5

GIAO 1RI^H

SAN XUT TU DNG

( 45tiet )

DUNG CHO SINH VIN NGANH CH TAO MAY




Chu Manh Luc













6





I. KHAI NIM V SAN XUT TU DNG

1.1. Khai nim
Ngay nay, nng cao nng sut lao ng, nng cao cht lng va n nh
cht lng san phm, ngi ta a a vao cac dy chuyn thit b san xut trong
cng nghip cac h thng iu khin t ng tng phn hoc toan b qua trnh san
xut.
Cung vi vic s dung ngay cang nhiu cac h thng san xut t ng, con
ngi a c cai thin ang k iu kin lao ng nh giam nhe c sc lao
ng, tranh c s nham chan trong cng vic, tao iu kin cho ho c tip cn
vi cac lnh vc tin b khoa hoc ky thut va c lam vic trong mi trng ngay
cang vn minh hn.
Trong nn kinh t th trng va iu kin hi nhp su rng vao nn kinh t
th gii, vn canh tranh cang ngay cang khc lit hn trn nhiu lnh vc nh
cht lng, mu ma va gia thanh san phm. Co th thy rng ch co th ap dung t
ng vao qua trnh san xut mi co th co c hi nng cao nng sut, tao tin cho
vic giam gia thanh san phm, ng thi am bao cht lng n nh cua san phm
cung nh co th thay i mu ma san phm mt cach nhanh chong.
Ngay nay, hu ht cac dy chuyn san xut s dung cac h thng t ng a
cho phep cac doanh nghip co th thay i cng ngh mt cach de dang va thun li
vi cac b iu khin kha trnh nh trn cac may cng cu iu khin theo chng
trnh s CNC, trn cac b iu khin logic kha trnh PLC. Hn th na, vi s phat
trin nhanh chong cua lnh vc cng ngh truyn thng a cho phep ng dung cac
lnh vc t chc va iu hanh toan b cac qua trnh san xut mt cach ti u nht
bng vic s dung cac cng ngh iu khin nh s dung mang Petri, GRAFCET...
trong qua trnh san xut linh hoat FSM va trong san xut tch hp CIM.
1.2. Muc tiu cua tu dng hoa qua trinh san xut.
V c ban co th nhn thy rng, t ng hoa qua trnh san xut bn canh
nhng mt tch cc cua no nh a nu trn th vn co nhng vn cung phai cn
quan tm va phai co s phn tch mt cach ky lng co nhng giai phap ng
dung hp ly, o la vn xa hi. V s ap dung t ng hoa nhanh vao cac h thng
thit b cng nghip se keo theo mt lc lng ln cng nhn tht nghip, mt khac



7



qua trnh chun b nhn lc co trnh ngh nghip thch ng cha ap ng c
mt cach ng b, c bit la trong qua trnh ao tao. Hu ht cac doanh nghip co
mc t ng hoa cao u s dung cac cng nhn cu c ao tao lai kp thi
phuc vu trc mt, bi vy ho cung ch c nm bt nhng ky nng va thao tac ht
sc c ban ma cha at n trnh theo yu cu. Do vy cn phai nhn nhn vn
mt cach co khoa hoc xac lp c muc tiu cua t ng hoa.
Co th thy rng, t ng hoa qua trnh san xut la nhm at n cac muc
tiu chu yu sau y:
Giam gia thanh san phm do vic tng nng sut, giam cac chi ph v vt t
tiu hao, giam ty l ph phm.
Loai bo hoan toan nhng cng vic nng nhoc, c hai va nguy him n
tnh mang con ngi, v du nh trong cac lo phan ng hat nhn, trong cng tac tham
him vu tru va thm do ay bin....
Thay th hoan toan cho con ngi trong qua trnh kim tra, giam sat cht
lng san phm, nh vy loai tr c cac yu t chu quan ma lam cho cht lng
san phm n nh hn.
Thc hin cac ng tac ht sc chnh xac va kheo leo ma con ngi khng
th lam c nh ch tao va lp rap cac chi tit va linh kin cc nho nh cac vi
mach, chp x ly, trong cng ngh nan cung nh trong cng tac tm kim va sa
cha cac h hong va s c trong qua trnh vn hanh va khai thac cac thit b...
1.3. Kha nng thich ung nhanh va tao nhanh cac san phm
Bng cac ky thut hin ai, ngay nay cac nha san xut cng nghip co th rut
ngn n mc ti a thi gian k t khi hnh thanh y tng n khi cho ra i cac
san phm nh s dung cac cng ngh tch hp, cac phn mn mm thit k, quan ly
va ch tao nh cng ngh CAD/CAM.
1.4. Cu truc chung cua mt h thng san xut tu dng
Mi mt h thng san xut t ng phai bao ham trong o cac khi iu
khin va khi chp hanh. Chc nng cng ngh cung vi cac chng trnh hoat
ng c chuyn n cho khi iu khin di dang cac chng trnh cng hay
mm thng qua cac thao tac trc tip cua con ngi thng qua ban phm lp chng
trnh hay t cac vt mang tin nh cac loai bng t l, a mm, bng t hoc cap
truyn s liu. Khi iu khin se nhn va x ly cac thng tin thng qua cac h
thng tnh toan s hoc, logic va ni suy se phat ra cac lnh tng thch tai tng thi
im thch hp cho khi chp hanh nhm thc hin cac chc nng cng tac cua qua



8



trnh cng ngh nh dch chuyn ban may, thc hin cng vic ep, cung cp phi
liu , nguyn liu, trn hoc thao san phm, quay ban may n v tr tip theo...
khi chp hanh co th hoat ng c cung nh giam sat s hoat ng
cua cac c cu chp hanh, ngi ta con b tr thm trong h thng cac c cu trung
gian nh cac van ong m cac thit b dn ng va cac cam bin giam sat, theo
doi s hoat ng cua h thng nhm iu chnh s hoat ng mt cach nhanh chong,
kp thi va chun xac.
am bao cho s hoat ng n nh cua h thng, cn phai cung cp ngun
nng lng nh in, du ep hoc kh nen co cht lng va cn phai co s tham gia
cua con ngi nh lp chng trnh, thay oi chng trnh hoat ng, khi ng chu
trnh cung nh can thip trc tip mt cach kp thi khi cn thit nh h thng co s
c hoc co thng bao li...
Ngay nay, vi ky thut truyn s liu a phat trin mc d cao, cac h
thng san xut t ng con thc hin c s giao tip vi cac may tnh va cac
mang truyn thng cuc b trong tng phn xng, trong nha may (LAN) hoc ca
i vi cac h thng san xu t t ng khac cac a im khac nhau (NET).
Co th tom tt s cu truc cua mt h t ng noi chung :

Hinh 1.1 . So ao he thong san xut tu aong

CAC QUA
TRINH CNG
NGH
^
G
U

^

^

^
G

L
U
O
^
G

KHI CHP HANH
KHI DIU KHIN
DN DNG Jan dn dng
H
THNG
XU LY
Cam bin
1
A
C
D

^
G
C
O
^
^
G
U
O
I
H THNG
XU LY KHAC



9



1.5. Khi chp hanh
1.5.1. Cac he thong an aong
Muc ch cua h thng dn ng trong h thng san xut t ng la nhm
thc hin cac chc nng cng tac cua qua trnh san xut. Yu cu c ban i vi
cac h thng dn ng nay la co th iu khin tc v cp nhm thoa man vi
nhiu ch cng ngh khac nhau cung nh am bao s hoat ng cua h thng
mt cach n nh nhm chng lai cac anh hng do nhiu tac ng. i vi h
thng dn ng, ngoai yu cu trn, con phai am bao co h s cng vng ng lc
hoc cao, ap ng nhanh va nhay i vi cac tn hiu iu khin. Co bn c hoc
cao va n nh vi s hoat ng trong thi gian dai va lin tuc. Tuy theo yu cu v
ch cng ngh cua tng h thng va cac qua trnh cng ngh ma co s phn tch
va la chon cac h thng nay mt cach thch hp.
Co th phn h dn ng theo 2 dang c ban trn c s ngun nng lng :
in va thuy kh.
a. Dn aong aien
Dn ng in c s dung ph bin nht hin nay do ngun cung cp nng
lng in thng dung va ph bin nht. S dung nng lng in rt thun tin va
n gian v hu ht cac doanh nghip u co ngun nng lng in, co th ngun
nng lng t h thng in quc gia, ngun nng lng in t cac may phat in
cuc b hoc cac ngun nng lng in khac nh phong in, thuy in hoc nng
lng mt tri. Hn na cac tn hiu iu khin va cac tn hiu giam sat cung chung
mt ai lng vt ly nn vic iu khin t ng la thun li nht. Tuy nhin, dn
ng in ch co th tao ra cac chuyn ng quay, v th mun tao ra cac chuyn
ng khac theo yu cu nh chuyn ng tnh tin, chuyn ng lc theo chu ky
hoc cac chuyn ng quay trong goc quay gii han cn phai co thm cac c cu c
kh tham gia. i vi cac ng c chay in, ngi ta thng s dung cac loai sau
y:
* ong co 1 chieu kch tu aoc lp.
Loai ng c in 1 chiu a c s dung t rt sm. u im cua loai
ng c nay la co dai cng sut rt rng, co th t vai w n hang trm kw. Khoang
iu chnh tc cung rt ln, mach iu chnh tc a rt n nh va co h s
ng lc hoc cao. Tuy nhin do s dung c gop nn co th gy ra hin tng nhiu
hoc b mai mon, c bit khi lam vic trong cac mi trng co m cao hoc co



10



nhiu thanh phn n mon nh cac vung ven bin, do vy cn phai thng xuyn bao
dng am bao ch lam vic cua ng c.
* ong co buoc.
ng c bc la mt loai may in hoat ng di tac dung cua cac xung ri
rac va k tip. No co th quay theo ca 2 chiu tuy thuc vao th t cung cp in
cho cac cc cua stato. Mi ln quay do tac ng cua 1 xung c 1 bc tng ng
vi mt goc cua truc ng c va dng lai chnh xac di tac dung cua in - t
trng. Bc la lng dch chuyn v goc quay nho nht c xac nh bi 2 v tr
n nh k tip nhau. Tr s nay thng c xac nh theo s bc trong mt vong
quay cua ng c. Thng thng la t 6 200 bc vong. i vi loai ng c
bc hn hp lam vic theo nguyn tc t tr nho nht co th tng s bc cua ng
c mt cach ang k nhm tng kha nng dch chuyn tinh nhm thoa man theo
yu cu cua qua trnh cng ngh.
Nguyn ly lam vic cua ng c bc tng t nh nguyn ly lam vic cua
ng c khng ng b : phn c nh (vo ng c) la stato co cac cun dy lp u
trn chu vi co dang vong nhn t vao cac ranh stato co dang ch U tao nn t
lc y nam chm. Phn quay cua ng c la rotor c gn vi truc thng c
ch tao t nam chm vnh cu hay st non. Tai mi thi im, v tr cua chung c
xac nh theo gia tr cua bc ma tai o t tr cua chung la nho nht trong trng
hp thao tac y bc va co th nm mt v tr thch hp vi t tr nho nht trong
trng hp iu khin vi bc. Nh vy, co th thy la qua trnh hoat ng cua ng
c bc la gian oan theo tng bc hay vi bc, trong o xy ra lin tuc qua trnh
khi ng va dng theo tng xung cung cp. Tai v tr dng, m men in t tac
dung gi roto v tr chnh xac va ngi ta con goi la m men ham.
Tn s xung se quyt nh tc quay cua ng c bc, tn s xung cang
ln th tc quay cang cao va ngc lai. Tuy nhin khng th tng tn s ln qua
ln v khi o hng s thi gian in t se giam xung va thi gian dng cua ng c
bc ( dp tt cac dao ng) co th vt qua hng s thi gian in t va nh vy
se tao nn s hoat ng lin tuc va khng thoa man yu cu cua ng c bc. Hn
na, khi o ng c cung khng th ao chiu c. y goi la hin tng bi tc
hay vung tn s lam vic qua gii han.
S hoat ng cua ng c bc c biu din qua c tnh ng lc cua
chung nh hnh 1.2. Trong o hnh (a) biu din s hoat ng bnh thng cua
ng c bc vi qua trnh khi ng - dng va lai khi ng tip tuc bc th 2, 3



11



... theo cung chiu hoc ngc chiu ma khng co s sai lch bc. Thi gian gia 2
xung u am bao lam tt ht dao ng va rto se dng thc hin tip tuc xung k
tip.
Hnh (b) biu din vung bi tc, tai vung nay, ng c khng ap ng tc
thi cac lnh khi ng - dng ung v tr va bc b sai lch hoc khng th ao
chiu c. Trong trng hp nay, hng s thi gian in t co gia tr xp x vi
thi gian cn thit m mem ham cua ng c gy ra dng rotor ung v tr
bc.

