Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2001
. 73, . 3, . . 50
- . , . . . ,
. . .
ISBN 5-7782-0264-4
. ., 1999 .
, 1999 .
2
...............................................................................................................
1. -
...................................................................................................................
11
1.1. .....................................................................................................................
1.2. .......................................................................................
1.2.1. ...
1.2.2.
.........................................................
1.3. ...........................................
1.3.1. ...............................................
1.3.1.1. ..........................................
1.3.1.2. ..............................................
1.3.1.2.1. ..........................................................
1.3.1.2.2. ............................................................................
1.3.2. .................................................................
1.3.3. ..........................................................................................
1.4. ...........................................
1.5. ................................................
1.5.1. ....................
1.5.2. ......
1.5.2.1. .................................................................
1.5.2.2. .................................................................
1.5.2.3. .............................................................................
1.5.2.3.1. 1 ...........................................................................
1.5.2.3.2. 2 ...........................................................................
1.5.2.3.3. (1) .........................................................................
1.5.2.3.4. 1, 2, (1) ..................................
1.5.2.3.5. . ..................................................
17
21
21
22
26
26
27
32
34
35
40
40
41
41
42
43
44
50
53
55
57
1 ............................................................................................................
58
11
15
15
1 ......................................................................................................
59
2.
........................................................................................
60
2.1. . ............
2.2.
/ .....................................................................................................
2.3. (m1 = 1, m2 = 2, q = 1) ..........
2.4. (m1 = m2 = 1, q = 2) ....
2.5. - (m1 =m2 = 3, q = 1) ...
2.6. - (m1 = m2 = 3, q = 1) ..................................
2.7.
- (m1 = 3, m2 = 2 3, q = 1) ........................................................................
2.8. (m1=m2=3, q=2).. .........
2.9. . ....................
93
101
105
2 ............................................................................................................
109
2 ......................................................................................................
110
3. ( )
......................................
111
3.1. . .................................................................
3.2. Ld ...................................................................................................
3.2.1. ( < 2/qm2) ................................................
3.2.2. - ( = 2/qm2) .............................
3.2.3. ( > 2/qm2) ................................................
3.3. ...........
3.4. - .............................................................................................
3.4.1. (m1=1, m2=2, q=1) ................
3.4.2. (m1=3, m2=3, q=1) ..................
3.5.* ( ) ..........................................................
3.6.
.........................................................................................................
3.7.
................................................................................................
3.8. * . ...........................................
4
60
65
70
79
81
89
111
119
120
123
123
126
127
129
136
138
142
146
149
3.9. *
..................................................................................
3.10.
..............................................
3.10.1. ...................................................
3.10.2. ...................................................................
3.11. ..................................
3.11.1. ............
3.11.2. - ...........................................................................
3.11.3. ,
....................................................
3.12. ( ) ....
3.13. .................................................................................................
154
156
156
158
160
161
162
165
169
173
3 ............................................................................................................
179
3 ......................................................................................................
180
4. ......................
182
4.1. ( ) .............................
4.2. (
) ..............................................................................
182
186
................................................................................................................
192
.................................................................................................................
194
.......................................................................................
197
,
, .
. .
: .
( ) (50
, ., 60 ,
.).
,
, , , 400, 800, 1200 .
, ,
, , -.
:
( ) .
( , ,
, , ).
,
, .
40 %
.
- ,
, ,
, , , .
, 6
,
. -, , -
,
,
. :
- ,
,
.
-, , .
: ( )
( ).
.
, .
, , :
.
,
[16],
()
[7], ,
, . ,
,
GTO-, IGBT-, ,
,
.
, [812] [1315]
, . 7
(.
),
-
.
[1620] [21] , [2224] [25].
,
[2634]. .
, , .
,
.
, , , ,
. , , ,
, , .
.
. .
(
) . , . 8
, ,
.
( ) , , , , .
( - ) , , ,
, .
( ) . ,
,
, , .
. . . 1.1, . [35]
[19].
1.2. 1.3,
, ,
1.4.
1.5.
, .
2 3
, . . , , . 2.1 , 2 , . 3 ( )
, . . -
.
,
, . , , .
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200- -
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,
,
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.
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10
1. -
, ...
,
...
. .
1.1.
, . .
. , . ,
. , , .
:
1) , . . ,
;
2) , ;
3) ,
, , ;
4)
, .
, , () (). 11
:
, , , ,
;
, .
.
-, , ()
. .
, .
-,
( ) .
-,
. :
;
( , );
;
( ) ;
.
, ,
,
(LC) ( ) .
12
.
, (, ).
, ,
, .
-,
.
.
( ), ( ), . .
,
. .
:
. ,
.
,
. ,
, .
, . 1.1.1.
, .
13
. , . , . ,
, ,
, ( , , ).
1.1.1
,
,
14
1.2.
, .
1.2.1.
.
1.
K . =
U .
,
U .
K . =
I .
I .
(1.2.1)
, , . .
, .
,
, , , .
2. ( )
I =
I (1)
I
(1.2.2)
I(1) , I .
3. ( )
I .
,
(1.2.3)
I
I. (
).
.
I (1)
I (1)
1
1
, (1.2.4)
I =
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
I
I (1) + I .
1 + K .
I .
1+
I (1)
K . =
15
1
1
2I
K . =
(1.2.5)
4.
.
P(1)
cos (1) =
P(12) + Q(21)
(1.2.6)
P(1) , ;
Q(1) ,
.
5.
=
P
,
S
(1.2.7)
P ;
S .
=
(1.2.8)
6.
=
P
.
P
(1.2.9)
( ) (1.8)
.
P = P ,
(1.2.10)
7.
=
P
P P
= = .
S
S P
(1.2.11)
8.
K =
X max
,
X
(1.2.12)
Xm ( ) (),
X ().
1.5.3. .
, ( , ,
),
, ,
13109-87.
:
;
;
;
.
: 1) ,
2) , 3) (. 1.5).
1.2.2.
( ) () .
17
(
) ( )
S
U I +U2I2
.
S * = = 1 1
P
2P
(1.2.13)
, , 0,5
-
SL 1 U L IL
=
P 2 P
S L* =
(1.2.14)
W = LI 2 .
() ( )
,
.
QC* =
QC U C I C
=
.
P
P
(1.2.15)
CU2 ( ).
Wc = CU2
, , ,
, .
18
w
.
() :
S = nI aU b max ,
n .
I a ,
:
S = nI a maxU b max .
, ,
.
1. [/]
MS =
M
,
S
(1.2.16)
M ,
S () , .
2. [3/]
VS =
V
,
S
(1.2.17)
V , 3.
[../]
CS =
C
,
S
, ..
:
19
(1.2.18)
[/3]
M MS
,
=
V
VS
MV =
(1.2.19)
[../]
CM =
C
C
= S
M MS
(1.2.20)
[../3]
CV =
C CS
=
V VS
(1.2.21)
[/3]
PV =
P
V
(1.2.22)
[/]
P
M
PM =
(1.2.23)
( ) [/] [/]:
PS =
P
S
PQ =
P
;
Q
(1.2.24)
.
PW =
P
.
W
(1.2.25)
:
20
PM =
VS =
PS
,
MS
MS
,
MV
PV = PM M V =
PS M V
.
MS
(1.2.26)
(1.2.27)
(1.2.28)
,
,
.
(, , , ) [25].
,
.
, [13, 36, 37].
1.3.
, , , .
1.3.1.
,
,
: () (, ). :
1) ;
21
2) .
1.3.1.1.
,
, . . ,
. , . .
, ( )
, . , ,
, ,
.
,
, ()
.
p-n-p-n
( p-), ( n) ( ) p-n-p-n-p , () p-n-p-n
. . 1.3.1
- . . 1.3.2
( , )
- .
22
. 1.3.1
. 1.3.2
, , :
Ia,
-
( ) . (50 ).
= ( ),
= /2 ( ).
1
;
I, ,
. ;
Umax
, .
( 1
50 ), 100 ;
23
t,
( )
, . ( ) (
);
Q, ( ), ;
Ibmax, Q ( ) di/dt:
di
I b max = 2Q ;
dt
(1.3.1)
, -
- , .
;
,
p-n ,
() p-n . ;
, .
400 , 1020 ;
t t
24
;
, :
U ( ), I ( ),
dI/dt (12 /), (20100 ).
,
;
- U0 R. . 1.3.3 () .
1 ,
I
, 1/I [].
. 1.3.3
, ;
, . . p-n ,
[/].
: p-n Rn, p-n Rn, p-n Rnc. ,
(
), p-n ( 150 0,
110120 0);
25
dt -
, ,
.
, , .
1.3.1.2.
, .
() (
GTO Gate Turn Off) (, , , IGBT Isolated
Gate Bipolar Transistor).
1.3.1.2.1.
() () , , ,
.
,
, 45.
,
() ,
. : 2,5 , 4 , 1 ,
35. GTO . 1.3.4, .
GTO-
,
(GCT - Gate Commutated Thyristor IGCT - Integrated
Gate Commutated Thyristor). , -
26
/ ,
. 1.3.4
, , . IGCT 3 ,
3,5 . GTO-,
, .
, . . IGCT- .1.3.4, .
( ) - (MOS Controlled
Thyristor),
GTO-- .
1.3.1.2.2.
,
, , . , ,
.
27
(BPT).
p-n-p n-p-n ,
p-n : .
p-n
, , ,
, . ()
,
, , ( )
.
1 . 1.3.1.
( ) . .
( ), . .
;
.
i ,
i ,
,
.
.
( ) ,
.
. ,
,
()
. (
) 28
, ( ). : n- p.
1.3.1
..
29
.
. , ( )
( )
() IGBT (Isolated Gate Bipolar
Transistor).
, . , , . . , .
IGBT ,
- n- 4 . 1.3.1.
IGBT-
1200
3500 .
GTO ,
.
,
- . 1.3.1,
()
- .
GTO- .
19801990 2000 .
