om+uo am(cxa. a.yaxm nccxo(a, oo+ua+a_ac
a+ucuumc qaxm (o(cuac, cc.: a ..n.) a ccuy c.a.yca
+cxoaca a coo_cc.ac, a .ac a.yaxm nco(oxcuaa, uanaaxcuumc
ua .o, +.om ac.c.a.: .y(uoc.a a+ua a acqcxa.:ca.
Hoaa o.c+ac., +.o .aucq aaxac.ca aauoa +ac.:
ox:aauc.aa aoamx a.yaxoa. Ou +ac.o acnox:+yc.ca a aa.a
(oc.yna a (yxoauma a, cnoco uaxa(a.: ou.a. a o_cuac c
(yra ao.
4J
Pumo::no+ omuenocm: ocmo e:oem e ce+
neo:noe noee{enue. mooe o oun++ o+o::nocm:
u:u neo+o::nocm:: o.:e oqecmeenn:x .onemoe.
c+eno no:o u:u {:ux o:eu. On +oem e:om:
ucoenn xono:o:u: :{u enoe: neeueom
o{enue. nom:oe u:u {qee oo.:eoemc+ e
nocmo+qe+. u:u ee++ eooqe ocmonoe:ueoemc+.
Pumo:: ocmo co{eom noemo+quec+ {eucmeu+.
cmonoe:enn:u no+{o co:muu u xoomen
noc:e{oeome::nocm:. 3mo noc:e{oeome::nocm:
o:no e:oem e ce+ exo{enue ocmnuo e
nocmoncmeo umo:o u cmonoe:enue om+oce:
umo:o. oco.nonnoe ocmue e umo::n:x co:mu+x
u uc:ume::no+ o+o coquo::nou o:onu.oquu
(uno:{o no.:eoe+o+ :u+uno::nou}. u eo.eoqenue
ocmnuoe e o{o{neen u.n:.
(Novaek, 1998)
Mouo am(cxa.: o_ac +c.m a c.y.yc a noqcccc
c(y .auqc, a.yaxo a Ay.cu.a+um ,aacuac:
J) Oua accr(a o.xa+a.ca o. om+uoa a(o(ucauoa
a.aauoc.a. Ia.yax a Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac am(cxa.ca
caa no ccc a caxy caoca ucom+uoa nao(m, aaxaac: aa(o
cncqaaxa+aoaauuoro ncoauca. Oua c.y.yaoaaum
nouaauac y+ac.uaoa a naro.oaxcuac com.a.
2) uom a c.m a.yaxa a Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
o+cu: cxoa. B ocax oax nacy.c.ay. .c, .o
(cac.ay. no.arouac.m, ncocm, (aay_acca a
+a.cxa, caa(c.cxa a au.cnc.a.om. ua+cuaa a.yaxa a
.auqa uc ory. m.: cac(cum yaax:um axa o+caa(um
cmcxa, oua .cy. ora.c.aa a aao.m aocnaa.aa
a au.cnc.aqaa. lcxa m cac(c ax cmcx o(uoy
+ua+cua, m ycu:aa a ax:caaqayc xy
+ua+aoc.: a.yaxa. Cxouoc.: a uco(uo+ua+uoc.: a.yaxa
a Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa uc aaxa.ca uc(oc.a.aa, oua
ory. noy(a.: caxy, yc.oa+aaoc.: a a+cu+aaoc.:.
J) ua+cuac a.yaxa a Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa accr(a
+aaaca. o. ou.cc.a. Kou.cc.a a+ua coo_cc.aa,
A. ,. a a.yax
44
r(c noao(a.ca a.yax, axa oc.oa.cx:c.a a+ua
+cxoaca, y+ac.ay_cro a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa.
Hu.cxxc.yax:uoc nouaauac aaxac.ca ucox:aoa
+ac.: noaaauaa .oro cmcxa. loy(aa oqaa
a ay(a.oaa a y+ac.uaax, .aucq a a.yax oxa(a.
orouoa yc(a_ca caxoa, (ac ccxa com.ac uc
acc. aauoro nocxauaa.
B A, aonxo_a.ca uorac ococuuoc.a .auqcaax:uoro
a.yaxa. B uc nacy.c.ay.:
coo_cc.ao na.aoa,
o_aa .cauoxoraa,
o_ac qcuuoc.a a aa(cuac,
c.y.ya na.aa,
o_aa cuocuoxoraa (nccaaacmc aaxcuaa)
auy.a na.aa.
(Ho Haaaa (1987) n Novaek (1998)
Coo_cc.ao na.aoa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa c_c
uc ooaxoc: a c(yuao(uaa accoqaaqaa c yc.aao a
c.au(a.aa. Haacuoc, .o caa+auo c .c, +.o Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac amxo(a. +a aa uorax uanaaxcuaa a uc oc.
onc(cxa.:ca .ox:o oax:uo. 1c uc cucc, ouo aaxac.ca
y+uaaacoa na.aoa, a x(a ua+aua. onc(cxa.: cca uc
.ox:o a .canca.oa, na.ay_ax Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac
axa .auqoa_aoa, acnox:+y_ax Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac, axa
(yxoaumx a_y_ax, na.ay_ax Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac,
cc.: x(a, o.omc onc(cxa. cca acuuo a na.aoa
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
loc.aa no oc a rxyoaa no co(caua .cauoxoraa
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa o.xa+ac.ca o. .cauoa a (yrax
na.aax a .ac oo+ua+ac. naua(xcuoc.: .cxy na.aa.
Cy_cc.ayc. uccox:o rxyauumx qcuuoc.ca, o.omc
a+(cxa. .c, .o cc:c+uo naaccum na.ac Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa. .o aca a rxyauuy y(oc.: .cxa, yc(cuuoc.:
a qcuuoc.a o.uoacuaa c(y Caa(c.cxc a ,aay_aca,
o.m.oc.: onm.y, o.oma oc. a(.a a+ oxac.ca, ox:aax,
+c xa+uaa ac.oaa.
!
!
!
!
!
45
C.y.ya na.aa onc(cxac.ca uc .ox:o aucauaa
na+uaaa (am(cxcuuoc.: noc.auc.aa a accua, uaxa+ac acumx
oxca, .aaaua a cocc(o.o+cuuoc.: a ..n.), uo a coo.ac.c.ay_a
o.uoacuac, o.uoacuac noqcccy a +ua+aoy com.a.
Ia.yax:uoc.: (xa coaccuuoro +cxoaca oc. m.: uaa(cua uc
c.ox:o ao aucauax oax, o.omc ory. cua.:ca, yc.acaa.:,
m.: cxaao oycxoaxcum yx:.yuo. Ho, a a uaac cxy+ac,
a.yax:uoc.: .o noc.o ro.oauoc.: ac.c+c co caa_cuum,
r(c oa .ox:o noorac. .oa ac.c+c coc.oa.:ca.
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac .o na.aa, a o.ooa onm.
a ro(m ac. +ua+cuac, a norccc a uca ucao+ocu c+
noc.oauuoro ao+aa_cuaa co+uaua uoaa+a (bciaacr's
miad). .o oa, o.oaa no+aoxac. ucnocc(c.acuuo noa.:
onm. caa_cuuoro, noa.: cro +(cc: a cca+ac, .cxo a
+yac.aaa.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
H e onqe noqecco + nouno ecmeoeom: ocmuenue.
o {mo +oe me:o ocnocmon+emc+ emu:. eo ece
cmoon:. cmonoe+c: ece+. mo +en+ ooem. ue:+
u {euqu+c+ Bce+.
46
lxaaa 6
Ramen neeanaaona:
rexo, nyaerao, o6aa
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
Amenmunoe Aeuenue +mo e.+o:enoe
nocmoncmeo no:o. eo.{xo. .e+:u. ooqux
:{eu. 3mo conuocnoeenue c no:o+. :{:+u. eo.{xo+.
co+u+ coou. enmennu+ nocmoncmeo+. 3mo nomo.
no:em. o:onc u necmouueocm:. 3mo ecmoomnocm:.
cnonmonnocm:. neou{onnocm:. u+noeu.oqu+. 3mo
moneq c co+u+ coou. ceou+ me:o+. +mo e:onue. +mo
cme+:enue {o-mo .o :on:. .o ne{e:: o:nou
eo::nocmu. 3mo con no+e. oco.nonnoe cnoeu{enue.
3mo ecmeu. occmoeonu+. no{ou. nomeu. noxo{u.
3mo co.o. cmoemo+ eo::nocm:. 3mo nu+mnoe
oqqenue. noc:o{enue nenou.eo::n:+ nomoo+
nocmnoe. 3mo eo.+onocm: {e:om: ece. mo xoemc+
u {oe ne xoemc+.
3mo noqecc ouqenu+. oceoo{enu+. 3mo noxo{ e
cocmo+nue cnonmonnocmu u ne.ono:o++uoeonnocmu
{eucmeuu. 3mo eo.+onocm: :m: co+u+ coou. 3mo
{oem +ne noe ucm +ne:u. necem oco.nonue
oux-mo eeqeu. ne{ocmnn:x e o:{ennou eo::nocmu.
3mo no.eo:+em no:.um:c+ enm: ce+.
a+ac.y x(a, ancamc +uaoac: c .cxuaoa
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, uc(oycaa.: U.o +ua+a. cxyaa.:
anyx:cm caocro .cxa', axa A +.o, ccxa uc uc +axo+c.ca
(aara.:ca'
Muc uaaa.ca o.ac+a.:, +.o y +cxoaca uc. anyx:coa
.ox:o a o(uo c(auc.acuuo cxy+ac, ~ ccxa ou yc. B xo
(yro cxy+ac .a anyx:cm nacy.c.ay., uo +.om ycxmaa.:
ax, uyuo uac.oa.: caoc auaauac, cao +yac.aa.cx:uoc.:.
Hco.omc anyx:cm m noc.o uc +ac+ac, a m uc c+a.ac
47
ax anyx:caa, uco.omx ccco+ua.cx:uo a+crac, no.oy
+.o, a+aoa+aaaac:, oua ory. naacc.a uac ucnaa.um
nccaaauaa. Hcno(aauoc.: .ac aaxac.ca +ac.: (aacuaa,
a a .aaaua +ac.: +aya, uo aaua ro.oauoc.: nauaa.: .y
ucno(aauoc.: a +ac.: ox:acro noqccca. Ia+aa.ac auaauaa
a no((cauac uaccuaa a(.a a noqccc no+aoxa. noc.cncuuo
acno+ua.: acc uorooa+ac anyx:coa, a+ o.omx o(ac.ca
ac.caa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
.a anyx:cm cy_cc.ay. a a+umx o(ax:uoc.ax
a+a+ccoa (.cxccuoa), oqaouax:uoa, oa+uoa. lc.cc.acuuo,
+.o a noqcccc nccaaauaa a (cac.aaa .a .a c.ooum
uca+maum a a+aauo oycxaaxaaa. (yr (yra, .o a+umc
c.ooum o(uoro noqccca. Mm am(cxac ax (xa y(oc.aa
acco.cuaa, ao+ouoc.a oycaoaa a oacu.aqaa auy.a
noqccca Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
Iacco.a ax oxcc no(ouo:
4nanneeene (rexeeome) nunyx:em, nooapeoome
uneooanaaeonaun a aaxnnomx naerax rexa.
.o ucox:aac no.araaauaa, ca.aa, coa_cuaa,
ucnoa+aox:uma nccuoc acca a .. (.
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
...e oqqenu+x e:{e:+emc+ +ecmo no no+cnuqe.
coece+ +{o+ c no.eononuo+ nounoem cu+om:c+.
non+:om:c+ u cme+umc+ e:m+nm:c+. Moe enu+onue
co::.um e{o:: no.eononuo no :eeou cmoone.
e:o+ e {euenue u+n::co noc:e{oeome::no cnun.
me. :o:oe.
Huor(a, ua+auaac: a aoc-.o ucy(oc.ao axa cxy+aauoc.:,
anyx:c ua+auac. a+aoa+aaa.:ca a ay-.o .cy.
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
Ae:oe nocmueonue no::qee noeou u no e{
neexo{um e ceque {euenu+. onu qen:+m o{e{.
neexo{+ e e:onue ++m: ceoe me:o. u.+en+m: e:o
o+.
,xa .oro +.om m.: a ou.a.c c a+a+ccaa anyx:caa,
uyuo acc aca cauaoaa.: .cxo, oa_aa auaauac ua
ua+a+ccac
(.cxccumc)
anyx:cm
48
(c.axa cy_cc.ay_ax o_y_cuaa. Huor(a ouo +ac.a.:,
+.o a aoa-.o +ac.a .cxa cu:ac anyx:coa, oua ac.ca
+ac.maaca. Hcuuo a .aax cc.ax +ac.o cmaa.ca
uaaoxcc +aacuumc (aacuaa.
B .cxc accr(a cy_cc.ayc. axcu:aa .aucq:
ucnoa+aox:umc noa+aaauaa (xa no((cauaa axauca,
aoxua (mxauaa, coa_cuaa a o.nycauaa maq. A.aauoc
a nauaa_cc auaauac uaxo(a. a .o uorooa+aa
anyx:coa cama naaxca.cx:uma, cama y(aaxa_aa
anyx:c a no+aoxac. cy c.auoaa.:ca (aacuac, .coa,
ac.oaca.
Suoqnooax:ome nunyx:em.
B xoa ocu. accua m acnm.maac aac-xao
+yac.aa, uaxo(aca a ao-xao oqaouax:uo
coc.oauaa. .a nccaaauaa ory. m.: cax:uma axa
cxama, uo oua accr(a cc.:. looa ~ cya ~ .caora~
a+o+aoaauac ~ +xoc.: ~ amcaoo(cuac ~ a(oc.:.
a .. (., a .. (. oqaa naxo(a. a+ aocnoauauaa,
nccaaauaa uac.oa_cro, au.a+aa o y(y_c. Oua ory.
nocx:uy.:, xcro cua.: (yr (yra, oua ory. oc.a.:ca
ua(oxro.
Hc accr(a xcro ca+y c acno+ua.: ao+uaa_y
oqa. Bo-ncamx, .o uc o+cu: naam+uoc +aua.ac,
uac c(o y+a. o.(aaa.: ccc o.+c. a .o, +.o m cca+ac
+yac.ayc. Bo-a.omx, acax:uma a+m onacauaa oqaa
(oc.a.o+uo c(cu a uc oc. ncc(a.: acca ram a
a+uooa+aa oqaouax:uoa a+ua. B-.c.:ax, uco.omc
oqaouax:umc noaaxcuaa caa+aum c .y(um noaxm
onm.o, a m oc ccco+ua.cx:uo uc no+aoxa.: ccc
noaaxa.: onc(cxcuumc +yac.aa.
B Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa oqaa, +yac.aa a ac.m
nauaa.ca a c_c o(au anyx:c, a.caax (xa (aacuaa,
a .o, +.o oc. (aara.: ,aay_croca. la .o aaua
no+aqaa naa.aa, no+aoxcuaa oqaa (aara.: cua.
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
Bnu+onue u.nmu nue:eoem non+enue e :uqe.
+ o {mo c+om cnu. eeex. no+e:+emc+ ecmeo
oqaouax:umc
anyx:cm
49
cm:{o u eun:. o {mo + c{e:o: mo-mo ne mo. co.o:
mo-mo ne mo. u +en+ ceuoc noom. om:om.
Omeooueoc:. c+om enu.. no+e:+emc+ :u+oco
ne{oeo::cmeo. no+e:+emc+ o.{oenue u :nee. xoemc+
eoom: u om:. H nuxo{um eocno+unonue o omqe.
on occo.:eoem. o e+ ::o c:ono e no{ocmoeo+
eo.ocme. o:{o +oexo nocmo+nno :o:o e:o. o e+
num:oc: exom:-eom: u. {o+o. Huxo{um ecmeo
cocmo{onu+ u :o:o{onocmu.
a+ac.y, or(a m .ox:o ua+auac accxc(oaa.: a+u:
oqaa a noqcccax Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, ua
naxo(a. uc camc naa.umc +yac.aa. Au(ca Ox:ccu
nacaxa, +.o c.y(cu.m cnaaaaaxa cc: lo+cy uaaa .auqm
.a ryc.um' (Olsca, J99J)
loqccc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa oc. m.: caocro
o(a oqaouax:um o+a_cuac, a+rcauac +aaaxoa
ucnoa.mx a uc(onoa.mx +yac.a a oqaa a c+onacuoa
a.occc naua.aa a oco+uauuoc.a. Ho qcx: na .o
y(c. uc o+a_cuac o. oqaa a cnocouoc.: nauaa.:
a noaaa.: noxuoqcuuo acc: cnc. oqaouax:umx
nccaaauaa, oc.aaaac: a ou.a.c c auy.cuua
caa(c.cxc a rxyauum yc.oa+aam +yac.ao H.
O6aaome nunyx:em.
B (auuo cxy+ac oa+ nouaac.ca aaoo, uc .ox:o a
aa+yax:uma oa+, .o oc. m.: a aucc.c.a+ccaa,
.a a +ayoaoa axa o_y_acma oa+ xaa qcxoc.uaa
cnc+cu.aqaa aoro-xao aaxcuaa aa. .o ory.
m.: oa+m, noo(cuumc naa.: axa aooacuac,
.o ory. m.: oa+m a+ cuoa, a+ a.au, auoax:oa
a ..(., aauo, +.o .a oa+m uaxo(a. o.xa a .cxc, oua
uc aaxa.ca noc.o a.auaa r(c-.o a roxoac. Ua_c
accro .a oa+m uc +a(a.ca a+auc, uc na(ymaa.ca
+aaucc, a o(a.ca a cao noqcccc (aacuaa,
a cc.cc.acuuo, caa+aum c (aacuaaa a +yac.aaa,
noaaxa.ca a+ uax a c.auoaa.ca .c, +.o ac(c. .cxo a
(aacuac.
Oa+umc
anyx:cm
50
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
Heou{onno eo.eoqoemc+ oo.. no+euemuuc+ 2
{n+ no.o{ co:enno+ u:o c nom+nmou ou. +
c:uoc:. nuxo no .e+:. {eu:oc: o +o:en:uu.
o:uu .eee e noucox {o+o. nuqu. men:o.
ocn++:+c:. eoqenue. o m+nemc+ :eeo+ ::o..
{ocmoem u. ne:o mo-mo. +oem :m: +mo c:e.o- B
nouno o.oc:eom: +mu c:e.: e nocmoncmee.
noc::o ux e neo. no .e+:. couo ece c:e.:. omo:e
:em+m o +ne. u no::om:eo ux. B no::om:eo c:e.:
+uo.
H+ .oro o(ac.ca cooxc+uoaauac, coc.a(auac accy
aaoy, c.a(a_cy, nxa+y_cy, stabat matcr, 5oroa.c:
Coa_aa.
Oa+m ory noaaxa.:ca a ac+c+a.:, .aucoaoaa.:ca
(yr a (yra. B .o cmcxc oa+uma acnc. Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa no(ocu ara+ccoy a+my a naxo.xaaoa xorac
cuoaa(cuaa, r(c acc ao+ouo, r(c acc caa+auo co acc.
.o caocro o(a cc.cc.acuuma ccaxa+ auy.cuuca
a+ua, uaxo(cuac ucac(omx aucc caa+ca auy.a onm.a,
no+aoxcuac ccc cuoaa(c.: uaaay. Hco.omc oa+m ory.
noaaa.:ca a ac+c+uy.:, uco.omc ao+aa_a.ca, auor(a o(ua
a .a c .ca noaaxac.ca a a+umx oxa+aax-oa+ax.
Buy.a noqccca aauo acc aca no((caaa.: caa+:
oa+uoa a .cxccuoa cax:uoc.a, .o noaaauac oa+oa
ua+c uc noxoc ua a+oacuac, aa.aqa, aa+ccoc
no(aauac, (ac ccxa am a(c.c auy.: oa+a anoxuc
co+ua.cx:uo.
.a .a acnc.a noqccca noc.oauuo no((caaa. a ac(y.
(yr (yra. Koy-.o xcr+c c o(uoa a+ o(ax:uoc.ca, uo cxoucc c
(yroa. Hcc. cmcx a+aaaa.: acc .a.
.a .a a+ma nccaaauaa aaum (xa ooax y+ac.uaoa
noqccca a ,aay_croca, a Caa(c.cxa. Caa(c.cx: oc.
onacmaa.: onm., acnox:+ya .a .a o(ax:uoc.a. ,oau Uo(ooy
cxo(um oa+o nc(xarac. am(cxa.: .a acnc.a onacauaa
onm.a:
51
J) Hro pexaxo rexo' ~ naoc onacauac (aacuaa, ax
a+cc.a, a+aa.aa noqccca a noc.auc.ac a accua,
2) C eaenu nyaeraou nxn auoqnen aro 6mxo
eaaaaoo' ~ (xa caa(c.cxa aauo a+xa+a.:, aac
y ucro caoro ao+uaaxa oqaa a +yac.aa, a
caocro o(a o.ac. ua (cac.aaa ,aay_croca, a .c
nccaaauaa, o.omc ao+uaaxa na o.o(cc.axcuaa
c na.uco,
J) C eaenun o6aaaun aro aeeoqnnoaaxoe:' ~
oa+m a caaoxm aaxa.ca oxcc (caua, ara
a qcxoc.um a+mo onacauaa a noora. uaa.a caa+:
c(y (aacuaaa, +yac.aaa a a(caa.
,xa a+aa.aa cnocouoc.a acno+uaaa.: a caoo(uo
(aara.:ca auy.a .ax .cx o(ax:uoc.ca a +ac.o acnox:+y
cxc(y_cc ynaucuac:
B .oaax: o(au a+ na.ucoa +amaac. rxa+a, cxyaac.
caoc .cxo a aacmaac. cca a ay-.o cxy+aauy no+y a
oc.ac.ca a uca.
locxc .oro acc .a na.uca onacmaa. .y no+y ua
.cx a+max, a(ma roaoa. o .o, +.o ox:ac naaxcac.
cro auaauac a noxocuaa .cxa, a+aaoacnoxocuaa +ac.ca
.cxa, yoauc uanacuaa a ..n., a(ma ua+maac. oqaouax:uoc
coc.oauac, o.ooc ao+uaac. a c+ouauc a/axa a o.ac. ua .y
no+y, a .c oa+m a accoqaaqaa, o.omc o(a.ca xaro(aa
.oa no+c.
lcxa c aoa-.o o(ax:uoc.: ao+uaa. cxouoc.a,
ouo cc nonyc.a.:, uo y(cxa.: ca ox:ac auaauaa a
cxc(y_ax qaxax.
Bauo cxc(oaa.: acuuo caocy auaaua, caoa +yac.aa
a caoa accoqaaqaa, oua ory. coana(a.: axa a+xa+a.:ca y
y+ac.uaoa .oaa.
Ynaucuac noa.oac.ca, noa a(ma a+ y+ac.uaoa uc
noy(c. a qcu.c, a oxa .oro, .o nauaac. no+y.
Baaaqaa: locxc .oro, a acc .oc y+ac.uaoa onacaxa
caoa anc+a.xcuaa no .c o(ax:uoc.a, na.uc c +am.ma
rxa+aa, oc. ua+a.: (aara.:ca a oo.o ay.cu.a+uo
(aacuaa (J-2 au.) a+ .oa no+m.
Ynaucuac
52
lc.cc.acuuo, +.o onacauaa ory. m.: roa+(o ora+c,
ouo noao(a.: a+uaqy c(y o_y_cuaaa, acyuo
.cxa a a+cc.aaa (aacuaa, ouo y(cxa.: ocooc auaauac
.oy, a a+aoa+aaac.ca (aacuac a noc.auc.ac a
accua. Hxa acnox:+oaa.: c.aoa+ccac cac.cm (xa
onacauaa a+cc.a (aacuaa (uanac, +c.mc c.axaa).
Mm c_c noco.a ua a+xa+umc om onacauaa onm.a
a rxaac Bc.c+a Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca: noc.auc.ao
au.craqaa. Moa onm. roaoa., +.o a+aa.ac auaauaa .a
.c o(ax:uoc.a onm.a aaxac.ca xooaa .cuauro auy.a
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
5oxcc .oro, c a+aa.ac na.aa m ua+auac +ac+a.:,
+.o .a .a a+ma nccaaauaa c.auoaa.ca acc ox:ac o(ua
a+mo a o(ua qcxoc.um no.oo nccaaauaa. .a
au.craqaa a+moa, no ocy ucua, aaxac.ca ocacuum
noa+a.cxc ox:aca au.craqaa noc.auc.aa xa+uoc.a,
or(a a+umc acnc.m onm.a, a+umc qcu.m a .cauoxoraa
l. ly(acaa (auc.au.aauo-(aara.cx:uma, oqaouax:uma
a au.cxxc.yax:uma) acc ox:ac ouayaaa. cao
qcxoc.uoc.:, c.auoaa.ca c(aum a uorooa+um no.oo
a+ua.
H (aarac::
B nouno {euenue. + noxo ceou u. +ou noqe:u
no +oux ox. noqe:u co{+mc+ no u o oou.
loou no +oux ox. loou e +oe+ me:e e u.:uox
co:nm:x :omeu. .on+cm:+x u o:en+x. Heucmoe:e.
e.+n:e oou. C:eoquuc+ nomo. nene:enoe
enue. o.eooueonue-ceooueonue.
1: +oux no:. m: onu+oem: +ou no:u. m: o
nomo. omeoquu +ou no:u. B nonueoc: moou. +
eo.eoqo mee. + nono:n+c: moou. + nono:n+ me+.
B nono:n+c:. oc:eoc:. cmonoe:c: ecmo+.
Hono:nenue ecm. B xo.
lone::cuu necnooennocmu.
looo c no+omu+u :::++u.
3mo neeo.+ono ocmonoeum:.
B ecmeoc: ou. :o+. mo+.
5J
deu. ::. u .e.
3mo no{o:enue noqe:ee.
3mo no{o:enue ooe.
3mo neeo.+ono ocmonoeum:.
B no no: u + e.:emo.
3mo neeo.+ono ocmonoeum:.
H ne nno.