Hinh 1.2. Su aich chuyen cua aong co buoc

Mi quan h gia m men va tn s bc hay tc quay cua ng c bc
tng t nh ng c khng ng b 3 pha va c biu din qua c tnh c cua
chung. Mi hang san xut ng c bc u co cac c tnh c khac nhau va thng
c cung cp theo khi ban hang.
T th c tnh c, ta co mt s nhn xet lin quan n iu kin lam vic
va ch s dung cua ng c bc nh sau:
Tn s ti han f
t
: la tn s bc ln nht ma ng c co th lam vic ma
khng b sai lch bc quay khi co tai trong. Tn s bc ti han ln nht f
tmax
la
tn s ma ng c bc co th at c khi quay khng tai.
(a) (b)
V tr
V tr
3



2



1
4


3


2

1
t
1

T T Tt
1
t
1

t
t



12



Tn s khi ng f
k
la tn s bc ln nht ma ng c co th khi ng khi
co tai. Tn s khi ng ln nht f
kmax
la tn s bc ln nht ma tai o ng c co
th khi ng khng tai.
Mmen ti han Mt : la m men ln nht tac ng ln truc ma ng c co th
quay tng ng vi tn s ti han. ng (1) trn hnh ve c trng cho m men ti
han theo s thay i cua tn s bc.
M men khi ng Mk : la m men ln nht ma ng c co th quay vi tn
s khi ng. S thay i cua Mk theo tn s c biu th bng ng (2).
T hai ng c tnh a tao nn hai vung lam vic cua ng c bc. Vung
A la vung khi ng - dng ; vung B la vung bi tc va khng nn dung.
Mf va f
b
la m men tai va tn s bc.
Ngoai ra, nh a noi trn, ng c bc con co m men duy tr (m men
tnh) do t trng cua cun dy stato tao ra gi ng c ng yn (dng ung tai
v tr bc).

Cu truc cua ng c bc nh a m ta trn co th c biu din nh
hnh 1.4.
Tuy nhin, nng cao cng sut cua ng c bc cung nh tng s
bc cua ng c, ngi ta ghep ng truc nhiu ng c bc c biu din nh
Mt
Mk



Mf

A
B
1 2
Hinh 1.3. ac tnh co aong co
M men
f
b
f
k
f
kmax
f
t
f
tmax
Bc/ s





13



trn tng m men va khi o cac cc (rng) cua stato c b tr lch i mt goc
goc nao o sao cho phn b goc rng chia u cho s stato c ghep.

Hinh 1.4 . cu tao cua aong co buoc

V du co 6 stato ghep lai va s rng (bc stato) cua stato la 20, ta se co cac
cc cua stato xp lch trn ng sinh 1 goc la :
0
0
3
6 20
360
=

=
l


O(+)








a
b
c
d
e
f
Hinh 1.5. bieu aien aong co buoc va su bo tr buoc Stato.
ROTOR
STATOR
CUN DY
N
N
S
S



14




Vic iu khin ng c bc c thc hin do mt thit b in t thc
hin c goi la b chuyn phat. Tuy vy trc khi i n vic nghin cu cu truc
b iu khin nay, ta thit lp cng thc xac nh s bc cua ng c t o xy
dng qua trnh iu khin cho thch hp.
Nu goi s rng cua stato la Zs va s rng cua rotor la Zr th s bc n
b
cua
ng c bc c tnh :
r s
r s
b
Z Z
Z Z
n

=
Nu c ghep ng truc nhiu rotor va stato theo hnh 8 th s bc cua
ng c bc c tnh.
k
Z Z
Z Z
n
r s
r s
b

=
Trong o, k la s lng rotor va stato c ghep.
Hinh 1.6. So ao bo tr cac cuc cua aong co buoc
H iu khin ng c bc phai am bao c cac chc nng sau y:
Cung cp u s lng xung cn thit vao cun dy stato theo yu cu cng
ngh. Tao cac xung vi cac tn s khac nhau va tn s nay co th thay i c theo
quy lut mong mun.

z
a

b

c

d

e

f

v
Z
S



15



- Chuyn cac xung in ap vao cac cun dy stato theo yu cu v chiu
quay mt cach chnh xac.
- Lam giam c cac dao ng c hoc.
H thng nay c thc hin bng mt s logic mach in t s c b
tr nh trn hnh 1.7.

Hinh 1.7. Mach aieu khien aong co buoc
Xung
iu
khin
AND
phai
trai
A
B

F1

F2
T1
T4
T3
T2
O (+)
ROTOR
m
1
4
2
3
P
H
A
I
m A B T1 T2 T3 T4
T
R
A
I
m A B T1 T2 T3 T4
CHIU QUAY 1234 CHIU QUAY 1432



16



V du trn hnh 1.7 la biu din s b chuyn phat s dung mach logic
in t s thc hin iu khin 1 ng c bc co 4 cun stato tng ng vi cac
cun dy c anh s 1,2,3,4.
u vao c cung cp bng cac xung do may phat xung hoc b tao xung
phat ra. Thanh phn cua mach la cac linh kin ban dn va vi mach. Vic kch thch
cac cc cua ng c bc thc hin theo th t 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 do cac Transitor cng
sut thc hin. (T1, T2, T3, T4) thng qua cac cng logic thc hin. Nh s thay i
trnh t b chuyn phat cung cp cho Transitor qua cac cng logic AND ma chiu
quay cua ng c co th thay i c. Hai b n nh P1 va P2 tao cac tn hiu
ong m cho cac cng iu khin. Trang thai cua chung co th iu khin ng c
quay theo chiu kim ng h hoc ngc lai.
*ong co khong aong bo 3 pha aieu khien bang bien tn.
ng c 3 pha s dung bin tn iu khin tc mi c nghin cu va
ng dung gn y, tuy nhin no a c phat trin mt cach nhanh chong do co
nhiu u im ni tri hn cac loai ng c trn nh m men m may ln, m men
qua tai ln, cng sut ln cung nh cht lng c tnh c tt. Khng cn phai co c
gop va v th co bn v c hoc tt hn va khng cn thit phai bao dng nh ky
nh ng c in 1 chiu.
b. Dn aong bang thuy luc va kh nen
i vi cac loai ng c thuy - kh va xi lanh - piston thuy - kh, u im cua
h dn ng nay la co th tao ra chuyn ng quay va chuyn ng thng tuy theo
muc ch va yu cu s dung. V th chung co th s dung mt cach trc tip ma
khng cn thit phai qua cac b chuyn i trung gian bng cac c cu c kh khac.
Tuy nhin do khac nhau v cac ai lng vt ly cua thng s iu khin vi h iu
khin nn cn co cac b chuyn i va v th co th gy ra cac sai s.
* Dn aong thuy luc.
Dn ng thuy lc c s dung trong trng hp khi co yu cu tai trong
tac dung ln, chuyn ng chm va cn thit phai c iu khin chnh xac. u
im ang k nht cua loai dn ng nay la co th tao c mt cng sut rt ln
trong khi kch thc khun kh va kt cu la nho gon nht. Tuy nhin no co nhc
im la cac phn t trong h thng cn phai co chnh xac khi ch tao va lp rap



17



rt cao, gia thanh t. Nhay cam vi s thay i cua nhit , cn phai b tr h
thng du hi nn ch s dung c lp trong tng may ring re.
Ngay nay, co th kt hp gia dn ng thuy lc vi cac dn ng in nh
cac loai ng c bc - in thuy lc khc phuc cac nhc im trn.
* Dn aong kh nen.
Dn ng kh nen thng c dung trong cac trng hp ong m cac van,
cac dn ng khng yu cu v chnh xac iu khin tc va v tr. Thng hay
s dung trong cac h thng iu khin logic nh ga lp, kep cht, lp ghep cac chi
tit, dch chuyn phi liu, nng ha hoc quay ban...
u iem cua loai dn ng nay la tn dung cac ngun kh nen co sn trong
cac nha may, phn xngva kh thai sau khi s dung xong co th thai ra mi trng
ma khng cn h thng ng dn phc tap.
Nhc im: Do an tnh cua kh nen va s nhay cam vi nhit nn ch
dung vi trng hp tac ong 2 v tr nh ong, m.
1.6.Khi diu khin
Khi iu khin la ni thc hin cac nhim vu nh nhn thng tin t cac vt
mang tin va chuyn no thanh cac lnh iu khin khi chp hanh, ng thi giam
sat s hoat ng cua khi chp hanh thng qua cac cam bin iu chnh h thng
hoat ng n nh mt cach kp thi va chun xac.
1.6.1. He aieu khien cung
Vi h iu khin nay, vic iu khin qua trnh hoat ng t ng c thc
hin theo cng ngh lp tuyn. V du nh trong cac mach iu khin logic bng in
va kh nen hay trong cac h iu khin cng nh vi cac cm lp trn truc phn phi
trong cac may t ng iu khin bng cam.
c im cua h iu khin cng nay la ch hoat ng theo cac chng trnh
ma ngi thit k a lp t. Khi cn thay i mt s hoat ng cua h thng th
phai iu chnh hoc thay th mt s phn t, thm ch co th phai thay th toan b
h thng khac.
Pham vi ng dung cua phng phap iu khin nay trong nhng trng hp
hoat ng theo tng chc nng ma tnh cht hoat ng cua no la a ti u, n nh
nh cac trng hp gp phi, kep va thao chi tit, cac chng trnh hoat ng cua
cac may dp, may ct t, cac h thng vn chuyn nguyn liu, san phm, ong
goi, o kim va phn loai san phm...



18



1.6.3. He aieu khien lp trinh auoc
Ngay nay, vi s phat trin cua cac lnh vc vi in t va tin hoc a cho phep
ngi ta a vao cac b vi x ly, cac b tnh toan s hoc, logc va ni suy vao trong
cac khi iu khin nhm muc ch iu khin qua trnh hoat ng cua cac thit b
mt cach linh hoat bng vic thay i cac chng trnh hoat ng cua cac may moc,
thit btheo cng ngh yu cu nh s thay i chng trnh trn c s cac vt cht
a co.
Ngay nay, cac h iu khin kha lp trnh a c a vao va s dung kha
rng rai nh cac b iu khin kha trnh PLC s dung trong cng nghip, cac h
thng iu khin s trn cac may cng cu CNC, cac trung tm gia cng, Robot va
cac h thng DNC, CIM.
1.7. Van dn dng
Muc ch cua cac van la s dung tn hiu iu khin t khi iu khin co
cng sut rt nho thc hin cac chc nng ong m cac dn ng co cng sut
ln. c im cua cac van nay co nhiu kiu khac nhunhng yu cu c ban la phai
co tac ng nhanhva nhay vi cac tn hiu iu khin. Tuy theo h dn ng ma s
dung cac cac loai van tng ng.
i vi dn ng in, no thng la Rle, Cng tc t hoc khi ng t.
i vi dn ng thuy kh th thng s dung cac loai van Solenoid, van
trt hoc van quay iu khin.
1.8. Cam bin
Muc ch cua cam bin la giam stccs hoat ng cua cac dn ng hoc cac
c cu chp hanh nhn cac ai lng vt ly thccua qua trnh hoat ng va bin
i no thanh cac dai lng iu khin (ai lng in) cung cp cho khi iu
khin nhm iu khin h thng mt cach n nh va chnh xac nht.
Tuy thuc vao cac qua trnh cng ngh ma la chon cac loai cam bin cho
thch hp vi cac ai lng cn xac nh. Cam bin co rt nhiu loai nh cam bin
ap sut; cam bin tc ; cam bin lc va khi lng; cam bin v tr, vn tc va gia
tc; cam bin hng ngoai; cam bin t; cam bin lu lng; cam bin nhit ....
Tuy nhin trong ky thut, thng thng ngi ta s dung cac loai cam bin s va
tng t. Trong trng hp s dung cam bin tng t th cn thit phai co thm b
chuyn i AD (tng t sang s).