. 1.3.5 ( Chip News 1999, N1).
31
. 1.3.5
, . . ,
. , ( - ),
(Smart,
Intelligent ).
.
, ,
. ,
, , .
1.3.2.
, , , .
,
32
. , ,
.
, ( ). , 50 ,
(), , ,
.
, .
( 50 ) [25,27,36,37].
, ,
10200
MS = 105 /,
MV = 42 3/.
0,960,98.
, .
, .
Sop
S:
Uk % =
Sop
100 % .
S
33
(1.3.3)
(17 )
, :
MV = 5035 3/.
MS = 2520 /,
, ( ),
10200
MV = 1,70,7 3/.
MS = 3,51,5 /,
1.3.3.
( ) . () , ()
, , ,
() ,
. ( ), .
, - , ,
.
, , () .
, tg .
34
Pc = C1
n =1
nU (2n ) tg ( n ) .
(1.3.4)
tg (n) ,
.
,
. , ,
.
. f = 50
- 0,15 3/, 72-11
, .
( ) ( )
. 1.4.1.
.
() () , ,
35
, , ( ,
).
,
, ( ),
( , . 1.4.1).
, -,
, -,
, -, () . , ( ) ,
, , ,
.
, () (). ,
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
, . ,
37
, , .
, . , , ( -, ) . ,
/,
( ):
/()-/ (
, );
/-/ ( ,
);
/-/-/ ( ,
, ) ..
,
.
,
.
, . 1.4.2. ()
,
. 1.4.2
() .
y (, ,
38
) u , . .
y = u = u (0 + (1) + ) = u0 + u(1) + u
(1.4.1)
0 ;
.
u (
), u(1) ,
( u0, u u(1)).
,
.
.
,
, . 1.4.3
. 1.4.3.
U = u,
(1.4.2)
i = i,
i = i,
39
(1.4.3)
u = u.
(1.4.2)
(1.4.3) .
,
, , .
1.5.
.
1.5.1.
. , , , . .
.
,
(, , ),
(1.4.2) (1.4.3). . (, 40
), () .
[20, 38].
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
1.5.2.
1.5.2.1.
,
, , .
I=
1 2
i dt ,
T
1 2
u dt .
T
U=
(1.5.1)
P=
1
uidt ,
T
(1.5.2)
( )
Q=
di
1
1 du
u dt = i
dt ,
T dt
T
dt
0
41
(1.5.3)
1
u 2 dt
T
S =U I =
1 2
i dt .
T
(1.5.4)
,
[20, 21, 39].
Mj =
Cj
T
i dt .
N j {u}L j {}
(1.5.5)
Nj u
Lj i
Mj S.
.
, , .
.
1. , , , .
2.
.
.
3. ( 23)
, ,
.
1.5.2.2.
,
, , 42
() . ,
I=
I(2k ) ,
U=
k =1
U (2k )
(1.5.6)
k =1
I (k), U (k) k- .
P=
U (k ) I (k ) cos (k )
(1.5.7)
k =1
()
Q =
U (k ) I (k ) sin (k ) .
k =1
(1.5.8)
S = UI =
U (2k )
k =1
I (2k )
(1.5.9)
k =1
.
.
.
.
1.
, .
2. , .
, .
43
3. , ,
.
1.5.2.3.
.
, (
), ( ). , ,
() [21],
.
, , .
, . :
( 1);
( 2);
( (1));
, ( 1),
( 2), ( (1)).
1.5.2.3.1. 1
, .
, .
44
, ()
.
LC-
. 1.5.1
R
. 1.5.1.
2. , , , , .
1
pC
U ( p)
1
I ( p) =
=
2
1 R p LCR + pL + R
1
R
R+
pC
pC
pL +
1
R+
pC
U ( p)
p=
d
di
d 2i
, LCR
+ L + Ri = u .
2
dt
dt
dt
(1.5.10)
,
a2
d 2i
dt
+ a1
du
d 2u
di
+ a0 i = b2
+ b1
+ b0u .
2
dt
dt
dt
(1.5.11)
a2 = LCR, a1 = L, a0 = R, b2 = b1 = 0, b0 = 1.
3.
, (
).
45
i (q ) =
K dt idt ,
(q )
K dt udt ,
(1.5.12)
a 2 i + a1 i + a 0 i ( 2 ) = b 2 u + b1 u + b0 u ( 2 ) .
(1.5.13)
. -, u .
( ,
). -, ,
, ,
.
4. :
, . .
1
T
( )
dt .
(1.5.14)
(1.5.13) , .
(1.5.14)
2
T
a 2 T ( 2) 2
a 22 T 2
a2 T 2
( 2)
1
i dt + 1 i dt + 0 i dt +
a 2 i + a1 i + a0 i dt =
T
T
T
T
0
0
0
0
()
2a a T ( 2 )
2a a T ( 2)
2a2 a1 T
i idt + 1 0 i i dt + 2 0 i i dt .
T
T
T
0
46
(1.5.15)
[21],
( ) :
0
T (q ) (q )
1
1
2
i
i
dt = q1 + q 2
T
I 2
0
(q1+q2)
2
(q1+q2)
(1.5.16)
, q1
q2 , q1
q2 .
, (1.5.15)
, , , :
)( )
)( )
( 2)
+ a02 I = b22U 2 + b12 2b2b0 U
( 2)
+ b02 U ,
(1.5.17)
,
:
(U )2 = T1 (u )2 dt ,
T
(1.5.18)
U ( 2) = 1
(u
( 2) 2
(u
(q) 2
) dt
(1.5.19)
) dt .
(1.5.20)
U ( q ) = 1
47
5. (1.5.17), ( I , I , I (2) ),
I.
N = 1 ,
i i (1) ,
( 2)
( 2)
i (1) ,
I I (1) =
I
( 2)
I (1)
( 2)
I (1) =
,
I(1)
2
(1.5.21)
.
(1.5.22)
,
,
k- k
. ,
,
/ ( / ). [21].
6.
(1.5.17), (1.5.21), (1.5.22), , I(1)
(1). -
U , U
.
U=
U (2k )
k =1
(2)
= U (1)
U (k )
1+
U
k = 2 (1)
48
= U (1) 1 + 2
(1.5.23)
(U (k ) )
U=
k =1
( 2)
(q)
U (1)
U (k )
1+
kU (1)
k = 2
2
U (k )
U (1)
( 2)
= U ( k ) =
1 +
2
2
k =1
k = 2 k U (1)
2
U (k )
U (1)
(q)
= U ( k ) =
1 +
q
q
k =1
k = 2 k U (1)
( )2 ,
= (1) 1 +
2
= U (1) 1 + ( 2) ,
2
= U (1) 1 + ( q ) ,
(1.5.24)
2
U (k )
q
k = 2 U (1) k
q- . ,
, , ( ) , -
,
.
q- , q ,
.
( ), (
), ( ).
(q)
(
d qu
u (q) = u (q) =
,
dt q
49
(
U (q) = U
(q)
( )
(
2
U (k ) q
= U (1) 1 +
k = q U (1) 1 + ( q ) ,
U (1)
k = 2
(1.5.25)
2
U (k )
U k q k = 2 (1)
q- . kq q- .
,
( (1.5.17) (1.5.24) ,
. 1.5.1
b2 = b1 = 0)
(
( q ) =
U (21)
a 22
( )
2
b02 1 + K ( 2)
2
2
I (1)
I (1)
2
2
a1 2a 2 a 0
a0
.
4
U (21) 2
U (21) 4
(1.5.26)
(C, L, R) (a2, a1, a0, b2, b1, b0),
U(1), , K , K 2 . . 1.5.1
U(1) K 2 . , ,
, .
50
[21].
1.5.2.3.2. 2
I 1
I(1).
I(1)
2
I = I (21) + I
,
(1.5.27)
I , ( ). 2 I,
I, , I(1).
i i. ,
i = i (1) + i
(1.5.28)
1. . 1.5.1 .
, . 1.5.1.
, , , ,
[21].
51
2. , i.
,
(1.5.11),
a2
d 2 i
dt 2
+ a1
di
d 2 u
du
+ a 0 i = b 2
+ b1 + b0 u . (1.5.29)
2
dt
dt
dt
3. .
(2)
(2)
a 2 i + a1i + a 0 i
= b2 u + b1u + b0 u
.
(1.5.30)
4. (1.5.14). ,
(1.5.29), ,
.
( )
a T ( 2) 2
a T 2
a T
2
1 T
( 2) 2
a 2 i + a1i + a1i
dt = 2 i
dt + 1 i dt + 0 i
dt +
0
T
T
T
T
( )
2a a T
2a a T
2a 2 a1 T
( 2)
( 2)
i i dt + 1 0 i i
dt + 2 0 i i
dt.
T
T
T
0
(1.5.31)
(1.5.16),
(1.5.31) ,
)( ) + a (I ) =
+ (b 2b b )(U ) + b (U )
2
a2I
+ a12 2a2a0 I
2
= b2U
2
1
2 0
52
2 (2) 2
0
2
0
( 2) 2
(1.5.32)
.
5. (1.5.32), (2)
, I, I, I
. ,
1 (1.5.21)
(1.5.22)
i = 0 ,
i = i (1) + i i (1) ,
I = 0 ,
( 2)
i
= 0,
( 2)
i ( 2 ) = i ((12) ) + i
i ((12) ) ,
(1.5.33)
( 2)
I
= 0.
(1.5.34)
6. . :
2
I
=
)( )
1
b U 2 + b12 2b2 b0 U
2 2
a2
U (21)
b K 2 + b12 2b2 b0
=
2 2
a2
( )
( 2) 2
+ b02 U
=
2
K ( 2)
+ b2
0
2
(1.5.35)
(1.5.26) 1 , , b2 = b1 = 0, b0 = 1,
I =
U (1)
a2 2
(K ) ,
( 2)
(1.5.36)
. .
.
()
() , () . , , 1.2.1,
.
53
, 1 2, ,
.