54
lxaaa 7
7 nerononeoa panaeona
Ho{ o{e{ou o{:u ocmo ou {em +o+enmo.
mo: noo.om: no+ ceoe ucmunnoe :uqo. o{:u
+c: {em. mo: u+em: eo.+onocm: eu{em:
u e{oxnm: ne+no:o eo.{xo. c:e{oeom: .o eemo+. .o
ceemo+ u .o me+nomou.
H. Beruae
O.y(a o(ac.ca (aacuac' O.y(a naxo(a. anyx:c'
Kaa ou oc. m.:' lcxa (aacuac onc(cxac.ca uc aucauaa
oc.oa.cx:c.aaa, a auy.cuuca a+u: a m oc
a+xa+a.: a+umc roxoca nccaaauaa'
B cao o(cuaa auy.cuucro anyx:ca cc.: aaa-.o .aaua.
1c uc cucc na.ay_ac Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac c.aaxac:
am(cxa.:, onc(cxa.: a+xa+aa a ac.o+uaax ,aacuaa.
Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc nacaxa, +.o cc.: (aacuaa,
a(y_ac a+ ro (H (aarac:), a cc.: (aacuaa, a(y_ac a+
ccco+ua.cx:uoro (Mcua (aac.).
,auc. A(xc am(cxaxa (aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ ro,
a+ xa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro a a+ .aucnccouax:uoro yoaua
ncaxaa.
Au(ca Ox:ccu naac.: Hc oraua+aaaa cnc.
ao+ouoc.ca (aacuaa, m oc +ac.a.: uco.omc
o(ax:uoc.a (aacuaa, o.omc noaaxa.ca a+ .ax ac.o+uaoa:
anyx:cm, +.o a(y. +ac.o a+ o_y_cuaa (.aac a no.araaauaa
axa +a_a.a o. .aa), anyx:cm, ocuoaauumc ua nccoacu.aqaa
uaacro co+uauaa (.aac, a aa_cuaa, xo(:a ua+a(, noaoo.m),
anyx:cm (aacuaa a ny.cacc.aaa (.aac, a acm.ac
ac.oaa (aacuaa), axa c .c, +.o ocuoamaa.ca ua oqaouax:uo
+aacuumx axa (yxoauo .aucoay_ax coc.oauaax,
(oc.ynumx +cc+ .cxo (.aax, a cxyaauac axa amacuac
auy.cuuax roxocoa, a.yax:umc cc.m axa axc.ana+ccac
xaa.cumc oa+m). .a ac.o+uaa a o(ax:uoc.a aaxa.ca
cnocoaa onacauaa a+xa+umx acnc.oa (aacuaa, a acc oua
noaaxa.ca a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa. (Olsca, J99J)
55
Haaoxcc a+ao.auuaa xaccaaaqaa ac.o+uaoa
(aacuaa naua(xca. ,oau Uo(ooy. Oua nc(xoaxa
am(cxa.: na.: ac.o+uaoa anyx:coa a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa:
ro,
xa+uoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc,
yx:.yuoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc,
ncaa+uoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc (yoacu: ncaa+umx
ac.oa),
Caoc.: axa oc: ro-Caoc.:.
(CboJorow, 1991)
Moa onm. ao.m c Ay.cu.a+um ,aacuac ao
uorax rynnax a a+umx c.auax, a .ac onm. accxc(oaauaa
a .aucnccouax:uoa ncaxoxoraa, (yxoauo ayacc.ac a
(mxa.cx:umx ncaxo.cxuaax naacx ucoxo(aoc.a (onoxua.: .y
xaccaaaqa c_c (aya oxac.aa onm.a, uc cao(am o acc
nc(m(y_a. l_c (aa acuo a+xa+amx ac.o+uaa anyx:coa
.o au.ccy.c.aauoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc ((aara.cx:umc au.oc.m)
a ncaua.ax:uma onm. (onm. a+a+ccoro o(cuaa).
1aa oa+o, a am(cxa cc: oxac.ca onm.a, ory_ax
c.a.: ac.o+uao anyx:coa a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa:
J. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ ro,
2. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ xa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro,
J. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ au.ccy.c.aauoro
ccco+ua.cx:uoro,
4. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ ncaua.ax:uoro onm.a,
J. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ yx:.yuoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro,
6. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ ncaa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro,
7. ,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ Caoc.a.
Xo.a na.a+cca a(ma onxcc acc. xccu.m
xa+uoro, yx:.yuoro a ncaa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro a (yrax
ac.o+uaoa, uco.omc .cm, o.omc noaaxa.ca +cc+ .cxo,
uac.ox:o acum, +.o ac.ca ao+oum a noxc+um noua.:, a+
aoro ac.o+uaa axa yoaua oua noaaaxac:.
loco.a oxcc auaa.cx:uo ua a(ma a+ ac.o+uaoa
(aacuaa.
anaeona, npyqne na Sro
,aacuaa, a(y_ac a+ ro .o ou.oxaycmc,
+uaomc (aacuaa, .o, +.o M.C. Yaa.xayc ua+maaxa H
!
!
!
!
!
,aacuaa,
a(y_ac a+ ro
56
(aarac:. Bo aca ccccaa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa oua ory.
noaaxa.:ca, or(a ,aay_aaca uc (oa(ac.ca anyx:ca axa uc
ro.oa cxc(oaa.: +a ccco+ua.cx:uma anyx:caa.
Uac.o .o ory. m.: m.oamc, om(cuumc axa
no(aa.cx:umc (aacuaa. Hanac, co+ua.cx:uaa noacoaaa
a.aauoc.:, or(a ,aay_aaca a(c. no +axy xaqo ancc(, c acuo
amacuum ou.oxc (aacuaa, nm.aac: uaa.a oro-.o. Hxa
(aacuaa, a+oaa_ac ay-xao a.aauoc.:, uanac,
c.au(a.umc .auqcaax:umc (aacuaa. ,oau Uo(ooy naao(a.
nac y+aum, o.oma ao aca ccccaa a+oaax caoa
cnoco o.(mxa: ou o.maax aooaacy y.mxy a ax+ax
aooaacma .cxcaa+o. Bauo nouaa.:, +.o (aacuaa, a(y_ac
a+ ro, o.xa+a.ca o. ccco+ua.cx:umx, cxy+a_axca (aacuaa
a o. ay.cu.a+umx (aacuaa, a ncay o+cc(:, no a+cc.ay
(aacuaa, a uc no oc. Hx +ac.o xaa.ca+yc. cu:aaa
no.ooaoc.: a uco.oaa amxoxo_cuuoc.:, ucuanoxucuuoc.:
(uc(oc.a.o nacy.c.aaa).
.a (aacuaa ory. c.a.: nc((acac oxcc +cc.uoy,
ay.cu.a+uoy (aacua, no cc a+aa.aa auy.cuucro
caa(c.cxa.
anaeona, npyqne na xnnooro 6eeeoaoarex:ooro
,auc. A(xc onacmaac. ax a yuaax:umc, nacy_ac
.ox:o .oy +cxoacy, (aacuaa a cc.m. Oua ory. amaa.:
uca+acc.uy, .cucay +ac.: xa+uoc.a acuuo .oro +cxoaca.
,xa .oro +.om oua noacuaxac:, +.om c.axa noua.ua nao(a a
cy.: .ax na..cuoa a a+cc.a, aauo aca, ncao( uaonxcuaa
auoaqaa. .a (aacuaa oxa(a. c_c a yuaax:um,
xa+uoc.um cmcxo, oua uc ory. m.: cac(cum a+acc.um,
+uaoam, yx:.yuo onc(cxcuum oa. .a na..cum
(aacuaa ory. o.uoca.:ca auua, (oacax:um a+a
a+aa.aa +cxoaca. 1or(a oua xaa.ca+y.ca ocooa aoc.:
nccaaauaa a cxouoc.: acaxa+aqaa.
^a+uoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc, acoa.uo, o(au a+ camx ora.mx
ac.o+uaoa anyx:coa, a ao.a c a.caaxo, a(y_a a+ .oro
ac.o+uaa, ac(c. a+cucua uaacro noaaxcuaa cca a ac,
au.craqaa o.acruy.mx +ac.ca H a ox:aca +cxoac+ccoa
no(xauuoc.a.
,aacuaa,
a(y_ac a+ xa+uoro
ccco+ua.cx:uoro
57
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
Amenmunoe Aeuenue +mo eeme u eo{o e.:nnou
no:. {euenue e me+nome. ocnoe. c:oeno oe: e
eenox. o:{o c+omum: no o:on:. o.oeonnoe. u.
noqn:eoque numu. memoe:e cmen: :ouunmo. {en: u
no:. nue+.onn:e {: {: no.on:+u num++u ocoe.
nm: no oqn:. o:{o ecmeem:. mo qe:: noxo{umc+
enmu me+. ne{o+enue. {ue:enue. ceoo{n:u no:em
ceo.: necunu. oquec+ e euxe. nonu.:eoque me+
noceo.:. noc+que e nocmoncmeo meoe men:o.
anaeona, npyqne na noreey6>eernaooro
6eeeoaoarex:ooro
.o. yoacu: a .cau noua(oaxac: (xa .oro, +.om
+aacaoaa.: ocoma a( nccaaauaa auy.a Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa, or(a a y+ua a caoax (aacuaax (aacuaa (yrax
x(ca. Bauo, +.o o.aa.ca (aacuaa x(ca uc a+ noaxoro,
a a+ uac.oa_cro accua. .o caocro o(a (aacu+ccaa au.oc.,
yco+c ,yroro-ao-uc. .a (aacuaa ao+uaa. cnou.auuo,
ucnc(uaccuuo a oqaouax:uo +aacum. Oua uarxa(uo
noa+maa., +.o au.ccy.c.aauaa +oua, +oua o.uoacuaa
noaaac.ca, a .o +acxc a .cxccuo.
Hu.ccy.c.aauoc.:... noc.yxayc., +.o (yroa (oxcu
m.: noua. a (yroa cy.c., +.om a nccaxo noxuoc.:
cao coc.acuuy cy.c.aauoc.: a nacy.c.aaa (yroro (Mar-
slal, J998). Ca .cau au.ccy.c.aauoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc
cy_cc.ayc. a ^aauoaco ncaxoauaxa+c: Hc .ox:o cy.c.,
uo a cy.c.m, a+a.mc a ax au.ccy.c.aauoc.a, ccua.
(yr (yra... Cc_cuac o+ua+a_cro onc(cxac. (cac.aaa
cy.c.oa, ax cy(:y, ax o.a+m, ocxcnxcuaa, ycncxa a y+ac.:,
uca+aaa ua nox... (Lacaa A. lcrits, qa.. no ,cxc+, J998). 1a
onc(cxac.ca au.ccy.c.aauoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc, uc cao(aoc
ua au(aaa(yax:uoy, ua oxxc.aauoy ccco+ua.cx:uoy.
lcaxoa+aoxora+ccoa ocuoaoa no(oumx au.oc.oa aaxa.ca
uc(aauo onacauumc +cax:umc ucaoum .
Corxacuo coauum uax(cuaa, o.acuac +yax
(aacuaa auy.a Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa ao+uaac., or(a
nacy.c.ayc. onc(cxcuuaa aaaaxcu.uoc.: a o.uoacuaax c
,aacuaa, a(y_ac
a+ au.ccy.c-
.aauoro ccco+-
ua.cx:uoro
58
o.aacm +cxoaco. .o oc. m.: co+c.auac au.ccca a
uac.oocuuoc.a, cxauaa a o..ocuaa, naaxca.cx:uoc.a
a ucacuoc.a. B ao-.o cmcxc .a au.oc.m co(ua
ccco+ua.cx:uoy no(aaua ccua o(a.cxa. 1aac
au.oc.m ory. ac.c+a.:ca a ca.yaqaa oy+cuaa, or(a
no(aauac, ocaocuac o(cxa noac(cuaa a oa+a (cac.aaa
ncno(aaa.cxa aaxac.ca +ac.: a+aa.aa.
Mouo ca+a.:, +.o noaaxcuac cuocuoa
au.ccy.c.aauoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro a noqcccax Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa caa(c.cx:c.ayc. o nonm.c xa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro
ycaoa.: axa a+caa.: ucaauoaccuy ca.yaqa. Hanac,
ua (xa.cx:uo amc+(uo .cuaurc a ncama (cu: oc auaauac
naaxcxo noac(cuac o(uoa a+ y+ac.uaq, a acuuo ~ a+aa.oc
a+cc.ao (aacuaa, mxo aa(uo, +.o oua (aauo +auaac.ca .auqc,
+.o cc .cxo noaaac. (aacuac, uo .o ou.ac.aoaaxo c cc
noac(cuac a rynnc: a+crauac ou.a.oa, (aacuac no aa
+axa, cxauac noau:ac ya.a, o.a+o o. ocy(cuaa uco.omx
aonocoa. B caoc coc.acuuo Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa ua
cxc(y_aa (cu: a ucoa(auuo ouayax cc (aacuaa, ax
acyuo a a+cc.ao. .a (aacuaa c.axa ccyco ocro noqccca
a +aacacuac ccnooac.aa no noao(y cc y+ac.aa a norac.
lc.cc.acuuo, +.o .auccumc a ou..auccumc
caqaa, xooao onacauumc a xa.ca.yc, nocaa_cuuoa
.canca.a+ccoy nacucua Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa,
aaxa.ca nacaa cuocuoa .oro ac.o+uaa (aacuaa. Ho,
nocox:y .a nccaaauaa ao+uaa. a auc .canca.a+ccoro
ou.cc.a, m uc oc onc(cxa.: ax .ox:o a .aucc a
ou..aucc.
Bo. nac a+ onm.a o(uoro a+ na.aoa Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa:
B o{nou o+nonuu + no.noo+u:c+ c e:oeeo+. omo:u
c neeo:o e +o+enmo e:.eo: +en+ e.oe nenu+mue. B
{ueu:c+. mo o e:oee :: +ne ne .noo+. + c nu+
nuo:{o no u.nu ne neeceo:c+. u e:o noee{enue ne
::o e:.:eoqe+ u:u ocoume::n:+. H unmeec +
non:mo:c+ non+m:. mo u+enno +en+ ommo:ueoem.
Bo ee++ ceccuu Amenmuno:o Aeuenu+ neou{onno
onou:. mo {eu:oc: mo e. o u on. 3mu
59
{euenu+ ::u +ne neo:n: u noe:. no+eu:oc:
oqqenue om:mu+ e:o-mo noeo:o. Hoc:e +mou
ceccuu +oe omnomenue e:oee u.+enu:oc: cmo:o
o:ee menu+:+ u cnooun:+. numo+ mo +ne cmo:u
non+mn: neomo:e em: e:o xoomeo. omo:e u
e:.:eo:u nenu+.n:.
.o. ac.o+ua (aacuaa (ano+c, a a acc oc.ax:umc)
ac.c+ac.ca uc a a(o noqcccc a (axco uc acc onm.umc
na.aa +uaom c ua, uo, .c uc cucc, no ocy ucua, ou
cy_uoc.uo o.xa+ac.ca o. (yrax cuocuoa auy.a Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa a no.oy .cyc. o.(cx:uoro acco.cuaa a
a+y+cuaa.
anaeona, npyqne na nenoarax:ooro onmra
,o cax no c_c a(y. (acyccaa o caoa ao+ouoc.a
+anoauauaa xa(cuqc onm.a o(cuaa, xo.a uco.omc
uanaaxcuaa .aucnccouax:uoa ncaxoxoraa c+a.a.
ncaua.ax:uma onm. a.aqca accro nocxc(y_cro onm.a
xa+uoc.a. Hoaccaa .auqcaax:uma .canca. Maxacu
^c(cu naac.: Muoro xc. a acqcuaaax oa_cuaa
xauaqac.oa onm.y o(cuaa ax naqacu.oa a caocro o(a
+ac.oc xonm.c.ao, uo .ox:o or(a a ca noacx +cc+
au.cucaauma onm. o(cuaa a rynnc .canaa, a ua+ax nouaa.:
cc +ua+cuac.
Haxcuaa, o.omc m oc o.ucc.a ncaua.ax:uoy
onm.y +cxoaca, ouo ac.c.a.: a a noqcccax Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa. Bo. am(ca a+ o(uoro caoo.+c.a:
.+ .o+eo. o cnuno nounoem .oueom:c+
e cnuo:: +e{ {ex no:oco non+enn:x +:mq.
H:eu eo.:e meu c{oe:ueom ee ece cu::nee. oqqo.
o oe: nu:ueoem mee u :uq. Mne cmonoeumc+
m{no {:mom:.
Omcmcmeue {:xonu+ cu:ueoem cme+:enue
.omum:c+. e:mum:c+.
B eoqoc: c:eeo nonoeo. :o:oeou enee{. no:u. ee.
nux noxo{+m c{oo:u. B ne +o: u+u ommo:ueom:c+.
ne +o: onuom:c+ o no:.
,aacuaa, a(y_ac
a+ ncaua.ax:uoro
onm.a
60
Bce mo + +o: ceuoc. u e{uncmeennoe cme+:enue
enmu +mo no{o:om: eueom:c+. A:xonu+
no-nene+ nem. eueonue noucxo{um om
qenmo no+cnuq:. .o cem {ex no:oco +:mq e{o::
no.eononuo.
.ce{o eo: cmonoeumc+ o:ee n:omnou. H mene:
me+no.
B .o+eo noo{oqc+ nonu. + xo eeunmum:c+
m{o. +mo e{uncmeenn:u e:xo{...
B nec+ +omou e {:o:o Aeuqe:oc+. + no{o:o
eeunueom:c+. neeom:eoc: mo.o+ no me: {:o:o
e:oeeo u oo.:eoc: no no:. no cnune. :uqo+ eeex.
Hon+enue e.o cno{oem. Mo+ cnuno c:e:o
e::nmo. onuoc: no ecmeq u .om::o. Pu.
:omu nuu+omc+ me:. ne{n:e:+ e
cmoon:. B neeueo neeeo+mnoe o:e:enue.
B oqqo ceoe :uqo oen: ++:u+. onxmu+.
nono:nenn:+.
B oqqo :un men: n:en u{ocmu no
:uqe. Ono no:eoem ece :uqo u noxnem encu+u
:enumo:u++u. B oqqo cnooucmeue u e.onocnocm:
om +mo:o .onoxo...
loa ouo ca+a.:, +.o noaaxcua noqcccoa c ncaua.ax:uoa
(auaaoa nc(acc.ayc. (oc.a.o+uo (xa.cx:uaa a au.cucaauaa
na.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa. .o. onm. am(cxac.ca a ocoaa
nocy.o+uaa +oua c(y xa+um ccco+ua.cx:um a yx:.yum,
no.oy +.o, c o(uoa c.ooum, a.aqa o(cuaa (oc.a.o+uo
yuaaccax:uma onm., a c (yroa c.ooum, ou au.cucaacu, yuaaxcu
a au(aaa(yax:uo +ua+a (xa +cxoaca.
Huor(a ncaua.ax:uma onm. oc. c.a.: nccxo(o
.aucnccouax:um nccaaauaa.
anaeona, npyqne na eyx:ryooro 6eeeoaoarex:ooro
,o+c Xcu(ccou onacmaac. yx:.yuoc ccco+ua.cx:uoc
a nocy.o+uma yoacu:, onocc(y_aa onm. ncaa+umx
ac.oa a yx:.yumc om, +.o (ac. ua ao+ouoc.:
nccaaa.: cxarao+uma, c.c.a+ccaa a axococaa onm..
,aacuaa, a(y_ac
a+ yx:.yuoro
ccco+ua.cx:uoro
61
,auc. A(xc (J972) naac. o yx:.yuo
can.oa.a+ccax (aacuaax, o.omc, a o.xa+ac o.
au(aaa(yax:umx (aacuaa, xcr+c nouaa.ca a (aay_aca,
a caa(c.cxc. Hanac, o..axaaa_ac, cax:umc (aacuaa
yaa o. onyca ory. m.: yx:.yuo onc(cxcum a
yaaaca, axa oc.aa: cua.
.a (aacuaa ory. ua+aua.:ca a+ o_y_cuaa a .cxc,
uanac, ocooro yoaua uanacuaa axa axoa +yac.aa.cx:uoc.a
a onc(cxcuuoa +ac.a .cxa. a.c, a+aoa+aaaac: a noqcccc,
.o (aacuac oc. c.a.: +ua+am caaoxa+cca cc.o.
Kor(a .o noacxo(a., m aaxacca caa(c.cxaa noqccca
.aucoaqaa caaoxa, nccxo(a o. xa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro
oc, o.oaa oc. m.: noua.a a ou.cc.c yx:.ym.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B {eu:oc: e o::mo+ .o:e. nee{ .o:mu+u ::o.o+u
eo.nuom oo.:. ono+enm:. no eno-e::e. o no
cmounn:x :oeox. Bne.onno + .o+eo. mo noeo+
no:o nounoem .o{oeom: um+. Hocmenenno ece me:o
no{:oemc+ +mo+ um+. 3mo oen: nocmou um+.
nocm:e noemo+quec+ {euenu+. Mne nuxo{+m
ono:o:uu c monqe+ mo+ono u:u eouno. B cnucxo{ume::no
::oc: +mu+ nocm:+ ne.o+:c:oeom:+ {euenu++.
Hu +mo+ + nonu+o. mo ne +o: ocmonoeum:c+.
+ne:u+ +mo:o monqo ceuoc oen: cu::no. B no{o:o
u no{o:o {eu:om:c+ e nocmo+ um+e. loemc+.
+mom moneq +oem eooqe nuo:{o ne .oonumc+.
mo on numoemc+ u. ucmonuo o:ee ::oo:o. e+ +oe
e:onue u:u +cmemuecuu ec.
Bauo nouaa.:, +.o uc xmc yx:.yuo onc(cxacmc
om (aacuaa a(y. a+ oxxc.aauoro (yx:.yuoro)
ccco+ua.cx:uoro. lcaa+ua +(cc: ay.cu.a+uoc.: a a+cc.ao
(aacuaa, rxyauuaa naa(a noaaauaa (aacuaa, o.oaa
aonxo_ac.ca a oc y+uaaacoro caaoxa.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
1e:o monc:uem n++:e mecm:. nocmou eo::n:u
cu+eo:u.+: u. no::qee. no{nuoqux om. no+e:+emc+
no.o o.+:m:+u u {eucmeu (o{un no:eq :o:oee
62
euco. {:ou o.quu necm. o u. nee ne
{+ou. c:mou (no::q: nonoe:+mc+ e xo}. c:mou
ceoe ce{qe (o u{em cee{une :{u}.
anaeona, npyqne na neannooro 6eeeoaoarex:ooro
B .ax (aacuaax (aay_acca ory. a(.a c_c rxyc,
.c (aacuaa, o.omc, ac.ca, a(y. a+ rxyau +a nc(cxaa
+cxoac+ccoro cxoa co+uauaa. Kur nacax o .o, +.o caa c.y.ya
.cxa a cro a+aa.ac nc(noxarac., +.o a co+uauaa +cxoaca
coxaua.ca xccu.m aao.umx, (o-+cxoac+ccax o. uoa
.ax (aacuaa no(ouo accxc(oaaua a a+xa+umx uanaaxcuaax
coa.a+ccax (acqanxau (uanac, body-miad ccatcria).
Cnou.auuoc noaaxcuac .ax o auy.a noqccca
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa oc. m.: nccaaauac orouoa,
uyauo+uoa caxm a (xa ,aay_croca, a (xa Caa(c.cxa. Oua
oxa(a. ocom a+cc.ao o(caoc.a , .o.ax:uoa
aoaxc+cuuoc.a, no.ca ou.oxa. lo.oy oua auor(a ory. m.:
xao.a+uma a uca.a+uma.
.a (aacuaa yc ucx:+a o.ucc.a ua arcu.a
xa+uoa ac.oaa, ua yx:.yuo y+uaaacm oa.
Kac.ca, +.o ca xaoc .auqyc. a .o +cxoacc. Muorac x(a
noc.o oc.auaaxaaa.ca, uc (oxo(a, uc no+aoxaa ccc m.:
+axaa+cuuma .aa anyx:caa. B xo cxy+ac, +cxoac uc
oc. (oxro cy_cc.aoaa.: a .aoa au.cucaauoc.a.
Huor(a .o oxcc onc(cxcuumc, uc+cxoac+ccac
om, (aacuaa aao.umx axa aaxcuaa nao(m. Oua ory.
(xa.:ca uccox:o ruoacuaa axa (xa.cx:uoc aca, oua oxcc
ooxcum.
,xa onacauaa cmcxa a rxyauuoa nao(m .ax (aacuaa
,oau Uo(ooy acnox:+yc. .coa C.a.a o ncaa+umx
ac.ax a axc.anax. Ou onacmaac. (aa rxaaumx no+a.aaumx
(a+aaaa_ax) ac.a: xonm.c.ao/au.ccc (xoroc) a ara/
a(oc.: (oc).
B noqcccax Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa .a ac.m
ory. noaaxa.:ca a .o.ax:umx c.a.a+ccax nccaaauaax
occ.acuuoa arm, a(oc.a a au.ccca, occ.acuuoro .auqa.
1ac am(cxac.ca +c.mc a+acumx ac.a a ax
cncqaa+ccac c.ayxm (a coax): roc (no.ca), c.ax
,aacuaa, a(y_ac
a+ ncaa+uoro
ccco+ua.cx:uoro
6J
(uca+acc.uoc), ruca (oraua+cuac), nc+cuac/c.m( (o.accuac).
.a nccaaauaa .oc ory. +axaa.a.: ,aay_croca, a
.or(a roc c.auoaa.ca ucac+cnacm o+co coa, c.ax
uca+acc.uoro c.auoaa.ca .auqc yaca, a+o+aoaauac nccxo(a.
a yaac.acuuy ucuaaac.:, nc+cuac a c.m( norya. a
rxyaum o.+y(cuaa a yuacuaa.
1aac nccaaauaa naxo(a. (oc.a.o+uo c(o, uo ax
.y(uo axa ucao+ouo +am.: a Caa(c.cx a ,aay_cyca.