19




II: CAC H THNG S DM VA MA

H thng s m (Number system) la mt tp hp co th t cac ch s
biu din mt s bt ky. Trong thc t ta thng gp h thng m thp phn vi c
s cua h thng m nay la 10, ngoai ra ta con gp cac h thng s m khac nh h
m nh phn (Binary) vi c s m la 2, h m c s 8 (Octal) va h m c s
16 (Hexaaecimal). Cac h m nay rt co y ngha trong cac h thng s nh may
tnh, cac b vi x ly...
Ca h thng s hoat ng vi h m nh phn vi 2 ch s 0 va 1 va mi
mt ch s la 1 bit (binary aigital). Mt nhom 8 bit tao thanh 1 byte va nhom 4 bit
tao nn 1 nibble. V rng hu ht h thng s hin nay (Digital system) ch hiu cac
con s 0 va 1 nn bt ky thng tin nao , ma thng la di dang ch s, ch cai hay
cac ky hiu c bit ... phai c bin i thanh dang s nh phn trc khi no co
th c x ly bng cac mach s.
Th du: Mt s 11011101 la mt byte
Trong o, 1101 la mt nibble.
Noi chung, trong bt ky mt h thng s m nao, th mt tp co th t cac
ky hiu - goi la chu so - cung vi cac lut c nh ngha u c dung thc
hin cac phep toan nh cng, tr, nhn, chia... Mt tp hp cac s o tao ra mt s
gm 2 phn la phn nguyn va phn thp phn va chung c ngn cach nhau
bng du phy.
(N)
b
= d
n-1
d
n-2
...d
1
d
0
, d
-1
d
-2
...d
-m

Trong o:
N la mt s.
b la c s cua h thng s m
n la s ch s co trong phn nguyn
m la s ch s co trong phn thp phn
d
n-1
la ch s co ngha nht MSB (Most sinificant bit)
d
-m
la ch s t ngha nht LSB (Least sinificant bit)
Th du: (1101,10101)
2
la h m c s 2, s 1 pha cui cung bn trai la
tng ng vi d
n-1
(n =4) la MSB va s 1 pha cui cung bn phai la ng vi d
-m
la
LSB (m=5).
Cac h thng s m thng thng c s dung biu din bang 1-1:



20



Bang 2-1

H m Ky
hiu
C
s
Nhng ch s va ky t
c s dung
Trong lng
c gan cho v
tr th i
V du
Nh phn % 2 0 1 2
i
10101,00
C s 8 (octal) @ 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
i
4235,37
Thp phn # 10 0123456789 10
i
3987,352
C s 16 (hexa) $ 16 0123456789ABCDEF 16
i
3FB9,C6

Nh a noi trn, co th x ly c cac thng tin bng cac mach s in
t cn phai bin i cac ky t bng cac ch, cac du, cac ky hiu c bit va cac s
thanh cac ky t dang s nh phn. y thc cht la mt qua trnh ma hoa
(encoaer). Nh vy, ma hoa thng tin la xac nh cac ch cai va ch s, cac du
bng cach s dung cac ky hiu khac.
Trong mt h thng s, cac ma khac nhau co th c dung cho cac hoat
ng khac nhau va v ly do cn thit, ngi ta phai chuyn i t ma nay sang ma
khac bng cac mach chuyen ma thc hin muc ch o.
Ma trong thc t con c s dung v ly do an toan, co ngha la cac thng tin
ma ngi ta chuyn i cn thit ngi khac khng th oc c. Cung v ly do nay
ma co rt nhiu ma ra i ma ngi ta con goi la mt ma. Trong pham vi nghin
cu v iu khin s, chung ta ch quan tm n mt s ma chu yu a nu trn.

2.1. H dm nhj phn

H thng m s vi c s 2 goi la h m nh phn. Ch co 2 loai ky hiu
c dung biu din tt ca cac s trong h thng m la 0 va 1. Mi gia tr cua
chung trong s oc goi la 1 bt. y la h thng m co c s nho nht va no la h
thng s m v tr, tc la tt ca cac v tr c gan mt trong lng xac nh. Th
du: (11010,101)
2
co th c vit lai trong h thp phn la: 1.2
4
+1.2
3
+0.2
2
+1.2
1

+0.2
0
+1.2
-1
+0.2
-2
+1.2
-3
=26,625
T c s trn, ta co th chuyn i 1 s nhi phn thanh mt s thp phn
tng ng va ngc lai.
Th du: Hay chuyn mt s sau y (25,675)
10
h thp phn sang h nh
phn



21



tin hanh thu tuc chuyn s thp phn trn sang s nh phn, ta phn
chung lam thanh 2 phn - phn nguyen (PN) va phn thp phn (PL)- . i vi
phn nguyn, ta chia lin tip cho 2 va gi lai cac s d. PN cua s nh phn la day
s d c oc t di ln:
V du:
Thuong Du
25:2 12 1
12:2 6 0
6:2 3 0
3:2 1 1
1:2 0 1
Vy PN cua s nh phn la:11001
i vi phn thp phn, ta nhn lin tip vi 2 va gi lai cac s nguyn c
sinh ra, kt qua cua PL la cac s nguyn c oc t trai sang phai:
0,675 0,35 0,70 0,40 0,80 0,60
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
1,35 0,70 1,40 0,80 1,60 1,20
1 0 1 0 1 1
Vy PL cua s nh phn la: 101011
Kt qua cui cung: (25,675)
10
= (11001,101011)
2

Chu y. Jiec chuyen aoi tu so thp phn sang so nhi phn khong phai la luon
luon aung, ta co the chp nhn mot gia tri gn aung bang cach ket thuc qua trinh
nhn 2 o mot gia tri mong muon sao cho sai so ao chuyen aoi ma co the chp nhn
auoc.
Cung nh cac phep toan trong h thp phn, s nh phn cung co cac phep
toan s hoc c ban nh cng, tr, nhn, chia. Vic thc hin tnh toan no c thc
hin theo cac nguyn tc sau:
2.1.1. Phep cong nhi phn.
Co th biu din lut cng nh phn theo bang 2-2
Kt qua trong bang 2.2 la biu din phep cng 2 s nh phn sau:
1100
+ 1010
10110
V du: Hay cng cac s nh phn sau:



22



1010011 100101,101
+1101101 +110001,001
11000000 1010110,110
Bang 2-2

S hang 1 S hang 2 Tng Nh Kt qua
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1

2.1.2. Phep tru nhi phn
Lut tr nh phn c trnh bay bang 2-3
Bang 2-3

S b tr S tr Hiu s Mn Kt qua
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0

Kt qua trn la cua phep tr sau:
1100
-1010
0010
V du: Hay tr mt s s nh phn sau:

11011 1101001,101
-10110 -110010,001
00101 0110111,100

Tuy nhin,trong phep tr khng phai la lun lun thc hin c, v du khi
phep tr vi s b tr nho hn s tr th kt qua se khac i do no phai mang du m.



23



V th, n gian trong khi thc hin phep tr, ngi ta xem phep tr la kt qua
cua mt phep cng cua s b tr vi s tr mang du m, khi o ngi ta ch thc
hin vic cng bnh thng va xac nh kt qua cua no da vao cac nhn xet trn c
s cua kt qua cua phep cng o. iu nay trong thc t lai cang thun li hn v
cac mach s c thit k ch thc hin cac phep cng nh phn ma khng cn
phaithit k mach tr. thun tin cho vic s dung, ngi ta a ra cac nh
ngha bu mt va bu hai.
a. Bu mot
Trong s nh phn, nu th bt 1 bng bt 0 va ngc lai, ta se co mt s nh
phn khac c goi la bu mot cua s nh phn th nht.
V du: 01100110 la bu mot cua s nh phn 10011001.
b. Bu hai
Nu cng thm 1 vao bu mot cua mt s nh phn th ta nhn c mt s nh
phn khac c goi la bu hai cua no.
V du: 01100110 la bu mot cua s nh phn 10011001 th bu hai cua no chnh
la 01100111.
i vi 01001110 th bu mot la : 10110001 va bu hai la : 10110010
i vi 00110101 th bu mot la : 11001010 va bu hai la : 11001011
T o, ta co kt lun :
- Nu bit co gia tr nho nht LBS la s 0 th bu hai nhn c bng cach i mi bit
0 thanh 1 va mi bit 1 thanh 0 ngoai tr LBS va bit sat vi LBS.
- Nu LBS la s 1 th bu hai nhn c bng cach i mi bit 0 thanh 1 va bit 1
thanh 0 ngoai tr LBS (khng thay i).
Trn c s o, ta co th s dung quy tc sau y tm bu hai cua s nh
phn: Kiem tra cac bt tu LBS aen MBS (tu phai sang trai), viet cac bit nhu nguyen
aang cua chung neu la bt 0 cho aen khi gap bit 1 au tien thi ly bu mot cua tt ca
cac bit con lai tru bt 1 ao.
Ap dung : Tm bu hai cua cac s sau :
-----
01100100 bu 2 : 10011100
-----
10010010 bu 2 : 01101110
-----



24



11011000 bu 2 : 00101000
-----
01100111 bu 2 : 10011001
T o, ta cung co kt lun : Bu hai cua mt s chnh la chnh s o.
c. Phep tru su aung bu hai
Nh trn a noi, phep tr nh phn co th c thc hin bng cach cng s
b tr vi bu hai cua s tr. Nu co 1 nho cui cung la bit 1 c sinh ra th huy bo
gia tr nh o va kt qua la nhng bit con lai va o la s dng (s b tr ln hn s
tr). Nu nh 1 nho cui cung la bit 0 (khng co nh) th kt qua la s m (s b tr
nho hn s tr) va hiu cua no la bu hai cua kt qua phep cng trn.
V du : Thc hin phep tr nh phn s dung phng phap cng vi bu hai
cua s tr:
V du: 7-5 =2 c biu din theo phng phap trn
0111 + 1011 =10010 la s dng va co gia tr la 0010 (2 trong h thp
phn), trong o -5 c biu din bng bu hai cua 0101 la 1011(bo nh cui cung la
bit 1 va kt qua : 0010 = + 2trong h thp phn).
V du: 5-7=-2 c biu din theo phng phap trn
0101 + 1001 = 1110 la mt s m va hiu cua no la 0010 (bu hai cua
1110) chnh la 2 trong h thp phn, trong o -7 c biu din bng bu hai cua
0111 la 1001. y, nh cui cung la bit 0 hay khng co nh nn kt qua la s m
va di dang bu hai tc la bu hai cua 1110 la 0010 tc la (- 2).
2.1.3. Phep nhn nhi phn .
Tng t nh phep nhn thp phn. V du : nhn 1101 vi 1010.
S b nhn 1101(muntifplicant)
S nhn 1010 (muntifplier)
0000 hang th nht
1101 hang th hai
0000 hang th ba
1101
10000010
2.1.4. Phep chia nhi phn .
Tng t nh phep chia s thp phn :
V du : chia 110110 cho 1101



25




S b chia : 110110 1101 (s chia)
- 1101 100,0101 (kt qua)
00001
10
100 (thm bit 0 va pha kt qua la du phy)
1000
10000
-1101
00110 tip tuc thm bt 0 va lai tc hin tip...
V du : Chia 110110 cho 1001 co kt qua 110. Kt qua cua phep chia co th
la chia ht hoc khng chia ht, tuy nhin theo mc chnh xac yu cu ma ta kt
thuc vic thc hin.
2.2. H dm co s 8 (OCTAL)
No c s dung rng rai trong cac may tnh va may vi tnh nhp d liu.
Mi ch s c s 8 la t hp cua 3 ch s nh phn. Do vy, tp cac s nh phn 3
bit co th c biu din bng cac ch s c s 8 rt thun li khi nhp d liu vao
may tnh. Do v cac mach s ch co th x ly cac tn hiu nhi phn 0 va 1 nn c s
8 phai c tai tao lai thanh dang nhi phn bng cac mach chuyn i ma.
Cac ky hiu c dung trong h m c s 8 la : 01234567. No cung bao
gm 2 phn la phn nguyn va phn thp phn va c ngn cach nhau bng du
phy.
V du : (6327,4051)
8
hoc @ 6327,4051.
Cung nh h nhi phn, h m Octal cung co th chuyn i sang h m
thp phn va ngc lai, nhng ch khac la thay v s 2 trong h nh phn bng s 8
trong h Octal.
(6327,4051)
8
= 6.8
3
+3.8
2
+2.8
1
+7.8
0
+4.8
-1
+0.8
-2
+5.8
-3
+1.8
-4
=(3287,5100098)
10
Th du : chuyn i (658,56)
10
sang h c s 8.
Phn nguyn :
Thuong Du
658 : 8 82 2
82 : 8 41 0
41 : 8 5 1
5 : 8 0 5