, 10 20 %.
1.5.2.3.3. (1)
1 2,
.
(1).
d 2i
2
dt
(1)
+a
di
(1)
dt
+a i
=b
0 (1)
d 2u
dt
(1)
+b
du
(1)
dt
+ b0 u
(1)
(1.5.37)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
(2)
(2)
a2 I (21) + a12 2a2 a0 I (1) + a02 I (1) = b2U (21) + b12 2b2b0 U (1) + b02 U (1) .
(1.5.38)
(1.5.21) (1.5.22)
U (1) =
U (1)
U ((12) ) =
U (1)
2
(1.5.38)
54
I (21) = U (21)
(
+ (a
)1 + b
a
1
2a a )
+
2
1
2 0
2
0
4
2
0
4
(1.5.39)
(1.5.39) ( )
Z(1) k-
, k:
Z (21) =
a22 +
b22
a12 2a2 a0
b12
2
2b2ba0
2
+
+
a02
4 .
b02
(1.5.40)
1 2 , , .
,
, , .
J(i) cos , . .
2
2T
( ) cos t dt = 1 .
(1.5.41)
J(i) sin , . .
2
2T
( ) sin t dt = 2 .
55
(1.5.42)
J(i) cos J(i) sin
= arctg
I(1) cos
I(1) sin
(1.5.43)
(1.5.44)
1.5.2.3.4. 1, 2, (1)
1.2 , .
1, 2, (1). , 1, 2,
(1).
,
, 4
.
(1.5.5).
2.
. 1.5.1 , u,
i. , (1.5.10),
56
LC
d 2 i .
dt
+L
di .
du
+ Ri . = RC + u .
dt
dt
(1.5.45)
(1.5.11)
a2 = LC, a1 = L, a0 = R1
b2 = 0, b1 = RC, b0 = 1.
,
( 2)
a 2 i . + a1i . + a 0 i ( 2.) = b1u + b0 u
,
(1.5.46)
. (1.5.46)
( (1.5.2)), . .
1
T
( ) u dt ,
(1.5.47)
:
a 0 T ( 2)
a2 T
a1 T
+
+
i
u dt =
i
u
dt
i
u
dt
T .
T .
T .
0
b T ( 2)
b T
= 1 u u dt + 0 u
u dt .
T
T
0
(1.5.48)
(1.5.33) (1.5.34).
(1.5.48)
2
2
b
b U (1) (K )
2
1 U (1) (K )
P. = 0 (U ) = 0
=
(1.5.49)
a2
a2
RLC
2
2
2
.
57
1.5.2.3.5.
1. ,
,
.
2. ,
( ) .
( )
(1.5.27) = (1) + b2 . , (I(1), M(1))
, .
, ,
.
( ), .
,
.
.
3.
n-
.
,
[20].
58
,
.
. .
1. ?
2. ?
3. , ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. ?
10. ?
11.
?
12.
?
13. ?
14. .
15. IGBT- MOSFET ?
16. .
17. ?
18.
?
19. .
20. ?
59
21. ?
22. ?
23. 1 ?
24. 2 ?
25. (1)?
26. 1 ?
27. (1) ?
,
...
..
1.*
.
2.*
.
3.
s = 5 / Vs = 3 3/.
Mv.
4. = 400
0,9, 0,8. 300 , 200 3.
.
5.* RL-
.
6.* RL-
60
2.
-
\
- ...
. .
.
..
2.1. .
:
= {Z, S, P, V, X, Y}
(2.1.1)
Z ;
S = {PS, CS} , PS CS,
-, , ,
.., ;
P = {PP, CP} PP
CP;
V (
, ,
);
X (, , );
61
Y ( , , (, ..)).
.
1. .
, . . S, V, P.
, .
.
.
2. . ,
, S, V, Y. , -
Z Xlim. ,
( ).
() .
3. . , . . V, Y Y.
,
, . . S, P, X (
V ). , .
,
, .
, .
4. .
, . . V, Y.
S P, .
.
.
,
, . .
, 62
, . . ().
- . 2.2.1.
/, , , (),
,
1 2
/,
. 2.2.1
.
. .
{S} -, .
- 2 .
{PP}
: , .
{CP} 2.
, {V, X, Y}
.
. ,
e, u, i, (63
, , ) E,
U, I. , , , 1
(u1, i1), , , 2 (u2, i2), ,
, d (ud, id) ( direct ,
3040- ). m,
f = 2f.
S , P , s = ui
, Q ,
Q = S 2 P 2 .
.
, ,
.
: .
( ) .
. q = 1 q = 2.
p = qm2,
.
1
=
1t.
. 2.1.2
64
F F f (t)
F =
1
T
1
T
(t ) dt =
F =
1
T
1
2
() d =
f (t )dt =
1
T
f ()d =
1
2
() d , (2.1.2)
f ()d .
(2.1.3)
- ,
, .
,
F. F. , (2.1.2) (2.1.3),
. 2.1.2,
F =
1
T
F =
1
T
(t ) dt
t
=
t
f (t ) dt
t 1
T t
t 1
=
t t
f 2 (t ) dt =
f (t ) dt =
F .
q0
F .
,
q0
(2.1.4)
(2.1.5)
T
.
t
, ,
. , , ()
.
q 0 =
2.2.
/
65
() ()
,
.
. 2.2.1
. 2.2.2
. 2.2.3
. 2.2.4
66
()
. 2.2.1, , ud
id . 2.2.1, , . 2.2.1, - .
Ld
(),
. -
,
Ld, Rd .
, ,
. . . , ,
, , .
:
V0, . 2.2.2, ;
q = 1,
, q = 2 ( , , ), . 2.2.3, ;
,
. 2.2.4, ;
Ld.
V0 2 , Ld.
1, 2, 3, 4, , . 2.2.1, .
67
f = qm2f1 , . 2.2.4 .
, .
,
, . . Rd,
Ld, , m.
,
,
( )
Xd
did
+ id Rd = e2 = 2E2 sin ,
d
(2.2.1)
Ld
did
did
did
= Ld
= Xd
.
dt
d (t )
d
id = id + id =
2E 2
sin ( ) + A1e ,
Zd
(2.2.2)
Xd
Xd
, =
.
Rd
Rd
1 ( 2.2.2)
id = 0 = .
Zd =
Xd 2 + Rd 2 , = arctg
A1 =
2 E2
sin ( ) .
Zd
(2.2.3)
(2.2.2)
id =
2 E2
sin ( ) + sin ( )e .
Zd
68
(2.2.4)
(2.2.4) , id = 0 = +:
sin ( + ) + e
sin ( ) = 0 .
(2.2.5)
,
= f (, xd/Rd),
. 2.2.5.
,
. 2.2.5
( ),
, , . 2.2.4:
=
+.
2 qm
(2.2.6)
1 (2.2.1)
id
= id
(2.6)
69
2
=
qm
(2.2.7)
id =
2 E2
Zd
2
sin +
sin ( )
qm
sin ( ) +
e .
2
qm
1
e
(2.2.8)
, (2.2.4) (2.2.8) ,
:
1. , ,
, (, ),
.
2. Ld
, .
3. Ld
,
, . . .
4. Ld
Rd, . .
, , .
( Rd)
. ( )
3.3.5.
5.
, . :
, . .
=U1/U2;
70
, . . ,
( ) ,
;
, , . .
Ld (Xd) = ,
, .
, , . ,
. ,
, , .
2.3.
(m1 = 1, m2 = 2, q = 1)
( ) , . , ,
,
. 2.3.1.
. .
. 2.3.1
.
71
,
.
( = 0)
. 2.3.2.
u2a,
u2x
,
.
. 2.3.2
(, ) : ,
. .
ud id
Xd = . .
,
Id.
,
( ) .
i1 ub1. 3, u2x , 1 u2 u2x, . .
u2.
72
: ,
. , , .
, .
u2a 1, , . . i2a = ia1, .
u2x, . . i2x = ia3, , , i2a,
. , ,
i1 u1, u2a
, .
, :
i1w1 = i2a w2 i2 x w2
i i
w
i1 = (i2a i2 x ) 2 = 2 a 2 x ,
w1
K
(2.3.1)
w1, w2 .
, .
,
. (
)
,
73
, .
. -,
, -, . ,
,
, .
,
, .
.
, -,
, . . , , ,
. -, .
.
1. Ud0 . 2.3.2.
Ud0 =
u d d =
2 2
1
2 u 2 sin d =
U 2 = 0.9U 2 ,
U2 =
Ud0
KE
2 2
U d 0 = 1.11U d 0 .
2. Ia
74
(2.3.2)
Ia =
1
2
i a d =
1
2
I d d =
Id
.
2
(2.3.3)
3. I.
I a. =
1
2
i a2 d =
1
2
I d2 d =
Id
2
(2.3.4)
I .
= 2.
Ia
(2.3.5)
4.
Ia.max = Id .
(2.3.6)
= Ia.max/Ia = 2.
(2.3.7)
5.
Ud0
U b*. max =
U b. max
U d0
2U 2. max 2 2 U 2
=
= .
U d0
U d0
(2.3.8)
6.
()
S b*1 =
S b1
nU b max I a
=
= ,
Pd o
Pd o
(2.3.9)
(, )
S b*2 =
S b 2 nU b max I a max
=
= 2 .
Pdo
Pdo
75
(2.3.10)
7.
I 2 = I . =
Id
2
(2.3.11)
8.
I1 =
Id
,
K
(2.3.12)
1
=
Id
= .
I1
(2.3.13)
9.
S 2 = 2U 2 I 2 = 2
2 2
U do
Id
2
P , S 2* = 2 = ,
Pd 0 2
2 do
(2.3.14)
Pd0 .
10.
S1 = U 1 I 1 = K
I
S
(2.3.15)
11.
( ),
S + S 2 1.11 + 1.57
S
S = 1
=
Pd 0 = 1.34 Pd 0 , S * = = 1.34 .