1cyc.ca ocoaa ao.a no au.craqaa .aoro onm.a, uaxo(cua
a naua.a cro cmcxa.
anaeona, npyqne na Cauoern
l_c o(ua rynna (aacuaa, a(y_ax a+ .aoa c rxyaum,
oxa(ac. coacc (yra a+cc.ao. .o oxcc ooxcuumc
(aacuaa, uanoxucuumc axauco, ac_ac acuy oy,
noc.ocuumc aoyr qcu.ax:uoa oca. .o onm. caa+uoc.a,
coc(aucuuoc.a H a noqccca. .o noqccc, a o.oo
ory. au.craoaa.:ca a+xa+umc nam no.aaonoxouoc.ca,
(oc.ynumc a .cxc: naaoc a xcaoc, ancc( a ua+a(, acx a ua+, qcu.
a ncacaa, cac. a .:a. .a no.aaonoxouoc.a, coc(auaac: a
(aacuaa, (a. a+u: .c.:cy nccaaaua qcxoc.uoc.a.
.o ory. m.: (aacuaa, oraua+y_ac .cxcuoc,
cca+ccoc noc.auc.ao, axa yroamc (aacuaa, uo no
a+cc.ay a uanoxucuuoc.a oua y(y. o.xa+a.:ca o. yx:.yuoro
ccco+ua.cx:uoro.
laa(ocax:um oa+o a (aacuaax, a(y_ax a+
rxyaum caoc.a, ac+c+ac. c_c o(ua onno+aqaa: nyc.o.m
a om. Ka naac. ,auc. A(xc o .ax coc.oauaax:
laxo(a. auoc c.cxcuac, c.cxcuac (aa.: (to ollcr),
noaaxa_ccca a+ .oa nyc.o.m. ,aay_ccca .cxo c.auoaa.ca
oxcc no+a+um, c.auoaa.ca .auqc a .aucq c.auoaa.ca
no(uoacuac (ollcria). Cxoaa, c.auoaac: no+a+uma,
ncoa+y.ca a no+a, a no+aa c.auoaa.ca no(uoacuac.
ucrc.a+ccac cuocum, a o.omx .cxo y+uac. naoa onm.
5occ.acuuoro, ouqcu.ay.ca auy.a a (aay.ca +cc+
oco+uauuoc .cxo, a caa ucraa c.auoaa.ca no(uoacuac
,aay_cyca, Caa(c.cx, May, c.ca_cyca
Co+uaua.
,aacuaa, a(y_ac
a+ Caoc.a
64
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
Ce:o{n+ no noqecce omenmuno:o {euenu+ no+eu:oc:
me+o omcmcmeu+/nouco nonoe:enu+. 3mo nouc
nonoe:enu+ e nocmoncmee. e nocmoncmee .o:o u.
o{noee+enno. nouc nonoe:enu+ e u.nu. l{o +en+
ee{em {o::me-
Mo+ noeo:o{n++ me+o. ee++ nuqe:ueonu+ e {qee.
Hoqecc cocmo+: u. {ex cmo{uu.
B neeou no:oeune +en+ +omo:o u nue:o ne noxo{u:oc::
oqqenue e.o:o+ennocmu. necnooennocmu.
B nee:ee e{: e no++mu ecn:::o ocmone{oeco+
+emooo no nm: c ce{qe+. u eo emoou ocmu
nome: u. u+n::coe e cee{une :{u... H {euenu+
noo:u u.:ueom:c+. o{om:c+. coe{un+m:c+. e.
cu:uu c no:nou +ne:ueu u eoe:eennocm:.
H mo xoomo: +ono nu{eueom:c+ nonoe:enu+.
+ono +en+m:. {:+ nmu c ce{qe+ +mo e ne
eono.

65
lxaaa 8
Heronn rexa: aaemeone narreooa
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
lmo m:- lmo m:. no+e:+quuc+ +ou+ me:o+-
B xoomo .no me+. u + coece+ ne .no me+. 1:
men: eu{enno:o. omoenue {euenuu {:ux. m:
neeueonue. .ocmu:nmoe eocn:ox. 1: nocmo+nnoe
e:cmeo om o+:. 1: cmox nu.nonu+. oco+nu+.
Aeucmeue o cmox {eucmeu+.
,aacuac, a o.oo a a uc-a (aay.ca o(uoaccuuo.
Caoo(uma no.o anyx:coa, accoqaaqaa a au.a+aa, aonxo_acmx
.cxo a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa, noxuoc.: norxo_ac. auaauac, a
no xorac a+aa.aa xa+o naxo.xaaoa (auaac cua ~ xmc
.cm, o.aam a oa+m ory. .aucoaoaa.:ca, cua.: +ua+cuac
a cmcx, ccua.: (yr (yra c+ aa(aoa caa+a. Cao .o ccacuac
a+xa+umx oxac.ca onm.a amao(a. uac +a nc(cxm om(cuuoa xoraa
com.aa. H acc, +.o uyuo (xa .oro, ~ +cc.uoc.: a auaa.cx:uoc.:
.cxccum anyx:ca.
O(au a+ aaumx .anoa auy.a na.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa .o amaaxcuac a noacucuac xaa.cumx
na..cuoa. la..cu +aac.aoaauuoc a+ aurxaacoro a+ma
cxoao, oo+ua+a_cc aaxou, acyuo, y+o, cac.cy, c.y.yy,
nauqan, o(cx: (oraua+aqaa +cro-x., no cxoaa Liavo).
Y lcroa 5ca.coua cc.: ncacuoc onc(cxcuac na..cua:
Bcc, +.o noa.oac.ca ox:ac (ayx a+, aaxac.ca na..cuo.
B ou.cc.c Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa no( na..cuaa m
no(a+ycaac noa.oa_acca (aacuaa, a+cc.aa, o.aam,
.cm a oa+m, ac.c+a_acca a noqcccc. B ncay o+cc(: .o
o.uoca.ca a.caaxy, o.oma a(c. o. ,aay_croca.
,xa .oro +.om ouaya.: na..cum, uyuo coa.:
(oc.a.o+uma o.c auoaqaa, nocox:y uac, cocc accro,
y(y. au.cccoaa.: na..cum (aacuaa, noaaxa_acca a
a+umx ou.cc.ax. Onacauaa noa.oa_axca (aacuaa ory.
m.: cnocoo onc(cxcuaa .aax na..cuoa.
66
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
Hoc:e{nee ee++ e monqe ecn::eoem moo+ me+o. eenee.
nou{enn:u nommen: ne.oeemennocm: {euenu+.
mo-mo nounoemc+. ncm: {oe oen: +ne:uno u
ocoemc+. Ho e u.nu ne mo o:no + .oonueo
noomoe. ucnoeno u c {oeo::cmeue+ e:eueo
nnm: u. cnuco {e:. eooqe :: +mo oqqenue
uc-no:nennocmu (om c:oeo no:nomo . u e on::uuco+
moe }u|}:||men| mo: mo-mo c{e:om:. nno
+mu+ .ono:num:}:||. {o oee}. Coee. mo-mo eonoe
ne {e:oemc+. Ocmoemc+ non+m: mo.
***
O. non+:o. B ec: .o ooe-mo {euenue. u{ e ne:o.
o no no:{oo:u ocmonoe:ueoc: e neeeennocmu.
mo +mo eooqe ono. mo m{o. Be{: +ono ::o
noumu mo-nu{: no:me. nocu+nomunee. no::e.
Hunu+oc: .o c:e{qee. 1o e u:n+. Ao::me. Lqe
{o::me. A ee{: +ono ::o c co+o:o noo:o nocmo+m:
m: no{o::me. Hon+m: {o e +ne. Houmu m{o.
coece+.
Bmaaxcuuma na..cu oc. c.a.: oyco noqccca a
acm.: ac.oa.
Hanou, +.o no( ac.oaaa a (auuo cxy+ac a uc
no(a+ycaa noacc.aoaauac c onc(cxcuum cc.o a rcoaa,
+aaa+oa, ayxoa a a+aa+oa. Hc.oaa .cxa ~ .o xaa
nocxc(oaa.cx:uoc.: .cxccumx com.aa auy.a oraua+cuuoro
noc.auc.aa-accua, oxa(a_aa auy.cuuca qcxoc.uoc.:,
+aacacuuoc.: a ocmcxcuuoc.:. .o oc. m.: ac.oaca,
no.oy +.o a uc ac.c+a.ca .cm a ax a+aa.ac, .o oc.
m.: ac.oaca, qcxoc.uoc.: o.ooa co+(ac.ca aocnaa.ac
uax(a.cxa, .o oc. m.: ac.oaca, no.oy +.o m acc aca
acca+maac ac.oa, ac.oa caoca a+ua, a, acca+maaa,
o(uoaccuuo co+(ac cc. Ocmcxcuuoc.: .oa ac.oaa uc accr(a
nc(noxarac., +.o .o acax:uma cmcx, .o oc. m.: .ac
a axoacaxa+ycoc nccaaauac cmcxa.
67
la..cu +ac.o oa+yc. ocuoay ac.oaa, cc auay. Ho caa
ac.oaa .o uc uao na..cuoa. Hc.oaa .o a+cacuac
na..cua. la..cu a+caac.ca uaxo(cuac cmcxa a
nccaaauac +aacacuuoc.a.
5oxcc naam+uoc nouaauac o.uoacuaa acca++aa a
ac.oaa .o a acca+maa ac.oa. H, (cac.aa.cx:uo,
acca+maauac ac.oaa .o ucnoc.oc a o+cu: qcuuoc
ycuac a acycc.ao. Ho a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa aua+axc am
ouayaaac.c, +.o ac.oaa acca+maac. cca +cc+ aac. Kor(a
m ox:ac nacy.c.ayc a onm.c ac.oaa acca+maac. cca
aaa. B ouqc ouqoa, am c.auoaa.cc: .oa ac.oaca, a am
c.auoaa.cc: ox:ac .oa ac.oaa.
Muc au.cccuo coaa.: a+xa+umc ac.oaa .cxa. Muc
au.cccuo y+uaaa.: ax a caoc onm.c a y+uaaa.: ac.oaa (yrax. H
xo+y acca+a.: o uco.omx .aax ac.oaax. H uc ory acca+a.:
caa .a ac.oaa, nocox:y oua acmaa.ca a cao onm.c. H
acnm.maa onc(cxcuumc cxouoc.a, nocox:y nouaa, +.o
cyc: +a +a(a+y +aac(oo ucro(uma cc(c.aaa (1. xao.),
no.oy +.o oc noacc.aoaauac y(c. .ox:o o.roxoco, cxcoa
noaaacoa, aaoa ac.oaa. H oxcc no(ouo accay o .cx
.aax ac.oaax, noaxxc.aoaaa ax a+xa+uma nacaa.
Herona oera (nop>eua)
,aay_acca +ac.o ua+aua. .aucq, xca ua noxy axa
xa+o noxy. Y(cxaa acc auaauac ay .cxccumx o_y_cuaa,
(aay_aaca aocco+(ac. ca.yaqa, ao uoro uanoaua_y
ccucoo.ouma no.o nccaaauaa xa(cuqa. Coo.ac.c.acuuo,
ory. noaaxa.:ca a cax:umc oqaouax:umc nccaaauaa,
caa+auumc c onm.o auucro (c.c.aa ~ a(oc.: arm a y+uaaauaa
coc.acuuoro .cxa, ucamuocaoc o(auo+cc.ao a amcoaa
+ua+aoc.: .cxccuoro ou.a.a (ococuuo c uax(a.cxc,
oxaqc.aoa_a auuaa o.c.). loc.cncuuo ,aay_aaca
oc. no(uaa.:ca, ac.aaa.:, amac.a.:, cua.: caoa o.uoacuaa
c noc.auc.ao a c ,yraa.
.a ac.oaa oc. noacxo(a.: a aax o(uoa ccccaa
axa noc.cncuuo a+aoa+aaa.:ca ao accua.
B a+cc.ac naca naac(y cxy+aa, onacauuma
a+aax:ca .auqcaax:um .canca.o Houoa Haxa-^caa:
Hc.oaa oc.a
(no(.ca)
68
l. nume: o +ne no {eu:ome::n meonu {ec+m:
:em no.o{. 1o:{o on :: 26 :emnuu cm{enm-ucm.
1e:o ne ::o .oomo u:u non+eno. :o:oc cnooun:u
u eeenn:u. Ho +ou eonoc o nuune ooqenu+
{eu:ome::nou meonuu l. omeemu:. mo on ne
no:nocm: no::.emc+ ceou+ nomenquo:o+. mo-mo
e:o ocmonoe:ueoem. l. om+emu:. mo e eo.ocme o{no:o
:o{o on :umu:c+ +omeu. o{noo omeq enu:c+ cnoeo. u
e:o {emcmeo ::o o:n:+.
lo:{o l. ::o ne{:oeno nonooeom: omenmunoe
{euenue. on ne+e{:enno :e: no no: u noo: {eu:om:
cnun u e{o e e{uno+ {euenuu eo:nou. no :.
1e:o o {mo uco:o noeexnocm:. omoou +ono
nuom:c+ u:u oqmum: ee nuocnoeenue. Ho
oononuu l. .o+emu:. mo {euenu+ ::u nu+mn:. Bo
emoou o. l. no{e:o: cxoue {euenu+: :eo. :oe:e
{euenu+. ece+ me:o+. 1oo+ omuno noemo+:oc: {eo
+ec+qo. dome+ no+eu:uc: noe:e {euenu+: no:.on:e.
xo{:o no emeeen:ox. n:u cmo+. Hnmeecno.
mo nu o{no u. +mux {euenuu ne noucxo{u:o e noo:e
ecmeu. l. ece:{o nouno: {euenue :eo.
Co.{o:oc: eneom:enue. mo mo-mo .ocmoe:+em
e:o o{:u o. eo.eoqom:c+ cxe+e neeuno:o
o.eumu+. Ho+eu:oc: ne{no:oenue. mo {euenu+ e
o{ume::cux o&+mu+x neoco.nonn: u noucmeom
u. c:mo:o cme+:enu+ cnoeo oqmum: ce+ e o&+mu+x
+omeu. 3mo ne{no:oenue cu::no e.eo:noeo:o l.. u
on .oxome: eenm:c+ {euenu. Ho +mom o. e:o
{euenu+ ::u o::mue. ece+ ceou+ me:o+ on ucoeo:
o::qo o&+muu. omo:+ xoem nuocnm:c+ u
noecmeoeom:. Ho oononuu co.o:: B ecmeoeo:
+o+ e ceoe+ me:e. l{mo mo-mo een:oc: o +ne om
nee. 1ene: + .no. mo ne nome+: ee. mo-mo om nee
ocmo:oc: e +oe+ me:e .
.o mx nccxouma ocu.. ,ac o(cxa (aacuaa
naaxa aauoacca. Icnc.ya acaaaxca, noaaaxoc:
.ao+ccoc ua+axo. H+cucuaa noaaaxac: a a xa+uoa
a+ua.
69
Herona ameao6oapeona (aeemrna)
Uac.o ,aay_aaca oc. ua+aua.: noqccc a+ oxcc
+am.oa, +auy.oa ua ccc no+m. lc.cc.acuuo, +.o .o caa+auo
c uanaaxcuac oyca auaauaa auy.:. H auor(a ca nccxo(
o. +am.oro noxocuaa, coc.oauaa a oxcc o.m.oc oc.
noaaa.:ca a +ua+aoc com.ac, +ua+aaa ac.oaa.
B a+cc.ac naca naac(y onacauac noqccca, c(cxauuoc
,aay_aca, a+ uara ,auc. A(xc ,a co+ua.cx:uoro .cxa
(Ollcria lrom tlc Coascious Body):
H axoy a .o axa ouo axo(a. a cua'
Moa ya, .a ya, oua naaca.ca
1aoa a+(ox, .aoc (mxauac, .aoa cxc+m
.a +cxa na.araaac. cua aua+
a o.a(maac: ua+a(
o.maac: ao+(yxy
acacmaa cro auy.:
am(mxa ua+a( a nyc.a
nyc.a a cac.xa
a ac+c+a +(cc: ua ax.ac ocro .cxa
a (aarac: a ac+c+a
.ox:o ya .ox:o o. .ox:o yrxaa .:a +aya
a cac. acm.aa
acm.ac a aoacc uc +(cc: acm.ac a +(cc:
a axoy a .o axa ouo axo(a. a cua'
.a +cxa na.araaac. cua aua+ a cac. acm.aa
Herona o6ereona rexa
B noqcccc oc. na(.a rxyauuoc +yac.ao cao-y+uaaauaa,
a y(.o .m ac.c+aca:ca c coo a ncama a+. .o ocu.
a+yxcuaa a y(aaxcuaa, c o.om ya ,aay_croca accxc(y.
a o.maa. oy caocro coc.acuuoro .cxa. Ka y(.o ya
,aay_croca caa oay. amnyxoc.a a ana(aum, .ac(mc
oc.a a ary nxo.:. Acu_aum a y+aum cnou.auuo o.maa.
caoc .cxo, cro oy c noo_: caoax y. ,oau Uo(ooy
caa+maac. no(oumc nccaaauaa c xa(cu+ccaa na..cuaa
cao-o.a.aa (scll-loldia) a a a+cc.ac axc.ana+ccoro naca
naao(a. acaaucaa a o Mcua_caca Acu_auc, o.oaa
cca. a xcna. caoc .cxo no (oc.acua +cxoc.a.
Hc.oaa
amcaoo(cuaa
(acm.aa)
Hc.oaa oc.cuaa
.cxa.
70
.a ac.oaa acc. o.uoacuac a qcu.aoaaua, a
onc(cxcua rauaq, a o+a_cua. Coc.acuuoc .cxo c.auoaa.ca
onooa (xa caoro cca. .o noxoc ua ao+aa_cuac y.cauumx
ao .:c ucoco+uauuoro (aroqcuuoc.ca, naua(xca_ax ua c
o(cuaa.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B nuococ: :uq. 3mo +oe :uqo. B nouno ++m:
e:o. o {mo cuqo mo-mo no:unmee. o {mo xo
oceoo{um: e:o om ux ::o. x+::o. e.::+{oe.
Hocmenenno no+e:+emc+ oqqenue ceemo u :e:ocmu.
1ene: +mo +oe :uqo. Mne xoemc+ e:o om:m:.
lc.: c_c uoro (yrax ac.oaa: ac.oaa no.ca a noaca,
ac.oaa nco(oxcuaa ncna.c.aaa, ac.oaa noxuoro naua.aa
uca+cuoro...
B .ax ac.oaax cc.: naayc aa a a.yaxa, oua
aonxo_a. a+oamc cxcm onm.a. Oua ory ac.: oua a
(c.c.ac a xa(cu+cc.ac, a aoxqaouumx noraax, a rxyauax
yx:.yuoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro. Ho, caoc rxaauoc, oua oc.a.
cmcx a ucnocc(c.acuuo noaaauaa a nouaauaa onm.a. Buc
.oro oua .ox:o cxcm. Ho, ac.c+aac: c uaa, m y(aaxacca
ax caxc a aoc.a, ucom+uoc.a ac.oaa, aay_ax a uaac .cxc.
B .ax ac.oaax, acca+maacmx .cxo, cc.: ocoaa rxyaua,
(onoxua.cx:uoc a+ccuac, aoxua.cx:uma ayc no(xauuoc.a.
Ia+ycc.ca, ccxa m +cc.um a auaa.cx:um ccc.
H .a rxyaua a y(aaxcuac noaaxa.ca uc .ox:o y
,aay_croca, uo a y Caa(c.cxa. Caa(c.cx: .ac aacu (xa
acm.aa .ax ac.oaa. loaoa c.aoa+cca, ou co+(ac.
(onoxua.cx:uma xy+ auaauaa, a cac.c o.ooro, a a
cac.c noc.oa ua cqcuc, ac.oaa (aay_croca c.auoaa.ca
oxcc aauoa. Caa(c.cx: .o c.ac.uma caa(c.cx:,
no((caaa_cc nacy.c.aac, ou uaoa oa+o uc oqcuaaac.
ac.oa (aay_croca. Ou noc.o uaxo(a.ca a(o, conccaaaa,
uo uc acaaaaac:. H .a uc+aaa no((ca noorac. acm.:ca
cam y(aaa.cx:um a acaam ac.oaa .cxa.
lcxa acuy.:ca cca ac.o+uaa (aacuaa, .o ouo
yaa(c.: c_c o(au acnc. .ax ac.oaa ax rcoca, .cx, .o
(cac.ayc. auy.a ac.oaa. Mm uc accr(a oc ua+aa.: ax cooa.
71
C yoaua ro a xa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro naxo(a.
nccouaa a cyxa+uoc.a, a ua aca noqccca noxy+a. caoa
roxoc, caoc noc.auc.ao a aca, cao ao+ouoc.: m.:
yaa(cuuma a naua.ma.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B mo. uem neconou: mo:cm:u eeno. n:+n:u
nou:ou o+. eemeno+ lo:o+uno...
C yoaua ncaa+uoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro naxo(a.
uc+cxoac+ccac om aao.umc, uaccomc, (coum. H m
na+uac ax uaxa+ac a cao o.ac.c.acuuoc.: ncc( .aa caxaa.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B ucc:e{ me+ .ocm:eonu+. .o+uonu+.
neeo.+onocmu {eucmeoeom: u ecmeoeom:... u. +mo:o
ocoueonu+ u :u+oc: nounoem noocmom: +oqnoe
ne{eu+oe {euenue enee{ no nomu nec:uoquxc+
no:ox. Ho +ne e ne xo:o{no. mene: + +mo xo:o{.
Ae{+nou Be:uon.
C yoauca yx:.yuoro ccco+ua.cx:uoro a Caoc.a
naxo(a. oa+m rcoca a oroa. H .or(a m oc c(a.:ca
uyauo+uoy nacy.c.aa 5occ.acuuoro.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B+eq :u + +mo-
\{eum :u ono +en+-
B enmu +mou +ne:uu
H +mo +ne:u+ eo +ne
B enmu lo:o
H lo: eo +ne
Moe ce{qe :emc+ ne{eu+o
Moe ce{qe :emc+ ne{eu+o
Moe ce{qe :emc+ ne{eu+o
B :o
B ne +o: eu{em: u :oeoum:
Moe ce{qe :emc+ ne{eu+o
Bo.eoqo+c: no +ecmo. + c::m enmennuu :o:oc:
Bo.eoqouc+ {o+ou
Bo.eoqouc+ {o+ou
72
H+uy.a acc .a nccaaauaa caa+aum c a+cucuaaa
oa+a .cxa, o_y_cuac ocooa +ua+aoc.a noacxo(a_cro,
a+(cxacoro caa(c.cxc.
Bauo noa.: .a ac.oaa, uo .ac aauo c(cxa.:
ax +ac.: caoca a+ua. Hc (xa .oro, +.om acnox:+oaa.: ax, a
cocc, c xaro(auoc.: naua.: .c (am, o.omc .a ac.oaa
ncno(uoca. ua. H .or(a caa a+u: oc. c.a.: +ac.:
uauoro ox:aca Hc.oaa.

7J
lxaaa 9
Teonor anayqeroea
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
Mno:o:o:ocuqo u+n::coe u non+enuu. +mo mo-mo
ecc+:c:ennoe u nenon+mnoe. +mo n::coqu+ oueoqux
eocno+unonuu u oceoo{enue oueoqe:o me:o.
Bo:n: men:o u noc:o{enu+. mo ueou oeu:
o.oeonnocm:. o::. mnu. cmno. nenoxo{enu+
+ne:uu: oqqenue. mo me:o o.oeono no +e:ue
cou. +mo o:: necoonnocmu: occo. oo +ne. o
+oeu u.nu. o +oe+ me:e.
\eu{em: on. no omoo+ ueem:. oue eequ
{eucmeume::no +e:+mc+ .nou+:+u ceuoc.
Cnoco oueum: me:o u eu{em:. :{e +eme:e.
.ocm:emue ocmu.
Hm: oceoo{enu om :umnux o:onuenuu. +oem :m:
ne co+:u oomuu u n++ou. no {ocmomono een:u.
5a+oamc naaaxa (xa ,aay_croca a A.,. o+cu: noc.m:
(aara.:ca c +am.ma rxa+aa, +.om ox:ac
auaauaa y(cxa.: auy.cuua anyx:ca, a uc
aucaua,
a.: o.ac.c.acuuoc.: +a cao c+onacuoc.: a
.cx cxy+aax, or(a (aaca:ca mc.o, c ox:aoa
anxa.y(oa axa auc+anuo. 1or(a ouo aro
nao.m.: rxa+a,
ouo +ay+a.:, uo, nocox:y (aacuac narxaaac. a
oxac.: ucacax:uoro, cxoaa uc naac.c.ay.ca,
ccxa ac.c+a.ca (aoc (aay_axca, .o a(ma a+
uax caac., +.o acuuo (xa ucro ay.cu.a+uo: oc.a.:ca
a ou.a.c axa ya.a.
(no 5ager, 2008)
lcxa c m noco.a auaa.cx:uo, .o noac, +.o
ncc( ,aay_aaca a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa c.oa. uoro
+a(a+ cxyaa.: caoc .cxa, anyx:cm a a+xa+umx o(ax:uoc.ax
!
!
!
!
5a+oamc naaaxa
(xa ,aay_croca
74
(aucc.c.a+ccax, oqaouax:umx, oa+umx a ..n.), no+aoxa.:
.a anyx:ca acc.a .cxo a ..(. Hcycc.ao (aay_cro ao uoro
.o acycc.ao oa(auaa. laa(ocax:uo, uo aucauc a.aauma
(aay_aaca auy.cuuc naccaacu. Coo.ac.c.acuuo, aucauc
naccaauma caa(c.cx: c.auoaa.ca oxcc a.aaum auy.a.
,xa uco.omx x(ca aauoa +a(a+ca aaxac.ca cao no
ccc oa_cuac auaauaa .cxy. la .o m oa_ac auaauac
uc (xa .oro, +.om +.o-.o c(cxa.:, (oc.a+: aaumx qcxca, a oauo
uaooo. +.om +.o-.o c(cxaxo c uaa. 1or(a m coc
ycxmaa.: roxoc .cx cxauaa a +yac.a, .cx +ac.ca 5ox:aoro
H, o.omc (o .oro, ao+ouo, uc noxy+axa ao+ouoc.a
aonxo.a.:ca, c.a.: aa(ama, cax:uma.
