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Objective: Explain the phenomenon for the examples at each water station in terms of water properties: polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. In your groups, travel around the room from station to station and follow the instructions. Make sure to answer ALL the questions and copy down any necessary observations and data. ALL group members should be working together; you should have all of the questions answered. STATION #1: Mixtures

Write the following in your notebooks:

There are two types of molecules: polar and non-polar A polar molecule has an uneven distribution of electrons between parts of the molecule, so part of the molecule is partially positive and is partially negative. This is true of molecules with ionic bonds and polar covalent bonds. A non-polar molecule has an even distribution of electrons, so no part of the molecule has any charge. This happens in molecules with regular covalent bonds. A rule that governs which substances will dissolve in other substances is like dissolves like. polar (an ionic) substances will dissolve in other polar substances nonpolar substances will only dissolve in other non-polar substances

MINERAL OIL

WATER

VEGETABLE OIL

Observe the interactions occurring in the graduated cylinder. Record your observations and make inferences about the polarity of each liquid.

Liquid 12 molecules clumped together. In liquid water, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules are very short-lived. They are constantly forming, breaking, and reforming between other molecules.

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STATION #2: Ice Model

Solid 12 molecules connected in a repeating pattern or formation that form ice. In ice, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules are more stable and longer-lived. Scientists have described 12 different structures of ice, many of which can be constructed with the Water Kit.

Form a lattice with 12 waterTo molecules. construct Ice 1h, hexagonal ice, follow these directions: 1. Hold one molecule horizontally in front of you (hydrogen atoms pointing to the 1. Hold one molecule horizontally in front of you (hydrogen atoms pointing to the sides). sides).!!!! 2. Add two molecules to the two hydrogen (hydrogen atoms pointing up and down). 2. Add two vertical molecules tovertical the two hydrogen atomsatoms (hydrogen atoms pointing up and down). 3. Add horizontal molecule to the lower hydrogen on each molecule added in step #2. 3. Add a horizontal molecule to the lower hydrogen on each molecule added in step #2. 4. Add one vertical molecule to connect the hydrogen atoms from the molecules added in step #3. 5. Create a second hexagonal ring following steps #1-4. 4. Add one vertical molecule to connect the hydrogen atoms from the molecules added in step #3. 6. Orient the two hexagonal rings the same way then rotate one ring 180 degrees. 7. Place one hexagonal ring on top of the other. Do not steps flip#1-4. one ring over the hydrogen 5. Create a second hexagonal ring following on both rings should point the same direction.
6. Orient the two hexagonal rings the same way then rotate one ring 180 degrees.

You have now formed an ice cube. Ice consists of a repeating pattern of this cube. Place the ice cube in a clear beaker. Use a ruler and record the volume. 7. Place one hexagonal ringto on measure top of the other. Do not flip one ring over the hydrogen on
both rings should point the same direction.

Ice melts when extra heat provides just enough energy to disrupt the bonds keeping the water molecules in a rigid crystal structure. Gently push down on the molecules toofbreak You have now formed an ice cube. Ice consists of a repeating pattern this cube. the hydrogen bonds until all the molecules are at the bottom of the container. This is the liquid state 15 of water. Measure and record the volume of the molecules.

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STATION #3: Paper Clips in a Test Tube

Write the following in your notebooks:

Surface tension the cohesive hydrogen bonding forces on the surface of water have no neighboring molecules above them and, thus, exhibit stronger attractive forces upon their nearest neighbor molecules at the surface and neighboring molecules below the surface.

Fill each test tube with water to the black line using water from the large source beaker. Count the number of paper clips that can be added to each test tube to raise the water to the very top without spilling over. Hold the test tube at eye level to observe what the water is doing. Record qualitative and quantitative observations. Empty the water out of the test tube, catch the paper clips and return them to station #3.

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STATION #4: Water Modeling Kit Complete the ----Solubility---- section on your Water Molecule Modeling Activity Worksheet. (Questions #15 to #20)!

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STATION #5: Floating Paper Clips

Write the following in your notebooks:

Surface tension the cohesive hydrogen bonding forces on the surface of water between water molecules.

Part A: Make sure your petri dish is filled with water to the brim (but not overflowing!). If your Petri dish needs additional water, carefully pour some more into the Petri dish from the small beaker at the station. Use the small paper clip and your fingers to float the clip on the surface of the water. Record your qualitative observations. Part B: Add two drops of soapy water to your Petri dish (while the paper clip is still floating) with a dropper. Record you observations. Wash off the Petri dish and the paper clips with fresh water then return them to station #4.

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STATION #6: Salt Water & Oil

Write the following in your notebooks:

Solubility the ability of one substance to dissolve in another. Solution a mixture in which all components are evenly distributed throughout. Fill one 250 ml beaker with cold fresh water, one 250 ml beaker with room temperature fresh water, and one 250 ml beaker with hot fresh water. Add one level teaspoon of salt to each. Stir with the plastic stirring rod. Record your qualitative observations. Add one level teaspoon to the oil, stir and record observations Empty the contents into the sink, rinse with fresh water and return them to station #5.

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STATION #7: Celery

Write the following definitions in your notebooks

Cohesion an attraction between molecules of the same substance. This occurs in water by hydrogen bonding Adhesion an attraction between molecules of different substances The celery was placed in the beaker with red food coloring two days ago. Record your qualitative observations. Draw diagram of what might be happening inside the celery. Put two different straws with different diameters into the colored water and observe what happens, paying special attention to the distance water travels up the straw.

Think about why water was able to travel higher in the celery than in either straw. Record your hypothesis.

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STATION #8 Penny Station: Cohesion an attraction between molecules of the same substance. This occurs in water by hydrogen bonding Adhesion an attraction between molecules of different substances Surface tension the cohesive hydrogen bonding forces on the surface of water have no neighboring molecules above them and, thus, exhibit stronger attractive forces upon their nearest neighbor molecules at the surface and neighboring molecules below the surface.

1. Make a prediction about the number of water drops a penny can hold (heads and tails) until the water spills over onto the paper towel. 2. Place a dry penny, heads up, on a paper towel. 3. Use a dropper to place drops of water on the penny (one at a time) until any amount of water runs over the edge of the penny! 4. Record the number of drops in your data table. 5. Dry the penny. Repeat 1-4 for the tail side of the penny.
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