Pd 0
2
2
(2.3.16)
12. Ld
.
, (Ld = )
76
.
( )
.
2. , (),
Ld
di d .
= u d . .
dt
I d . =
U K
1
U d . = d 0 ,
L d
Ld
(2.3.17)
U d (k )
K =
U d0
k =1
(2.3.18)
(2.3.17)
I
U
K
.
K = d . = do
Id
I d Ld
(3.19)
,
Ld =
U d0 K
.
I d K
(2.3.20)
77
P K
W L = Ld I d2 = d 0 .
K
(2.3.21)
, ,
, (
), .
, (
),
. ,
,
(3.21) :
S
K
W L
= .
S *.L = .L = Q L* =
Pd 0
Pd 0
K
(2.3.22)
qm2 = 2, K = 0,24.
, , ,
,
,
.
.
,
S *.L =
K
W L
= ,
Pd 0
K
(2.3.23)
. . . = 0,67.
13.
78
P
1
= 1 = I =
= 0.9 , cos 1(1) = 1 ,
S1
S1*
(2.3.24)
= 0,48.
14. ( )
K =
U d0 2 2
=
K .
U1
(2.3.25)
15. ( )
K =
Id
I
K
= d = = 1.11K .
I 1(1) I I 1 I
(2.3.26)
I
= d = K = I K .
K
I1
(2.3.27)
79
( ).
.
U1 = 220
Pd0 35 300
15 .
2.4.
(m1 = m2 = 1, q = 2)
. 2.4.1.
( ) ( ).
.
. , .
,
, . . . 2.4.1
.
, . .
,
.
. 2.4.2 ,
.
.
80
. 2.4.2
. 3, 4 1
u2. ,
, , 1 4 .
.
.
.
U *. =
2 U2
U .
2
=
=
U = .
U d0
U d0 2 2 d0 2
Ed0
I2 =
1
2
2
2
d =
I d d = I d .
S2 = U 2 I2 =
2 2
U d I d = 1,11 P d 0
0
S 2* = 1,11.
S = S 2 = S1 = 1,11 P d 0
S * = 1,11 .
,
.
81
,
, .
:
, - (
) ;
, (
);
, p=qm2 = 2;
,
, .
, ,
( ).
2.5.
(m1 = m2 = 3, q = 1)
. P d 35 0
1625 ( ,
).
. -
82
(, , , ) e
.
,
, ,
. 2.5.1.
.
:
. 2.5.1
, .
, .
. 2.5.2 ,
u2a, u2b, u2c
, .
,
,
(
83
. 2.5.2
, ). ,
,
. 2.2.4,
.
u d 0 , id
Xd = .
, () . ia1
ub1.
(u2a) udo, ()
. .
, i2a ia1, , .
, . . I2(=), , . .
Ia.
I2(=) (
I2(=)) i2()
i2= i2() + I2(=).
(2.5.1)
( - ). 84
, ,
,
i1 =
i 2 I 2( = )
K
(2.5.2)
,
, , ,
2.3 3.5.
, .
- .
,
= , , .
,
, , . .
( 1/3 , ).
(
,
), ,
1/32, . . 16,5 %.
16,5 %, 85
.
.
, , , ( d ),
, - . , , ,
,
[8].
. , ,
,
, .
.
1.
U d
0
Ud0 =
3 6
1
2 U 2 cos d =
U = 1,17U 2 ,
2 2
2
3 3
(2.5.3)
U2 =
U d0
1,17
= 0,84 U d 0 .
(2.5.4)
, .
2.
86
Ia =
1
2
i a d =
2 / 3
1
2
I d d =
Id
.
3
(2.5.5)
3.
I . =
1
2
i a d =
1
2
2 3
I 2d d =
Id
3
(2.5.6)
K =
I a.
= 3.
Ia
(2.5.7)
4.
I a max = I d .
(2.5.8)
Ka =
I a max
= 3.
Ia
(2.5.9)
5.
U *b max =
2 3 U2
=
U d0
2 3 2
2
= 2,09 .
3
(2.5.10)
2 U d 0 I d 2
Sb
U
I
,
= n b max a = 3
=
33
3
Pd 0
Pd 0
(2.5.11)
U b max
=
U d0
3 6
6. :
S *b1 =
S *b 2 = S *b1 K a = 3
87
2
= 2 .
3
(2.5.12)
7.
I 2 = I a =
Id
.
3
(2.5.13)
8.
I1 =
1
2
i12 d =
2 3
1
2
0
2
2 Id
d +
3 K
2 3
1 Id
2 Id
d =
3 K
3 K
(2.5.14)
9.
S 2 = 3U 2 I 2 =
3 2
U d0
3 6
Id
3
2
P d 0 = 1,48 P d 0 .
3 2
(2.5.15)
10.
S1 = 3 U 1 I 1 = 3 K U 2
2 Id
2
2
2
=3
U d0
I =
P = 1,21 P d 0 .
3 KT
3 d 3 3 d0
3 6
(2.5.16)
11.
S =
S1 + S 2 1,21 + 1,48
=
P d 0 = 1,345 P d 0
2
2
S * = 1,345 .
(2.5.17)
.
S * = 1,165 S * = 1,57 .
(2.5.18)
12.
(2.3.19), (2.3.21) (2.3.22).
88
K = 0,06,
K = 0,25.
(2.5.19)
13. (2.3.23)
X = I =
1
S1*
1
= 0,79 .
1,21
(2.5.20)
14.
K =
U d0
U1
3 6
K = 1,17 K .
2
(2.5.21)
15.
K =
K
= 1,21 K
I
=
K
K .
2
(2.5.22)
89
4. , , , 3.13, .
, ( ),
(. 2.7).
2.6.
- (m1 = m2 = 3, q = 1)
, ,
,
.
, .
.
. . ()
, . , ,
, , , [8], .
90
. 2.6.1.
.
, , ,
.
U20, . 2.6.2.
. 2.6.2
. 2.6.1
, ,
.
, , 3 150
.
,
u20a, u20b, u20c,
. 2.6.3 91
. 2.6.3
. ,
,
. ,
U20x 150, . 2.8.2.
i1A
(2.5.2),
,
a x,
,
i 2a i 2 x i a5 i a1
=
.
i 1A =
K
K
(2.6.1)
,
.
- -,
,
1 1 0
1 0 1
1
1 1
i 1A
i 1B
i 1C
w2
w1
1 1
2
1 1 2
i a1
i a3
i a5
(2.6.2)
(. 3.5)
,
.
, ( , , ),
.
U2:
92
U d0 =
3 6
U = 1,17 U 20 ,
2 20
U 20 = 3 U 2 ,
, (1.1.3),
I1 =
Id
K
2
.
3
S 2 = 6U 2 I 2 = 6
2 U d 0
Id
4
=
P = 1,71 P d 0 ,
3 3 6 d0
3 6 3
S 2* = 1.71.
S 1* =
3U 1 I 1 3 K U 2 I d
=
Pd0
Pd0
2
2
=
= 1,21 .
3 3 3
J =
1
S1*
= 0,827 .
K =
Ed 0
E1
3 6
2
3 K = 1,17 3 K .
K =
Id
I
2
= d =
K = 1,48 K ,
I 1(1) I 1 J 3 2
=
K
Id
=
I1
3
K = 1,225 K .
2
. 93
- . ( ) . , Id > 85120
, , , .
2.7.
-
(m1 = 3, m2 = 2 X 3, q = 1)
(. 2.7.1)
,
.
. 2.7.1
u2a
u2x, u2b u2y, u2c u2z,
. , . , ,
,
94
, . .
.
.
:
.
:
, ;
,
, .
, , ,
.
15 %
.
, ,
,
. 2.7.2.
,
,
u2a, u2b, u2c u2x,
u2y, u2z..
i2a i2x
a
, . ,
,
1' 1''.
95
. 2.7.2
.
u d ,
0
u d .
0
, ,
.
, . , -, , -,
, , ud, ( )
. , . .
, p = qm2 = 6. id (Xd = ) .
u,
. ,
, , , . ,
1.3.3, ,
, .
( ) 12 % . ,
96
.
1 (
), , .
. ,
.
, .
i1A.
(2.5.2), i2a i2x .
,
.
.
1. , , , . .
U d0 =
3 6
U .
2 2
2.
Ia =
Id
I
= d .
23 6
97
3. ,
(1.1.3):
I a =
Id
K =
2 3
I a
Ia
= 3.
4.
I a max =
Id
2
Ka =
I a max
= 3.
Ia
5.
U max = 2 3 E 2 =
2
U
3 d0
U * max =
2
.
3
6.
S *1 =
2 1 2
U
Sb
I
= n max a = 6
=
,
3 6
3
Pd0
Pd0
S *2 = n
U max I a max
2 1
=6
= 2 .
3 2
Pd0
7.
I 2 = I a =
Id
2 3
8. (1.1.3)
I1 =
Id
2K
2
.
3
9.
98
S 2 = 6U 2 I 2 = 6
2
2
Id
=
U
P , S *2 = 1,48 .
3 6 d0 2 3 3 2 d0
10.
S1 = 3 U 1 I 1 = 3 K
Id
2
U d0
2 K
3 6
2
= P ,
3 3 d0
S1* = 1,045 .
11.
S =
S1 + S 2
= 1,26 P d 0
2
S * = 1,26 .
, (150 ) .
, , ,
,
,
. [8], , 150 , . . 50 ,
S * = 0,07 .
S = 0,07 P d 0 ,
= 5,7 % = 0,057.
13.
99
1
S1*
0,955 .
14. ,
,
K =
U d0
U1
3 6
K = 1,17 K .
2
15.
-
Id
K = I
1(1)
=2
K = 2,56 K ,
2 3
Id
= 2,45 K
I 1(1)
:
1. , .
2. .
.
3. ,
, - ( )
.
K , 9
. ,
.
:
100
= I =
1
S 1*
= 0,955 ,
. . ( )
, I = 1. ,
K =
I =
I 1(1)
1
2I
1 = 0,3 .