26



Kt qua phn nguyn: 5102
Phn thp phn :
0,56 0,48 0,84 0,72
x 8 x 8 x 8 x 8
4,48 3,84 6,72 5,76
4 3 6 5
Phn thp phn : 0,4365
Kt qua cui cung : (5102,4365)
8
.
Cung nh trong h nh phn, viec chuyen aoi cho phn thp phn co the la
khong luon luon chnh xac ma co the xac ainh gioi han ket thuc theo mot yeu cu
cho phep ve sai so.
2.2.1. Chuyen aoi he aem co so 8 sang he nhi phn va nguoc lai
Nh a phn tch trn, h m c s 8 co th chuyn sang h nh phn
tng ng bng vic thay th mi ch s trong h c s 8 bng 3 bit h nh phn.
Th du :
(475)
8
= (100 111 101)
2
va cung co th vit @ 475 =% 100 111 101
@ 574,321 = % 101 111 100, 011 010 001
Va ngc lai, chuyn t h nh phn sang h m Octal c thc hin nh
sau: gp cac nhom 3 bit bt u t LSB (t y ngha nht) hay sat ngay vi bn trai
du phy va chuyn dn v pha MSB (bit nhiu y ngha nht). Vi phn thp phn,
bt u t bit sat ngay vi bn phai du phy va chuyn dn sang phai.
Th du :
% 10011101 = @ 235
% 10110,10010 = @ 26,44

2.2.2. Cac phep tnh so hoc .
Cac lut s hoc c s 8 cung tng t nh lut s hoc nhi phn va thp
phn.Tuy nhin, cac phep tnh s hoc trong h c s 8 t mang y ngha thc t s
dung nn ta khng cn phai xem xet ky chung.
2.3. H dm co s 16 (HEXADECIMAL)
H m nay c s dung rt nhiu trong may tnh va cac b vi x ly. Co 16
t hp cua s nh phn 4 bit va tp hp cac s nh phn 4 bit co th nhp vao may
tnh di dang cac ch s Hexa. S Hexa c bin i thanh dang nh phn trc



27



khi chung c x ly bi cac mach s. C s cua h m nay la 16 bao gm 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. H m nay con goi la h m ky t. Bang 2-4
ch ra s tng ng gia cac s thp phn - Hexa va Binary.
Cac ky hiu c dung trong h m c s 16 la : 0123456789ABCDEF. No
cung bao gm 2 phn la phn nguyn va phn thp phn va c ngn cach nhau
bng du phy.
V du : (3C8,F1)
16
hoc $ 3C8,F1
Cung nh h nhi phn, h m Hexa cung co th chuyn i sang h m
thp phn va ngc lai, nhng ch khac la thay v s 2 trong h nh phn bng s 16
trong h Hexa.
V du: (3A,2F)
16
= 3.16
1
+10.16
0
+ 2.16
-1
+15.16
-2
= (58,1836)
10
.

Bang 2-4

H thp phn
#
H Hexa
$
H Nh phn
%
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
10 A 1010
11 B 1011
12 C 1100
13 D 1101
14 E 1110
15 F 1111

V du chuyn i s #675,625 (675,625)
10
thanh h Hexa.



28



Phn nguyn:
Thuong Du
675 : 16 42 3
42 : 16 2 10
2 : 16 0 2
Phn nguyn la: 2A3
Phn thp phn:
0,625
x 16
10,00
10 Phn thp phn la: 0,A
Kt qua cui cung la: (675,625)
10
= $ 2A3,A
2.3.1. Phep chuyen aoi tu Hexa sang Binary va nguoc lai .
Nh a noi trn, cac s Hexa co th chuyn i thanh dang Binary bng
vic thay th mi ch s Hexa bng 4 bit Binary tng ng.
V du : (2F9A)
16
= (001011111010)
2
hoc $2F9A = % 0010 1111 1001 1010
V du : % 1010101110110110 = $ 33DB
(0,01101101001110)
2
= % 0, 0110 1101 0011 1000 = (0,6D38)
16
.
2.3.2. Cac phep tnh so hoc .
Cung tng t nh h Octal, cac phep tnh s hoc h m Hexa cung t c
s dung trong thc t v th chung ta khng khao sat ky v no.
2.4. Cac s co du
i vi mach s ch co 2 ky hiu 1 va 0 th vic biu th gia tr dng va m cn
phai c giai quyt bng vic thm 1 bit vao bn trai nht va c xem nh 1 bit
co gia tr ln nht (MSB), vi bit 0 ky hiu s duong va bit 1 biu din s m.
Th du: 01000100 la 1 s dng co gia tr 68 (bit 0)
11000100 la 1 s m co gia tr 68 (bit 1)
Co 3 loai s nh phn co du c biu din nh bang 2.5.
Bang 2.5 :

Phng phap Dng nht m nht
Ma thun + (2
n-1
-1) - (2
n-1
-1)
Bu mt + (2
n-1
-1) - (2
n-1
-1)



29



Bu hai + (2
n-1
-1) - (2
n-1
-1)
Trong ma thun : Bit cao nht c dung biu din du va cac bit con lai
biu din gia tr cua s.
i vi phng phap bu mot, bu hai : Bit cao nht c dung biu din
du (0 la so auong va 1 la so m). i vi s dng, vic biu din tng t nh
ma thun. Ring s m th trc ht cn phai xet ao lon ri xem xet la chung la bu
mot hay bu hai.
V du : 0101 biu din + 5 ; con 1010 va 1011 biu din - 5 tng ng trong
phng phap bu mt va bu hai.
Thng thng, phng phap bu hai c s dung rng rai hn v s tin li
khi thit k mach s thay th phep tr nh phn bng phep cng vi bu hai (
phn trn a noi).
2.5. Ma
May tnh, cac mach s c s dung lam vic dang nhi phn. V th vic
thao tac vi cac con s, cac ch cai va cac ky t c bit khac phai c tai tao
thanh khun dang nh phn. y goi la qua trnh ma hoa. Hin nay co nhiu ma s
va chung c s dung phuc vu cac muc ch khac nhau. Bang 2-6 biu din 1 s
ma thng c s dung nht :
Bang 2-6

Thp phn
#
Nh phn
%
BCD Excess-3 Gray Hexa
$
Octal
@
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
DCBA E
3
E
2
E
1
E
0
G
3
G
2
G
1
G
0

0 0000 0000 0011 0000 0 0
1 0001 0001 0100 0001 1 1
2 0010 0010 0101 0011 2 2
3 0011 0011 0110 0010 3 3
4 0100 0100 0111 0110 4 4
5 0101 0101 1000 0111 5 5
6 0110 0110 1001 0101 6 6
7 0111 0111 1010 0100 7 7
8 1000 1000 1011 1100 8
9 1001 1001 1100 1101 9
10 1010 1111 A



30



11 1011 1110 B
12 1100 1010 C
13 1101 1011 D
14 1110 1001 E
15 1111 1000 F
2.5.1. Ma BCD. (Binary Coael Decimal)
y la ma nh phn tu nhien biu din cac s thp phn 0 n 9 va mi s
thp phn tng ng 4 bit. No con c goi la ma 8 - 4 - 2 - 1 hay la ma nhj thp
phn. Ma BCD khng phai la mt h m s ring ma la 1 ma quy nh (quy c)
vit cho n gian. h nay ch dung 9 t hp t 0000 n 1001, con cac t hp
1010 n 1111 th khng dung (vi 4 bit ta co 16 to hop s nh phn nhng ta ch
dung 10 t hp ma thi).
Ma BCD phai dung nhiu bit hn ma nh phn trc tip. Tuy vy u im
cua BCD la d chuyn i sang h thp phn v vi mi t hp nh phn 4 bit vn
ng ung hang n v, hang chuc, hang trm ... V th ta thy rt thun li la va
mang tnh ro rang cua h thp phn, va mang tnh mt cao cua h nhi phn. Ta
goi la h nhj - thp phn.
2.5.2. Ma Excess - 3
Ma nay nhn c bng cach cng thm 3 vao mi s ma cua ma nh phn t
nhin. Th du 1000 cua ma Excess-3 biu din s 5 cua thp phn trong khi ma nh
phn t nhin biu din s 8 cua h thp phn.
2.5.3. Ma Gray
Ch cn thay i 1 bit trong khi biu din cac s la se thay i gia 2 so lien
tiep. Th du 0111 biu din s 5 va 0101 la s 6 trong ma Gray. Chnh nh tnh cht
nay ma ngi ta s dung ma Gray vao trong b ma o lng hay kim tra cac s
chuyn ng hoc v tr khi dch chuyn, c bit la trn cac may iu khin theo
chng trnh s.
2.5.4 Ma ky tu
Trong nhiu trng hp, h thng s c dung thao tac d liu co th
dang s, ch cai hay cac ky hiu c bit. Do vy, mt ma nhi phn cho cac ch cai
la rt c n thit. Nu ta s dung mt ma nhi phn n bit th se co 2
n
t hp khac nhau
co th biu din c. Ta co s ky t cn biu din la bao gm s ch s t 0 n 9



31



la 10 ky tu; 26 ch cai t A n Z bao gm ca ch hoa, ch thng; cac ky hiu
khac nh , =, $, ... va cac du cua cac phep tnh nh

, , -, / .... Tng s ky t
cn thit c biu din la lon hon 70. Nh vy ta cn phai s dung ma nh phn co
s bt 6 (v 2
6
= 64 t hp) mi u biu din. Hin nay ngi ta chon ma nh
phn 8 bit biu din( n 8) ma trong o co 7 bit ( co 128 to hop khac nhau) dung
biu din cac ky t va mt bit dung kim tra.
Thng thng hin nay ngi ta s dung cac ma sau y:
- Ma trao i thng tin BDC m rng : EBCDIC
- Ma ASCII (Ma trao i thng tin cua hi tiu chun My - American
Stanaara Coae for Information Interchange)
2.5.5. Cac ma loi
Khi thng tin s di dang nh phn c truyn t mach hay h thng nay
sang h thng khac th co th co li phat sinh (tc la co 1 tn hiu 0 nao o tr thanh
1 hay ngc lai). Vi h thng s phc tap th co hang triu bit c x ly trong
giy vi yu cu tnh toan ven d liu cao va nu co sai pham th cn phai c phat
hin x ly. Ngi ta dung phng phap cng thm 1 bit vao bit au lieu goi la bit
parity. No cho phep phat hin 1 li n trong s truyn d liu, thng thng no
c dung kim tra tnh chn le cua cac bt 1 hay bit 0. Th du trong ma ASCII
co 7 bit ky t va thm vao 1 bit lam cho s bit 1 la so chan hay so le theo tng
hang nhm am bao rng khi may oc se am bao tnh ung n va chnh xac cua
cac thng tin a vao.
Th du : 1000011 la biu din ky t C trong ma ASCII co 3 bit 1(so le).
am bao yu cu chnh xac, ngi ta thm vao 1 bit 1 la bit thu 8 cho s bit 1 la 4
(chan). Nh vy khi oc may se xac nh tnh ung n cua d liu la 11000011,
chu y rng bit 1 thm vao nay la ch dung kim tra tnh ung n cua no ma
khng tham gia vao ma ky t.
Th du ky t G trong ma ASCII la 1000111co s bt 1 la 4 (chan) nn bit
kim tra la bt thu 8 co gia tri bit 0. Vy khi may oc la 01000111.









32




III. TOAN TU LOGIC
VA MT S KHAI NIM CO BAN CUA DIN TU S

3.1. Toan tu Logic
Cac bin s Boole co th c x ly bng cac phep toan tu logic c ban
KHNG ; VA ; HOC ; KHNG HOC; KHNG VA; HOC CO LOAI TR .
3 toan t u lam thanh 1 h thng logic c lp va hoan chnh. Con cac toan t
khong hoac, khong va va hoac co loai tru la cac ham phu thuc.
3.1.1. Toan tu KHNG (NOT) . Phu ainh.
A = 1 th khong A . 0
A = 0 th khong A . 1
A = A
Ky hiu : theo tiu chun cua Chu u va cua My

A A




Nu goi u vao A va u ra Y, ta co :
A Y
0 1
1 0
3.1.2. Toan tu JA (AND)
A AND B AND C = A . B . C = Y.
Y = 1 nu va ch nu ng thi A = 1, B = 1 va C = 1
Y = 0 nu hoc ch A =0 hoc B=0 hoc C=0; hoc A=B=C = 0.
Ta co bang trang thai sau:

A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
1



33



0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

Toan t VA con co th vit theo cach toan tp hp: A B C.
Ky hiu:



3.I.3. Toan tu HOC (OR)
A OR B OR C = A+B+C =Y
Y = 0 nu khi va ch khi ng thi ca A = 0, B = 0 va C = 0.
Ta co bang trang thai sau:

A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Co th biu din theo cach toan tp hp A V B V C = Y
Ky hiu:




3.I.4. Toan tu KHNG HOC (NOR)
A
B
C
& Y
A
B
C
Y


1
A
B
C
Y
A
B
C
Y



34



Phep toan NOT - OR c goi la phep toan KHNG HOC. No c xem
la kt hp cua 2 toan t : OR va NOT.