B .o cmcxc .cuaur (aay_croca .o .cuaur
cxyaauaa, (oacaa a aonxo_cuaa.
Bauo .ac a uaccuac cxyaa.: a cxmaa.:
(cac.aa.cx:uo rxyauumc anyx:cm, xo.a auor(a, (xa .oro,
+.om ycxmaa.: oxcc rxyoy ac.oa, ua uyuo c.axuy.:
noacxuoc.uoc uanacuac, anyx:cm caauy.uoc.a.
loc.cncuuo a+aaaa.ca uaama auaa.cx:uoc.a, y.ou+cuaa
auaauaa, a a ory +ac+a.:, +.o xoa anyx:c oc. acc.a
rxyoo, acc ac.oaa .cxa, a a +ac.a .cxa, oa+maa.ca
a+aaocaa+aum.
O(ua a+ ncamx +a(a+, o.omc c.oa. ncc( ,aay_aca
oycaoaa ua .cxc, anyx:cax .cxa. (cc: ory. noo+: .cxuaa
anoaa+aqaa, a+xa+umc om ao.m c anyx:caa.
,yroa aaaau. .o oycaoaauuoc Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac, uanac, c oyco ua onc(cxcuuoa +ac.a .cxa:
,onyc.a, oyco uaacro noqccca y(c. ya (o
xo.a. Iaccxa:.c cc, uacox:o ao+ouo, +aoa.c rxa+a,
no+yac.aya.c cc o.c, rauaqm, auy.cuucc noc.auc.ao ya.
Kaaa-.o +ac.: oc. +yac.aoaa.:ca xy+ac, aaa-.o o_y_ac.ca
oxcc a+m.o. Hax(ac anyx:cm, +a.c (aacuaa,
o.omc cxy+a.ca a .oa +ac.a auy.cuucro noc.auc.aa.
.o uc am (aac.cc:, a, cocc, yy +.o-.o (aac.. Baac
auaauac uaxo(a.ca a yc. .o ory. m.: ao(aacuaa
axa au.cucaaumc o_y_cuaa, cxy+aaumc anyx:cm, aoc-.o
ccnooac.ao axa accxaxcuuoc.:. noac .cm. Y oro-.o
oc. ca+y noaaa.:ca .ca...
uoycaoaauuoc
Ay.cu.a+uoc
,aacuac
75
O(ua a+ nocxc(oaa.cx:uoc.ca ynaucuaa, o.omc a
nc(xara ncc( noqccco, .aoaa:
J. B naax, o(au a+ na.ucoa +amaac. rxa+a. ,yroa
ua+auac. aya.uo nccc_a.: a+xa+umc +ac.a .cxa
na.uca. locxc a(oro nccc_cuaa nay+a. 1o., .o
(aac., oco+uac., ay +ac.: .cxa, a ao uanaaxcuaa
ou ac(c., +ac+ac. ua+axo a +aacacuac a(oro
nccc_cuaa. 1ac a a .o. (.a), oro (aay..
2. Ha cxc(y_c .anc na.uc c o.m.ma rxa+aa
(ac. anyx:cm, ..c. ua+ax:uma nocmx, uanaaxcuac a caxy
(aacuaa. B .o cxy+ac ua.o a+ na.ucoa uc +uac., y(a
acuuo naac(c. aac (aacuac, no.oy oa o.ac+a. +a
c+onacuoc.: noqccca.
J. Ha .o .anc na.uc c o.m.ma rxa+aa noc.o
naacac.ca aoa-xao +ac.a .cxa (yroro na.uca.
.o naocuoacuac: caocro o(a narxaacuac .oa +ac.a
(aacua. la.uc c o.m.ma rxa+aa uc +a(ac. ua
uanaaxcuaa, ua caxm, .ox:o onc(cxac. cc.o, qcu.
(aacuaa. laocuoacuac coxauac.ca, noa na.uc c
o.m.ma rxa+aa uc caa. nocua.: .o+y acauaa.
4. la.uc c +am.ma rxa+aa (aac.ca caoc.oa.cx:uo.
B.ooa na.uc .ox:o occrac. noc.auc.ao (aacuaa,
+ao.a.ca o c+onacuoc.a a uax(ac..
a.c na.ucm cua.ca oxaa. loqccc (xa.ca JJ-20
auy. a a(y c.oouy.
(cc: yc aa(cu cxc(y_aa aar: a no+aoxa.: anyx:cy
acc.a cua (ax:ac, c.a.: o.aao, .coa, ac.oaca' Ha .o ny.a
o+cu: aaua ao.a c noa.oa_aaca o.aaaa a na..cuaa.
,auc. A(xc naac.: Kxacu. ouayaaac., +.o (aac.ca
auoa: a auoa: o(uaa a .ca c cnocoaa (Adlcr, J972).
Buaauac noa.oa_aca na..cua (aacuaa no+aoxac.
noacua.: +ua+amc ccco+ua.cx:umc .cm. Koc .oro, auor(a
m a(c a Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac c +aaucc amauum oyco
auaauaa (oa+o, (aacuac, aonoco). ,xa noacucuaa .c
a na..cuoa a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa a nc(xara acnox:+oaa.:
uco.omc .cxuaa, a+a.mc a+ 1ca.a ,cac.aaa Iy. anom, a
acuuo: noa.o, a+aa.ac, .aucoaqaa, c(aar.
Ynaucuaa
ncc( noqccco
loa.oa_aacca
o.aam a na..cum
76
.a .cxuaa naauoca. oxcc co+ua.cx:uma acnc.
accxc(oaauaa a Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac, oua aaum (xa
aocna.auaa co+ua.cx:uoc.a, a +ac.: .cuaura ,aay_croca,
uo y xoa .cxuaa cc.: oa.uaa, .cucaaa c.ooua .cxuaa
oc. o.+y(a.:, c.auoaa.:ca acoa, cnocoo uc nyc.a.:
+.o-.o aaoc a onacuoc a noc.auc.ao oco+uauaa. lo.oy,
acnox:+ya .a .cxuaa, aauo noua.: o ax oraua+cuuoc.a: oua
.ox:o noora. ax+a.:ca a noqccc, uo uc onc(cxa. cro.
Hoaro
lcxa noaaaxca aoa-xao +aacuuma anyx:c: ucom+uma,
ucrc.a+uma axa .cucaoa (aruoaycma), .o ouo noa.oa.:
uccox:o a+ .o (aacuac, a o.oo .o anyx:c aonxo_ac.ca.
Ka(oc noa.ocuac no+aoxac. ox:ac yrxya.:ca a nao(y .oro
anyx:ca a (aacuaa. B .o noa.oc m acnox:+yc ucra caoro
anyx:ca, c.aaac: ua+cro uc naauoca.: (onoxua.cx:uo.
Hanac:
+ .o+eo e no::qox cme+:enue com: mo-mo u
nouno noemo+m:/no.eo:+ noemo+m:c+ +mu+
{euenu++: mo:{o +mo cu+onue cmonoeumc+
{euenu++u o.+unonu+ oou-mo neeu{u+ou +occ:.
noxoeu no ::un. H e xoemc+ omoeom: coe
+mou +occ: u nonooeom: no ec. Oo.:eoemc+. mo
me:o no{uoem c:oeo. omo:e + :omoe:c: co.om:.
e::en:ueoem ux u. neo.{e:ennocmu neeueonu+.
Onacuoc.: acnox:+oaauaa .oa .cxuaa: +ac.caauac,
+acua noa.oo noaaauaa.
Paaanrne
B .o cxy+ac m uc .ox:o noa.oac, uo a ucuoro
aa(oa+cuac oy (aacuaa ycoac axa +ac(xac,
yacxa+aaac axa ycu:aac, noc.cncuuo acaaaa noc.auc.ao
aaaaqaa .oro (aacuaa. Mm oc noara.: c anxa.y(oa a .cno,
coxauaa auy.cuu oy (aacuaa. lc.cc.acuuo, m uax(ac
+a oqaaa a accoqaaqaaa, o.om ac(y. .a a+cucuaa. Mm
a+y+ac ao+ouoc.a .oa om, a m a+mxxac no+ay (xa
o(cuaa a nouaauaa cmcxa .oro (aacuaa.
loa.o
Ia+aa.ac
77
Hanac:
B .o+eo oqqenue euoquu. no{o:ueonu+ e :eeou no:e.
u no.eo:+ e+ cu:ueom:c+. cmonoeumc+ no+e:ennee.
Hocmenenno +mo mono+ euoqu+ o.eueoemc+ e {o:.
u + .no e neu cocmo+nue nemenenu+. B no.eo:+ eu
cu:um:c+ u .o+e{:um:c+. u .no e +mo+ e:onue
n::om: u o{ocmnoe eo.{enue {emcou u::.
1cucaaa c.ooua .oa .cxuaa: onacuoc.: +aara.:ca,
y.ouy.: a ccouc+umx cmcxoamx a+aaaax auy.cuucro
noc.auc.aa, no.ca.: oycaoay auaauaa.
Taoeouaqna
1aucoaqaa, a cc onacmaac. Iy. anoa, .o
cnoco noc.cncuuo a+cua.: (cac.aac, noa ouo uc c.auc.
+c-.o (yra (Zaoral, J99J). .o aoxqaouuma noqccc
ncoacuaa om a co(cauaa +cc+ ucox:aac a+cucuaa.
Hanac:
B cmo. X:ono e :o{omu. do+eo .e x:ono. B
noemo+ x:ono. u eqe o::me ooqo enu+onue
no x:ono u oqqenue e:ceoo{enu+ .eo. Ho
c:e{qe+ x:one + .o+eo enmennee u enemnee
non+enue. no{nu+oqeec+ ee. u mee u
:uq. Ho c:e{qe+ x:one + eqe o::me u{ e +mo
non+enue u .o+eo. mo +:mq: :uqo u meu
m+nmc+ no.o{. u ece me:o nom+:ueoemc+. B oqqo
comue. Ho c:e{qe+ x:one + eqe o::me u{ e
+mo non+enue u comue u .o+eo. o +ou oeu
no{nu+omc+ eeex. {:xonue ocmonoe:ueoemc+. u +mo
comue cmonoeumc+ e:onue+ .oxeomum:. B eqe
o::me u{ e +mo non+enue. e:onue .oxeomum:.
u .o+eo :e:uu u.:u no::qee noc:e x:ono u
ooe-mo :e:oe e:ceoo{enue non+enu+ ee.
+mom u.:u. B c:e{quu o.. x:ono+ e :o{onu. +
o::me u{ e +mom u.:u. e:ceoo{enue non+enu+.
u .o+eo. o n:eu u{m enee{. :{: oncoemc+
enu.. no::q: cmonoe+mc+ :e:u+u u eco+enn:+u.
+ cmonoe:c: ++:e.
1aucoaqaa
78
Bauma ocu. +(cc:, a ou.cc.c Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa .o cxc(oaauac cc.cc.acuuoy noqcccy a+cucuaa,
.aucoaqaa a coxaucuac coc.oauaa y(aaxcuaa .c, +.o a a
(aac. aaa. Uac.o a noqcccax m ac.c+acca c y(aaa.cx:uoa
nxac.a+uoc.: auy.cuuca cax:uoc.a, uo +a .a ncc.cauac
o ory. c.oa.: aaumc nocxauaa .cxccumx cuoaa(cuaa,
auy.a .ax a+cucuaa cc.: ocoaa xoraa.
1cucaoa c.oouoa +(cc: oc. m.: cxauac ocooa
cax:uoc.a, ocomx noqcccoa, ococuuo, ccxa am o_y.axa ayc
.aucoaqaa. Bauo noua.:, +.o .o .ox:o +ac.: noqccca.
Cpanr
C(aar o+ua+ac. nccc.a.: (cxa.: .o, +.o am (cxac.c,
a ucc(xcuuo ua+a.: (cxa.: +.o-.o (yroc. Bo(c m .o
no.aaoc+a. nauqana Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, uo auor(a,
or(a m cxaao +ac.caac a ao-xao na..cuc, cao .o
+ac.caauac oc. oa+a.:ca cnocoo uc nyc.a.: cca a oxcc
rxyoaa a +cc.uma noqccc. H .or(a, oc. m.:, noxc+uo
noxuoc.: oc.aaa.: .o nccaaauac a c(aauy.:ca y(a-.o c_c,
uc +uaa, y(a acuuo am nona(c.c. .o. noqccc oc. noa+oa.a
cnou.auuo, a a acc nc(m(y_ac ao+ouoc.a (noa.o, a+aa.ac
a ..(.), uo co+ua.cx:uaa auoaoaauuoc.: a na.aa .ax
c.a.craa noora. a+aa.a oxcc o.m.oro a aaooro
aa(cuaa a+aa.aa noqccca.
lc.cc.acuuo, .cu: .oa c.a.craa oc. m.: c.cxcuac
c(aauy.:ca o. aoro-xao +ua+aoro nccaaauaa, caqaa
+a_a.m.
Bcc .a ynaucuaa, a a uorac (yrac ynaucuaa,
uyum ua onc(cxcuuo .anc. Kor(a m oc (oc.a.o+uo
(oaca.: caoy noqcccy, a auy.cuuaa caa(c.cx: c.auoaa.ca
(oc.a.o+uo +cxm, ynaucuaa a c.a.craa ouo o.oca.:.
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
Ho{:unn:u u+n::c nuxo{um mo:{o. o:{o m:
coeemenno ne e:oem: nue:o coeemom: u {e:om:
u+enno mo:{o {euenue u nocmno noucxo{+m
co+u coou. 3mo noxoe no cu::n:u :ueen: e onqe
e.eemenno:o oo:o {n+ ecmeem:. o mo-mo
ne.u+oe +e{:enno. no neomeomu+o noxoem. ocmem
C(aar
79
no{ ee{ou o{unooe:x. ncm:x. noc:e{oeome::no
c+en+qux {: {:o +:noeenuu (no{oque
no.on:e emuu. o:o e ceoeu e:coxmeu n:::nou
oo:oe} u nomo+ ene.onno e.:eoemc+. eo.nuoem.
o{oemc+. H e +mom +o+enm +en+emc+ ece...

80
lxaaa J0
Teonor Canperexa
H+ (ucauaa uax(a.cxa:
B ceu{eme::cme. em:e e:oeeo {eumc+. o{no
{eemo ceooueoemc+ e :o. .ome+ oc:eoemc+.
o:onc +e{ ocmoonocm: u omuenocm:. {euenu+
u{m e ocnoeno+ om qenmo onenocm++. nocmenenno
ono oceoueoem ceuecoe nocmoncmeo {euenuu.
nonunoeenno+ ++:ocm:: {:o+ enquno {o::o
cu{um neno{euno. .ome+ ecmoem. nonoe:++ o{e{.
u{em no emo no:oeun .o:o. ocmonoe:ueoemc+
cmen: u .o+uoem. .{ec: ee noxo{um eqe o{no enquno.
no neeo+ xo{um om nee. emoo+ ocmoemc+ u nounoem
::o{um: cmen. +mu no::oueonu+ nocmenenno e:eo{+m
ee eo eoqome::n:e {euenu+. neeo+ (e noe+.e}
eo.eoqoemc+ no +ecmo. om{o ono nouno:o u on+m:
co{umc+ neno{euno. Bmoo+ on+m: ecmeoem cmen.
.ome+ eqe o. noxo{um nee enqun. onu cu{+m
e+ecme. on+emuc:.
Cxoao caa(c.cx:c.aoaauac (itacssia) noacxo(a.
o. c.aoaurxaacoro it, o.ooc oxaa.maac. +ua+cuaa
+uauaa a y.ac(cuaa, a .ac +yac.ao oa a cnocouoc.:
+ac+a.: ucoa(auumc caa+a. Bxaauac uax(a.cxa uauoro
ox:ac noc.oa xaro(auoc.a, .o a+ucuuo aauaa yuqaa,
na(a_aa onm.y cmcx. B Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa caa(c.cx:
uax(ac. (aay_croca, a +a.c ao+aa_ac. cy anc+a.xcuaa
a +yac.aa, noo(cuumc cro (aacuac, uo roaoa. o uax uc a
o ac.auc a nocxc(uca auc.auqaa, a a o aao +cxoac+cco
onm.c. B oxa caa(c.cxa m noc.oauuo coc(auac (ac
no.aaonoxouoc.a: c o(uoa c.ooum, m noc.o o.m.m accy,
+.o noacxo(a. a m ro.oam .oy, +.om oa+a.:ca auy.cuuc
acaax:uo xa+o caocy ,aay_cyca. .o oc. m.:
(ac coc.oauac cxaauac, o.ooc Kur ua+maax artiatioa
mystiquc. C (yroa c.ooum, ua uyuo a+xa+a.: a noua.:
(cac.aaa (aay_croca, a .ac uaaa oqaouax:umc caqaa
81
a accoqaaqaa, m oc auaxa+aoaa.: ax c .canca.a+ccoa
axa .ao+ccoa .o+a +cuaa. B noc.oauuo coc(aucuaa .ax
(ayx c.oou, (ayx no.aaonoxouoc.ca, a noacxo(a. no+uauac
qcxoc.uoc.a.
Caa(c.cxa om+uo acnoxara.ca no ncac.y
noc.auc.aa. lcxa m ao.ac a rynnc, .o Caa(c.cxa
ory. oa+oaa.: yr no ncac.y noc.auc.aa. .o. yr
y(c. caaoxa+aoaa.: ocooc noc.auc.ao, c+onacuoc a
caa_cuuoc, a Caa(c.cxa y(y. xaua.cxaa .oro noc.auc.aa.
Ha ua+ax:umx .anax na.aa Caa(c.cxa ory. c.oxuy.:ca
c (aya ocuoauma cxouoc.aa. lcaaa coc.oa. a c.cxcuaa
cxaao occra.:, cxaao nccaaa.: +a caocro ,aay_croca.
1or(a Caa(c.cx: o+cu: aoaxc+cu a .o, +.o noacxo(a. c ,aay_aca
a .cac. ou.a. co caoaa coc.acuuma o_y_cuaaa a +yac.aaa.
Huor(a cax:uoc aoaxc+cuac a (yroro aaxac.ca cnocoo a+ca.:
coc.acuumx +yac.a, ococuuo (acoo.umx.
l_c o(ua cxouoc.: coc.oa. a .o, +.o Caa(c.cx oc.
m.: cy+uo, a ou/oua ua+auac. o.axca.:ca, .cac. auaauac.
Huor(a .o noacxo(a. no.oy, +.o m noc.o uc naamxa, uc
ycc y(cxa.: auaauac +cy-.o (oc.a.o+uo (oxro, y uac axo
uaamoa ouqcu.aqaa auaauaa. B uaaca yx:.yc, oc.
m.:, c_c uc naua.o y(cxa.: uoro auaauaa (yroy +cxoacy
c+ ocomx ua .o na+au. H .or(a .cuaur Caa(c.cxa .o
oaoaauac uaama ouqcu.aqaa auaauaa.
,xa .oro .cuaura oc. m.: noxc+um nc(c.aaxcuac
o (ayx uanaaxcuaax auaauaa, (ayx o(ax:uoc.ax auaauaa:
a.aauo (H uanaaxa auaauac) a naccaauo (U.o-
.o naxo(a. a noxc ocro auaauaa). Moc auaauac oc.
m.: a.aaum, a_y_a, ouayaaa_a, axa naccaaum,
nauaa_a. lcoraa ly(aca ua+maac. .a uanaaxcuaa: (ac
c.cxm auaauaa. Caa(c.cx noxc+uo a+aaaa.: o(uoaccuuoc
nacy.c.aac .ax (ayx uanaaxcuaa auaauaa.
Huor(a a nc(xara .aoc ynaucuac (xa uac.oaa ua
noqccc a .cuaoay auaauaa:
B naax, ac.au:.c (yr uano.aa (yra, amca.c ucox:aoc,
uo oo.uoc (xa aac acc.oauac. Ha uccox:o ccyu(
+aoa.c rxa+a, uac.aaaaac: ua o_y_cuaa caocro .cxa.
a.c o.oa.c rxa+a a ua+ua.c co.c.: a rxa+a
Ynaucuac
82
caocy na.ucy. Co.a.c cnooauo a aro, coxauaa
ucncmauoc.: uanaaxcuaa auaauaa. Bauo, +.o cca+ac
acuuo am co.a.c ua na.uca. ac+aa.c, aac
+yac.aa a o_y_cuaa noaaxa.ca, or(a am co.a.c a
rxa+a na.ucy.
a.c nonoya.c ccua.: uanaaxcuac auaauaa
no+aox:.c cax:uoc.a na.uca na(.a aa. Car+a.c
a+rxa( a +ac.:.c, a oa+m aucaucro aa, ax+aa
oa+ na.uca, naxo(a. aa.
A +a.c nonoya.c nccx+a.:ca c(y (aya .aa
cnocoaa oraua+aqaa auaauaa, nccx+aa.cc:
cnooauo, a caoc a.c, a, oc. m.:, a aoa-.o ocu.
oua cory. cy_cc.aoaa.: o(uoaccuuo.
anoua.c .o coc.oauac. A +a.c nono_aa.cc: c
na.uco a+rxa(o a +aoa.c rxa+a.
Caa(c.cx:c.aya, m +ac+ac caa (aacuaa
,aay_croca, a+aa.ac .ax (aacuaa a noc.auc.ac a
accua, .o, +.o ,oau ,aac oc.oyuo ua+aaxa .a(aqaouum
aurxaaca ooo.o raaa a ox.m (Davis, 2007). Hcuuo
.o aaxac.ca ocuoaoa uax(cuaa. O+cu: aauo uay+a.:ca
aa(c.: uorooa+ac (aacuaa, (ac a cynmx noaaxcuaax.
Ba(c.: uc .ox:o .o, aoc (cac.aac coacaac. ,aay_aaca, uo
a .o, aac qcu.m .cxa a c aa a+cc.ao, c aoa ucraca na
.o (aay.ca. Mouo uay+a.:ca +ac+a.: cnoco oraua+aqaa
(aacuaa a noc.auc.ac a accua, noa.oa_acca o.aam.
H noc.oauuo c.axaaac: c .c, +.o ua cao (cxc uorac
x(a uc aocnauaa. (aacuaa (yroro +cxoaca. 5m.oaoc
onacauac (aacuaa o+cu: nxococ a auax:uoc, ouo (cac.aa.cx:uo
cccmcxcuuo. Ho, ccxa m .cuaycca a a+xa+umx cnocoax
axa naac.ax onacauaa (aacuaa (uanac, uacox:o
m aocnauaac .c+cuac accua, oraua+aqa (aacuaa a
nxococ.ax a ..(.), .o uaac onacauac a aocnaa.ac (aacuaa
oc. c.a.: ora+c a uc.aaaax:ucc.
H nou noqcccm, or(a oa Caa(c.cx: a noqcccc
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa o+cu: no(ouo +anacmaaxa acc,
+.o aa(a.. Huor(a onacaua (aacuaa oua (oaaxaxa caoa
accoqaaqaa (oa+m a +yac.aa). .o onacauac mxo o+cu:
no(oum, a au.cnc.aqaa auaax:uma no o.cy.
8J
lo(ouoc.: onacauaa co+(axa caocro o(a no.o, o.oma
no+aoxax acnoua.:-nccocmcxa.:-yaa(c.: c_c c o(uoa
c.ooum oa noqccc. H.a, cao onacauac (aacuaa oc.
m.: no.oo.
Ka Caa(c.cxa m .ac +ac+ac .c +yac.aa, o.omc
noaaxa.ca y uac. .o o+cu: aauma aqcu., o.oma uc acc ca+y
nouaa.: Ceu{eme:: ne one{e:+em ecmeo Aeuqe:oc+.
on noxo{umc+ e onmome co ceou+u ecmeo+u. Hu.cccuo,
+.o, cox:o m a uc o.acuax .o. nauqan ua noqcccax (xa
ua+aua_ax, ou ca+y uc aocnauaac.ca. Mm uac.ox:o
naamxa a+(aaa.: caoa nocqaa oya_a, +.o uc
+ac+ac .oro.
Caoc aauoc a .cuaurc Caa(c.cxa .o ao+ouoc.:
a+xa+a.: caoa nocqaa a cax:uoc.: na.uca. la+uaaa.:
uaxa+ac .ax nocqaa yc ox:aoa aar. Huor(a oua
uac.ox:o uc aa(um axa(cx:qy, +.o ay.ca +ac.:
cax:uoc.a. O+caa(uo c, +.o .o. +cxoac ryc.a.l Ho ccxa
m.: oxcc auaa.cx:um, .o ouo +ac.a.:, +.o .o. +cxoac
noc.o ucuoro uaxouax roxoay, cro (mxauac +ac(xaxoc:, a a
no+yac.aoaax ryc.:. Ho a uc +ac.ax .oro +yac.aa a ccc axa uc
+axo.cx cro ouaya.:, cnocqaoaaa cro ua caocro na.uca.
O(ua a+ camx noc.mx cnocooa ouaya.: .a
nocqaa aaxac.ca ao.a a .aa(ax, or(a ua o(uoro (aay_croca
naxo(a.ca (aoc caa(c.cxca. 1or(a oc. ouaya.:ca a+uaqa
a aa(cuaa a nouaauaa, a+uaqa, o.oaa o.aac. .o, +.o m
auoca a oya_y cax:uoc.: a (yrax x(ca.
Bauo nouaa.:, +.o cao uaxa+ac nocqaa uc aaxac.ca
+c-.o ucra.aaum. 5oxcc .oro, .a nocqaa uca+cuaa
+ac.: +cxoac+ccoro aocnaa.aa. Cxouoc.: ua+auac.ca .or(a,
or(a m ua+auac nauaa.: ax +a cay cax:uoc.:.
1aa oa+o, y uac noaaxac.ca (ac +a(a+a (xa
Caa(c.cxa J) ao+ouoc.: ouayaaa.: caoa nocqaa a
cy(cuaa a 2) ao+ouoc.: aocnauaa.: (cac.aaa ,aay_croca
uanay, auc .ax nocqaa.