. . 30 %
.
.
. ,
.
,
U d0 = 2U 2
m2
6
3 2
sin
= U 2 sin U 2 =
U 2 = 1,35U 2 .
6
m2
15 %.
,
U max = 2 2 U 2 = 2 2
2
4
U =
U = 2,42U d 0 ,
3 6 d0 3 3 d0
101
. . 15 % , .
.
, ,
, ,
( ,
).
15 % ,
.
2.8.
(m1 = m2 = 3, q = 2)
, ( ),
. , . 2.8.1, .
. 2.8.1
( 2.6) - .
102
,
, . 2.8.1, .
() , (). ()
().
, : .
.
. 2.8.2
.
.
,
ud(k), ud(a)
.
,
.
ud id.
ud(a),
u.
d(k)
2.8.2
, ud0. , , , ,
, . . .
103
uLd.
, , . ,
. , i2a ( )
ia1 ia4,
,
.
u1A, , i1A.
( ), .
.
, .
1.
, , . .
U d0 = 2
3 6
3 6
U2 =
U 2 = 2,34 U 2 .
2, 3, 4. , , , . .
Ia =
Id ,
3
I a =
Id ,
3
I a max = I d .
5. (-
)
104
U * max =
U d max
=
U d0
2 3 U 2
= = 1,045 .
3
3 6U2
6.
S *1 = n
I d U d 0 2
I a U max
=
=6
;
33Pd0
3
Pd0
S *2 = n
I d U d 0
I a max U max
=6
= 2 .
3Pd
Pd0
0
7, 8.
( )
, (1.1.3.):
I1 =
I2 = Id
K K
2
.
3
9, 10, 11. , .
.
S *2 = S 1* = S * =
3U 2 I 2
2
=3
= = 1,045 .
3 6 3 3
Pd0
12. ,
, . .
K = 0.0067,
= 0.057.
13.
1
= * = 0,955 .
S1
105
14.
K =
U d0
= 2,34 K .
U1
15.
K = I d =
I 1(1)
= 1,282 K ,
K
2 3
= I d = 1,225 K .
K
I1
, .
.
, .
() ,
()
, .
.
,
- ,
.
4.1.
106
2.9. .
, . : ,
.
2.9.1.
.
.
m2-
. 2.9.1,
.
,
, , .
1.
()
. 2.9.1
, . .
(
K K 3.7)
.
2.
107
.
, .
(
) ,
(1.3.7).
3.3.10.
3. ,
, . .
Ud0 ,
. ud
. 2.9.1
1
U d 0 =
2
qm2
q m2
qm2
cos = U d 0 cos ,
qm2
sin
2 U 2 cos d = U 2
q m2
U2
U 2 =
3 U 2
q = 1,
q = 2.
(2.9.1)
.
U d 0
= cos . (2.9.2)
Cp =
U d0
108
. 2.9.2.
0 < < 90o
.
2.9.2
() .
( ) : ( = 0) ,
. 2.9.3 .
()
(Xd = ) , . 1.2.1, . ()
.
ud
t
id
u1
i1
T
. 2.9.3
().
[. (1.1.4 )]
109
t
Cp = u ,
T
(2.9.3)
.
,
. , (2.9.3)
C p Ed I d
Ed I d
K K
P
0
= 1 =
=
= . C p .
(2.9.4)
m1
S1 m1U1 I1
I d tu
m1U1
K T
( , ) ,
1/ 1 ,
1. ( )
, , .
, , , , , , .
2
,
...
. .
1. - ?
2. ?
3.
?
110
4. ?
5. :
,
?
6.
?
7. /0
/Z0?
8.
?
9.
?
10.
?
11.
?
12.
?
13.
?
14.
?
?
15. ?
2
,
...
..
111
1. Xd = Rd = 20 .
2. Xd = 0 Rd = 20 .
3. . 2 .
4. Ud0 =
= 500 Rd = 100 ? Xd = Xd = 0?
5.*
Xd = () .
6. , /0.
7.*
.
8.* .
9.
.
10. 10 .
11.*
.
3.
,
.
. .
3.1.
.
112
, , , . .
, , , , , .
( ), , , .
, ,
.
-
. 3.1.1.
,
,
. . , . 3.1.1
.
: , , , .
( 1.2.1,
),
. ,
, . , .
, .
,
. , 113
, i , . L
. La, , R, . , ()
, .
,
LR- , 1.2.1, ,
. , ,
35 , . La , Ra
.
,
(
. 2) ,
. 3.1.2
(La),
. 3.1.2
114
. 3.1.3 , Xa = La .
- ,
Xa.
, , 3,
, 1, , .
,
U2b, Xa, 3, 1,
U2a Xa .
,
,
, ,
.
()
.
. 3.1.3
(
, , . 3.3.4), .
i
:
2X a
. 3.1.4
di
= u 2 a u 2b .
d
(3.1.1)
U2
m2- ,
,
. 3.1.4
(3.1.1)
,
115
, , , :
i = ia 3 =
2U 2
1
sin d =
sin
cos + C 1 . (3.1.2)
2 U 2 sin
m2
m2
Xa
Xa
1 ia3 = 0 = , . .
2U2
sin
cos .
m2
Xa
C1 =
(3.1.3)
(3.1.2)
i a3 =
2 U 2 sin
Xa
m 2 (cos cos ) .
(3.1.4)
3, , Id,
, , ,
i a1 + i a 3 = i d = I d
(3.1.5)
. () , , , . ia3 = Id = +
(3.1.4)
Id =
2 U 2 sin
Xa
m 2 [cos cos ( + )] ,
116
(3.1.6)
I
X
d
a
= arc cos cos
.
2 U 2 sin
m 2
(3.1.7)
, ,
(3.1.4), ,
(3.1.5), .
ud, , u2a u2b, , Id,
u d =
u 2 a + u 2b
.
2
(3.1.8)
, .
. 3.1.5
ud
.
, ,
. . , . 3.1.5
,
La. id
,
.
,
ux,
. ,
117
, ,
(3.1.7)
. U d = f (I d ) = const . ( , .) :
Ud0
Ux , . .
U d = U d 0 U x = U d 0 cos U x ,
(3.1.9)
U x ,
U x =
1
2
qm2
=
u x d =
1
2
qm2
Id
1
2
qm2
x a dia 3 =
Xa
dia3
d =
d
(3.1.10)
XaId
.
2
qm2
(3.1.10) (3.1.9)
Xa
U d = U d 0 cos I d .
2
qm2
, , ,
,
118
(3.1.11)
U x . . 3.1.6.
, . 3.1.6 La
R.:
R . =
Xa .
2
qm2
(3.1.12)
,
U d 0 cos R.., . 3.1.7.
,
, Ux,
, , La.
(3.1.12)
,
,
. 3.1.7
R..
R ,
, R1 + R2, R,
R, . .
R = R. + R1 + R2 + R + R.
(3.1.13)
119
X
a
+ R1 + R2 + R + R q U 0 .
U d = U d 0 cos I d
2
qm
(3.1.14)
U0.
, U1k %,
, Xa.
Xa =
X 1k
X 2
U U %
= 1K K = La .
I1H 100
(3.1.15)
,
, , ( Ld = ), ,
,
.
Ld
,
.
.
3.2.
Ld.
. , , :
1) ,
RL- ;
120
2) ,
;
3) , ;
4) , ,
..
- ( , ..) ( ). () . ,
(3.1.14) qU0,
( ).
, , ,
. 3.2.1.
Ld
. 3.2.1
: .
Ld
, , , .
, 2.2. , - ,
.
3.2.1. ( < 2/qm2)
121
. 3.2.2 ,
.
,
,
. 3.2.2
.
,
,
. 3.2.3.
Rd
, (3.1.13). , - qU0. . 3.2.3
La q, m2=3, q=2
.
2.2.2, RL- ,
. , , .
. . [40] . . [41] .
(Rd = 0).
, . .
122
U d = f 1 (, ),
(3.2.1)
I d = f 2 (, ).
, j < 2/qm2,
(3.2.1) U d j , I d j = onst .
, (
,
, ) . 3.2.2
U d =
u d d =
1
1
(u u x ) d =
a
2
2 U 2 sin d =
(3.2.2)
2U2
[cos cos( + )] = f 1(, ),
+ , 2 qm2
,
.
, (3.2.2)
U 0 = U d =
2U2
[cos cos ( + )] = f 1(, ) .
(3.2.3)
,
, (. 3.2.3) :
123
(qX a + X d )
di d
+ i d Rd = u 2 U 0 .
d
(3.2.4)
Rd = 0
id =
2 U 23
[ cos ] + C1 ,
qX a + X d
(3.2.5)
U0
,
2 U 2
m2 = 3, q = 1,
m2 = 3, q = 2.
U2
U 2 =
3 U2
: id = 0 =
C1 =
2 U 23
[ + cos ] .
qX a + X d
(3.2.5)
id =
2 U 2
[cos cos + ( + )] .
q Xa + Xd
(3.2.6)
(3.2.6)
Id =
1
2
qm 2
=
i d d =
2 U 2 qm 2
(qX a + X d ) 2
[cos cos( 0 + ) + ( )] d =
2
2 U 2 qm 2
sin( + ) sin + cos = f 2 (, , ).
(qX a + X d ) 2
2
(3.2.7)
(3.2.7) ,
(3.2.3),
124
I d = f2 (, , ) = f2 (, , f1 (, )) = f2 (, ) .
(3.2.8)
(3.2.7).
3.2.2. - (=2/qm2)
(3.2.2) (3.2.7) (3.2.3)
=2/qm2
U d. = 2 U 2
I d. =
1
sin
qm 2
qm 2
sin
cos = B cos ,
qm 2
(3.2.9)
(3.2.9) (3.2.10)
. 3.2.4 ..
3.2.3. ( > 2/qm2)
: .
( ), .
( ), ,
, .
, Xd Xa. , [8]. ,
. 125
, . . , Xd = .
