NOCKHARDY

K
EXAMPLES
IRON Pollution Fe2O3 + 3CO > 2Fe + 3CO2

NOTES
A G L AN CE
Sulphur in the fuel and sulphides in the ore gives rise to large amounts of sulphur dioxide.

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

EXTRACTION OF METALS

AT

METHOD USED DEPENDS ON ...

CHROMIUM Impure FeCr2O4(s) + 4C(s) >

Fe(s) + 2Cr(s) + 4CO(g)

Chromite is reduced by heating with carbon. Pure Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s) > 2Cr(s) + Al2O3(s)

x y z {

Purity required Energy requirements Position of metal in reactivity series Cost of reducing agent

- chromite is converted to chromium(III) oxide - oxide is reduced using aluminium at high temperatures - known as active metal reduction

REDUCTION METHODS
TITANIUM TiO2(s) + 2C(s) + 2Cl2(g) TiCl4(l) + 4Na(s) > > TiCl4(l) + 2CO(g) Ti(s) + 4NaCl(s) - reduction of TiCl4 is carried out in an atmosphere of argon because titanium reacts with oxygen at high temperatures

x y z { IRON CHROMIUM TITANIUM ALUMINIUM

Metal oxide with carbon Metal oxide with metal Metal halide with metal Metal oxide by electrolysis

BATCH v. CONTINUOUS

ALUMINIUM Al3+

3e > O2- > O2 +

Al 2e

cathode anode

Continuous

saves energy in high temperature processes ideal for large scale processes

J. L. HOPTON 1999

Batch

useful when small amounts are required better when purity is important

- electrolysis of alumina - purified from bauxite - aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series - cryolite is mixed with the alumina to lower the melting point - consumes vast amounts of electricity so H.E.P. is needed