,auc. A(xc, onacmaaa Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a
(yxoauy na.ay, aao(a. noua.ac naoro onm.a (dircct cx-
cricacc) (xa onacauaa ocomx ocu.oa noxuoro aonxo_cuuoro
(cmbodicd) oco+uaaauaa y Caa(c.cxca a ,aay_axca. H
84
cxmay, a Caa(c.cx: noa+uoca. .a cxoaa: H aay, a .m
noaoa+aaaca:ca, a +yac.ay conccaaauac. H or(a a cxmay,
a Caa(c.cx: o .o roaoa., cao cxoao conccaaauac a
.o. ocu. aaxac.ca conccaaauac (Adlcr, 2002).
H+ (ucauaa Caa(c.cxa:
B eu. o Aeuqo+c+ +e{:enno u{em enee{. B
eu. o ee u {eumc+ nee{ :uqo+. enoeo
u e:eeo. \ +en+ no+e:+emc+ oo.: ono o {mo
o.{eu:oem oue-mo .onoeecu. B .o+eo. mo no
o{o+ mo:e +en+emc+ e:oenue ee :uqo. Mou oo.:
ono .o::+{:eoem e o.n:e cocmo+nu+ u ecmeo. ne
no{o+ nu e o{no u. nux. eo:n: cocmo+nuu noe:om
no ee :uq. o ono no{o:oem u{mu. B .o+eo. mo
nouno ::om:c+.
loxy+ac.ca, +.o, ccxa coc.oauac nacy.c.aaa coxauac.ca a
a ocu. noroaoa, .o +ac.: auoaqaa noxo(a. cao+: cxoaa, a
uc c noo_: cxoa. Ka acuuo roaoa. Caa(c.cx:, a ou ncc(ac.
noc.oc onacauac (aacuaa .o aauo. H .or(a o(au a+ x+camx
acnc.oa .cuaura Caa(c.cxa coc.oa. a ao+ouoc.a oc.aaa.:ca a
nacy.c.aaa a nccaaauaa onm.a a ocu. cro onacauaa.
Ia+uooa+ac cnocooa amacuaa, acycc.ao onacauaa
onm.a .o cxc(y_aa c.a(aa nocxc nacy.c.aaa, ou.a.a c
.a onm.o.
1cuaya cnocouoc.: uax(cua a a+xa+umc cnocom
amacuaa onm.a, .ac aauo noua.:, +.o cmcx oc. m.:
ucama+a. B .o cmcxc, +.o uc ama+a ua o(ua a+ a+moa. H .or(a
ou noc.o cc.: . Ka ya axa uora. ,aay_aaca axa ucno(aauaa.
Hcuuo no.oy auor(a onm. Caa(c.cx:c.aoaauaa xy+ac
accro ory. ama+a.: c.aom a c.axa.
H+ (ucauaa Caa(c.cxa:
+.:o oux mo:oe.
no::qee om:m:x.
eoqenu+ +uo
{o eo.eoqom:c+ e ocenn no:-
e :o+q .e+:-
:unnm :o{onu
nu:unnm: u ocn:ocmom:c+.
85
no ne ocmoeum:.
e.:emem:. nom+nm: num:
e e..ee.{noe neo
noe{e
+.: no::qee.
{e:o+ cmn: {o{+.
onounm:c+ e neo
:oeumu :::ee
nu::n:u .e+:e.
.eee+ nocmoncmeo .em:.
o.eenm:c+
enm:- no-
+.:o {em omeemo+...
nocm:+
Bauo, +.om cmcx (aacuaa, (cac.aaa, o(a_croca
a+uy.a, (o+cx , +.om m uc cncaaxa cmaa.: cro, a (axa cy
acqacc.a a co+c.:, na.aac: ao(oa +yac.a a cac.o auaauaa.
H .or(a ac.oaa .cxa oc. c.a.: a.yaxo aonxo_cuaa (yxa.
lo.oy aauo a noacax aonxo_cuaa auy.cuuax nccaaauaa
noua.: o ucama+ao.
B ouqc .oa rxaam uc xo+c.ca naacc.a c.axo.aocuac
Yoxxcca C.aacuca 1aua(qa.: cnocooa yaa(c.: +cuoro (o+(a.
Muc ac.ca, +.o ouo oc. uoroc ca+a.: o ucama+aoc.a
Caa(c.cx:c.aoaauaa.
Yoxxcc C.aacuc
1IHHA,QA1l ClOCO5OB
YBH,l1l UlIHOlO ,IO,A
l
Cc(a (aa(qa.a oroumx cucumx ro
l(auc.acuuoc, +.o (aaraxoc:,
.o mx rxa+ +cuoro (o+(a.
ll
Y cua mxo .oac.acuuoc co+uau:c,
H mx, a (ccao, ua o.oo
1a +cumx (o+(a.
86
lll
Ucuma (o+( +ayaxca a occuuc aaxc,
.o mxa axcu:aa (c.ax: nau.oam.
l\
My+aua a cu_aua
.o o(ua nxo.:.
My+aua a cu_aua a +cuma (o+(
.o o(ua nxo.:.
\
H uc +ua, +.o nc(no+cc.::
Kaco.y o(yxaqaa
Hxa aco.y no(a+ycaauaa,
lcuac +cuoro (o+(a
Hxa .aaauy nocxc .oro.
\l
Cocyx:a +anoxuaxa acc ouo
Baaacaa c.cxaaaa.
a ouo cx:axa .y(a-c(a
1cu: +cuoro (o+(a.
Hac.ocu:c
Cxc(oaaxo +a .oa .cu:,
Ka +a .aauc.acuuoa na+auoa.
\ll
O, xy(oco+umc y(cqm Xa((aa,
a+c aa aooaacmc +oxo.mc n.aqm'
Hxa am uc aa(a.c, a +cuma (o+(
lmrac. ooxo camx uor
Acu_au aaacro roo(a'
\lll
H +ua +ay+umc a+cm
H +aouac, uco.aa.amc am,
Ho +ua .ac,
U.o +cuma (o+( uca+cuo y+ac.ayc.
B .o, +.o a +ua.
lX
Kor(a oa +cuma (o+( ac+c+ a+ rxa+,
5mxa o+c+cua rauaqa
^aa: o(uoro a+ uorax yro+ooa.
87
X
la aa(c +cumx (o+(oa,
^c.a_ax a +cxcuo cac.c,
,ac xy(uaa xaro+ay+aa
Bcauyxa m nou+a.cx:uo.
Xl
Ou cxax +cc+ Kouuc.ay.
B c.cxauuoa ac.c.
Buc+anuo c.ax noua+ax cro,
ly noa+axoc:,
U.o .cu: o. cro anaa-
.o c.aa +cumx (o+(oa.
Xll
Ica .c+c..
Ucuma (o+( (oxcu xc.c.: a xc.c.:.
Xlll
Bcc: (cu: mx ac+c.
la(ax cucr
H cucr coaaxca na(a.:.
Ucuma (o+(
Ca(cx ua amcoo c(c.
(Heeaop B. Bnraonmeeoro)

88
lxaaa JJ
Berena anayqeroea n Canperexa:
noeraoerao noreraqnn
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B om:eo ::o.o u eu ::o.o Ceu{eme:+. L:o e.::+{
oemc+ +ne oen: ::ou+ u om:m:+. H +mom
e.::+{ eo.eoqoem +ne +oe cocmeennoe oqqenue
::un: u om:mocmu. 3mom e.::+{ o {mo
:oeoum +ne. mo ece ne nonocno. ece u+eem c+:c:. ece
eono.
B ao.c c a+cc.aaa (aacuaa uc uaaa.ca
acnox:+oaa.: axxaa+ccy c.aoy: am am(cxac aoc-.o
a+cc.ao, +.om o+ac.a.: cro o. naccca, a a +ac.o aa(c ouo
oc. (a.: coacc (yrac caqaa. 1o+uo .ac a Ay.cu.a+uo
,aacuaa m a+(cxac oxa Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca,
o.uoca ax a+um x(a, +.om ouo mxo o+ac.a.: ax,
y+ua.: acuoc.: ,cac.aaa a acuoc.: Caa(c.cx:c.aoaauaa. A +a.c,
na ac.c+c y+ac.uaoa (aa(m oua ory. aoccoc(aua.:ca a
co+(a.: axococaa acu: ay.cu.a+uoc.a.
lc.cc.acuuo, +.o a+aao(cac.aac Caa(c.cxa a
,aay_croca noacxo(a. a .c+cuac accro noqccca. Ca a.
.oro, +.o ua cua co.a., caa+au c o(uoa a+ ocuoaumx (a
+cxoac+ccoro cy_cc.aoaauaa: cxauaa m.: yaa(cuum a c.axa
m.: yaa(cuum.
Koua .oa (am xca. a onm.c auucro (c.c.aa, or(a
m, a ccuo, uaxo(axa cca, y+uaaaxa a+u: a xy+c auaauaa
o(a.cxca. O.+ac.a .a c, a onm.c (c.co-o(a.cx:cax
o.uoacuaa, xca. oua cxauaa cm.:, cna.a.: .o, +.o oc.
am+aa.: uco(ocuac.
O.uoacuaa c(y ,aay_aca a Caa(c.cxc cy_cc.ay.
ua a+umx yoauax. Cama .ouaa a+ uax .o cao nacy.c.aac
uanaaxcuuoro auaauaa. Huor(a, na a+aa.oa +yac.aa.cx:uoc.a,
(aay_aaca (ac oc. +ac.a.: c +am.ma rxa+aa, +.o cro
caa(c.cx: o.axcca. lcxa y aac yc cc.: onm. Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa, am oc.c noc.aaa.: mcxcuuma cncacu.:
89
lc(c.aa:.c, +.o am (aarac.cc: a aoa-.o oc.auoac,
a ua aac ua.o uc co.a.. A +a.c nc(c.aa:.c .y c cay
oc.auoay, .c c auy.cuuac a aucauac ycxoaaa, uo .cnc:
a(o c aaa nacy.c.ayc. Caa(c.cx:.
Uc y(y. o.xa+a.:ca .a com.aa' Koro am nc(c.aaxaxa
a oxa Caa(c.cxa'
Cama o+caa(uma cmcx nacy.c.aaa Caa(c.cxa .o
occnc+cuac c+onacuoc.a. .o aauo, nocox:y ,aay_aaca
uaxo(a.ca c +am.ma rxa+aa, ao+ouo (ac c noaa+oa ua rxa+ax.
Huor(a au.cucaauoc.: no(uaa_croca ccco+ua.cx:uoro a.caaxa
.aoaa, +.o oua .cyc. ox:acro nacy.c.aaa co+ua.cx:uoro, a
.or(a ,aay_cyca nc(xara. o.m.: rxa+a. Ococuuo aauo
cox(cuac .ax rauaq a .canca.a+cco ou.cc.c.
B acox.uo xo ou.cc.c acnox:+oaauaa A.,. aaua
a+a+ccaa c+onacuoc.: (aay_croca, uo a .o c caoc aca
Caa(c.cx: uc (oxcu +auaa.: no+aqa onca_cro o(a.cxa.
Huor(a, a ua+axc na.aa, a aay y uco.omx Caa(c.cxca .o,
+.o ouo ua+aa.: onxcco uacc(a: c.cxcuac +c+cuo
+ao.a.:ca o ,aay_cca, cax:uoc ccnooac.ao no xoy
noao(y. .o oc. m.: caa+auo c .c, +.o Caa(c.cx .y(uo
naua.: coc.acuumc +yac.aa, a .or(a +c+cuaa aucauaa +ao.a
c.auoaa.ca cnocoo ya.a o. caoax nccaaauaa. lo.oy a
xacca+cco aaaau.c Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa c+a.ac.ca, +.o
ox: Caa(c.cxa roa+(o cxoucc oxa ,aay_croca a .cyc.
ox:aca no(ro.oaa.
1o+uo .ac aaua a ncaxoxora+ccaa c+onacuoc.:
,aay_croca. Ococuuo .o a.yax:uo a ou.cc.c rynnoaoa
ao.m, or(a cc.: uccox:o ,aay_axca. 1or(a auy.a
na.aa aao(a.ca +anc. ua na+aucuac ac(a ccc, (yra
x(a a noc.auc.ay. anc. o.uoca.ca naoy amacua
arcccaaumx a cccyax:umx anyx:coa, uanaaxcuumx ua (yroro
+cxoaca. (cc: cc.: .ouaa rau: aauo uc no(aaxa.: .a
anyx:cm, na+uaaa.: ax uaxa+ac, uo uc amaa.: ax nao,
uaxo(a.: c+onacumc cnocom amacuaa .ax ucraa.
Koc .oro, a .o, +.o noacxo(a. a .c+cuac noqccca
c(y ,aay_aca a Caa(c.cxc, cc.: c_c o(ua aauaa +oua
ac.c+a na.ucoa nocxc noqccca. .a ac.c+a oc. noxo(a.:
no-a+uoy. Huor(a ouo noc.o nc(xoa.: ,aay_cyca
90
+aacaa.: noqccc, .or(a ou o.maac. rxa+a a ac.c+ac.ca
a+rxa(o c na.uco, a +a.c Caa(c.cx: a ,aay_aaca
ocy(a. noxy+cuuma onm.. Bo+ocu .ac onc(cxcuuma
nccxo( o. (aacuaa acax:uoy a+aao(cac.aa +cc+
nac:o, acoaauac axa xcny.
Ho .ac caa ac.c+a Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca oc.
m.: ocom com.ac. Uac.o a nc(xara Caa(c.cxa, or(a
no(xo(a. ouqy oroaocuuoc aca noqccca, aoa.a a a
(aacuaa caocro ,aay_croca, ..c. nacoc(aua.:ca a+cc.ay
a acyuy (aacuaa, uaa.a coacc.uma +aacaa_aa .aucq axa
no+y, o.oaa no+aoxac. +aacaa.: noqccc. Huor(a .a ac.c+a
oc. am+maa.: (oc.a.o+uo cax:umc +yac.aa ucoa(auumc
cxc+m axa ocooc o_y_cuac ou.a.a.
lcxa ua caaoxa+cco yoauc Caa(c.cx: a ,aay_aaca
oxaqc.aoa. (ac c.ooum uaaca (yaa, .o ax ac.c+a no(oua
ao+aa_cua (ooa nocxc (oxroro ny.cacc.aaa. Moc. m.:, a
.o ny.cacc.aaa .m yc +amx, +.o y .ca cc.: .o. (o: cc.o,
r(c .ca acc aca (y., r(c .ca y(y. (a.: accr(a. H, or(a .m
ucoa(auuo y+uaca:, +.o acc .o aca .ca (axa .a, ory.
noaaa.:ca cxc+m y+uaaauaa a acaauaa, .a rxyaua coacc.uoro
nacy.c.aaa a (oc (yaa, or(a ac.c+a.ca .o., .o ,cac.ayc.,
a .o., .o Caa(c.cx:c.ayc..
Uac.: noqccca au.craqaa onm.a aaxac.ca noroao
axa slaria. Ou oc. noxo(a.: a naax (ccxa ao.axa (aa(a
,aay_aaca-Caa(c.cx:) a/axa a yry.
C+a.ac.ca, +.o ,aay_aaca aaxac.ca cnc.o caoax
nccaaauaa, a no.oy ou roaoa. ncam. C.a.cra+ccaa
+a(a+a Caa(c.cxa coc.oa. a .o, +.om noo+: noaaa.:ca
auy.cuucy Caa(c.cx ,aay_croca, +.om +cxoac or acuo
a noxuoqcuuo nauaa.: caoa coc.acuuma onm.. lo.oy
oa.uaa caa+: (ac.ca a (oc.a.o+uo c.oroa oc: Caa(c.cx:
roaoa. .ox:o o. ncaoro xaqa, roaoa. o caoax uax(cuaax,
+yac.aax, nocqaax, a+crac. cy(cuaa a c.c.a+ccax uo.
Ba.axaa Kououoa, o(au a+ na.aoa ao.m c .cxo, .a
nacax o .o a xorc, nocaa_cuuo Ay.cu.a+uoy ,aacua
(ltt://commuaity.livcjouraal.com/autlcaticmovc/JJ6J.ltml):
Uac.o a naax ouo uax(a.: .aoa (aaxor:
uax(a.cx:, (aaaa oa.uy caa+:, (cxa.ca caoa ucuac
loroao
91
o (aacuaa na.uca. Hanac, ou oc. acnox:+oaa.:
cxoaa ucacaao, cxaao (oxro, .o mxo cy+uo
a .a (axcc. B A. ,. m na.ayc oaoaauac a+ma,
o.oma amaac. uaa xa+uma onm., +a o.oma ua.o
uc uccc. o.ac.c.acuuoc.a, oc cua caoro. 1o cc.:
acc.o .oro, +.om roaoa.: .o mxo cy+uo a cay
uc mxo cy+uo . Bcc.o naroaoa cxaao (oxro,
o.oma y.ac(ac. ucy ucacuy xa+uy aaxy
qcuuoc.ca, a c.aac: uaxo(a.: oyxaoaa .ana a
+yac.aoaax uc.cncuac axa uc xo.cxoc:, +.om .o
+aou+axoc: mc.cc.
.o. .ouaa ocu. acac.ca aauoa ococuuoc.a
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa acaax:uo ya.: axaauac
(o)cy(cuaa co c.ooum. Ay.cu.a+uoc.: onc(cxac.ca
.c, uacox:o a ory cxc(oaa.: coc.acuum anyx:ca
c+ orxa(a ua .o, a oc (aacuac, noac(cuac y(c.
yaa(cuo. la ocuc anc+a.xcuaaa m nox:+ycca
ouc.yqaaa, o.omc uc no(a+ycaa. aucauaa
aa.oa.c.. Caa(c.cx: c.aac.ca roaoa.: a .cauax H
+yac.ay, H aay, H nc(c.aaxa, Muc (yac.ca,
acc.o H c+a.a, +.o axa H +ua.
1or(a no naaaxa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, ccxa y Caa(c.cxa
cc.: no.cuoc.: no(cxa.:ca caoca au.cnc.aqaca
yaa(cuuoro, ou oc. .o ama+a.: uanac cxoaaa:
Kor(a .m (cxax .o-.o a .o-.o, a c.ax .ca.: auaauac, a
uc naaxa mcx:, +.o .m yaxcca cooa.
Ha cao (cxc a ox:aauc.ac cxy+aca maac. yc
(oc.a.o+uo ca+a.: a no.cax auaauac, +.om (a.:
noua.: ,aay_cyca, +.o ou yacx cxaao a cca
a, ao+ouo, no.cax auy.cuucro Caa(c.cxa. Ho
ona.: c, .o yaxcca cooa yc roaoa. o .o,
+.o Caa(c.cx: au.cnc.ayc. onm. ,aay_croca,
ao+ouo, ou oa(ax, +.o cro y(y. a+axca.:, .or(a
a +a(a+a Caa(c.cxa coc.oa. a .o, +.om o.cxcaaa.:
ocu. no.ca auaauaa ucnc(a+a.o a aca.: na+aum
a ccc, uccxa uaxo(a.: o.acucuac a ucnaaax:uoc.a
noac(cuaa ,aay_croca.
.o (oc.a.o+uo acnoc.aucuuaa ca.yaqaa, a uc.
uaaoro c.m(a a noc.oauuo ao+aa_cuaa .oy, +.o
92
a aoa-.o ocu. oc co+uauac oycayc.ca ua oax
coc.acuumx cy(cuaax. O(ua a+ o.xa+a.cx:umx +c.
na.aa coc.oa. a .o, +.o m noc.oauuo o+a_ac
cao c+: a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa o. ooo.oa a cxoa,
o.omc uc noora. oco+uaaa.: noacxo(a_cc a
xa+uma onm., o. ouc.yqaa, o.omc +a.araaa. a
amacucuac au.cnc.aqaa a ucuaa. Mm +acuac ax ua
ouc.yqaa a ooo.m, a o.omx a(ma oc. yaa(c.:
uc+ay.ucuuy a.auy. B .o, a a+acc.uo, +acxyra
axaauaa y((a+a a axocoaa ucuacaxaa ua na.ay
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a CHA.
Bo aca noroaoa a naax aauo no(+caaa.:, +.o
a(ma y+ac.ua onacmaac. caoa coc.acuuma onm.. la .o
m c_c a+aaaac cnocouoc.: no-a+uoy, c a+umx c.oou,
ua a+umx a+max onacmaa.: .o. onm.. B rxaac H+ma
nccaaauaa m onacmaaxa .a a+oamx o(ax:uoc.a onacauaa,
nc(xocuumx ,oau Uo(ooy:
J) U.o (cxaxo .cxo' ~ naoc onacauac (aacuaa, ax
a+cc.a, a+aa.aa noqccca a noc.auc.ac a accua.
2) C aa +yac.ao axa oqaca .o mxo caa+auo' ~
(xa Caa(c.cxa aauo a+xa+a.:, aac y ucro caoro
ao+uaaxa oqaa a aac +yac.aa, a cy noa+axoc:,
noaaax na.uc.
J) C aaa oa+aa .o accoqaaoaaxoc:' ~ oa+m
a caaoxm aaxa.ca oxcc (caua, ara a
cauc.a+cca a+mo onacauaa a noora. uaa.a caa+:
c(y (aacuaaa, +yac.aaa a a(caa.
x.ou Yoccou, onacmaaa caoc aa(cuac ac.c+a a oa.uoa
caa+a a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa, no(+caaac. +ua+aoc.:
nocqaa a nc(xarac. nox:+oaa.:ca ao+ouoc.aa a+uooa+aa
aocnaa.aa, o.omc oua (a. (Wassoa, 2002). la .o,
cc.cc.acuuo, Caa(c.cx: o.(ac. ccc o.+c., +.o ou ca co+(ac. .a
nocqaa. la .ao no(xo(c m oc uc o.acra.: caxy uaacro
aooacuaa, a c(cxa.: acc ao+ouoc.a nouaauaa +ac.:
noqccca. Yoccou acnox:+yc. c.aoy aaa c a_a+aa, r(c
a(ma a_a+c .o (yraa oa aocnaa.aa, (yroa a+rxa( ua
o(au a .o. c noqccc. .o oc. m.: aocnaa.ac +cc+ na+y
9J
a.occm, acnox:+oaauaa noc.auc.aa (xauaa nccc_cuaa,
yoaua, cc.a), ouo yaa(c.: noqccc ,aay_croca a ca+y,
a axa a.yax. Mm oc ox:ac oa_a.:ca o_y_cuaa
axa +yac.aa, axa onacaua noqccca a ny.cacc.aaa, axa a
a+ua a (yroa c.auc, a .a (axcc, a .a (axcc.
H .or(a .a caoo(a onacauaa oc. naacc.a oxcc
uorocuoy aa(cua noqccca, uo accr(a aauo noua.:, +.o
a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa acc noacxo(a_cc c ,aay_aca ao
aca ccccaa uaxo(a.ca noxuoc.: a cro coc.acuuoa onc.cuqaa.
1o, +.o m coacaac a ocu. ocua oa.uoa caa+a .o
uc auaxa+. .o cocc ny.cacc.aac no .oa c .onauc a xccy
a.ooa a+ c +a(a+ca yaa(c.: ox:ac, +c a ncama. Yaa(c.:,
a coc.acuuma amo a Caa(c.cxa (auy.cuucro a aucaucro)
axaac. ua oa onm..
Koc .oro, acax:uoc ocy(cuac .ox:o o(au a+ yoauca
a ao+ouoc.ca oa.uoa caa+a. Caa(c.cx: oc. (a.: oa.uy
caa+: a aa(c .auqa/(aacuaa, acyua, c.axo.aocuaa a ..(.
B rynnoao oa.c, ococuuo, ccxa uc mxo am(cxcuumx
na, a uanac, a ,oxro Kyrc (Loa Circlc), ao aca
ocy(cuaa Caa(c.cxa ory. noc.o roaoa.: a+y H
caa(c.cx:c.aoaax nocxc .cx cxoa ,aay_croca, o.omc
coo.ac.c.ay. onm.y Caa(c.cxa. Hxa ouo acnox:+oaa.:
c+xa+uy oy, uc ua+maaa acu, a roaoa noc.o H aa(cx,
a ,aay_aaca. a ..(.
Muc xo+c.ca naacc.a c_c uccox:o ao+oumx o
rynnoaoro ocy(cuaa:
Hopoomeone ~ .o a.yax:uoc aocnoa+ac(cuac
Caa(c.cxaa .cx (aacuaa a no+, o.omc a ococuuo
+anouaxac:. B cxy+ac ao.m a o_c yrc Caa(c.cxa no
o(uoy, c+ cxoa a ocu.aaca, amxo(a. a qcu., +.om
aocnoa+acc.a .a (aacuaa, ncno(ucc.a ax rynnc.
Ka(ma Caa(c.cx: oc. ama.a uccox:o a+.
Hoeraxxaqna ~ .o acnox:+oaauac a+xa+umx a.caaxoa
a nc(c.oa a .cxcuo noc.auc.ac. Hcuuo .o. acnc.
~ ao.a c .cxcum noc.auc.ao ~ xa+o o_y_cua
noc.auc.aa a (aacuaa. Mouo (cxa.: auc.axxaqa a aa(c
au(axm axa ax.aa, +.o no+aoxac. naaucc.a axa coxaua.:
aoa. caa_cuuoro a onm.c na.ay_ax.
lo(uoacuac
Huc.axxaqaa
94
Hanoaa qeeuoona a.aacaa +aauaa qccouaa
oc. c.a.: ooa, auy.a o.ooa cc.: aca
cc.cc.acuuoy ox+aua, nay+a, cxyaaua,
uc.oonxaaoy ocy(cua.
Xo+c.ca c_c a+ uanoua.:, +.o ocuoauma qcxaa
+ax+a.cx:uoa a+m noqccca Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
ac.c+a Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca a coacc.uoro ocy(cuaa
aaxa.ca a+aa.ac auy.cuucro Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_cca a
au.craqaa (aoa noqccca Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a om(cuuy
cax:uoc.:. Ka a xo aao, cc.cc.acuuo noqcccc, +(cc:
uc oc. m.: xaucauoa norcccaa, namx (oor a o(uo+ua+uoa
xoraa, uo ua aauo +yac.aoaa.: a nouaa.:, y(a m naxo(a
acc.c auy.a noqccca, a +.o acuuo m no((caaac a
a+aaaac ao aca ac.c+a na.ucoa.