Rd.:
Rd =
U0
,
Id
(3.2.11)
,
, U0.
, . . .
- Xd = 3.1.1
(3.1.11)
(3.1.14). , ,
. 3.2.4.
.
Xa
. 3.2.4
Xd.
, Xa.
Xd .
,
,
, , . 3.2.5
. 3.2.5.
() .
126
U0 .
+ = arcsin
2 qm2
2U2
(3.2.12)
, > , .
,
, :
, ;
,
( ),
;
( =2/qm2) (
3.3.10);
, ( ).
, , Xd .
(3.2.3). ,
.
, , . ..
.
, ( , , ,
), -
127
.
,
(qm2) .
3.3.
Ld, , , Ud - .
, , Rd, , Cd, ,
. 3.3.1 .
.
3.1
La, , . . La ,
.
.
d = CdRd
. 3.3.1
Cd ,
, .
Pd:
Pd =
U 2d
128
Rd
(3.3.1)
,
d = C d R d = C d
U d2
Pd
0,02
T1
=
,
qm 2 qm 2
(3.3.2)
C d >>
0,02 P d
.
qm 2 U 2
d
(3.3.3)
,
220 ( ), . . 300 . (3.3.3), ,
6
C d = 0,11 10 P d
[] .
(3.3.4)
,
. Ld , , Rd,
( Pd >
> 35 ).
( 35 ) LdCd
, -, -
- [10, 11].
, ( )
.
[11].
3.4.
-
129
.
,
.
. , -
. ( )
,
. , () (. 3.12). , . ,
- ,
.
.
,
. , (2.9.2)
>900. , , , 1(1) = .
(1.3.1) 1(1)>900 , . . , , .
,
,
130
. , (), , ,
,
, .
.
,
, - ( ,
, ).
,
,
,
900. ,
.
, , .
.
3.4.1. (m1=1, m2=2, q=1)
,
.
. 3.4.1.
, 2.9,
La, .
131
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, 900.
. 3.4.1
. , 1800, . .
+ = 1800.
(3.4.1)
.
, , . 3.4.2
(.3.4.2, )
(. 3.4.2, ).
, Xd = . .
-, :
= ,
(3.4.2)
()
132
.
min =
max +
(3.4.3)
. 3.4.2
. ,
.
-, (3.1.4)
> /2 > /2 : , , . . .
, ,
, , . , , , 133
, .
. ,
Udx Id , . , (3.1.19) (3.4.2):
U d = U d 0 cos U x = U d 0 cos + U x .
(3.4.4)
Ud .
Ux , ,
. . 3.4.3.
. 3.4.3
. 3.4.4
, ,
,
. 3.4.4.
134
. (2.9.1) (3.4.1)
Id = 0:
U d = U d 0 cos = U d 0 cos .
(3.4.5)
. . 2.9.2.
. ,
, , .
Idmax, max
(3.4.2)
max = .
(3.4.6)
,
, , , (. .
Ud max),
.
, ud . 3.4.2, -
. ud ud . 3.4.2, , ,
+ .
, , . 3.4.3
135
Xa
.
I
d max
(3.4.7)
. .
, ,
,
, . .
= 0, . 3.4.2, .
Ud ,
, .
(.3.4.5,) (. 3.4.5, ).
. 3.4.5
, .
Ld
, (. 3.2)
180 - U0
U0.
136
. ,
min ,
= 0.
min U2 , (3.4.7) (3.1.6).
(3.4.7) Ud0, , U2:
U d0 =
U d max + U x
(3.4.8)
cos
U2 =
U d 0 U d max + U x
=
KU
K U cos
K U =
2 2
.
(3.4.9)
(3.1.6) = 180
Id =
2 2
[cos cos ]
Xa
cos min Id
max
(3.4.10)
(4.9):
X I
cos min = cos 1 a d max .
2 2
(3.4.11)
( ) (. 2.3), U2, , K,
. U *b max , K I , S *2 , S 1* , S *T , S *b , S *T .L , , K
La
137
U %,
.
U %, min,
.
.
3.4.2 (m1=3, m2=3, q=1 )
La . 3.4.6, Xd = . 3.4.7.
. 3.4.6
1800,
, (. 3.2).
138
U2 (3.4.9)
3 6
K u =
min Id.
Id max
I d max =
2 3U 2
. 3.4.7
139
(3.4.12)
cos min
2
cos min = cos 1 X a I d max .
2 3 U2
(3.4.13)
,
3.4.1, , 2.7, ,
.
140
3.5*
( )
,
.
,
. , .
. 3.5.1.
. 3.5.1
, ,
, . . 3.5.2.
= 0 + (n 1)
2
,
m2
0 ,
n (n = 1, 2, ... m2).
138
(3.5.1)
i1A, i1B, i1C
.
, , , . 3.5.1,
,
i1A + i1B = i a1
wa
w
i b ,
w1
w1
w
w
i1A + i1C = ia1 a ia1 c .
w1
w1
(3.5.2)
. 3.5.2
i1 A =
2 1
1
1
=
0,5
0,5
i a1
3 K a
K b
K c
2 i a1
(U + U 2b cos120 + U 2c cos 240).
3 U 1 2a
U2.1 , . .
i1 A =
2 U 2.1
2 i a1
cos =
cos .
i
0
0
3 a1 U 1
3 K .
(3.5.3)
. 139
(3.5.3) .
:
i1 =
2
3K
m2
h =1
2
2
= 3K i a cos ,
2
i a.m cos 0 + (h 1) m
(3.5.4)
,
, ia.
(3.5.4)
, :
.
, ,
0
,
.
.
.
,
2.8,
.
140
, ,
d = , = 0 (. 2.5).
0, /6,
. 3.5.3.
. 3.5.3
2. 2 Id
, ia = Id
3 K
.
3. , ,
/6, (/6)+2(/3), (/6)+2(2/3) .. , , 2/m2 ( 2/3) , ,
. 3.5.4. ( )
, . 2.5.2
.
. 3.5.4
141
d =
, .
. ()
(d ).
, ,
d = . ,
1
2
I1 =
m2 2 / m2
h =1
2
Am2 cos 2 0 + (h 1)
d = m ,
m2
2
(3.5.5)
2 Id
, . . 3 K
.
,
. ,
, .
Am =
3.6.
, , .
, . . 3.6.1
, ec ( ) Lc,
ZH
. 3.6.1
142
I1,
.
:
1. u,
u c = ec X c
d
(i + i ) ,
d 1
(3.6.1)
i1
uc.
() , Z.
2. ,
(, , ).
3. -
,
LC-. .
( ) .
,
,
[20].
,
,
.
. 3.6.2
,
143
. ,
( ).
. 3.6.2 d = , Xa = 0.
n-
I a. max( n ) =
22
2
m2
I d cos n d =
2 1
sin
nId
n
m2
sin
2
m
2
cos n = I a.max( n ) cos n ,
i a( n ) =
n Id
(3.6.2)
(3.6.3)
n .
n- (3.5.4) ,
( i1 in),
h-
i 1( n ) =
2 m2
I a. max( n ) cos n
3 K h
=1
=
2
2
(h 1) m cos 0 + (h 1) m =
2
2
1 m2
I a. max( n ) cos
3 K h =1
2
0 + n (n 1) m h +
2
2
2
(n 1) .
+ cos n 0 +
h
m2
m2
(3.6.4)
,
m2- . 3.6.3,,
, m2 , . 3.6.3,.
144
. 3.6.3
( h = 1)
(n 1)(2/m2) = 2k,
(n + 1)( 2/m2) = 2k.
n
n = km2 1,
(3.6.5)
k (k = 2, 3, 4 ...).
(q = 1)
(q = 2) ,
, , ,
.
.
, (3.6.5) , (p = qm2 )
n = kqm2 1= kp 1.
(3.6.6)
, (3.6.6). ,
,
p = 6, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 ... .
(3.6.2) (3.6.4) ,
145
sin n
sin (kq m2 1)
I 1( n)
m2 =
m2 = cos kq = 1 .
=
n
n
I 1(1) n sin
n sin
m2
m2
(3.6.7)
. .
:
, . . ,
;
() d = , ,
n-
(n)=n . , sin (1) ()
, 3.10;
,
, , -
. - () (,
3.1) [8].
() [42 ].
3.7.
, ,
146
, .
, . 3.7.1,
. , u 2 ,
u 2 =
2 U 2 cos
q = 1,
2 3 U 2 cos
q = 2,
. 3.7.1
n-
U dS ( n) =
= U 2
2
2
2
p
+
p
+
p
2U 2 cos sin n d =
(3.7.1)
p 2kp
2kp
sin sin = U d 0
sin
p
p2 1
(kp )2 1
k
n = kqm2 = kp
147
(3.7.2)
.
, n-
UC
d ( n) =
+
p
2
2
2
p
+
p
2 U 2 cos cos n d = U d 0
(kp )2 1
cos
(3.7.3)
n- (n=kp)
U d ( n) =
(U dS )2 + (U Cd )2 =
n
(kp )
1 + (kp tg )2 U d cos .
0
(3.7.4)
Ud(n)/Ud0
. 3.7.2.
qm2
, ,
U *d ( n) =
. 3.7.2
U d ( n)
= K cos = K C p .
U d0
(3.7.5)
K , , 2, . ,
148
qm2 = 2, 3, 6
36:9:1 = 0.
, ,
(3.7.1) (3.7.4)
180 .
= , ,
.
, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5.
, , - (3.7.2), . , (3.7.4), [8].
,
,
. , .
3.8.
.
. ,
,
. 149
,
, , . , , , S 2* .
S 2* q = 1,
q = 2.
, .
Xd = , Xa = 0 (
) =2/m2
I2 =
Id
m2
(3.8.1)
(2.9.1)
S *2 =
Ud
m U I
m
S2
0
= 2 22 = 2
Pd
Pd
Pd m2
0
0
0
sin
m2
2 sin
m2
Id
=
m2
(3.8.2)
.
m2
. 3.8.1. m2
, m2 =
= 2, 3, 6, 12. ,
150
. 3.8.1
m2 = 3,
.