Ta co: A + B + C = Y


Y

= Y hay Y =
'
Y
Vy ta co: Y = C B A + +
Ta co bang trang thai sau:

A B C Y

= A+B+C Y= C B A + +
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0

Ky hiu:




3.1.5. Toan tu KHNG JA (NAND) .
Phep toan NOT - AND c goi la phep toan khong va. No la s kt hp
gia hai toan t NOT va AND.



Ta co: A.B.C =Y

Y

= Y hay Y =
'
Y
Y
A
B
C
Y

A
B
C
Y
A
B
C
Y
Y
Y
A
B
C



35



Vy: Y = C B A . .
Ta co bang trang thai:

A B C Y

=A.B.C Y= C B A . .
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0

Ky hiu:




3.1.6. Toan tu HOC HAN CHE (EXCLUSIJE - OR) .
Toan t nay con goi la cng loai tr (Exclusive - Or) = XOR. y khng phai
la 1 phep toan c ban va co th biu din qua cac cng c ban AND, OR, NOT hay
NAND, NOR.
Mach nay c dung nhng ni ma 2 tn hiu s cn c so sanh (Nu la
2 tn hiu vao ging nhau u ra la 0 con nu tn hiu vao la khac nhau th tn hiu
ra = 1).
Ta co bang trang thai:

A B Y = A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Ky hiu:


&
A
B
C
Y
A
B
C
Y
=1
A

B
Y
A

B
Y



36





3.2. Biu din hinh hoc cac toan tu logic
Nguyn tc: Tp hp moi trang thai cua mt mnh X co th biu din
c bng hnh hoc. Ta quy nh khi biu din trn mt phng, nhng trng hp
mnh X la ung (ung voi trang thai 1) la din tch nm trong vong tron. Con
ngoai vong tron la din ta trang thai X 0.
- Vung I la vung giao cua A va B
I = A B
No tng ng vi toan t VA
- Vung I +I +III la vung hp cua A va B
I +II +III = A B
No tng ng vi toan t HOC

3.2.1. Cac tnh cht co ban cua toan tu NOT, AND, OR
a) Tnh hoan vi .
A B = B A (A B = B A) (2.1)
A + B = B + A (A V B = B V A) (2.2)
b) Tnh lien hop .
(A B). C = A (B C) = A B C (2.3)
(A + B) + C = A (B C) = A B C (2.4)
c) Tnh phn phoi .
A .(B + C) = (AB) (AC) (2.5)
A + (B C) = (A B) (A C) (2.6)
a) Tnh bu .
A + =1 (2-7)
A. =0 (2-8)
A.0 =0 (2-9)
A+0=A (2-10)
A.1 =A (2-11)
A+1=1 (2-12)
3.2.2 Cac ainh ly cua aai so Boole
II
III
I
A =1 B =1
A=0; B= 0



37



Bang tong hop cac ainh ly cua aai so Boole .

S
th t
NH LY
S
th t
NH LY
1 A+0 =A 12 A.(A+B) =A
2 A.1 =A 13 A+.B =A+B
3 A+1 =1 14 A.(+B) =A.B
4 A.0 =0 15 A.B +A. B =A
5 A+A =A 16 (A+B).(A+ B ) =A
6 A.A =A 17 A.B +.C =(A+C).(+B)
7 A+ =1 18 (A+B).( +C) =A.C+.B
8 A. =0 19 A.B +.C+B.C =A.B + .C
9 A.(B+C) =A.B +A.C 20
(A+B).( +C).(B+C)
=(A+B).( +C)
10 A+B.C = (A+B).(A+C) 21 .... . . C B A = ... + + + C B A
11 A+A.B =A 22 .... . . ... C B A C B A = + + +

nh ly 21 va 22 goi la nh ly De Morgan.
Ta co th chng minh mt s nh ly sau y:
inh ly 10. A+B.C =(A+B).(A+C)
T v phai,ta khai trin va bin i, ta co:
(A+B).(A+C) = A.A +A.C +B.A +B.C = A+A.C +A.B +B.C
=A.(1+C+B) + B.C =A + B.C
Vy nh ly a chng minh xong.

inh ly 12: A.(A+B) = A
Khai trin v trai va bin i, ta co: A.A +A.B = A+A.B =A.(1 +B) =A
nh ly a c chng minh xong.
inh ly 13: A + .B =A+B
S dung lut phn phi (nh ly 10), ta co:
A + .B = (A +).(A+B) = 1.(A+B) =A+B

inh ly 19: A.B + .C +B.C = A.B + .C
Ta nhn B.C vi (A+ =1 ), ta co biu thc sau:
A.B + .C +A.B.C +B.C. = A.B.(1+C) + .C.(1+B) =A.B + .C



38



inh ly 21 va 22 (De Morgan).
Lp bang

A B A+B
B A+ A B B A.
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Ta co kt qua bang trn: B A B A . = +
Cung co th chng minh theo phng phap toan tp hp:







3.3. Mach logic
Co th biu din cac ai lng vt ly khac nhau trong thc t nh dong in,
ap sut cht long hoc cht kh, tc dch chuyn, v tr ... bng cac ai lng nh
phn. Mach logic la 1 phn tu co nhiu u vao va mt s u ra. u ra la s t
hp kt qua cua cac u vao. Tuy theo tnh cht cua phn t ma co 2 dang c ban:
- Mach t hp.
- Mach tun t (sequential circuits- aay, chuoi).
3.3.1. Cac phuong phap bieu aien ham logic
a. Phuong phap bieu aien bang bang trang thai.
Cac gia tr cua ham phu thuc vao cac trang thai cua cac bin c trnh bay
trong mt bang bao gm n1 ct va 2
n
hang, trong o s bin la n. No thng c
goi la bang chn ly hoc bang trang thai. u im cua phng phap biu din nay la
t nhm ln, d nhn va co tnh ro rang va sang sua v t bang o nhn thy c gia
tr cua ham logic ng vi tng t hp. Tuy vy no cng knh va c bit khi ma s
bin la kha ln.
A
B
A
B A
B A
B
B A+ B B A. A



39



Th du : Mt ham co 3 au vao va co 1 au ra co gia tr bng 1 khi va ch khi
ch co 1 u vao kch thch ( 1).
Bang 3.1
A B C S
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

Nhn vao bang chung ta thy ham S =1 khi trang thai cac bin vao A=0, B=0
va C=1; A=0, B=1 va C=0; A=1, B=0 va C=0.

b. Bieu aien bang phuong trinh logic
Phuong trinh logic c vit xut phat t cac vn cua bai toan t ra.
Nhng vi bai toan phc tap, cach vit nay d dn n sai lm. Ngi ta a chng
minh c rng, mt ham logic co n bien nhi phn aoc lp bao gi cung co th biu
din thanh cac ham tong cua cac tch va tch cua cac tong. y chnh la cac dang
chnh tc cua phuong trinh logic.
* Dang tong cua cac tch( hay la phuong trinh chnh tac thu nht)
Co th ly mt v du minh hoa cach biu din phuong trinh logic.
Cho mt ham logic c biu din bng bang trang thai 3-2:
Bang 3-2
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 x
0 1 1 x
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 x



40



1 1 1 1

T bang 3-2, gia tr cua ham Y phu thuc vao trang thai cua cac bin vao ma
co th co gia tr 1, 0 hoc khng xac nh ( aont care- x), nhng ta ch quan tm
n cac hang ma gia tr cua ham Y1. S ln ma ham Y1 chnh la s tch cua cac
t hp bin.
Trong mi tch o, cac bin co gia tr bng 1 th c gi nguyn, con cac
bin co gia tr bng 0 th ly gia tr ao, co ngha la nu bin Xi co gia tr la 1 th
c vit la Xi, con nu Xi co gia tr 0 th c vit la Xi .
Cach biu din dang tong cua cac tch c hnh thanh bng cach vit tng
cua cac tch trn (chu y moi tch phai co mat ay au so bien cua ham).
T bang 3-2, ta co:
Y = C B A C B A C B A . . . . . . + +
Hoc co th biu din dang rut gon:
Y= 0,5,7 vi N =2,3,6
Trong o 0,5,7 la th t cua t hp bin tng ng vi cac gia tr cua ham
Y=1; N = 2,3,6 la th t cac t hp bin ma ham khng xac nh.
* Dang tch cua cac tong ( hay la phuong trinh chnh tac thu hai)
T bang 3-2, ta ch quan tm n cac hang ma gia tr cua ham Y=0. S ln
ma ham Y=0 chnh la s tng cua cac t hp bin.
Trong mi tng o, cac bin co gia tr bng 0 th c gi nguyn, con cac
bin co gia tr bng 1 th ly gia tr ao, co ngha la nu bin Xi co gia tr la 0 th
c vit la Xi, con nu Xi co gia tr 1 th c vit la Xi .
Cach biu din dang tch cua cac tng c hnh thanh bng cach vit tch
cua cac tng trn.
T bang 3-2, ta co:
( )( ) C B A C B A Y + + + + = .
Hay co th biu din bng cach vit rut gon:
Y= 1,4 vi N =2,3,6
Cac ch s nh a noi phn trn.
c. Bieu aien ham logic bang ma trn Cacno (Karnaugh)
Cach biu din ham logic bng ma trn Cac no (hay ngi ta con goi la bang
Cacno, ba Cac no hay ba K) la mt phng phap din ta t hp cua cac bin nh
phn c ong hn, ng thi giup cho chung ta mt phng phap h thng n



41



gian hoa va thao tac cac biu thc Boole. Ky thut nay co le la cng cu s dung rng
rai nht ti thiu cac ham Boole. Mc du ky thut nay co th s dung cho s
lng bin bt ky, nhng thng th chung ch nn dung cho s bin ti a la 6 v
nu nhiu hn se gp nhiu phc tap, rc ri va kt qua d b nhm ln.
biu din mt ham co n bin, ta thit lp mt ma trn bao gm 2
p
hang va
2
q
ct vi mi tng ng vi mi t hp trang thai cac bin
Nu s bin la chn (n chn) th p va q co gia tr nh nhau va bng
2
n
.
Trng hp s bin la le th. q p1 va ng thi pq n.
Sau khi a thit lp c bang ma trn Cacno, ta ln lt ghi cac gia tr nh
phn tng ng cua ham vao trong tng .
V du co ham 3 bien A,B,C c biu din nh trn bang 3-1, ta biu din
ham di dang ma trn Cacno nh sau:


0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0

Trn ma trn, cac ct cua no c biu din tng ng trang thai cac bin A
va B, con hang c biu din theo trang thai cua bin C. Mi la tng ng vi t
hp trang thai cua cac bin. V du s 2 tng ng vi C B A . . va co gia tr ham
bng 1, con th 7 tng ng vi A.B.C va ga tr ham bng 0. Cac ch s nho
biu din goc cua cac la s th t cac t hp ham tng ng.
V du thit lp ma trn K cho ham 4 bin:











A,B
00 01 11 10
C
0


1

0
6 4
1 3 7 5
2
A,B
C,D 00 01 11 10
00


01




10

11
0 4 12 8
9
11
10 14
15
13 5
7
6 2
3
1



42




Ma nh phn c s dung trong ma trn Cacno la ma nh phn i xng, do
vy ma trn co tnh chu ky, khi chuyn t mt sang mt k tip, ch co duy nht
mt bin thay i, chnh nh tnh cht nay ma ma trn Cacno c s dung rt
thun li giai quyt cac bai toan ma c bit la trong cac mach logic tun tu.
Ta chu y rng, do tnh cht cua ma nh phn c s dung la i xng nn
cac nm cung mt hang ( mt ct ) ngoai cung bn trai va bn phai ( trn cung
hay di cung) cung la cac k nhau va cung ch co khac nhau m t bin.
Mt ham 6 bin c biu din nh sau:



0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4
8 9 11 10 14 15 13 12
24 25 27 26 30 31 29 28
16 17 19 18 22 23 21 20
48 49 51 50 54 55 53 52
56 57 59 58 62 63 61 60
40 41 43 42 46 47 45 44
32 33 35 34 38 39 37 36

3.3.2. Cac ham khong xac ainh (aont care)
Co nhng trng hp ma gia tr cua au ra khng c thit lp theo s t
hp cua cac trang thai u vao v du nh khi ma hoa s thp phn t 0 n 9 bng
ma BCD gm 4 bit th tng ng phai co 16 t hp trong khi ta ch coa 10 t hp
c s dung, nh vy cac t hp 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1110 va 1111 la khng
c s dung va nhng gia tr nay ngi ta nh ngha la nhng ham khng xac
nh.
Co nhng trng hp ma tai o, t hp cua cac trang thai cac bin la khng
co y ngha hoc khng th xy ra v du nh khi ca thang may ong ma tip im
san thang may cha ong xac nh la khng co ngi trong thang may chng han th
trang thai nut bm goi tng trong bung cua thang may co th se khng co y ngha
A,B,C
D,E,F
000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100
000


011



001
010
111
101
100
110



43



ma cung co th co y ngha tuy theo nha thit k. Chnh v th ma trang thai cua cac
u ra cua ham cung se ri vao trang thai khng xac nh.