Mne noeumc+ ne{cmoe:+m:. mo o:{o-mo ece no .e+:e
{m :omoe: oqom:c+ no moo+ oene. u omno{m
co+u coou nuun: cnoum:. eo.oom:. omcmoueom:
ceou unmeec:. .oquqom:c+. onoee:om: u e:c+eueom:.
Mne noeumc+ ne{cmoe:+m:. mo nocmnum ee++.
o:{o o{:u u. noc nou{em ceou cocmeenn:u monc
e:o.um:. eo:u.oeom:. nun+m: qe:uo+ u omncmum:
e ceoo{noe n:oeonue e e.:onun:u oc+oc ceo
necono::n ece:enn meoecmeo
(B.Koooooa, btt:,,eommuaity.livejouraal.eom,
autbeatie_move,156J.btml)
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B c+om e ::o.o Aeuqe:oc+. Mne oemc+. mo
cnoo:o e:o e.::+{ ne+no:o m+onen. on o {mo
c+omum om{o-mo u.{o:eo. on eqe ne coece+ .{ec:.
Hocmenenno e.::+{ cmonoeumc+ +cnee. xom+ eqe ecm:
neomoo+ ne.{emnocm:. B eu. o e:o ::o.o
e:on+mc+. e nux no+e:+mc+ c:e.:. 3mo ne :cm:
u ne coo:enue. B ecme ::o conuocmnocm:
e:o ecmeo+. ece+ on:m. omo:u on neeu:. B
ecme. mo +ou ::o.o moe e:on+mc+. M: ne
+oe+ omeecmu e.::+{ {: om {:o.

Uaauaa
qccouaa
95
lxaaa J2
Haernea pxnoo a anao:
Mu: cocm:+ ne ecmeo :o:ono:u+.
Ho:nom:. ocqeemo. cnooucmeu+ u:u
e::ennocmu
H ne xoomuu oe{. no ene.onnoe o.oenue -
M: oemo:u on:m. no c+:c: om noc co::.o:.
A nu:uenue c+:c:. neooo+.
Bo.o{oem nom on:m ene ec+o:o c+:c:o.
lomo:u {umc+ e cocm:e.
T.C.Sxnor
,auc. A(xc ua+maac. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac
(acqanxauoa a .o cmcxc, +.o ouo aaxac.ca onc(cxcuuoa oxac.:
+uauaa a ooa oy+cuaa, .cuaoaa. Oua am(cxac. .a a+oamx
.ana a a+aa.aa .oa (acqanxaum, .a a+oamx oxac.a onm.a,
noc.cncuuo a+aoa+aaa_axca a noqcccc. Oua ua+maac. ax .cxaa:
au(aaa(yax:uoc .cxo, oxxc.aauoc .cxo a co+ua.cx:uoc .cxo.
B ncaoa oxac.a m cocc(o.a+aaacca ua
au(aaa(yax:uo onm.c. ,aay_aaca, cxa_aa m.:
yaa(cuum, axo(a. c +am.ma rxa+aa a nyc.oc noc.auc.ao
a (aac.ca a nacy.c.aaa Caa(c.cxa, o.cxcaaaa caoa (aacuaa
a conoao(a_ac ax nccaaauaa. ,aay_aaca o.maac.
+cc+ .cxo ccouc+uoc a+uooa+ac a+a+ccax (aacuaa,
o_y_cuaa, oqaa a mcxca a oco+uac. ax. B .o noqcccc
o.maa.ca ac.auumc, ay.cu.a+umc (aacuaa. lo cc a+aa.aa
auy.cuucro Caa(c.cxa ,aay_aaca ua+auac. o_y_a.: cxauac
yaa(c.: (yroro. C.auoaac: Caa(c.cxc, ou y+a.ca o.cxcaaa.:
a +anoaua.: a+a+ccac (aacuaa na.uca, o(uoaccuuo
oco+uaaaa caoa coc.acuumc o_y_cuaa, oqaa a mcxa, ca(a a
.aaauc ua ncacaa noc.auc.aa.
Cxoaa co+(a. oc. c(y .cxo a co+uauac, no.oy
,aay_aaca a Caa(c.cx: a+roaaaaa. nocxc a(oro .ana
ao.m, c.aaac: ncc(a.: onm. acaax:uo acuo a o.+c.xaao.
lo cc a+aa.aa co+uauaa Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca noaaxac.ca
caoo(a, cxoao a .cxo o.maa. cao caa_cuuy nao(y.
96
B.oaa oxac.:, oxxc.aauoc .cxo, co+(ac.ca c_c
o(ua cxauac, cxauac coy+ac.aoaa.: a qcxo, o.m.:ca a
o.uoacuaax c (yraa, uc .caa o_y_cuaa cca. Ocuoauaa oa
na.aa ua .o .anc yr (aay_axca a caa(c.cxca. ^oa
y+ac.ua oc. c.a.: ,aay_aca a (aara.:ca auy.a yra c
+am.ma rxa+aa, axa c ouo caa.: m.: Caa(c.cxc a
ca(c.: a ucno(aauoc.a ua rauaqc yra. B ua+axc a a ouqc
ccccaa yr nyc., uo auaauac rynnm uanaaxcuo a .y nyc.o.y.
.a nyc.o.a ac_ac. onm. accro noqccca a qcxoro.
.o. yr noc.cncuuo acmaac. .c.: oxac.:
co+ua.cx:uoc .cxo, or(a ca oa. c.auoaa.ca oxcc no+a+um.
^a+uoc.: c.auoaa.ca nacy.c.aac, na.aa coc.a(auac, a .a
ocu.m xaro(a.a xoc c.a(auac ouo noa.:. la.aa
nacy.c.aaa naao(a. nccaaaua .cxa a nyc.oro cocy(a.
Cocy(a, o.oma cnococu acc.a.: cac. Caa_cuuoro.
1aa oa+o, ,auc. A(xc onacmaac. a+aa.ac auy.a
Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a om c(a.a.aauoro, (yxoauoro
a+aa.aa (Adlcr, 2002).
Muc uaaa.ca acnox:+oaa.: cxoao na.aa (xa
onacauaa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa. .o na.aa a .o
cmcxc, +.o Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac uc oc. m.: noua.o c+
ucnocc(c.acuuoro onm.a. .o na.aa no.oy, +.o oua .cyc.
onc(cxcuuoa naaccuuoc.a, rxyauuoro cxauaa a+aaaa.:ca
auy.a ucc. H .o na.aa, o.oaa uccc. a ccc naa(oc, o
o.oo roaoa. (cauac .a(aqaa a coaccuuaa ncaxoxoraa:
U.om +cro-xao (oa.:ca auy.a na.aa, .cc ucoxo(ao
uc c.ca.:ca c+yx:.a.y, a xa.: na.ay a (cxa.: cc a(a
ucc caoa. Hcuuo .or(a oua coc. naucc.a c+yx:.a.. lcxa
m noa(c a Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac .ox:o a(a aax-.o
ncaxoxora+ccax axa .ao+ccax axa (yxoaumx qcxca, m uc
coc noxy+a.: accro, +.o na.aa cnocoua ua (a.:. 5c+
coucuaa, m acc aauo coc uaa.a a cmcx a nox:+y a aco.y,
uo +.o-.o y(c. y.cauo. Moc. m.:, acuuo .o, +.o coc(auac.,
a xca. a ocuoac a Cmcxa, a lox:+m, a Kaco.m.
loaoa., +.o .o. naa(oc conoao(ac. xy
uac.oa_y na.ay.
l_c o(ua ococuuoc.: Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa a
na.aa: am oc.c +.o-.o noxy+a.: ca+y c, na ncao
97
+uaoc.ac, uo aca noxuo.a ao+ouoc.ca acmaac.ca
noc.cncuuo, c ro(aa cryxaumx +aua.aa. ,auc. A(xc
ua+maac. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac (oxroa na.aoa.
Kaac o.m.aa oc. (a.: .a na.aa' Kay nox:+y
naucc.a'
,xa cua .o +a+ac.y na.aa auy.cuucro o+a_cuaa,
ao-a.acaca. locxc noqccca ouo no+yac.aoaa.: cca
caca, a nocxc (yaa axa aua, uo .o. (ya noacx no(
oca, .o o+a_cuac auy.cuucro noc.auc.aa.
loaoa. ,aay_aaca:
B ecmeoeo:o neoxo{u+ocm: oceoo{um:c+ om
ou. cn+m: cmo o. u o:{o +mo no:u:oc:
noecmeoeo:o +uou.
.o oc. m.: aauo, or(a m uaanxaaac cxaao
uoro auoaqaa, uca+cacuumx, ucamacuumx +yac.a,
or(a m ac.c+acca co cxouma ca.yaqaaa axa c x(:a
a cxoumx ca.yaqaax. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac oc. m.:
xooaa cnocoo noaxa.aa nocccaouax:uoro amroauaa
(xa x(ca noora_ax nocccaa.
H+ (ucauaa Caa(c.cxa:
Ono ecmo:o. c:e:o neenec+ eec no noe no:. noeo+
o co:nmo e :ome. :o{on: ne+no:o co:nmo. o
{mo {eum mo-mo. Ono n:moemc+ no+cnum:.
mo e e +mou e. u{em nouc {euenu+. Hocmenenno
u u{m eeex. xeomom nee:o{un neeu{u+ou
:ecmnuq:. +en+emc+ e:oenue :uqo no+e:+emc+
::o. ono e:o:oc:.
Hee{ +mu+ +: oc{o:u me+ +omueoquu
u.+enenu++. .oeemenu o{no:o +mono {e+me::nocmu
u neexo{ no {:ou oeen:. Le eonoc ::: l{e om:
+omueoqu .oeemenu-
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac oc. m.: cnocoo uaxo(cuaa
uoaoro nouaauaa, aucaa.a. .o oc. noc.o cxy+a.:ca,
no.oy +.o auy.a uac aac. aonoc, ou .cyc. o.ac.a, a
.or(a aonxo_acma no.o auy.cuuax nccaaauaa c.auoaa.ca
caocro o(a .cxccum maxcuac, coa.a+cca cau.acaco
Ka.acac
Hucaa.
98
a+cacuaa a+ucuumx +a(a+. Hc acc o.ac.m naxo(a. a oc,
o.oy ao+ouo acaxa+oaa.:, uo .o uc +ua+a., +.o uc c.oa.
aca.: cxoaa. ,auc. A(xc naac., +.o cxoao .oc oc. m.:
nam, ucnocc(c.acuum nccaaauac.
B qcxoc.uo onm.c cxoaccuoc a .cxccuoc maxcuac
a+aaoo.aa., no((caaa. a uc +acua. (yr (yra.
H+ (ucauaa ,aay_croca:
Lqe o{un uncoum nocmu: eo ee++ Amenmuno:o
Aeuenu+. Hee{ nu+ cnoeo ::u o.{+:+. ocmeoeom:
u:u nem. Ho + non+:o. mo ec:u ne c{e:o +mo:o. mo
+ono cumom:. mo num:o .+. Ao. nonoo: ::o
cmomnoeomo. ee{: ne{:{qo+ :nno {eu:o:oc:
{oeo::no +ne:uno u xoomuno. cmo:ueo+c: {: c
{:o+. He .omonm- B cmo:o ucc:e{oeom: no: no
emeeen:ox. ee{: + ne +o: ecmom:. Ho nomo+ +en+
e.{eno nom+n:o eeex. u noo.o:oc:. mo + ~ nmuqo.
o ee{: nmuqe e no:eme ne nno onoo. Hoo.ume::no.
no noo oomo:o. ne omnco:o oqqenue. mo e .o:e
o+e +en+ nuo:o o::me nem. \e o:{o ece onu:oc:.
e:+cnu:oc:. mo + co+o c{e:o:o neco::o mo:oe. noe{o.
oc+:c:enno noemoum: +mo ne c+o::o.
5maac. auor(a .a, +.o naxo(aa: +a o(ua, a cca:
acox.uo (yroc, o+cu: +ac.o oxcc uyuoc .cc cca+ac, uccxa
a+cacuac uamx noxc. Hc oo acc c.oa. (ya.: a
caoc.oa.cx:uo aca.: amxo(. K.o +uac., oc., uyuo noc.o
a+xc.c.:.
l_c o(ua aaua oxac.: ora.mx o.m.aa +cc+
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac .o. .ao+cc.ao. Ko uc ua +aua.aa
auor(a naxo(a. x(a .ao+ccax nocccaa, o.omc
+yac.ay., +.o +aaxa a aoa-.o .yna, a uycu auy.cuuaa
a+aoo. axa ouoaxcuac. H noqccc A.,. oc. (a.: cro, oc.
noo+: acm.:ca uoam aca, uoaoa naxa.c a(oxuoacuaa.
Huor(a y+ac.uaa ccccaa roaoa., +.o ucoa(auuo (xa uax
caax noaaaxoc: cxauac acoaa.: axa nacaxac: c.axa. B caoca
na.ac amc.ynxcuaa a +ac.o acnox:+y Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac
a cnoco uaxo(cuaa uoamx oa+oa, a+cc.a (aacuaa axa
yrxyxcuaa a ay-xao .cy axa a.caax.
1ao+cc.ao
99
loaoa. Caa(c.cx::
C::nmnocm:. u.+qnocm:. :ounocm:. +cnocm:
o{o:o {euenu+. de:en:u qeem. :unuu. ne{+em o
ocm: u onoo. o no{o:enue u. o o: e{unoo:o.
o no{.ono+ mo {:+ 3-:o ::o.o. o no u o.
o nu:o u:u o.
loaoa. ,aay_aaca:
B u{. Aucm:+ occmnomc+.
lon:+ {o{+ omumc+ no cnune.
Ao one{e:enu+
1o+. mo +ne oemc+.
Ho.eonu+ ecmeo+. omo:x nem.
,xa cua Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a ny.: .ao+cc.aa
o+cu: aauaa .ca. Oua uanoauac. o amcooa cy.a +cxoac+ccoro
cy_cc.aa, .o caoc axcacoc y.ac(cuac, +.o m co+(aum no
oa+y a no(oa, no oa+y a no(oa 1aoqa.
H no.oy +ac.o noqccc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
noacxo(a. a coaccuuoc caa_cuuo(cac.aac. Buaauac a
uaccuac, ro.oauoc.: naua.aa a o.m.oc.: uca+acc.uoy
noora. acc.a.: nccaaauaa, amxo(a_ac +a nc(cxm xa+uoc.a.
.o ao+ouo xaro(aa a+aa.a auy.cuucro Caa(c.cxa.
H aauo, +.o .o uc yo+a.cx:uoc, a nccaaacoc, aaoc,
aonxo_cuuoc noc.auc.ao Caa_cuuoro, o.m.oc aoc.ory
a yacy, c.ac.uoy .auqy oca+ccax cax a axocc(uoy
naua.a accro cy_cc.ay_cro.
H .or(a c.auoaa.ca noua.um, +.o ay.cu.a+uoc.:
no(a+ycaac. uc .ox:o coo.ac.c.aac caoy ccc, uo a
coo.ac.c.aac +cxoaca May. Co-o.ac.caac, aauma o.ac.,
.aucq...
Y .oro noqccca no.cuqaax:uo uc. rauaq, uc. .anoa
axa auroa, o.omc uyuo (oc.a+:, xo.a a a(ma ocu.
accua m oc c.aaa.: ouc.umc qcxa. Ay.cu.a+uoc.:
uc qcx:, o.ooa uyuo (oc.a+:, a, cocc, noc.oauuma noqccc
c.auoaxcuaa. Oua oc.ac.ca +cc+ rxyauuoc auaauac a
cacuuoc oa(auac. Ka(ma +cxoac uaxo(a. cro no-caocy
cxyaaa, uac.aaaaac:, auy.cuuac anyx:cm. o_y_cuac, oa+,
+yac.ao. (Carroll, 200J)
100
Cacuac a .ao+cc.ao, o.m.oc.: noacc(ucauoy a
caa_cuuoy, a+u:, o.oaa mxa no(acua aa, oc. c.a.:
aaaa (ao ay.
H na.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa noorac. noxo(a.:
a .aoa.: .o. ny.:, .y a+u:, .o. (a.
H+ (ucauaa na.aa:
B nouno no no:. do:eo ::o.o. B e:uo ocm:
me:o. c omoou xo noom:. 3mo o:ocm: mo.o. :{e
+ne ceuoc m{no noecmeoeom: {oeo::cmeue. B
nouno nocmoueom:c+ no +m o:ocm:. Mne {onee
noom:. ecmoe no emeeen:u. B nouno .o+eom:
monoumue {euenu+. omo:e ecm: e +mou o:ocmu. B
no.eo:+ u+ eecmu +en+.
Hocmenenno +mu {euenu+ nounom oxeom:eom:
o::mee nocmoncmeo e me:e. B .o+eo nomo.
omo:u u{em om meu n:eo+. u {o::me e :{n
:em u e{o+. le{o cooqomc+. B no{nu+oc:
no co:nm:x no:ox u nono{o e no. doe:+ u.
1ou-u. H +mo xoomo. Hcm: {euenue meem {o::me.
Hcm: ono no{o:oemc+.

HPHAOmEHHR
10J
Oraerm oa aonoem (lAQ)
.a aonocm noaaaxac: nocxc noqccca Ay.cu.a+uoro
,aacuaa, noxo(aaacro a aax xc.ucro .auqcaax:uo-
ncaxoxora+ccoro .cuaura Aa.: 1auqya-Ka+au.an xc.o
2007 r. locxc noqccca ua nao(c a ocy(cuaa a naax a
nc(xoax y+ac.uaa (ax mxo ooxo 60-.a +cxoac, c a+um
yoauc onm.a) coa.:ca a ucox:aac rynnm a ocy(a.:
cxc(y_y .cy: Kaac +ua+amc aonocm cc.: y uax no
o.uoacua na.ac Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa '
a.c a ox:ao yry acc .a aonocm no+ay+axa, uo
ua.o uc (aaax o.ac.oa. Hc mxo (ac .aoa qcxa (a.: o.ac.m.
Muc xo.cxoc:, +.om x(a noaxa c .aa aonocaa, +.om
o.ac.m naxo(axa a+ na.aa.
Ucc+ uccox:o ccaqca a no+yac.aoaax anyx:c .oy, +.om
acuy.:ca .a aonoca a nonooaa.: o.ac.a.: ua uax acax:uo:
Kaeoaa ox: aoemoero eanperexa' Moaer xn
nonaonrn Ayreornnooe anaeone 6ea aoemoero
eanperexa'
Haacuoc, cxoaaa ouo onaca.: .ox:o +ac.: .oro, +.o
(cxac. nacy.c.aac aucaucro caa(c.cxa. C o(uoa c.ooum, .a
ox: yocucua a auuc (c.co onm.c, no.oy +.o +a ccuo
naca.aaa., ua ucro +a_c accro oa_cuo uoro ocooro
auaauaa a caa .a ca.yaqaa no(uaac. +yac.aa auucro ncao(a
a+aa.aa. C (yroa c.ooum, Caa(c.cx: .o cxoao a+ xccaoua
(yxoaumx a c(a.a.aaumx .a(aqaa. Hac (aoc. l.aqa, o.oaa
xc., a n.aqa, o.oaa co.a.. lcaaa yc., a.oaa oc.auc.ca
a.:, .a uanacauo a Bc(ax. Caa(c.cx:, a ac+uma ,yx,
co+cqa_aa coc.acuuy ary cax a o.
B ou.auyyc c(y .aa (aya noxcaa cmcxoa a
nyx:cayc. a. Caa(c.cx:c.aoaauaa.
lcxa c roaoa.: o .o, ao+ouo xa noqccca c+ aucaucro
caa(c.cxa, .o uyuo acnoua.:, +.o cc.: uccox:o nouaauaa
cmcxa .caua ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac.
lcaoc: Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac a oa..
B (auuo cxy+ac Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac nouaac.ca a
104
oa ao.m a (aa(c Caa(c.cx:-,aay_aaca. B +aaacaoc.a
o. oa.a Caa(c.cxc oc. m.: (yroa +cxoac, uccox:o
x(ca, a (ac nccoua a+ auy.cuuca cax:uoc.a ,aay_croca
a ..(.
B.ooc +ua+cuac: Ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac a a+cc.ao
(aacuaa, (aacuac a o.oo coc(aua.ca a (aarac: a cua
(aac. (M.S.Wlitclousc), ocoaa .o.ax:uoc.: a uca+cuoc.:
(aacuaa. .o a+cc.ao (aacuaa oc. m.: a c+ uaxa+aa
aucaucro caa(c.cxa, uo onm. ao.m c ooa noa+maac., +.o
caa oa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa cnococ.ayc. noaaxcua
a+cc.aa ay.cu.a+uoro (aacuaa.
Kaenu o6aaou aoemone nunyx:em neexopar
ao aoyreoone, n eae aoyreoone nunyx:em
amaaarea aoaoe'
Cy_cc.ayc. ccouc+uoc oxa+cc.ao aaaau.oa .oro
nccxo(a. 1o+ucc, caa rauaqa auy.cuucro a aucaucro +a+ac.y
.ox:o ouacuqaouax:uaa ycxoauoc.:. l(c m noao(a. .y
rauaqy' lo o.uoacua auy.cuucy Caa(c.cx acc anyx:cm
aaxa.ca aucauaa, a auy.cuuax noc.o uc cy_cc.ayc..
B noqcccc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa m +ac.o ua+auac c
.cxccumx anyx:coa, uo auor(a .o oc. m.: oa+ axa .ca, a
m amaac .o. oa+ axa .cy, no.oy +.o oua c+ouay. c
uaa, oua uaxo(a. o.xa auy.a, oua yc o.+ac.a ac.aoaxa .y
rauaqy aucaucro-auy.cuucro.
l_c oxcc noa+a.cx:um a o.uoacuaa axx+ouoc.a .ax
rauaq aaxa.ca ocu.m cauxouac.a+uoc.a, or(a uc+aaacamc
com.aa oa+maa.ca coc(aucuuma cmcxo. Hanac, or(a
auy.cuuaa nccxo( o. o.+aauaa ua(c(c conoao(ac.ca
noaaxcuac xy+a cac.a a noxc auaauaa ,aay_croca.
Kae neeoeern onmr noqeeea a anao:'
,xa cua .o aonoc, ua o.oma ucx:+a o.ac.a.: .ox:o
acax:uo. Ho, ac.ca, +.o aauo aa(c.:, o.y(a noaaaxca
noqccc, a ao acnc.c noacc(ucauoa a+ua cro oua, cro
ua+axo. 1or(a xcr+c +ac+a.:, y(a ou uac ac(c.. H, ccxa m
105
(oc.a.o+uo auaa.cx:um (a noqccc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa
y+a. uac auaa.cx:uoc.a), .o m o.m.o a c naua.ac
+ac+ac caa+a c(y noacc(ucauma com.aaa a caaoxaa
a .caa noqcccoa. .a caa+a uc accr(a xora+um, uc accr(a ax
ouo onaca.: uaa.aauo, a ac.oa, uo ax aauo +ac+a.:
a onacmaa.:. Hua+c noqccc oc. no.ca.:ca a a+uooa+aa
a+ua, uc noa+oa(c. qcxcuanaaxcuuoro a+aa.aa, acm.aa
.oro uanaaxcuaa, a o.oo uac (aac. y(oc.: .cxa.
B eaeon ereneon a enoeo6eo nyaeraoaar: ro, nro
nyaerayer pyron'
Muc ac.ca, .o+ucc ca+a.: ory xa a a+(cxa.:
onm. c (yra +cxoaco' ,ac ccxa m acnm.maac noxocc
+yac.ao m uc y(c nccaaa.: cro o(auaoao. H accr(a y(y
aocnauaa.: cro +cc+ na+y caoca ac.oaa, nc(acc.ay_cro
onm.a. laa(a, a ory oco+uaaa.:, a acuuo axaac. .o. onm. a,
.c cam, uc m.: noxuoc.: oycxoaxcuum a.
Ka Caa(c.cx:, a ory uaxo(a.:ca a coc.oauaa c+ouauca
co caoa (aay_aca, uo a xo cxy+ac .o y(c. oa onm..
.o o+cu: .ouaa axauc: m ac.c+acca a nocy.o+uo
noc.auc.ac, oc.ac c(y aaa. Haaa +cc.uoc.: a o.m.oc.:
oc. c(cxa.: .y ac.c+y ao+ouoa, uo aauo noua.:, +.o ua
ao-.o yoauc .a am .a a oc.auy.ca o.(cx:uma, xo.a ua
(yro yoauc oua uaor(a uc a+(cxaxac:.
Huor(a +a .a cxauac no+yac.aoaa.:, +.o +yac.ayc.
(yroa xca. c.cxcuac o(a.:ca oa.uo, .oca no
uc(aacuqaoaauuoy caao.a+ccoy c(auc.ay xa(cuqa-
a.ca. Huor(a, .o oc. m.: .ouoc cxauac ou.oxa
ca.yaqaa. Moc. m.:, aauo uc c.ca.:ca no+yac.aoaa.:,
a no+aoxa.: (aay_cyca aoa.a a aaa a. .o ox:aaa ac a
ox:aaa ao+ouoc.:.
Hro nonexopnr, eorpa panayqnnea
aerenaerea e 6oxeaoeooon enryaqnen na pereraa'
Haacuoc, acc +aaaca. o. .oro, uacox:o .o oxc+ucuuaa
ca.yaqaa. Cnococu xa +cxoac coaxa(a.: c uca, oc.a.:ca a
106
nacy.c.aaa' lcxa y +cxoaca cc.: ccyc (xa ac.c+a c .aoa
ca.yaqaca a noxo(cuaa cc, .o m noc.o a(c auy.:, a
noaaauac ca.yaqaa.
lcxa (oc.a.o+uoro ccyca uc., xy+ac ama.a a+ .aoro
nccaaauaa, +a+cxa.:ca, uaa.a ccyc axa .o+uy (ac.auqa
(xa .oro onm.a.
H, ouc+uo, (xa ao.m c .aaa ca.yaqaaa aaua
a+cc.acuuaa no((ca. ^y+ac accro, ccxa .aaa ao.a noxo(a.
a aax xa+uoa ncaxo.canaa.
Kae oeraaar:ea oeoaoaoomu a noqeeee n
nnonuar: ee6a x6mu'
J) la.aa.