,
.
, 2/m2 , .
3.8.2, . .
I 2
.
I2 = d
m2
(3.8.3)
3 8 2
S2 = U 2I 2 = U 2I d
2
.
m2
(3.8.4)
,
,
.
. 3.8.2
I 2(1)
42
2 2
/ m2
I d cos d =
2 2 Id
sin
.
m2
(3.8.5)
P2 = U 2 I 2(1) = U 2 I d
2 2
sin
.
m2
(3.8.6)
(3.8.4) (3.8.6)
151
S 2* =
S 2
=
P2
U 2I d 2
U 2I d
m2 2 2 sin
m2
2 m2 sin
m2
. (3.8.7)
m2
2 (3.8.2).
, S 2* .
.
, 2/3, , . .
(
) , . 3.8.3.
, .
30 ( ) , . . 3.8.3,
, ,
2
(Xd = , Xa = 0).
,
u d i 2 a
. 152
.
u d u d . ,
u d 30, . . .
, i1A , i1C
, i1A
. ,
K
K
K =
3 ,
3 U1
U 1
U
=
= 3 K " = 3 1 = 3 K " = K .
U 2
U 2
U 2
,
(3.5.3) .
153
A B C
i'1A i 1A
i'A
i'C
U1A
U"d
U'd
Rd
Ld
Ud
. 3.8.3
154
,
=2/3
,
24-, 48- 96- (
140 ) .
3.9*.
, 3.1,
.
,
(. 3.6). , , , .
. 3.9.1
(3.1.4) .
( = 1)
. 3.9.1, , .
, I1
I 1 =
Id
2
2
1 = I1 1
3
3
K
155
(3.9.1)
I 1 =
Id
1
2
K
2
= I1 1
3
2
(3.9.2)
.
S = U 1 I 1 = U 1 I 1 1
2
2
= S2 1
3
3
(3.9.3)
S = 3U1 I1 = 3U1 I1 1
= S1 1
= S 1 1 ( , m2 ) . (3.9.4)
2
2
, (), S1, .
, ,
, .
. , , .
, ,
3.13,
. (1.5.25)
(
I
I(
(
K =
I (1)
156
1 .
(3.9.5)
(
I ,
. 3.9.1. , .3. 9.1,
I
Id
(
1
I = d
=
.
K K
(3.9.6)
,
. 3.9.1, , [42], ,
I (1) =
6 Id
.
K
(3.9.7)
(
K =
1 .
(3.9.8)
, 3.13,
.
3.10.
.
3.10.1.
() .
=
Pd
Pd
,
=
P1 Pd + P
157
(3.10.1)
P1 Pd P
=
.
Pd
Pd
(3.10.2)
P .
P,
P, P,
P, . .
P = P + P + P + P .
(3.10.3)
.
P, ,
( ).
P,
,
, .
P = P + P (Id/Id)2.
(3.10.4)
P, P, ,
, P.
P = P + P + P .
(3.10.5)
P - , . 1.1.3.
, 158
U0 ( )
R.. , ,
2
P = I a U 0 + I .
R = I a U 0 + I a2 K 2 R .
(3.10.6)
P, ,
.
P
( ), 400 .
.
,
,
.
Pd
Xd , . .
Pd =
k =0
k =0
Pd (k ) = U d (k ) I d (k ) cos (k ) .
(3.10.7)
(Xd = )
Pd = U d I d .
(3.10.8)
Pd P Ud.
3.10.2.
( ) .
159
(3.10.9)
I
, .
, , . -, , -,
,
1 2
1(1) + .
2 3
(3.10.10)
(3.10.11)
, (3.10.9) , ,
P1 = S1. , ,
3.13.
Xa = 0, Xd = ,
=0, 1(1) = . (3.10.9) (2.9.3)
:
= I cos 1(1) = I cos = I C p .
160
(3.10.12)
,
.
,
. () (). ,
0,9. ( ), .
3.11.
, ( ,
).
,
()
. .
.
, , . (
.
[12, 17, 19].)
161
- , . :
;
- ;
.
3.11.1.
. 3.11.1, . 3.11.2.
. 3.11.1
162
. 3.11.2
.
,
.
,
.
( ),
.
,
, - ,
.
, , Xd =
()
,
.
( ), . .
. , ( )
. ,
|| = , , ,
, [17].
,
163
-
, .
3.11.2. -
, .
.
.
- ()
. 3.11.3.
u1A
u 1B
u1C
i1a
Id/
ud
t 1 t 2 t4
t3
t
T
.11.3
. 3.11.3
,
.
, 1 6 t2t3.
t3t5 6
164
( 1) , . . 4 ( 2). , Ld,
, 1 4
( 2 6).
,
, ( ), , , .
,
,
.
, (), .
, . 2, 3, 4 ...
, t1t4 2, 3, 4 ... (. . -, -, ... n- ).
=
P1 Pd U d I d
=
=
=
S1 S1
3U 1 I 1
C pU d I d
0
3K E 2
Id
K
6T
4t u
3
Cp
(3.11.1)
., ( )
Cp =
U d t n
=
.
Ud
T
0
(3.11.2)
, (3.11.1) (3.10.12)
. 165
() .
, . . .
, , . . .
3.11.3. ,
. ,
, , , .
, . .
.
, . , , -, ,
, -,
, .
. 3.11.4.
1, 2. 1, 2, Ud. L,
,
,
, 2
L
i1
D2
C2
166
u
ud
D1
C1
( ) .
- () , ,
, . ,
Ud ,
- u.
. 3.11.4
u
2 2 (
),
UL
u
U1
U
1 1.
I1
u1 u i1 , L. , . 3.11.5, .
. 3.11.5
( )
, . . .
,
. 3.11.6. ,
, .
167
4
A
B
C
i1
2
C
ud
.3.11.6
. 3.11.5,
u, . ,
.
, . , -
- (.
3.4).
( 2) , ,
.
, . .
,
, . 3.11.7, ,
. 3.11.7, .
, Ld, (
), D. ,
168
, .
.
, (
U . 3.11.7, ). D . , , Ld,
.
i1
i
Ld
id
u1
VT
u
u
u1
i1
169
i +e i -e
ic
u
3.11.7
( )
(1.4.2). ,
. Ud
.
Ld ,
, , .
, . , ( , -, - ),
.
.
,
[20].
, . 3.11.4 3.11.6, , . 3.11.7.
, .
,
( , )
().
, . .
170
, .
3.12.
( )
,
.
(. . 3.4.4).
, , , .
, ,
, .
, ,
.
(). , ,
, , -.
, . . , () ..
- .
-
. 3.12.1.
171
. 3.12.1
-
1 2 (. . 3.12.1) , . 1 2 , , , .
, 1 2 .
. 1 2
( U ):
U d1 = U d 2 .
(3.12.1)
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
1(2) < 900, 2(1) > 900. (2.9.2)
U d 0 cos 1 + U d 0 cos 2 = 0
172
+ 2
2
2 cos 1
cos 1
=0,
2
2
1 2 1 2 .
1 + 2 = 180;
(3.12.2)
1 2 = 180.
(3.12.3)
(3.12.2)
.
, 1 2
.
(3.12.3)
,
1 > 1800, 2 < 0, . (3.12.3). p ,
, [16].
(3.12.2)
(
).
() .
(3.2.12) 1 2 , 1 < 90, 2 > 90 ,
. . , . (3.4.1)
2 = 180 1 = 1,
(3.12.4)
. . ,
1(2), 1(2) .
Ud1 Ud2
, ,
173
,
u. , .
. 3.12.2. . 3.4.4 , -
.
, ,
.
. 3.12.2
3.13.
.
, ,
() ,
, ().
, , , . , , , , ( , , 174
,
..). ,
, , , .
, - , ,
.
[20].
. , () , , () .
. ,
,
, .
: ( ) ( ),
( ) ,
175
, ..
.
, [43].
.
.
.
. .
,
. 3.13.1, ,
. 3.13.1, i
( X d = ), e u.
L. .
176
eA
eB
eC
LC
uA
uB
uC
LC
LC
L
k
Lk
Lk
Ld
Rd
. 3.13.1
e Lc, .
u ,
ux (. 3.1)
Lc Lk
Lc
di
.
(3.13.1)
= e Lc
u = e u x
Lc + L k
dt
177
.
,
. 3.13.2.
. 3.13.2
u
di
(3.13.2)
u = e Lc
dt
2 [21]
(
( 1)
U = L I
= L I(1)K
(3.13.3)
1
( )
( 2
U1 = E12 2Lc E1I1 sin 1 + 2L2c I12 K .
,
K., 1310998, 0,08,
(
Lc I1K
U
K =
=
( 2 K . . (3.13.4)
U1
E12 2Lc E1L1 sin 1 + 2L2c I12 K
( )
, 178
K =
S
E1 1
E
E2
1
1 = 1
= ,
L I1. E1 Lc E1I1. S1.
(3.13.5)
(3.13.4)
K =
( 1)
K
( )2
(
2
K
2K sin 1 + K
K . .
(3.13.6)
U1 1
(3.12.4), ..
(
(
U Lc I1K K
K =
=
=
K . .
(3.13.7)
E1
E1
K
(3.13.7) ,
K =
S
K
= ,
S
K .
K
S = S (. .
K
(3.13.8)
.
.
, , . [20].
( ) -
179
( = 6, 12)
.
, , , ,
, ,
.
, :
1) (. 3.6 3.8);
2) (. 3.11.3);
3) , , LC,
(5, 7, 11, 13) [20];
4) , [20] (. 2 ).
,
...
..
1.
?
2. .
180
3. ?
4.
?
5. .
6. .
7.
?
8.
?
9. ?
10. , ?
11. .
12. =0?
13*.
?
14*. ?
15. ?
16.
?