3.3.3. Phuong phap toi thieu hoa cac ham logic
Cac ham logic cung tng t nh cac ham s toan hoc khac, co ngha la trong
qua trnh phn tch va tng hp chung ta cn phai thc hin mt vic lam thng
xuyn la ti thiu hoa cac ham sao cho biu thc c biu din di dang n gian
nht co th ma vn am bao c cac chc nng yu cu, iu o se lam cho ham
n gian va tng minh hn, song i vi ham logic th iu nay con mang mt y
ngha hn la se lam giam ang k s cng cung nh cac dy ni cn thit va kch
thc khun kh cua chung cung v th se c giam i. Thc cht cua vic ti
thiu hoa la tm dang biu din ai s n gian nht va thng co hai phng phap:

- Phng phap bin i trc tip s dung cac nh ly cua ai s Boole.
- Phng phap s dung thut toan.
a. Phuong phap bien aoi truc tiep su aung cac ainh ly cua aai so Boole
Cn c vao cac nh ly cua ai s Boole rut gon ham logic, tuy nhin
phng phap nay se gp rt nhiu kho khn v b han ch bi tnh trc quan nn nhiu
khi cac kt qua a c rut gon nhng vn cha th khng nh c no a ti thiu
hay cha. Chnh v th ma phng phap nay t c s dung, c bit la trong vic ti
thiu hoa cac ham phc tap.
V du, ta co mt ham ma co th c biu din chung di dang phng
trnh chnh tc th nht -Tong cua cac tch-.
F = C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A . . . . . . . . . . + + + +
S dung cac nh ly cua ham Boole, ta co:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) C B A C B A C B A B B A
C B A B A B A C B A C C B A C C B A F
. . 1 . . .
. . . . . . . . .
+ = + = + +
= + + = + + + + =

Ham logic trn co th biu din bng mach logic s sau:




b. Phuong phap su aung thut toan
&
1
B
C
A
F



44



C, D
00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
II
I
III
IV
* Phuong phap su aung ma trn Cacno
Theo nguyn tc chung cua phng phap ti thiu s dung ma trn Cacno th
trc ht, ta lp ma trn nh a trnh bay trn, sau o ghi cac gia tr cua ham
tng ng vi cac t hp cac trang thai cua cac bin vao.
Tip theo, ta tin hanh xac nh cach ti thiu ham theo kiu tch cuc tieu
hay tong cuc tieu. Nu xac nh tong cuc tieu th ta anh du cac co gia tr 1 va
nu xac nh tch cuc tieu th chon cac co gia tr 0.
Chon hai k nhau co cung gia tr 1 (hoc 0), theo tnh cht cua ma trn
Cacno thi chung ch khac nhau mt bin, do vy ma tng hoc tch cua ham logic
co th c giam i mt bin.
V du ta co ham logic co n bin, nu ta vit theo dang tong cua cac tch cua 2
k nhau co cung gia tr 1, ta co:
(X
1
.X
2
....X
j
...X
n
) + ( X
1
.X
2
....
j
X ...X
n
) = (X
1
.X
2
....X
j-1
...X
n
).(X
j
+
j
X )
= (X
1
.X
2
....X
j-1
...X
n
) { do (X
j
+
j
X ) =1}
Nh vy bin X
j
se khng co mt trong biu thc trn ma ham logic vn
khng thay i, hay noi cach khac tng cua chung a giam i c mt bin.
Tng t vi trng hp co 4 k nhau co cung mt gia tr cua ham, bng
cach chng minh nh vy, ta se giam oc 2 bin.
Tng quat vi 2
k
cp k nhau co cung gia tr th ta se giam c k bin.
Do tnh cht cua ham s Boole ma gia tr 1 co th tham gia vao mt s nhom,
iu o cho phep chung ta co th la chon cac k nhau n mc ti a nhm lam
cho ham cang n gian co ngha la ham c ti thiu. Tnh cht o la XXX.
V du: Cho ham 4 bin c biu din bng ma trn Cacno sau


0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
X 1 X 0
0 0 1 0

Nhn xet: Ma trn c biu din nh trn gm co 2
n
t hp ham tc la 16 t
hp (n4), tuy nhin, ch co 6 t hp ham co gia tr 1 va 8 t hp ham co gia tr 0,
ngoai ra co 2 t hp ham khng xac nh c ky hiu bng ch x.
A, B



45



A, B
C, D
00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
I II
III IV
V nguyn tc chung th ngi ta co th ti thiu ham theo dang tng cua
cac tich hay la tich cua cac tng, co ngha la s hoat ng cua ham logic se khng
thay i nhng mach logic se khac nhau va chc chn la khi la chon mach, ngi
ta se chon mach nao co s cng t nht va tng s ln cac bin xut hin trong mach
la t nht (s literal la t nht).
i vi cac t hp co gia tr khng xac nh, v mt nguyn tc ngi ta coi
la cac ham o ly cac gia tr tuy y, co ngha la hoc gia tr 1 hoc gia tr 0. Tuy
nhin khi ap dung thc t th nn chon gia tr thch hp sao cho vic ti thiu la
thun li nht va at c kt qua ti gian nht co th.
Tr lai vi v du trn, ta co:
Xac nh theo tch cuc tieu, ta co cac nhom lin kt cac k nhau co ga tr 1
nh c biu din trn ma trn gm co 4 nhom (I, II, III, IJ) trong o co 1 nhom 4
va 3 nhom 2 . Theo tnh cht a nu trn, ta co ham logic ti thiu la:
F = C B A D C A D B C B A . . . . . . . + + +
Xac nh theo tong cuc tieu, ta co cac nhom lin kt cac k nhau co gia tr
0 nh c biu din di y, no gm co 4 nhom va theo tnh cht cua cac nhom
co cac k nhau, ta co th tm thy c ham ti thiu cua tch cac tng.



0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
X 1 X 0
0 0 1 0


F = I.II.III.IV =(A+B). ( )( )( ) C B D C A D C A + + + + + . .

*. Phuong phap Quin Mc.Cluskey

- Mt s djnh nghia:
- nh . La mt tch cha y u cac bin cua ham xut phat, nu ham co n bin th
nh la tch cua n bin.
nh 1 la nh ma ham co gia tr bng 1 va nh 0 la nh co gia tr bng 0.
nh khng xac nh la nh ma tai o ham co th ly gia tr 1 hay 0.



46



- Tch cuc tieu. La mt tch co s bin la cc tiu ham co gia tri bang 1 hay
khong xac ainh.
- Tch quan trong. La tch cc tiu ma gia tr ham ch auy nht bng 1.

- Phuong phap tin hanh:
- Bc 1:
+ Tm cac tch cc tiu bng cach lp bang biu din cac gia tr ham bng 1
va cac gia tr khong xac ainh ri ghi vao bang a.
+ Sp xp cac t hp bin theo ma nhi phn theo th t so cac chu so 1 trong
t hp tng dn t 0,1,2,3...ghi vao bang b.
+ So sanh mi t hp th i vi t hp i1, nu 2 to hop khac nhau ch mt
ct th kt hp chung thanh 1 to hop moi khng co mt gia tr ct o (chu y la thu tu
cac bien la phai auoc sap xep nhu nhau). Tip theo, thay ch ct khng co mt gia
tr cua no bng mt du gach - va anh du V vao 2 t hp cu va ghi vao bang c.
+ Tip tuc nh trn bng cach chon tip cac t hp khac nhau ch 1 ch s 1
va co cung mt v tr du gach - ( tuc la co cung mot bien vua bi gian uoc o buoc
truoc ay) va ghi vao bang a.
Lai tip tuc cho n khi cac t hp khng con kha nng lin kt na th o
chnh la tch cuc tieu cua ham a cho.
V du: Ti thiu hoa ham f(X
1
, X
2,
X
3
, X
4
) vi cac nh bng 1 la
L=2,3,7,12,14,15; Cac nh khng xac nh N = 6,13

Bang a Bang b Bang c Bang d
S
thp
ph
n
S nh
phn
X
1
, X
2,
X
3
,
X
4

S
ch
s
1
S
th
p
ph
n
S c s 2
X
1
, X
2,
X
3
,
X
4

Lin
kt
X
1
, X
2,
X
3
,
X
4

Lin
kt
X
1
, X
2,

X
3
, X
4

2 0010 1 2 0010V 2,3 001-V
2,3,6,7
2,6,3,7
0-10
3 0011

2

3 0011V 2,6 0-10V
6,7,14,
15
6,14,7,
15
-11-



47



6 0110 6 0110V 3,7 0-11V
12,13,
14,15
11--
12 1100 12 1100V 6,7 011-V
7 0111 7 0111V 6,14 -110V
13 1101 13 1101V 13,13 110-V
14 1110

3
14 1110V 12,14 11-0V
15 1111 15 1111V 7,15 -111V
13,15 11-1V

4
14,15 111-V

- Bc 2:
Vic tm cac tch quan trong cung c thc hin theo nhiu giai oan. Goi
L
i
la tp cac nh 1 va khong co cac anh co chua gia tri khong xac nh, Z
i
la tp
cac tch cuc tieu va Ei la tp cac tch quan trong cua bc th i.
+ Vi i 0 ta co gia s ta co L
0
= L =(2,3,7,14,15) va Z
0
= Z =
(X
1
X
3
,X
2
X
3
,X
1
X
2
).
Xac nh cac tch quan trong E
0
t L
0
va Z
0
nh sau:
Lp bang co moi hang ung voi mot tch cuc tieu thuoc Z
0
, moi cot ung voi
mot anh thuoc L
0
. anh du x vao cac trong bang ng vi tch cc tiu bng 1.
Xet trn tng ct neu co ch 1 au x th tch cuc tieu ung voi no la tch
quan trong.
+ Vi i1, Tm L
1
t L
0
bng cach loai khoi L
0
cac anh 1 cua E
0
; Tm Z
1
t


Z
0
bng

cach loai khoi Z
0
cac tch trong E
0
va cac tch aa nam trong hang aa auoc
chon tu E
0
(cac tch khng cn thit).
Lp bang va bng cach tng t nh trn ta se tm tch quan trong E
1

Tip tuc cng vic cho n khi xet ht cac cc tiu.
L
i+1
= L
i
- E
i
va Z
i+1
= Z
i
- E
i
Lp bang L
i+1
, Z
i+1
tm E
i+1
... cho n khi L
k
=0

Tr lai vi v du, ta lp bang:

L
0

Z
0
2 3 7 12 14 15
3 1
.X X

(x) (x) x



48



X
2
X
3
x x x
X
1
X
2
(x) x x
Kt qua cui cung ta co ham ti thiu la f =
2 1 3 1
. . X X X X +
3.3.4. Mach to hop
Nu au ra tai bt ky mt thi im nao ch phu thuc vao trang thai cua au
vao tai thi im o, ngha la khng co phn t nh trong mach th goi la mach
logic to hop. Theo quan im cua iu khin th mach to hop la mach h hay noi
cach khac la h khong co phan hoi, tc la trang thai hoat ng cua cac phn t
khng b anh hng cua trang thai tn hiu au ra.
a. Mo hinh toan cua mach to hop
V mt toan hoc, gia thit mt mach t hp co n au vao va m au ra ta co
th biu din no bng m phng trnh ai s Boole nh sau:
Y
j
= f
i
(X
1
,X
2
...,X
n
) vi J 1m
Va m hnh toan co th c biu din bng s khi nh sau:





b. Phn tch mach to hop
Nhim vu cua vic phn tch mach t hp la t mach a co, m ta hoat ng
va vit cac ham logic cua cac u ra theo cac bin u vao va ti thiu hoa cac mach
co th.
V du co mach t hp c biu din bng mach r le va bng mach s nh
sau:





a) b)