2) laa.c caoc ucnaua.ac.
Knrenn aoyreooen neerooern'
Mm ua+auac c .cxa. O_y_cuaa a (aacuaa .o naa(a
.cxa. Mm accr(a +uac c(cxaxa m .o (aacuac axa no+aoxaxa
cy noa+oa.a. Oc.aaa.:ca +cc.um .o uaccuac, y.ac(acoc
ncc( noqccco, uaccuac, c o.om a a(y a noqccc.
Huor(a m oc ouaya.: auy.a cyxa+uoc.a
cxa_ax amrxa(c.: noxy+ac, noa+c, no(aa.a+ucc. Mm oc
ax ouaya.: uc ca+y. Mm oc ax na+ua.:, a na+uauac
.aoa uc+cc.uoc.a .o yc aar +cc.uoc.a.
Ho a xo cxy+ac uyuo ua+aua.:, noaca.: a +aacaa.:
+cc+ .cxo. 1cxo .o a ou.cauc, a co(caoc, a noaca.
Kae, oanpa a noqeeee oanaaxeone nxn reuy,
uoaoo ee aaanr: (a aueax reonora)'
^oc qcxoc.uoc nouaauac, xoa aucaa. cuac. uaaa
yc.auoaa, ax:.m aocnaa.aa . Mm noc.o ua+auac ox:ac
aa(c.: .a .cm a .o, a acuuo oua caxa+y.ca a a+ua. lcxa
c.axo noua.uo, +.o a oc: o(auo+cc.aa a a+cra cro. Moc. m.:,
+ac+a.: ocu.m, or(a a oc.ac: o(au. Hay+a.:ca uaxo(a.: a
uax cmcx a y(oaox:c.aac.
107
Mouo (a ycxoaaax .cuaura axa rynnm, axa
au(aaa(yax:uoa ao.m) nonooaa.: ccc co+(aaa.: ycxoaaa (xa
y.ac(cuaa a uoamx uaa(cuumx noaaxcuaax. .o (cac.aa.cx:uo
aauo nccucc.a +ac.a+y noqccca a (yrac ou.cc.m.
Kae uoaoo apeeaaroo noxopnr: neea nyaerao
areeenn'
Ka a xoc cax:uoc +yac.ao, arcccaa naxo(a., cxy+ac.ca,
(aac. uaa. Bauo nouaa.:, +.o caa no ccc arcccaa
aoxqaouuo oocuoaauuaa caqaa ua ncna.c.aaa a yro+m.
H (ac cca+ac y coaccuuoro qaaaxa+oaauuoro +cxoaca ory.
m.: ca.yaqaa, or(a oua onaa(aua a ucoxo(aa.
Cxouoc.a ua+aua.ca, or(a m:
a) uc oc na+ua.: cc a ccc,
) uc +uac, a ouo cc noaaxa.:,
a) noaaxac cc, uc cxaa .oro (uca(caa.uo).
Coo.ac.c.acuuo, m oc. y+uaaa.: a na+uaaa.: a
ccc acc: cnc. oqaa, caa+auumx c arcccaca: a+(acuac-
ao+y_cuac-+xoc.:-ruca-aoc.:, m oc uaxo(a.: a+umc
om cc noaaxcuaa (namc a ucnamc, caaoxa+ccac,
cyxaaqaouumc a ..(.), a m oc cryxaoaa.: c.cncu: a
oy cc noaaxcuaa.
B Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa m oc noc.cncuuo y+uaaa.:
auy.cuuaa acyuo +yac.a, anyx:coa a (aacuaa, caa+auumx
c noaaxa_caca arcccaca. locox:y cy_cc.ayc. +anc. ua
na+aucuac ac(a ccc, (yra x(a a noc.auc.ay, (aay_aaca
uaxo(a. ucnaoc amacuac, noaaxcuac .oa ucraa. H .or(a y
uac oc. noaaa.:ca oco+uauuoc.: a amo, o.omc m naauoca
a noacc(ucaumc o.uoacuaa.
laonqa oxen panayqnxea n eanperexen'
.a rauaqa cuac.ca. B ua+axc na.aa aauo acuo a
+c.oc a+(cxcuac oxca. loc.cncuuo noacxo(a. oaoaauac
auy.cuucro Caa(c.cxa y ,aay_croca, a +cxoacy xcr+c
nccxo(a.: c(y oxaa. B a(caxc c+yx:.a.o na.aa oc.
c.a.: ucncmauoc nacy.c.aac Caa(c.cxa.
108
4ouarm Ayreornnooro anaeona
(cc: uc m xo.cxoc: noa+a.: cnc. ao+oumx
oa.oa auy.a na.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
Ha+uc c uac.oc a a+auo. lc.cc.acuuo, uo uc oa+a.cx:uo,
+.o a noqccc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa ouo axo(a.: nocxc a+aua.
lcxa m noao(a o.(cx:uma .cuaur axa +aua.ac no Ay.cu.a+uoy
,aacua, .o uyuo ama.: a+auy, accoqaa.aauo caa+auuy
c nauqanaa na.aa. .o oc. m.: ao.a c anyx:co axa
a+xa+umc aaaau.m ac(cuaa +a qcu.m axa .o+a, o.omc noora.
noacua.: no+aqaa a (aarac:/cua (aac..
Koc .oro, ucnocc(c.acuuo ncc( noqccco ouo
noacc.a noqcccm-uac.oaa. .o oc. m.: ucox:aoa (JJ
auy.) noqccc rxa+a-a-rxa+a a nac caa(c.cx:-(aay_aaca axa
oycaoaauuoc A, o(uoa +ac.: .cxa (yoa axa uoroa). Mouo
acnox:+oaa.: a.yaxa+aqa oqaa, uanac, nc(xoa.:
+anaca.: no(oxcuac a+ caoc naa.uoc/ucnaa.uoc/
cax:uoc a .. (. +yac.ao, o.ooc a acnm.maax a nocxc(ucc
aca, ~ .o.. Xooaca no(ro.oaoa noqcccy oc. m.:
ao.a c .cxccuma xoaa (naam+uma uanacuaaa) c
acnox:+oaauac c.a.craa noa.oa a a+aa.aa (aacuaa. Bcc .a
a+aua a.aaa+ay. a.caax ccco+ua.cx:uoro, oxcr+aa
ax+cuac a noqccc.
Iaa oa.oa o.m.a, .o cc.: m uc oc (a.:
ac+cnmaa_aa ncc+cu:, a ao+ouo noaaxcuac aoro-.o
uoaoro oa.a axa aaaaqaa c.aoro (xa ouc.uoa ca.yaqaa.
B noc.auc.ac ao+oumx oa.oa A.,. a ory
am(cxa.: .a oca oo(aua., .a ucncccca_axca cnc.a,
+a(a_ac uorocuoc.: .oro noc.auc.aa.
1. Oroomeona anayqeroea,Canperexa
(cc: ac.ca a aa(y a+xa+umc aaaau.m coo.uoacuaa
a+oamx oxca auy.a A.,.: cox:o y uac cc.: a ouc.uo
noqcccc (aay_axca a caa(c.cxca, a a .a oxa cua.ca.
2. Copeaaone noqeeea
Onc(cxac.ca oyco auaauaa a uco.oma
ycxoaaaa.
J. Beueoome auen n qnexnnooer:
Bca arac. aauy ox: a na.ac. Ka(aa
109
no(oxa.cx:uoc.: acc. caoa ayc a caoa ao+ouoc.a.
1ac oxa+cc.ao qaxoa, ..c. cox:o a+ caa(c.cx: a
(aay_aaca cua.ca oxaa, .ac acc. +ua+cuac.
lcc+acxa uco.omc ao+ouoc.a auy.a a(oa oca,
noocu.aoaaa a(y a+ uax:
Oroomeona anayqeroea,Canperexa:
1. Kxaeenneeenn naomn noqeee Canperex:,
anayqnnea.
^y+ac accro ua+aua.: c oxa ,aay_croca xao c
oo.ax noqcccoa.
2. Pa6ora a rnape
(cc: ory. m.: a aaaau.m ao.m c (aya
Caa(c.cxaa ((xa noacucuaa nocqaa), .a a c (aya
(aay_aaca a o(ua caa(c.cxc ((aay_axca a .o
oa.c ,. A(xc ua+maaxa movia itacss).
J. Cueoa anayqnxea n Canperexen 6ea pexeona
oa pnapm
B uco.omx cxy+aax ouo no(cxa.: rynny ua (ac
+ac.a, o.omc ccua. (yr (yra auy.a o(uoro
noqccca. .o. oa. nc(.aaxac. ox:aac .coaauaa
a+cc.ay uax(cuaa y Caa(c.cxca, a, acc.c c .c,
(ac. a ao+ouoc.: yaa(c.: ox:ac. ,aay_acca
caa uaxo(a. ny.a +aacacuaa no caruaxy ac(y_cro.
4. C oponu Canperexeu (5iagle Witaess)
Kor(a rynna ucox:aaa, a auy.cuuaa caa(c.cx: y
y+ac.uaoa (oc.a.o+uo a+aa., ac(y_aa oc. m.:
c(auc.acuum Caa(c.cxc.
5. Heeeox:eo Canperexen 1 anayqnnea
B .o cxy+ac (aay_aaca oc. noxy+a.:
uorocuy oa.uy caa+:.
6. Box:mon eyr (Loag Cirele)
B (auuo oa.c a(ma y+ac.ua oc.
uccox:o a+ nomaa.: a oxax (aay_croca a
caa(c.cxa, caoc.oa.cx:uo caaa, a aoa acuuo
ocu. cxc(yc. ccua.: ox:. B yrc na .o
(oxuo oc.aaa.:ca +aaucc onc(cxcuuoc +acxo
uax(a.cxca (uanac, uc cu:ac 4J).
110
7. Cox:ooe Ayreornnooe anaeone (e Boyreoonu
Canperexeu)
.o. noqccc ouo noao(a.: nocxc (oc.a.o+uoa
na.aa a a c+onacumx ycxoaaax.
Copeaaone noqeeea
1. C oeyenoaeon oa naern rexa
Moc. acnox:+oaa.:ca a na ao.c c can.oaa,
.a a na a+aa.aa o_ca .cxccuoa oco+uauuoc.a.
2. C o6aaou (oannue, na eoa)
^mc oqaouax:uo +aacuumc oa+m a+ cuoa,
xa.ca.ym a auo ory. c.a.: o.naauoa .o+oa
noqccca.
4. C reuon
B A, ao+oua ao.a c onc(cxcuuma .caa,
o.omc ory. +a(aaa.:ca a oa.o, .a a
a.aaa+aqaca +yac.a. Huor(a .cm onc(cxa.ca
uanaaxcuuoc.: .cuaura axa aaxa.ca aonxo_cuac
ac+umx, +ac.cuqaax:umx aonocoa, uo +a_c
oua cy.ca a+ ocy(cuaa a a.yax:umx noxc
y+ac.uaoa. Mm naac(c uccox:o nacoa
ou.cc.yax:umx noqcccoa A,.
Hanac, oa. ao.m c Myca a Acuca.
Iao.a c rcu(cuma a+aaoo.uoacuaaa +ac.o
.cyc. qcxoc.uoro naa+ccoro onc(cxcuaa a
nouaauaa ycax a cucax a+cc.a. Yaa(c.:,
+.o .aoc y+aua a +.o .aoc cu_aua ua uorax
yoauax aocnaa.aa no+aoxac. cncqaax:uma oa.
A,. Caa a(ca (oc.a.o+uo noc.aa: (aay_aaca
noo+cc(uo c.auoaa.ca y+aum a cu_aum. Bauo,
+.o uc +a(ac.ca uaaoro cncqaax:uoro ou.cc.a ~
a+oa+a.: axa noa+a.:. Auaa a auayc
noaaxa. cca a uorooa+aa a uorocuoc.a, a
aao noqcccc noaaauaa .oro ocu.a.
B cxy+ac, ccxa a rynnc uauoro ox:ac cu_au,
+c y+au, noqccc coc.oa. a+ .cx +ac.ca,
(aay_aaca nocxc(oaa.cx:uo c.auoaa.ca noxoaaua
cu_au ~ y+aum ~ a.oaa noxoaaua cu_au.
111
5. C nepuerou
^oa o.c., nonaaaaaca ua ny.a (aay_croca,
oc. c.a.: ac.o+uao ocooro caaoxa+a.
Muoro a+ a noqcccax c.cua (xa (aay_axca
c.auoaaxac: aam caaoxo ncra(m axa
onom (a auor(a a .oro, a (yroro). B ocoo
coc.oauaa co+uauaa .a nc(c.m c.auoaa.ca
y+ac.uao ac.oaa .cxa, noora_a
occ.a uoamc cmcxm a c.oxuoacuaa c
o.c.aa cax:uoa a+ua.
lacxa Yaa.cc (Yaa.cc, 2002) nc(xarac. a
a+cc.ac .aoro nc(c.a acnox:+oaa.: yco ooca,
(xauoa J,J2 c.a. .o. .aucoaycma
o.c. oc. c.a.: ac.o+uao uorax ac.oaa, a
.ac a.caaxo (xa nocxc(y_cro acyua axa
auc.axxaqaa.
1ac ora.ma caaoxa+ccaa a.caax nc(oc.aaxa.
nao(umc a.caaxm, .aac a (ccao, ao(a, ncco a
aua, ococuuo a nao(uo oycuaa.
6. C uyameon
Xo.a .a(aqaouuo noqccc Ay.cu.a+uoro
(aacuaa noxo(a. c+ y+ma, a .aaauc, y+ma
oc. c.a.: +ac.: noqccca. B .o cxy+ac oua
(oxua m.: amaua o+cu: oco+uauuo, a .ca
axa a cnoco a.aaa+aoaa.: onc(cxcuumc
nccaaauaa. lc.cc.acuuo, .o. noqccc oc.
noxo(a.: .ox:o nocxc .oro, a xooao ocaocum
xacca+ccac oa.m.
7. 5ite-seeilie (Ayreornnooe anaeone a eneqnax:oo
am6aooou ueere)
Cao noc.auc.ao, a o.oo noxo(a.
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac, oa+maa. caoc
axaauac ua noqccc. Ocoma ayc ac.
noqcccm A, ua nao(c, ococuuo a cc.ax,
r(c ao(a ac.c+ac.ca c cyaca. lc.cc.acuuo,
+.o xy+ac ao.a.: c oxcc no(ro.oaxcuuoa
rynnoa a oa+a.cx:uo a oa.c (aa(m (xa
occnc+cuaa c+onacuoc.a.
112
Beueoome auen n qnexnnooer:
lc.: uoro a.ooa, onc(cxa_ax accuumc aa
noqccca. uoycaoaauuma axa oy+a_aa noqccc oc. m.:
cu:ac J0 auy. a a(y c.oouy. ,xa ox:acro norycuaa uyum
JJ-40 auy.. .o uaaoxcc acnoc.aucuuma, ao+aa oa..
Mm c oxxcraa a c.y(cu.aa cncacu.aoaaxa c
no(oxa.cx:uma noqcccaa (2-J +aca). Oua oxa(a. caoa
ayco a no+aoxa. naocuy.:ca o+cu: rxyoa cxoa ncaxaa,
uo .cy. uoro cax a uaamoa.
lcxa caa(c.cxc aaxac.ca .canca. (acaxa.a.o), .o
noqccc oc. noxo(a.: c+ ccum oxca. 1ac ao+ouo, ccxa
y uac uccox:o ccccaa a aax .cuaura axa aoaona, .o oxa
uc cua.ca a .c+cuac o(uoa ccccaa.
lcxa y uac oraua+cuuoc aca, y+ac.uaa noqccca
cua.ca oxaa, aauo .o+uo acc+a.a.: aca, +.om cro
xaa.axo a ua noqccc a ua au.craqa a.caaxa.
Hu.cccumc ao+ouoc.a nc(oc.aaxa. noqcccm,
coc.oa_ac a+ uccox:ax qaxoa ccum caa(c.cxca a (aay_axca.
Hanac, m oc ua+a.: c (aa(qa.aauy.uoro noqccca, a
+a.c, nocxc noroaoa, noa.a c_c o(au noqccc, (cca.aauy.uma.
Kor(a m noxo(a uccox:o noqcccoa a oxa (aay_croca, m
oc ao.a.: o(uoaccuuo oycaoaauuo a (c.ax:uo.
Baanuopenerane Canperexa n anayqeroea
Xo+c.ca .ac uanoua.: cnc. ao+ouoc.ca ao
a+aao(cac.aaa Caa(c.cxa a ,aay_croca no au.craqaa
a.caaxa noqccca.
.o a+aao(cac.aac oc. a(.a a acax:uo, .a a
ucacax:uo, a a xo co+c.auaa .ax auaxoa.
Bo aca acax:uoro a+aao(cac.aaa ao+oum
cxc(y_ac aaaau.m:
loaoa. .ox:o (aay_aaca, Caa(c.cx: c+oxauo
nacy.c.ayc.,
Caa(c.cx: noa.oac. .c cxoaa ,aay_croca, o.omc
o.o+aaxac:, c+ouaoaaxa c ua (rccallia),
Caa(c.cx: roaoa. .ox:o o .cx na+o(ax noqccca,
o.omc onacmaax ,aay_aaca, (xa onacauaa
+am.mx +ac.ca noqccca cnaaaaac.ca a+cacuac,
!
!
!
11J
Caa(c.cx: aocnoa+ao(a. noqccc (aay_croca,
noa+maaa .o, +.o (cxax ,aay_aaca acaax:uo
no(ouo (mirroria),
Caa(c.cx: a ,aay_aaca caoo(uo ocuaaa.ca,
coxauaa a+oamc naaaxa (roaoa.: o. ncaoro xaqa,
uc acnox:+oaa.: oqcuo),
.o a+aao(cac.aac oc. a(.a a nac:cuuoa oc.
Bo+oum cxc(y_ac cnocom ucacax:uoro
a+aao(cac.aaa:
lxaaa a rxaaa
.o ocoma aa( rxyauuoro ou.a.a, +a+ac.y caa+auuma
c au.cucaauma nccaaauaaa. Kou.a. rxa+a-a-rxa+a
oc. m.: noqccco rxyauuoro naua.aa (yr (yra a
caocro onm.a.
Pneyooe
Iacyuo, cro xauaa a qac.a auor(a ory. m.: oxcc
a(caa.um cnocoo amacuaa a uaxo(cuaa cmcxa
nccaaauaa, noaaaaaaxca a Ay.cu.a+uo ,aacuaa.
Iacoaa.: ory. a (aay_aaca, .a a caa(c.cx:. Oua
ory. .ac acoaa.: o_aa acyuo.
Aenea
lxac.a+uoc.: rxaum axa nxac.axaua, .cxcuoc.:
noxy+a_axca o, ocooc a+cc.ao ou.a.a c
a.caaxo acc .o no+aoxac. xcnc c.a.: c_c o(ua
yuaax:um a+mo au.craqaa.
Taoeq
.o mxo au.cccuoc a a(oxuoaxa_cc o.m.ac (xa cua
.aucq .ac oc. m.: cnocoo oa.uoa caa+a, (aaxora
nocxc noqccca, no a.caaxy noqccca. Caa(c.cx: oc.
c.auqcaa.: caoc aa(cuac, cao caqa axa aocnoa+acc.a
aac-.o +ac.a noqccca.

!
!
!
114
Haanxa rynnoamx aaoarnn
no Ayreornnoouy anaeon
(Mnoeeaa rynna Ayreornnooro anaeona, Bexaye:, 2008)
B a+cc.ac naca naaax, no o.om oc. m.:
oraua+oaaua ao.a a rynnc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa, a
naaoy (c xc+uoro corxacaa acaxa.a.ooa) naaaxa,
a+ao.auumc a Maucoa rynnc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
Cxc(yc. y+cc.:, +.o .a rynna ao.ac. a oa.c ccr-rou,
..c. rynnm aaumx, c+ o(uoro xa(ca. uoa.m a xauaa
a+aa.aa onc(cxa.ca ny.c oxxc.aauoro ocy(cuaa a
uaxo(cuaa corxacaa.
B a+ao.c .ax naaax y+a.maaxac: naaaxa ao.m
no(oumx rynn a CHA a Kaua(c. .a naaaxa aaxa.ca
o(ua a+ aaaau.oa ao.m a rynnc Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa.
Bm oc.c m.: corxacum axa uc corxacum c uaa a qcxo,
axa c ouc.uma oyxaoaaa a a+aa.maa.: caoa
naaaxa.
B xo cxy+ac noxc+uo noua.:, a acuuo x(a ory.
oraua+oaa.: cao na.ay.
O6qaa qex:
cryxauaa a ycncauaa na.aa y(aaa.cx:uoa a ncacuoa
(acqanxaum Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac ua ocuoac o_cro aa(cuaa a
a ucoxo(amx ua ycxoaaax. Mm c+a.ac na.ay ycncauoa,
or(a oua c.auoaa.ca ccycuoa, a uca nacy.c.ay. am+oa a
nocxauac.
Bnpeone
a+(cxaa qcuuoc.: cryxauoa na.aa, m o.c(auaxac:
a rynny, +.om acc.c co+(aaa.: a no((caaa.: ucoxo(amc
ycxoaaa (xa na.aa, a .ac (xa noo_a (yr (yry a xa+uoa
ao.c auy.a caoa (acqanxaum A,.
Haanxa
a c+yx:.a.c cca ccaqca ccuc(cx:umx +aua.aa m naaxa
nouaaua ucoxo(amx ua ycxoaaa (xa na.aa A,. .a
ycxoaaa o.acum a naaaxax uaaca rynnm, o.omc oxaa.maa.
a oraua+aqaouumc aonocm, .a a acnc.m ucnocc(c.acuuo
caax noqcccoa.
115
Oraonaaqnooome aeneerm:
J. Y uac cc.: o_aa qcx:, aa(cuac a naaaxa rynnm.
uacaxa.a.om oc.aaxa. +a cooa naao nonoca.: aac
noauy.: rynny a cxy+aax: ccxa aaac y+ac.ac uaa uc
noorac. a (oc.acuaa o_ca qcxa, ccxa am uc a+(cxac.c
o_cc aa(cuac, axa y uac c aaa a+umc qcuuoc.a, ccxa am
no+aoxac.c ccc uayaa.: naaaxa rynnm.
2. uacaxa.a.om oc.aaxa. +a cooa naao naua.aa
cacuaa, ccxa o_crynnoaoc ocy(cuac ucno(y.aauo
+a.araaac.ca.
J. auaacca a +am.oa rynnc.
4. auaacca coc.aao y+ac.uaoa, o.omc ro.oam
raau.aoaa.: nocc_cuac ox:aca +ac.a +aua.aa.
J. auaacca .ox:o no a.y noxuoa nc(onxa.m +a ccaq.
6. Ono+(auaa uc (onyc.am. lcxa y aac cxouoc.a c
nyu.yax:uoc.: a caooraua+aqaca m uc ro.oam ax
c aaa a+(cxa.:.
7. ,xa cacuaa uorax aonocoa m acnox:+yc ox:qcay
accmxy. ,oc.yn accmxc ac. .ox:o .cy_ac
y+ac.uaa rynnm.
Aeneerm 6eaonaeooern:
J. Bcc y+ac.uaa nauaa. o.ac.c.acuuoc.: +a caoc
noac(cuac no o.uoacua caa ccc a (yra, a .ac +a
cox(cuac naaax c+onacuoc.a. 1o., .o uaxo(a.ca a oxa
caa(c.cxa, nauaac. (onoxua.cx:uy o.ac.c.acuuoc.: +a
cox(cuac rynnoaoa a au(aaa(yax:uoa c+onacuoc.a.
2. lcxa y y+ac.uaa cc.: cxouoc nccaaauac (oxc+u:,
.aaay_cc com.ac, uc(aauaa cax:uma c.ccc) axa
noc.o oxc+ucuumc o_y_cuaa a aoa-xao +ac.a .cxa
c.oa. o .o coo_a.: oc.ax:um (axa .ox:o caocy
uax(a.cx) ncc( ua+axo noqccca. 1aaa auoaqaa
o ococuuoc.ax xa+uoa ca.yaqaa no+aoxa. oxcc a(caa.uo
a c+onacuo (cac.aoaa.: uax(a.cxa.
J. Mm uc ocy(ac c ucy+ac.uaaa rynnm co(cauac
noqcccoa. Bca xa+uaa auoaqaa, o.ooa (cxa.ca
y+ac.ua, aaxac.ca oua(cuqaax:uoa a uc oc. m.:
acnoc.aucua +a nc(cxaa rynnm.
116
4. laoc amacuac arcccaa, uanaaxcuuoc ua (yroro
+cxoaca, +anc_cuo. lcxa am coaac.cc: coacaa.:
c+oc a o_uoc (aacuac, yc(a.cc:, +.o uaoro uc
+a(cuc.c.
J. laoc amacuac cccyax:uoc.a, uanaaxcuuoc ua
(yroro +cxoaca, +anc_cuo.
6. B coc.oauaa cax:uoro ac.a axa (ac.ccca (aay_aaca
oc. o.m.: rxa+a axa c.a.: uax(a.cxc.
7. B noqcccc aaura uax(a.cx: a ncay o+cc(:
ao+aa_ac. (aay_cyca (c.ax:uoc onacauac
cro (aacuaa. Bo+uaaaa +yac.aaa a oa+aa
uax(a.cx: (cxa.ca .ox:o a cxy+ac, or(a oua
coana(a. xao nccxaa.ca c onm.o (aay_croca.
lcxa nccaaauaa uax(a.cxa uc coana(a. c acca+o
(aay_croca, uo na .o cc.: cax:uoc cxauac
no(cxa.:ca caoaa nccaaauaaa, .o uax(a.cx: oc.
.o c(cxa.:. Ho .ox:o ccxa na .o ou xooao noua.
nocxc(oaa.cx:uoc.: (aacuaa caocro (aay_croca.
,auuoc ycxoaac uanaaxcuo no.aa xa+umx nocqaa a
oqcuo co c.ooum caa(c.cxa.