17.
?
18*. ?
19. .
20. .
21*. ?
22*. ( )?
23.
?
24. ?
181
25. ?
26*.
?
27. ?
,
...
..
1.* ( La), .
2. Id = 10
U1 = 220 , = 2, La = 0,01 . (Xd = ).
3.* -
?
4.*
200 .
5.* , = 2 La = 0,005 , = 800 . ?
6. /0 .
= 300, = 1, La = 0,01 , U0 = 200 .
?
7. min
, 200 (Xd = )?
182
8.*
= 300, La =
= 0,005 , = 2
?
9.* .
10.
, = 600
= 200.
11. = 200
: 600 ,
200 , 400 ,
, , 1:1. 10
. , Ud = const.
12.
, , ,
10 ,
2 .
13. ,
= 200, 1000
.
4.
...
..
, ,
, ,
183
, .
..
. 2
()
. : = 100 , U = 440
, n = 1000 /. 7 %
Id. : UB = 220 . ,
,
. :
0,8. 220/380
. S = 5 000 , .. =50.
.
1. ,
( ) .
2. , ( )
.
4.1. ( )
() , [19,49]. . ,
. ,
,
, .
4.1.1
. , , 184
. (Pd0,
Ud0, Id) :
. ,
10001500 ,
1,52.
,
, .
. 4.1.1
(Pd0 = 100 ) ( ),
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
( ), ( ). ,
,
- , (),
.
185
4.1.1
qm2
Ud0
KU1
Id
K I1
K(1)
Ia *
Ka
Ubm*
Sb/Sb
S2 *
S1 *
S *
0,9
1,11
0,9
0,667
0,24
0,5
3,14
3,14/6,28
1,57
1,11
1,34
m1=m2=1, q=2
0,9
1,11
0,9
0,667
0,24
0,5
1,57
3,14/6,28
1,11
1,11
1,11
m1=m2=3, q=1
-
1,17
1,21
0,79
0,25
0,06
0,33
2,09
2,09/6,28
1,48
1,21
1,345
m1=m2=3, q=1
-
1,17
1,48
0,83
0,25
0,06
0,33
2,09
2,09/6,28
1,71
1,21
1,46
1,17
2,56 0,955
0,057
0,0067
0,166
2,09
2,09/6,28
1,48
1,045 1,26+
0,07
()
m1=m2=3, q=2
2,34
1,28 0,955
0,057
0,33
1,045 2,09/6,28
184
Ud0 200
m1=1
m2=2
q=1
Pd0 35
Ud0 200
m1 =m2=1
q=1
q=1
m1=m2=3
Id 300500
m1=m2 =3
q=1
185
. 4.1.1
q=2
m1=m2=3
q=1
m1=3
m2=6
Id 70100
4.2.
( )
3 .
2 .
.
2 .
3.
4.2.1.
[43]
10 %. ,
. (2.2.8), , U.. = Ud0,
U 2 min =
Ud
2,34
440
= 188 B ,
2,34
,
K =
2.2.8,
.
I d =
P. 100 10 3
=
= 227 A.
440
U .
I
454,5
= 76 A.
I a = d =
3
3
186
I
454,5
= 131 A.
I a. = d =
3
3
, = 3. 9-100,
[25, 27 ]: R = 0,002 , U0 = 1,3
. .
2
2
I 2 = I d
= 227
= 185 A.
3
3
I
371
= 177 A.
I 1 2 =
K 1,05
,
,
X
X
0,073
X a = 1 =
= 0,067
La = a = 0,2 10 3 .
2
2
K
1,05
Ld,
max.
cos max =
U d
440
=
= 0,87,
2,34U 2 min 1,2 2,34 180 1,2
max = 30 0 .
0,07,
. .
I d ( 6)
0,07 , Id(6) = 0,07 227 = 16 ,
K . =
I d
Id(6) ,
.
, (3.7.4)
242 Ud(6) = 0,18 556 = 102
.
U d ( 6 )
102
=
= 3,4 10 3 .
L d =
61 I d (6) 6 314 16
Ld = L d 2 La = 3,4 10 3 2 0,2 10 3 = 3 10 3 .
188
U, ,
(3.1.14) ( )
X 3
U d + I d a + 2 R1 + R 2 + qR + R + qU 0
Ud
=
=
0 min
cos min
3
= 440 + 227 0,067 + 0,022 2 + 2 2 10 3 + 0,012 + 2 1,3 = 479 B.
U
U = U d
0 min
U d = 479 440 = 39 B .
Ud
479
0 min
U 2 min =
=
= 204,7 B
2,34
2,34
U
0,9 220
= 0,97 .
K = 1 min =
U 2 min
204,7
,
7 %, (5 %, +5 %) [43].
10 %
189
3 %. .
,
. (3.1.7)
:
Id X a
=
= arccoscos
2U 2 sin
m2
227 0,067
0
= arccoscos 30
30 = 6 .
2 230,5 0,87
(3.9.4) .
,
:
U b max = 1,2U d
0 min
1,52. 9-100 10 .
, 100, .
max,
cos max =
U d
440
=
= 0, 75,
2,34U 2 min 1, 2 2,34 208, 4 1, 2
max = 410 .
[8]
190
30 % Ld.
.
.
P
I
= Pxx + P d
I d
= 0,7 + 2,3 = 3 .
2
P = 6 I a U 0 + I a.
R. = 6(76 1,3 + 1312 2 10 3 ) = 0,8 .
P = I d2 R = 252 2 12 10 3 = 0,7 .
P = P + P + P = 3 + 0,8 + 0,76 = 4,56 .
P + P (100 + 4,56) 10 3
P
= 1 = d
=
= 0,9 ,
S1 3U 1 I 1
3 220 177
min =
P1
S1max
Pd + P
104,56 10 3
=
= 0,81,
3U 1max I1 3 242 177
. . , .
P
Pd
100
= d =
=
100% = 95,6 %.
P1 Pd + P 104,56
,
.
, 13109 [43]
.
191
(3.12.7) ,
. = 100 ( U1 = 220 ,
= 150) (3.9.8)
K . =
1 =
18
1 = 4,12.
I d X a
= arccos cos
=
2 U 2 sin
3
227 0,067
0
0
= arccos 0,966
15 = 10 .
2 209 0,866
, 13109 ,
(
K 4,12
K =
=
= 0,08,
K
50
13109-98,
01.01.2000 .
(. 1.1.2).
.
, ,
, .
..
,
,
.
192
[40, 41],
[42].
[43], [45]. (,
, ) [46]. ,
[47, 48], 130 . ,
[49, 50] [39], [50],
.
.
, ,
,
,
.
LC-, .
,
(. 2 ).
.
(, ), , , . 3.11. , , 193
. , , , , .
...
..
1. .. ( ). .:
, 1968.559 .
2. .. . .: , 1982.
496 .
3. .., .., . . . : , 1985. 450 .
4. .., .. . .:
, 1988. 320 .
5. .. . .: , 1992. 296 .
6. .., .. . .:
-, 1994. 320 .
7. . . : / . , 1958.87.
8. .. . .3. .:
, 1956. 528 .
9. .. . .:
, 1967. 527 .
10. .., .., .. . .: , 1974. 430 .
11. .., .., ..
. : , 1978. 424 .
12. .., .., .. . .: , 1980. 424 .
13. . : ,
1978. 447 .
14. . . .: ,
1982. 384 .
15. : . .: , 1987. 464 .
194
29. .., .. / .
:, 1988. 25 .
30. .., .. .
. : - , 1997. 18 .
31. .. : . : - , 1996. 72 .
32. ..
: . : - , 1998. 20 .
33. .., .., ..
. .1. : - , 1997.
60 .
34. ..
. :
. : - , 1998. 168 .
35. .., .. .
: - , 1997. 396 .
36. : .:
, 1988. 319 .
37. / . ..
.: , 1986.
38. . ., . . . : , 1980. 208 .
39. / .. , .. , .. . : , 1992. 312 .
40. .. . .:
, 1970.
41. .. . .;.: , 1966. 239 .
42. . .
. ; , 1987. 344 .
43. .. . .: , 1988.
240 .
196
44. 13109-87.
. .: - ,
1989.
45. .. . :
- , 1995. 355 ..
46. / . .. .
.: , 1978. 448 .
47. .. // . . . 1980, 4. . 7194.
48. ..
Skm(M)lRL // . . , 1983.
. 8, .1. . 4461, .2. . 6281
49. / .. , .. , .. . : , 1989.
336 .
50. .. . .: , 1978. 320 .
()
1 41
2 50
(1) 53
1 55
2 55
(1) 55
:
70
66
22
22
:
71,79
81,89
93,101
151
160
65
65
170
:
147
145
140
123
:
( ) 129
() 167
167
La
:
114
160
160
113
169
:
74
15
( (q)
K
49
197
q-
(q)
K
U 25
,
49
15
177
16
192
.. 15
.. 15
16
17
17
s 16
69
74
:
41
43
42
:
41
S 177
S 41
Q 41
Q1 41
()
S 19
Sc 18
SL 18
S 18
U 118
133
:
Ib.m.ax 24
t, t 24,130
t 24
Q 24
- 25
:
Ub.m.ax 23
du
24
dt
di
dt
24
di
dt
24
I 23
I 23
,
fmax 24
84
85
2
i dt 26
:
s 19
Vs 19
Cs 19
PM 20
PV 20
PS 20
63
63
:
/
36
/()
36
/()
35
/()
36
200
198
/ 35
/ 36
/
36
120,66
81
93,172
:
107
160
105
- 161,163
()
36
128
22
11,60
64
27
R 25
Rni 25
107
109,174
:
25
176
117
111,113
GTO
( ,
) 26
(JGCT) 26
( ) 22
95,170
82
() 27
(IGBT) 30
(FET, MOSFET) 28
22
115
105
124
162
105
172
130
36
69
79
127
:
38
39
:
-
23
23
29
116
107
159
130
133
132
201
199