Hinh 3-1. Mach to hop ro le (a) va mach so (b)
MACH
T HP
X
1
X
2


Xn
Y
1
Y
2


Y
m
b a
c
c
a b
Y
1
Y
2
b
c
a
a
c
b
Y
1



Y
2



49




T s mach to hop, chung ta co th biu din mach theo cach lp bang
trang thai, phng trnh logic hay ma trn Cacno. Sau o ti thiu no theo mt
trong nhng cach ma chung ta a bit va cui cung la thit lp c mt mach t
hp ti gian co th.
Theo cacphng phap biu din ham logic, ta co th biu din no bng ma
trn Cacno hay phong trnh logic nh sau:
Phng trnh logic

Y
1
= a(b+c)
Y
2
= b(a+c)





ti thiu ham logic nay, ta co th tin hanh nh sau:
Y
1
= a.b +a.c
Y
2
=b.a +b.c
T y ta co th rut ra:
a.b = b.a = a.c - Y
1
= b.c - Y
2

Vy ta co: a.c + Y
2
= b.c + Y
1
T o ta co th biu din lai s nh sau:
So vi s ban u ta a giam di c 1 bin (literal)
c. Tong hop mach logic to hop
Tng hp mach logic t hp thc cht la thit k mach t hp, nhim vu
chnh y la t yu cu cua bai toan t ra chung ta cn phai xy dng c mt
mach logic co tnh cht va thoa man cac yu cu lam vic cua h thng va phai
n gian nht co th cung nh vic la chon cac phn t cua h thng la phu hp
vi cac yu cu thc t.
Thng thng ngi ta thc hin tng hp mach logic t hp theo kiu mach
r le va mach s. Mi mt phng phap thng mang tnh c trng ring nhng
chc nng hoat ng la khng co g khac nhau.
0

0 1 0
0

0 1 1
0

0 1 0
0

1 1 0
0

1
0

1
c c
00 01 11 10
00 01 11 10
Y Y
2
a,b a,b
Matrn Cacno
Y
2
Y
1
a b a
c b



50



V du: Thit k mt h thng en cu thang thoa man cac yu cu t ra la
nu khi tac ng ln cng tc a hay b th en sang va nu khng mt tac ng nao
ln ca a va b hay ng thi tac ng ca a va b th en se tt.
y thc cht la mt bai toan hoc han ch (XOR) v khi co 2 bin vao khac
nhau th en sang hay noi cach khac la gia tr ham bng 1. (o ay ta coi la khi aen
sang tuong ung voi gia tri ham L1 va khi aen tat thi L0)
Co th biu din ham logic bng ma trn Cacno co 2 bin vao nh sau:
Ta co t ma trn Cacno:
L= a.b +b.a = a b
S mach r le:


Va s mach s:

a. Mot so tnh cht aac biet cua mach logic
* Mot so phep bien aoi thuong gap
+ Bin i NOR thanh OR



+ Bin i NAND thanh AND



+ Bin i NOR thanh AND





Theo nh ly De Morgan th S= a+b = a. b. Do vy khi u vao la phn bu
cua a va b (a, b) th ta co S = a + b = a.b.
+ Bin i NAND thanh OR

0

1
1

0
b
0 1 a
0

1
a
b
a b
a b
(L)
=1
L
a+b
1 1
a
b
a+b
a.b
& 1
a
b
a.b
1
1
1
a

b
a
b
S= a.b
S= a+b
1
1
&
a

b
a
b
S= a+b
S= a. b



51







* Phuong phap bien aoi ch aung mot loai toan tu logic
+ Bin i bng s TTL
V du ham S = .(b + c), ta cn bin i ham trn v ch hoc AND hoc OR




Trong phep bin i nay, ngi ta s dung phng phap bin i AND thanh
NOR va a a.




+ Bin i bng cach s dung cac nh ly ai s Boole
V du ham S = .(b + c)
Ta bu 2 ln khng lam thay i gia tr cua S: S = .(b + c)
Ap dung nh ly De Morgan, ta co: S = a + (b + c) ch con 1 loai TTL OR.
V du ch dung TTL AND. S = c.b + .x
Ta bu 2 ln khng lam thay i gia tr cua S: S = c.b + .x
Ap dung nh ly De Morgan, ta co: S = c.b . .x ch con mt loai TTL NAND
3.3.5. Mach tun tu
i vi mach ma au ra tai mt thi im khng nhng ch phu thuc vao
trang thai hin tai cua au vao ma con phu thuc vao ca trnh t tac ng cua trang
thai au vao o trong qua khu, ngha la tn tai cac phn t nh cac trang thai trong
mach, mach o goi la mach logic tun t. Nh vy, v mt thit b th mach tun
t khng nhng ch co cac phn t ong m ma con co ca phn t nh. Mt h
thng logic tun t co th cha mt s h thng logic t hp con.
S cu truc cua mach tun t la mach co phan hi.
a. Mo hinh toan hoc cua ham tun tu
c
b
a
1
&
S
c
b
a
1
1
S
&
1 1 1
1
1
1



52



S hoat ng cua mach c th hin trn s vi cac bin vao X va u ra
Z cung vi cac thay i cua bin ni b Y va y. Do s thay i cua cac bin vao x se
lam cho cac tn hiu ra Z thay i va ca tn hiu Y cung thay i. Moi s thay i
cua bin ni b Y se c phan hi vao bin vao y sau thi gian va no lai tac
ng vao h lam thay i u ra Z ...
Nhim vu cua h la lam sao
mach hoat ng n nh co ngha la khi co
s thay i trang thai tn hiu u vao th
h thng phai chuyn t mt trang thai n
nh nay sang mt trang thai n nh khac
qua trang thai qua .

b. Cac trang thai on ainh va qua
ao
Vi logic tun t, cac phep toan thc hin theo day va trong mi mt lnh
tip theo ch co th c thc hin khi trang thai trc o a kt thuc.
Vy vn c ban y la ngoai cac bin vao a bit con co mt s cac bin
th cp ma trang thai ban u chung ta cha bit.

* Trang thai on ainh va qua ao trong logic tun tu
V du 1: Co s r le sau:








Cac mach logic tun t u co s dung rle. Trn s biu din r le R co
tip im thng m r, a la nut bm va chnh la bin vao. Khi tac ng a (a1) co
dong in qua R (R1), tuy nhin khng phai ngay lp tc R at n gia tr nh
mc nn phai sau mt thi gian t (t bng khoang mt vai phn trm sec) th tac
ng hut cua cun dy mi co th bt u va tng ng vi trang thai o la r mi
ong lai (r 1). Khi r tac ng th J tac ng (J1).
a R r V Trang thai
0 0 0 0 n nh
1 1 0 0 Qua
1 1 1 1 n nh
0 0 1 1 Qua
0 0 0 0 n nh
X
1
X
2

y
1
y
2
MACH
T HOP

2
Z
1
Z
2
Y
1

Y
2
r
a
R
V



53



Khi ct a (a0) th R mt in (R0), cun dy b mt in va lo xo se y
tip im r tr v trang thai ban u va sau mt koang thi gian t
1
nao o (t
1
bng
khoang vai phn trm sec) th r se m (r0). Khi o J se ht tac ng (J0).
Trang thai cua cac bin vao va ga tr u ra c biu din nh bng trn.
T bang chung ta co nhn xet sau:
- trang thai on ainh, R va r ly cung mot gia tri
- trang thai qua ao, R se ly gia tri on ainh tiep theo cua r.
V du 2: Co mt mach tun t c biu din bng mach rle, ta co th biu
din trang thai hoat ng cua cua mach khi thay i cac trang thai bin vao nh sau
Ta xy biu biu th s hoat ng cua mach bng cach s dung truc tung
biu th cac ai lng vao, ra va truc hoanh biu th thi gian.







Cac vach m biu din trang thai tac ng (gia tr 1) va cac vach nhat biu
din trang thai 0 cua h. T s ta co trang thai Z = 1 khi Y =1, X
1
va X
2
bng 1
(ct s 5) tc la trnh t cac bin vao la X
1
=1 ri n X
2
=1. Con nu cho X
2
=1
trc ri n X
1
=1 sau th ro rang la Y=0 va Z=0( ct th 9).

*. Cac ngu nhien ve cong nghe
Ngu nhin cng ngh co ngha la co 1 s rc ri trong hoat ng cua h
thng - noi cach khac la h thng hoat ng khng tin cy-.
V du: Co mt mach logic nh hnh ve, s hoat ng cua ham S khng co g
thay i khi ta thay i bin vao c v t s nay ta co
th biu din no bng phng trnh ai s Boole sau:
S = c +c = 1
Tuy nhin ta chu y rng, khi trang thai bin c thay
i t 0 n 1 th c se thay i t 1 n 0 va do s thay i nay cua c nn co th co
mt khoang thi gian vai phn trm sec nao o ham S co gia tr bng 0 (khi ma c
cha at n gia tr 1 ma c a at gia tr 0). Thi gian ma S = 0 la hoan toan phu
thuc vao phn cng cua thit b (cac phn t thit lp nn h thng).

X
1

X
2


Y
Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
y
X
2
y

X
1

2
X

Y
Z
c
c
S



54



b
1
0
a
0 1
1
0
a
0 1
b
Vi trng hp nay th khng anh hng g n s hoat ng cua h thng
mach locgic to hop v s thay i trang thai nay noi chung la rt ngn va khoang
thi gian o khng u gy ra cac tac ng khac.
i vi mach logic tun tu th iu nay gy ra mt s ri loan ang k v
trong mach co cha phn t nh va khi trang thai cua h chuyn t trang thai 1 n
1 qua trang thai 0 rt ngn th phn t nh ngay luc o cung chuyn trang thai t 1
n 0 va dn n kt qua la co th lam ri loan chu ky hoat ng bnh thng.
thy ro iu nay, ta khao sat s mach rle sau:
Khi tac ng vao c va c at c gia tr c1 sau khi c qua gia tr 0 va dong
in se khng qua R (R=0) trong khoang thi gian tng ng vi khoang t khi ma
c = 0 n khi c1. Khi o tip im thng m cua R la r 0 va nu m 0 luc o
th R= 0. Nu sau khoang thi gian trn va R se bng 1 va sau o tip im thng
m r 1, luc nay nu m 0 th Rvn bng 1.





tranh cac s rc ri trong hoat ng cua h thng, ngi ta tm bin phap
loai bo cac ngu nhin v cng ngh ma mt trong nhng bin phap o la phai c
giai quyt bng phn cng cua no. Khi thit k va ch tao cn phai oc chu y va
kim tra chnh xac trc khi a vao h thng.
V du co mt s hoat ng c biu din di y:
Ta co th biu din phng trnh logic
bng:
R = a.b + b
Theo nh ly v tnh phn phi th:
R= a.b + b = (a+b).(b+b) = a+b (v b+b =1)
Tuy nhin v ly do cng ngh ma khng phai chc chn la bb1 ma co th
co mt khoang thi gian rt ngn ma tng o bng khng. iu nay tng ng vi
s c biu din trn ma trn i y(*)
R = a.b +b

(*) (**)

0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
c a m
r c
R
b
a b
R



55




Trn s (**) biu din khi h thng co 1 c phu 2 ln nn khng co
trng hp nao ma R = 0.
R = a + b

c. Giai bai toan logic tun tu
Bai toan mach logic tun t la bai toan kho, hn na t mt yu cu c t
ra lai co nhiu cach giai quyt khac nhau, do vy vn chnh y la cn da vao
mt ch tiu ti u nao o, ng thi tm c li giai ti u th ngoai cac suy
lun toan hoc logic ngi thit k con phai tn dung cac kinh nghim thc t rt
phong phu va a dang. Sau y ch gii thiu hai phng phap c ban la phng
phap bang chuyen trang thai (hay con goi la ma trn) va phng phap truc tiep tu
ma trn Cacno.
* Phuong phap aung bang trang thai
Cac bc tin hanh:
- Thit lp ma trn s khai theo o ghi tt ca trang thai a bit cua cac bin,
ma trn nay c thit lp t s ct bng 2
n
trong o n la s bin vao.
- Vic chuyn t mt giai oan hoat ng nay sang giai oan khac ch co th
c tin hanh bng cach thay i trang thai cua ch mt bin.
- Cac trang thai n nh va trang thai qua phat sinh lun lun cung nm
trong cung mt ct.
- Mi hang ngang ch danh cho mt trang thai n nh, nhng cung co th co
mt hay nhiu trang thai qua .
- Ma trn chp nhn c bng cach ghep cac hang ngang. Ngi ta cung ch
co th ghep cac hang sao cho khng co trang thai n nh thuc cung mt ct. Cac
hang co cung s (la cac trang thai n nh hay qua va cung cac trng) th u
tin cho cac trang thai n nh.
- Nu vi bai toan ch co mt bin phu th ta co th tin hanh nh sau:
* Joi cac trang thai on ainh, X va tiep aiem cua no x co cung gia tri. Joi cac
trang thai qua ao X ly gia tri cua trang thai on ainh o tiep ngay sau ao.
- Vi bai toan nhiu bin phu th ta thu c cac phng trnh cua cac Rle
nay nh sau:
* Joi cac trang thai on ainh, mot role nhu X co cung voi gia tri tiep aiem x cua
no.