Aeneerm noqeeeoa:
J. Ia.yax ua+axa a +aacacuaa. Mm ua+auac a +aacaac
a(oc +aua.ac a a(ma noqccc, acnoxoaaaac: no
yry a no(uaa ua uco.ooc aca ya aacx.
2. lcc( .c a c.a.: (aay_aca, uax(a.cx: axo(a.
a noc.auc.ao yra a yc.auaaxaaac. ou.a. rxa+aa c
o(ua axa uccox:aa uax(a.cxaa (a .ca aay).
Kor(a noqccc oou+cu, (aay_aaca o.maac. rxa+a
a cuoaa yc.auaaxaaac. +a.cx:uma ou.a. c o(ua axa
uccox:aa uax(a.cxaa.
J. Caruaxo +aacacua o_cro noqccca om+uo cxya.
+aouo (o(au axa uccox:o). lo(ac.ca xaaaaa +aouy
uax(a.cxc, nocxc oou+auaa +aaucc oroaocuuoro
accua axa uac.ynxcuaa (yroro com.aa.
4. Hax(a.cx:, (a_aa +aouo o oou+auaa noqccca,
no(uaac. yy, no(aaaa +ua oc.ax:um uax(a.cxa
o .o, +.o ou coaac.ca +aoua.:. H (c., noa acc
uax(a.cxa .ac no(uay. caoa ya, caruaxa+aya o
117
.o, +.o ax (aay_acca uc nccaaa. yx:auaqa caocro
noqccca, a +aouo uc c.auc. na+auoa aauo uc+aacacuuoa
ca.yaqaa.
J. Hax(a.cxa c.aa.ca acnoxara.:ca aauocuo
no ncac.y, a a(caxc oaya yr. lccc_a.ca
uax(a.cxa .ac .ox:o no ncac.y, no ao+ouoc.a,
+a cnauaa (yrax uax(a.cxca. lo((cauac om
yra .o a.yax a cnoco co+(a.: c+onacuoc
noc.auc.ao onm.a.
6. Hax(a.cx: .o no+aqaa a.aauoa ouqcu.aqaa
auaauaa a oco+uauuoc.a. 5y(:.c uax(a.cxc .ox:o
or(a y aac (oc.a.o+uo ucraa (xa .oro. Coruy.aa no+a,
xcauac, norxa(maauac ua +acm ya+maa. ua .o, +.o
aaac auaauac racuc., a aa xy+ac c.a.: (aay_aca
(ao+ouo a c+ (aacuaa), uccxa oc.aaa.:ca
uax(a.cxc. Bo+aa_aa.cc: oxa uax(a.cxa, .ox:o
ccxa am acc.c (xa .oro (oc.a.o+uo cax.
7. Kor(a uax(a.cx: +ac+ac., +.o auaauac ua+auac.
acccaaa.:ca ou no(uaac. ya (a a ua+axc a a ouqc
noqccca). Oc.ax:umc uax(a.cxa .ac no(uaa.
ya, oa+maaa no((cy. Iya ouo no(uaa.: .a
+ac.o, a .o ucoxo(ao.
8. lcxa (aauaa cxy+aa) no(uaauac y uc noorac.
uax(a.cx coxaua.: a.aauy ouqcu.aqa auaauaa,
a .cy_aa oa. uc no+aoxac. noa+aox:uo c.a.:
(aay_aca, .or(a .cna_aa (auuoc c(c.aac uax(a.cx:
(ac. +ua (c++ay+uo) oc.ax:um uax(a.cxa, +.o
ou uaa uc oc. oc.a.:ca a .oa oxa a c.auoaa.ca
(aay_aca. ,ac ccxa .o aaxac.ca uayacuac
nc(aaa.cx:uo yc.auoaxcuuoro oa.a.
118
J. +ac.cuqaaxac.caa .cau, acnox:+ycma
a rxyauuoa ncaxoxoraa (xa a+xa+cuaa
+cxoac+ccax (cac.aaa, o.omc oa+maa.ca
ac.auuma no o.uoacua caoy ccc,
caoc.a.
2. Ocooc a+cc.ao (aacuaa. Kor(a (aacuac
noc.o a ucocnoao, uc oc. m.: (yra a
uc acc. +ua+cuaa, uacox:o ouo oraua+cuuo
axa +ac.a+uo, acuuo .or(a noaaxac.ca .o,
+.o a ua+maa ay.cu.a+um. (Wlitc-
lousc, J977)
Kx+caoc noua.ac Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa:
(aa(a ,aay_aaca (Movcr)-Caa(c.cx: (Witacss).
(cc: acc.ca a aa(y uc .ox:o oa. ao.m a naax
axa ca.yaqaa, or(a .canca. uax(ac. +a xacu.o
axa rynnoa. ,auc. A(xc c+a.ac. ucoxo(am
ycxoaac a+aa.aa (au(aaa(yaqaa) a .canaa oc.cuac
auy.cuucro caa(c.cxa. H .o. auy.cuuaa caa(c.cx:
noaaxac.ca +cc+ au.cuaxa+aqa aucaucro.
anayqnnea (Mover) .o nccaaauac
H-cc.:-(cac.aac, H cc.: arcu. (cac.aaa
(Stcra, J98J), a.aauoc.:, uanaaxcuuaa ua
norycuac a 5ccco+ua.cx:uoc. ,aay_aaca om+uo
a(c. a noqccc c +am.ma rxa+aa.
Canperex: (Witaess) a Ay.cu.a+uo
,aacuaa Caa(c.cx: aocnauaac. ,aay_croca.
a.c Caa(c.cx: ao+aa_ac. ,aay_cyca
anc+a.xcuaa a +yac.aa, noo(cuumc cro (aacuac, uo
roaoa. o uax uc a o ac.auc a nocxc(uca auc.auqaa, a
a o aao +cxoac+cco onm.c. Bxaauac uax(a.cxa
uauoro ox:ac noc.oa xaro(auoc.a, .o a+ucuuo
aauaa yuqaa. .o na(ac. onm.y cmcx.
Ayreornnooer:
Cxoaa: reunooa,
nenox:ayeumx a Ayreornnoou anaeonn
anayqnnea,
Canperex:
(Mover,Witaess)
119
.o am(cxcuac (ayx acnc.oa onm.a
(aacuaa noac(cuo M. C. Yaa.xayc. H (aarac:
(l movc) ~ .o +ac.oc +uauac .oro, +.o a xa+uo
coacaa (aacuaa. lo.aaonoxouoc.: .oy
aaxac.ca auc+anuma a oacxoa.cx:uma ocu., or(a
cua (aac. (l am movcd). .o ocu., or(a ro
.cac. ou.ox:, nccc.ac. amaa.:, nca_ac.
uanara.:ca a .coaa.:, no+aoxaa Caoc.a (a.:
.cxy (aara.:ca .a, a cy xo+c.ca. .o ocu.
ucnc(uaccuuoa ana.yxaqaa (surrcadcr), o.oaa
uc oc. m.: o.acucua, a .o+uoc.a noa.ocua,
uaa(cua axa amnoxucua (J977).
Cy_uoc.: (aara.cx:uoro onm.a ~ .o
o_y_cuac a (aarac: a uoa (aac.. B a(caxc
oa nacy.c.ay. c(auoaccuuo. .o ocu.
.o.ax:uoro oco+uaaauaa, .oro, +.o a (cxa, a +.o co
uoa noacxo(a. (J9J8).
M.C. Yaa.xayc, aaxaac: uraauca auaxa.ao,
c+a.axa, +.o nccaaauac a (aarac: a(c. a+ ro, a
cua (aac. a+ ccco+ua.cx:uoro. Hx coc(aucuac
aaxac.ca noaaxcuac Caoc.a a (aacuaa.
Cxc(y_ac onc(cxcuaa a+a.m a+ Cxoaaa
auaxa.a+ccoa ncaxoxoraa B.cxaucoro (c coa_cuaaa).
Ccmxa naao(a.ca no .oy c a+(aua.
B Hu.cuc.c ouo (oc.ynuo no a(ccy: ltt://
.castalia.ru/bools/ZlLlNSKY.ZlI
Qcu.ax:uma onxcc a oxac.a co+uauaa.
ro, cy.c. co+uauaa, ac.ynac. a
cy_cc.aoaauac a onxccuaa acxa+aua,
coc.oa_aa +ac.a+uo a+ yuacxc(oaauuoa
(acno+aqaa (coc.aaxa_ac xaa.ca), a o.+ac.a
a+ ccco+ua.cx:uo ycaocuumx anc+a.xcuaa a
conoao(a_ax ax aaxcuaa (CW J7, ar.69,
K,,, c. J0J)
...ro +uac. .ox:o caoa coc.acuumc
co(cauaa, ouo uc +uac. ccco+ua.cx:uoc a cro
R panrae:,
Meoa panaer
(l moveJ,l be moveJ)
Sro
(Ego; leb)
120
co(cauaa. ^(a a+ca. caoc +uauac o ccc .c,
+.o +uac. o ccc cc(uaa +cxoac a ax coqaax:uo
oycuaa, a uc .ca cax:uma ncaxa+ccaa
a.aa, o.omc no ox:aca +ac.a oa+maa.ca
cm.ma o. uax. B .o o.uoacuaa ncaxa+ccoc
ac(c. cca no(ouo .cxy, o a+aoxora+ccoa a
aua.oa+ccoa c.y.yc o.ooro cc(ucy
+cxoacy .oc a+acc.uo o+cu: axo. Xo.a +cxoac
aac. a caoc .cxc a co caoa .cxo, ox:aaa +ac.:
cro +cxoacy-uccncqaaxac.y acox.uo uca+acc.ua.
(CW J0, ar. 49J, AllH, c. lJ,ll,c. 207)
B noqcccc au(aaa(yaqaa o(uoa a+ ncacaaax
+a(a+ aaxac.ca yc.auoaxcuac o.xa+aa ro o. (yrax
onxccoa a xa+uoc.uo ccco+ua.cx:uo, a
+ac.uoc.a o. nccoum, .cua, auam a auayca.
Cax:uoc ro cnocouo o.c.aauoa caa+a c uaa a
(yraa co(cauaaa ccco+ua.cx:uoro c+ aoro-
xao o.o(cc.axcuaa. locox:y ro nccaaac.
cca a qcu. ncaxa+ccoro, cy ococuuo .y(uo
cono.aaxa.:ca o.o(cc.axcua c caoc.:, o.ooa
ouo oa+auo caoa cy_cc.aoaauac, a o.ooa a
acaxaa ncaxa+ccoro ouo no(+aucuo.
ro a o.uoacuaa caoc.a amc.ynac. a
(aaaoc (aaa.cx axa a o.c. cy.c.y,
no.oy +.o onc(cxa_ac a.om, acxo(a_ac a+
caoc.a, oya. ro co accx c.oou a oa+maa.ca
no.oy cacxnoxocuuma no o.uoacua ucy.
Caoc.:, no(ouo ccco+ua.cx:uoy, oa+maac.ca
cy_cc.ay_ca anaoa, a a+ ucc a+aaaac.ca ro.
( CW JJ, ar. J9J, OH, c. J0J)
Axc.an qcxoc.uoc.a ~ uaanoxucaacro
+cxoac+ccoro no.cuqaaxa a c(auc.aa xa+uoc.a a
qcxoro, cryxay_aa qcu. ncaxa+ccoro.
Caoc.: a o.c(aua_aa nauqan
a oxac.a +cxoac+ccoa ncaxaa +auaac.
qcu.ax:uoc cc.o a ynaaxcuaa ncaxa+ccoa
Cauoer:
(5ell; 5elbst)
121
a+u: a no.oy aaxac.ca amcaca axac.: a
cy(:c au(aaa(a.
Ka naa+ccoc noua.ac caoc.:
oo+ua+ac. qcxoc.uma cnc. ncaxa+ccax aaxcuaa
y +cxoaca. Oua amaac. c(auc.ao xa+uoc.a
a qcxoro. Ho a .oa c.cncua, a aoa qcxoc.uaa
xa+uoc.: no na+auc caoca ccco+ua.cx:uoa
coc.aaxa_ca oc. m.: co+ua.cx:uoa xaa:
o.+ac.a, noua.ac caoc.a aaxac.ca o.+ac.a xaa:
no.cuqaax:uo naa+cca a (o .oa c.cncua
noc.yxa.aaum. ,yraa cxoaaa, ouo ax+ac. a
cca a nccaaacx:uoc, .a a ucnccaaacx:uoc
(axa c_c uc ncca.oc). .a a+cc.aa nacy_a
a aauoa cc uora (yra uay+um noua.aa,
oa+maa_aca oxcc acuaa, uccxa a(caa.
B .oa c.cncua, a aoa ncaxa+ccaa qcxoc.uoc.:,
coc.oa_aa a+ co+ua.cx:umx a ccco+ua.cx:umx
co(cauaa, oa+maac.ca noc.yxa.aauoa, oua
nc(c.aaxac. .aucqcu(cu.ax:uoc noua.ac,
nocox:y ouo nc(noxarac. cy_cc.aoaauac
ccco+ua.cx:umx a.ooa ua naa+ccoa ocuoac
a, .aa oa+o, xaa.ca+yc. ucoc m.ac,
o.ooc oc. m.: onacauo xaa: +ac.a+uo, .a
a (yraa +ac.: oc.ac.ca (a xoc (auuoc aca)
ucy+uauuoa a ccnc(cx:uoa. (l1, na. 788)
Caoc.: uc .ox:o qcu., uo .ac a aca
oyuoc.:, o.oaa ax+ac. a cca a co+ua.cx:uoc,
.a a ccco+ua.cx:uoc, oua aaxac.ca qcu.o .oa
acco_uoc.a, .o+uo .a c a ro aaxac.ca qcu.o
co+uauaa. (CW J2, ar. 44, lA, na. 44)
lccaaauac Caoc.a xaa.ca+yc.ca
uyauo+uoc.: cxarao+uoro o.oacuaa. B .o
cmcxc Kur noxarax, +.o uc. cy_cc.acuuoa a+uoc.a
c(y Caoc.: a naa+cca noc.aracoa
ncaxoxora+ccoa cax:uoc.: a .a(aqaouum
nc(c.aaxcuac o acxoauo occ.ac.
C au.cxxc.yax:uoa .o+a +cuaa
caoc.: ~ uc +.o auoc, a ncaxoxora+ccoc
122
noua.ac, ouc.yqaa, o.oaa (oxua amaa.:
uca+xa+ay uaa cy_uoc.:, cay no ccc (xa uac
ucnoc.aay, ao oua ncaocxo(a. ao+ouoc.a
uaacro noc.acuaa, a aac.ayc. yc a+ cc
onc(cxcuaa. C .aa c ycncxo cc ouo ua+aa.:
oro a uac.
B a+uooa+uoa coaccuuoa xa.ca.yc no
auaxa.a+ccoa ncaxoxoraa o+cu: +ac.o ac.c+ac.ca
uanacauac .caua c +arxaauoa yam. Kuroacoc
nc(c.aaxcuac o Caoc.a +ua+a.cx:uo o.xa+ac.ca
o. .oro, a .o noua.ac acnox:+yc.ca a (yroa
ncaxoauaxa.a+ccoa xa.ca.yc. .a a+uaqa +aaaca.
nc(c accro o. nouaauaa axc.anoa: uroacaa
ouqcn.yaxa+aqaa Caoc.a aa(a. cc yocucuuoa
a .aucxa+uoc.uo a+ccuaa. O.c(a a +ac.oc
uanacauac cxoaa c +arxaauoa yam. Ho cy_cc.ayc.
a xaua+ccaa acnc. caoc.a, +ac.o oxcc .ccuo
caa+auuma c oxac.: ro co+uauaa, a ao.ax
xaua+ccoro xaa.ca .cau caoc.: +ac.o
naay. c axcu:oa yam. 1aa oa+o, +arxaauaa
yaa noaaxac.ca a .cx cxy+aax, or(a aa.o .cc.a
xo+c. am(cxa.: .aucxa+uoc.uy, axc.ana+ccy
ocuoay Caoc.a.
Mc.o( ycaocuaa ccco+ua.cx:umx co(cauaa
(cuoaa(cuaa, au.a+aa a ..n.) c noo_:
onc(cxcuuoa om caoamacuaa.
Qcx: a.aauoro aooacuaa ~ (a.:
ao+ouoc.: ycxmaa.: roxoca .cx acnc.oa xa+uoc.a
(a ococuuoc.a auam/auayca a .cua), o.omc
om+uo o ccc uc +aaaxa., a .c cam yc.auoaa.:
caa+: c(y co+uauac a ccco+ua.cx:um. H (ac
ccxa ouc+umc no(y.m ~ acyua, aaonac:,
nacauac, cyx:n.ya, .aucq, y+ma a .. n. ~ uc
au.cnc.ay.ca, c(y .aoqo a .aocuac
ao+uaac. uc+.o, +.o cnococ.ayc. ncoa+oaaua
co+uauaa. 1cau a.aauoc aooacuac mx
Aernaooe
aoo6aaeone
(Aetive imagiaatioa;
aktive lmagiaatioa)
12J
ancamc acnox:+oaau Kuro a J9JJ ro(y a cro
+uacua.mx 1aaac.ocax xcqaax (c.: K. l.
Kur. Auaxa.a+ccaa ncaxoxoraa. J994, c. JJ, 40),
no+a.auumx a ^ou(oucoa xauac, (xa onacauaa
coc.oauaa aooaa_ca (ca.cx:uoc.a (imaiaativc
1atilcit): caoo(uoa c+.a.cx:uoc.a, rc+, au.a+oa,
cuoaa(cuaa uaaay (l1, na. 8J0). A.aauoc
aooacuac cxc(yc. o.xa+a.: o. (ucaumx c+.auaa,
oc.a_axca a nc(cxax xa+uoro noacc(ucauoro onm.a.
lcaaa c.a(aa a.aauoro aooacuaa uanoauac.
cuoaa(cuac c o.m.ma rxa+aa. Oua oc.
ao+uaa.: cnou.auuo axa am+maa.:ca acycc.acuuo.
B.oaa c.a(aa noao naccaauoro oo+caauaa caax
oa+oa ax+ac. co+ua.cx:uoc a uax y+ac.ac, oqcuy
.oro, +.o oua +ua+a., a oax:uoc, a au.cxxc.yax:uoc
oa+a.cx:c.ao (cac.aoaa.: a coo.ac.c.aaa co
cnocouoc.: nouaa.: a ax cy_uoc.:. .o
a cc.: nccxo( o. noc.oa co+cqa.cx:uoa axa
c.c.a+ccoa yc.auoaa ua no+aqa cy(cuaa.
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ucao+oa, uo xaa: .or(a, or(a ouo (cac.ayc. a
onxccc c co+ua.cx:uma ycaxaaa. B o.xa+ac o.
cuoa, nccaaacmx naccaauo, noqccc aooacuaa
.cyc. a.aauoro a .ao+ccoro y+ac.aa ro.
Kuraaucac auaxa.aa, na.ay_ac
Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac, c+a.a. cro o(uoa a+ o
A.aauoro aooacuaa.
124
Marenaxm oa yeeeou aamee:
Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc. Onm. (aacuaa: cmoa a.caax .auqa
Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc. 1auqcaax:uoc (aacuac a ccco+ua.cx:uoc
Ma C.ac Yaa.xayc. ,ao .cxa
Au(ca Ox:ccu . Hax(cuac a ,aacuac (Ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac)
Io+ Koxx. Ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac: aonxo_cuac au(aaa(yax:uoa a oxxc.aauoa ncax
,oau Uo(ooy. 1cxo a caaox: .aucq a (aacuac a auaxa.a+ccoa .canaa
Axccau( laaou. Ay.cu.a+uoc ,aacuac. 1cxo a nocxauac. (ltt://irsloa.ru/txt/)
Haua 5aoaa. Ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac a y(oc.: .cxa (ltt://syjouraal.ru/jJ/a.l'id200J0JJ0)
Hoaoo(oacoc ay.cu.a+uoc (aacuac (ltt://accodc.ru/dolu.l/autlcatic-movcmcat)
Coo_cc.ao a Aaao Ayuaxc (Livcjouraal.com) (ltt://commuaity.livcjouraal.com/autlcaticmovc/)
Maucaa rynna Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa (ltt://.autlcatic-movcmcat.by/)
locccaouax:uaa xaoa.oaa Hu.co(ax:uoa .canaa .ao+cca amacuac (ltt://.cxat-cdu.ru/)
Ha aorxnneeou n p. aameax:
latcraatioaal Autlcatic Movcmcat Commuaity
Wcbsitc: .autlcaticmovcmcatcommuaity.or
A Movia {ouraal: Oaoia lxrcssioas ol Autlcatic Movcmcat
Wcbsitc: .moviajouraal.or
Ottaa's Autlcatic Movcmcat Oca Grou (Caaada)
Wcbsitc: .autlcaticmovcmcat.ca
Witacss Coasciousacss ia tlc Dcvclomcat ol tlc ladividual. Iaula C. Sacr
Wcbsitc: .barlicldsclool.or/orls.ltml
Iorms ol Icclia Iramcs ol Miad. Autlcatic Movcmcat Iracticc as aa Actor's Iroccss by {uditl Koltai
Wcbsitc: .cassaadracxcricacc.ca/ac/ac/J0J2840.ltm
Liada Hartlcy, Body-Miad Ccatcria, Autlcatic Movcmcat, Somatic Isycloloy
Wcbsitc: .liadalartlcy.co.ul
Maya Lila Irojcct
Wcbsitc: .orsclill.act/mayalila.ltm
1lcraiczcatrum Gcrstlol, \icaaa, Austria
Wcbsitc: .autlcatic-movcmcat.at
Coatcmlativc Daacc, Nortlamtoa, MA
Wcbsitc: .coatcmlativcdaacc.or
lartldaacc, Ilaialicld, MA
Wcbsitc: .cartldaacc.act
Movia Oa Ccatcr, Oallaad, CA
Wcbsitc: .moviaoaccatcr.or
Movia tlc Scll Isyclotlcray Ccatcr, Boic, MD
Wcbsitc: .moviatlcscll.or
Movimcato Autcatico, Rio dc {aaciro, Brazil
Wcbsitc: .movimcatoautcatico.com

BodySoul Ccatcr (1iaa Stromstcd)
Wcbsitc: .autlcaticmovcmcat-bodysoul.com
Movcmcat Hcalia Arts (1aaais Huill)
Wcbsitc: .aalcaiabodyisdom.com
125
Anrearya:
J. lo.oacaa l. O. c(uoro acycc.aa acycc.ay-noao(uay. H+(-ao A.ac.. Icaccc.
1ca., 200J. JJJ c.
2. ,cxc+ A. Ia+xa+ac a noa.ocuac. Cl.: 1OO 1K lc.onoxac, J998, J84c.
J. Kuac.c M. My(oc.: .cxa/lc. c aurx., M: co-lccc , 2002, 496 c.
4. Ko+xoa B. B., laaou A. l., Bccccuo H. H. Hu.cra.aauaa .auqcaax:uo-(aara.cx:uaa
.canaa. Cn: Ic+:, 2006. 286 c.
J. Ko+xoa B. B. Hc.oa oco+uauaa: .coaa a na.aa au.cra.aaumx ncaxo.cxuoxoraa. Mauc:
MAlH, J99J. J04 c.
6. Kncxx ,o+c. Mam, a o.omx ua a.:. Mocaa: Coaa, lcxaoc, 2002 r. 2J6 c.
7. Yaa.cc l. ,aacuac, anoaa+aqaa a .cxccumc o_y_cuaa a a.-.canaa // A.-.canaa
a noxy noc.o(cua / lo( c(. A. Konm.aua. Cl.: Ic+:, 2002. C. 8JJ04 c.
8. Yaxc K. Hu.crax:uaa ncaxoxoraa. M.: AC1, 2004. 288 c.
9. Kur K. l. Axc.an a caaox, H+(a.cx:c.ao Icucccauc Cl HBO-Ca, , J99J
J0. Kur K. l. C.y.ya ,yaa // loxcm (yaa uaacro accua. M., J99J.
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Movcmcat: lditcd by Iatrizia Iallaro, {cssica Kiaslcy Iublislcrs, Loadoa, J999.
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oa tlc ltt://.tlialbody.co.ul
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doa, Nc Yorl, J99J. J22 .
J6. Clodoro, {oaa `Daacc tlcray aad tlc traasccadcat luactioa'. Amcricaa {ouraal ol Daacc
1lcray, J6-2J, Sria/Summcr. J978 by Amcricaa Daacc 1lcray Associatioa.
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(\ol. 4). Nc Yorl: Macmillaa
2J. Hartlcy, Liada. lmbodyia tlc Scasc ol Scll . la Nc Dimcasioas ia Body Isyclotlcray,
cditcd by Nicl 1ottoa. Oca Laivcrsity Ircss. 200J.
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2J. Laacr S. Iroblcms ol Art, Nc Yorl: Clarlcs Scribacrs Soas, J9J7.
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Aaclcs:C.G. {ua lastitutc.
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by Iatrizia Iallaro.
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4J. Wilbcr K. No Bouadary. lastcra aad Wcstcra Aroaclcs to Icrsoaal Grotl, Bouldcr-
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4J. Zaoral R. Actioa 1lcatcr: lmrovisatioa ol rcscacc. Nortl Atlaatic Bools, Bcrlclcy, Cali-
loraia, J99J. 27J .
Qeor Horerax:ooro Taoqa Axeeeaopa lnmooa
mHTB TAHQYR:
cryxaumc +aua.aa a Mocac
a+oamc a no(aauy.mc noram a Ioccaa,
Yaauc, 5cxoyccaa, Ka+axc.auc, ^a.ac a
H+aaxc
nocccaouax:uaa oy+a_aa noraa no
au.cra.aauoa .auqcaax:uo-(aara.cx:uoa
ncaxoxoraa a ncaxo.canaa (nocccaouax:uaa
nccno(ro.oaa)
amc+(umc .cuaura a a+umx c.auax aa
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Axeeeaop lHPHOH
Hc.oaa, acca+auumc .cxo.
la.aa Ay.cu.a+uoro ,aacuaa Mauc: 2008, J28 c..
B ooxcuaa acnox:+oaaua a.aua ^om Yaauqcaoa
Bcc.a, (a+aau: Maaauua Kacx:caa
Koc.o: 1a.:aua loyuoa