56



* Joi cac trang thai qua ao ke sat trang thai on ainh ma no huong aen thi X ly
gia tri sat gia tri cua trang thai on ainh tiep theo.
* Vi cac trang thai n nh ring re, cac trang thai n nh ma no hng ti
ngi ta nh cac ng hoat ng ch bng mui tn. Cac trang thai qua k bn

cac ng thay i trang thai cua rle ly gia tr sat gia tr trang thai n nh
tip theo.
-i vi ham s cp th trong cac bang, cac u ra cua cac trang thai n nh
th ly ung gia tr cua no qua lin h gia 2 trang thai n nh co cac gia tr khac
nhau co th ly gia tr 1 hay 0, nu 2 trang thai n nh co cung gia tr th no ly
ngay chnh gia tr o
V du:
Co mt thit b hoat ng theo nguyn tc sau: khi tac ng ln nut n m cho
phep chay va mt tac ng ln a cho phep dng.
Ta co th biu din qua trnh hoat ng cua thit b theo bang trang thai sau:
T bang trang thai, ta thy ro s hoat ng
cua thit b F nh sau:
Khi m =0, a =0 th F = 0 (Trang thai n nh)
Khi m =0, a =0 th F = 1 (Trang thai n nh)
Khi m =0 (ht tac ng), a =0 th F =1
Khi m =0, a =1(tac ng a) th F =0
Ta co th biu din no bng ma trn Cacno:
Tai m a. : Ta thy rng co 2 gia tr trong cung mt
la F 0 va F 1. iu nay la khng th co c trong s
hoat ng cua mt thit b. iu nay chng to rng thit b
nay khng t th hoat ng theo nguyn tc cua mach
logic c. V vy cn phai co thm mt bin phu ma
trong thc t o chnh la 1 rle.
giai bai toan nay, ta se tin hanh theo tng bc sau y:
+ Thit lp ma trn s khai:
y la bai toan co 2 bin vao la m va a. Vy ta thit lp ma trn co 4 ct va
tng ng vi cac ct la biu din cac trang thai cua bin vao tng ng vi ma nh
phn i xng, ngha la khi chuyn t nay sang mt k tip ch co mt bin
thay i.

m a F
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 0 1
0 1 0



1



0 1
0
1
0

0

1
m
a



57








Mi giai oan hoat ng c biu th
trong 1 ct ng vi trang thai cua cac
bin vao. Cac giai oan n nh cua ham
c ghi vao trong 1 vong tron va khi
chuyn t 1 trang thai n nh nay sang
1 trang thai n nh khac th phai qua
mt trang thai qua c anh s bnh
thng.
S hang cua ma trn c xac nh theo s cac trang thai n nh cua ham.
Gia tr cua ham F c ghi vao mt bang tng ng vi gia tr cua cac hang.
Nhn xet.
T ma trn trn chung ta thy rng:
- Khi khng co mt ta c ng nao ln a va m th F = 0 va tng ng ta co trang thai
n nh .
- Khi co mt tac ng ln m (n ln m) tc m 1 th F =1 sau khi qua trang thai qua
2 n trang thai n nh (a vn bng 0).
- Nha nut n m (m 0) th gia tr cua ham khng thay i (thit b vn hoat ng)
F=1 va sau khi chuyn qua trang thai qua 3 n trang thai n nh .
- Tac ng ln a (a 1) th thit b dng va F=0 sau khi qua trang thai qua 4
at n trang thai n nh .
- Cui cung la tr v trang thai n nh sau khi qua trang thai qua 1.
+ Thit lp ma trn chp: (ma trn xp chng)
Theo nguyen tac nhom nhieu nht cac hang bang cach xep chong cac o co
cung mot so ( co the on ainh hay qua ao) hoac 1 o co so voi mot o trong. Khi cac o
co cung mot so thi uu tien xep cho o co trang thai on ainh.
T ma trn trn, ta co ma trn xp chng sau:
y la mt ma trn co 8 tng ng vi mt ham
3 bin la m, a va mt bin phu la tip im x cua r le X,
bin nay ngi ta con goi la bin th cp va hang trn
tng ng vi x 0 va hang th 2 tng ng vi x 1.
2
3
4
1
0
1
1
0
00 01 11 10 F
m.a
m.a 00 01 11 10
2
4
0
1
x



58



hang trn co 2 trang thai n nh va .
hang th 2 co 2 trang thai n nh va .
Cac qua biu din bng cac con s, con cac trng biu din cac trang
thai khng xac nh.
+ Xac nh phng trnh cua r le X:
Chung ta se th hin trn 1 ma trn chp bng cach t vao cac co trang
thai n nh 1 vong tron va 1 du chm co trang thai qua (*).
t cac gia tr cua ham X theo nguyn tc sau (**):
Vi trang thai n nh th gia tr cua r le X va tip im x ly cung gia
tr. Nu x 0 th X =0 va x 1 th X =1
Vi trang thai qua X ly gia tr cua trang thai n nh ngay tip theo





+ Ti thiu hoa mach logic:
T ma trn trn ta co: X = ( ) x m a a x a m + = + . . .
+ Xac nh phng trnh cua u ra F:
Tng t nh trn, chung ta thit lp mt ma trn gm 8 va t cac vong
tron vao cac tng ng vi trang thai n nh cua ham va 1 du chm c trng
cho trang thai qua . Ma trn c thit lp t cac gia tr cua ma trn s khai ma
trong o, cac gia tr n nh c ly theo gia tr tng ng cua ham F ( ma trn s
khai) va cac gia tr qua se ly theo ma trn s khai hay co th theo nguyn tc la
nu nm gia 2 trang thai n nh co cung 1 gia tr th no ly chnh gia tr o. Con
nu nm gia 2 trang thai n nh co gia tr khac nhau th co th ly theo gia tr n
nh ngay trc o hay sat ngay sau o (tc la co th ly gia tr 0 hay1 tuy y ma kt
qua mach se khng thay i).
+ Ti thiu ham logic, ta co: F = x

(*)



(**)

0 0 0
0
00 01 11 10
00 01 11 10
0
1
0
1
m.a
m.a
x x
X






0
0
00 01 11 10
0
1
x
m.a m.a
x
00 01 11 10
0
1
F



59




* Phuong phap truc tiep su aung ma trn Cacno
Phng phap nay thch hp vi cac mach in t va thng c s dung
trong cng nghip nghin cu cac mach kh nen.
Cac bc tin hanh giai bai toan logic tun t bng phng phap trc tip s
dung ma trn Cacno:
- Thit lp ma trn Cacno vi cac bin a bit bng vic biu din chu trnh hoat
ng bng cac ng co mui tn.
- Ghi cac gia tr u ra vao cac . Vic biu th c thc hin t 1 sang mt
k tip.
- Nu s hoat ng dn chung ta mt ln na n 1 a b chim bng mt bin
ra khac vi bin ma chung ta a t vao o, ngi ta se tng gp i bang ban
u va tip tuc biu th trong 1 i xng.
- Bng cach tng gp i bang ban u, ngi ta lam xt hin mt r le phu nh r
le X va cac bin th cp cua u vao ma ta thm vao se la x va x .
- Phng trnh cua X:
+ X = 1 i vi cac ng vi x (x 1) k ca ca iu khin s chuyn trang
thai cua r le t 0 n 1 va mt s iu khin s chuyn trang thai cua r le t 1
n 0.
+ Cac iu khin s chuyn trang thai va cac nm k sat ng i xng
cua gian y u c anh du bng net m hay net mau.
+ Tt ca cac co gia tr X =1 c gach cheo.
+ co phng trnh cua X ngi ta hp nhom cac gach cheo khng quan
tm n ni dung cua no.
- Phng trnh cua u ra:
Nhn xet v cac gia tr u ra trong cac iu khin s chuyn trang thai cua
r le ( cac co net m va cac ng vi cac trang thai qua ).
+ Khi cac nay nm gia 2 gia tr khac nhau cua u ra ngi ta co th biu
th bn trong bng 0 hay bng 1, ngi ta anh du bng 1 du chm .
+Phng trnh cua u ra nhn c bng cah ghep cac co anh du 1 va
nu iu o cho phep ghep nhom d dang th ghep cac co du chm va cac
trng.
V du :



60



Co mt thit b hoat ng theo nguyn tc sau: khi tac ng ln nut n m cho
phep chay va mt tac ng ln a cho phep dng.
Ta biu din cac gia tr cua F trong ma trn Cacno.
S co mt cua 1 mang 2 gia tr 1 va 0 tng ng vi cac
bin a0 va m0 co ngha rng y khng phai la mt
bai toan logic t hp v th cn thit phai thm 1 r le.
Ta xy dng mt ma trn th hai bng cach nhn
i ma trn th nht thm bin x cua r le X..
Hai phn cua ma trn mi c ngn cach nhau bng net ke m va ng vi
hai trang thai co th cua r le X ma chung ta va mi thm vao. Cac tip im cua
r le nay co th c biu din nh hnh di y (*).
S hoat ng tng ng vi bai toan c t ra se c biu th bng cach
chuyn trang thai t mt sang mt k tip. Ta thy rng, khi tac ng 1 xung ln
m (m 1) th chu trnh hoat ng cua thit b se bt u chuyn t co trang thai 0
(m 0 va a0) sang anh du , r le se thay i trang thai va chuyn t gia tr
0 sang gia tr 1. Do vy nay tng ng vi mt trang thai qua rt ngn (vai
phn sec). Ta se t gia tr F =1 trong nay hoc F co th sau vai phn sec co th
ly gia tr 1. S hoat ng vn thoa man nu ta ly gia tr cua nay bng 0.
Khi tac ng vao bin a se dn chung ta n anh du , r le thay i
trang thai va chuyn t gia tr 1 sang ga tr 0. o cung la mt trang thai qua va
cung tng t nh trn, nay co th ly gia tr 0 hoc 1 (**).
Tuy vy chung ta cn chu y la khi mot trang thai qua ao nam giua 2 trang
thai on ainh co gia tri khac nhau thi co the ly cac gia tri 0 hoac 1, con neu giua 2
trang thai on ainh co cung gia tri thi no ly chnh gia tri on ainh ao.
Chu y. Mot o co trang thai qua ao la o nam ke voi auong bien hoac auong ke
am va co mui ten ch chu trinh cat ngang chung.


(*) (**)







0
1
1

0

0 1
m
0

1
a
0







0 1 1 0
m
0

1
a
x x



* 1 1 1


0
0 1 1 0
0

1
a
x x
0
0
m



61




- Xac nh phng trnh cua X:
+ R le X chuyn sang trang thai 1 khi chu trnh lam vic chuyn ti co
anh du *. Do vy nay va tt ca cac khac pha bn phai phai bng 1 tr
co anh du .
+ Gach cheo cac co X=1 va nhom cac gach cheo nay cho du ni dung cua
no la bao nhiu. Ta co (*).
X = a.m + a.x = a(m+x).
- Xac nh phng trnh cua F:
Vi F, ta ly cac co gia tr 1 bng cah nhom hoc khng nhom cac co gia
tr 0 hay cac trng. Ta co (**).
F = x

a. Phn tu nho
* Ro le thoi gian
y la mt phn t nh kiu 2 trang thai 0 va 1, tuy nhin se tn tai mt trang thai
kha dai qua - gm co loai ong chm va ngt chm-.
Ky hiu:








(*) (**)
1




1;0 1 1


1

0 1 1 0
m
0

1
a
0
0
x x




1 1 1


1

0 1 1 0
m
0

1
a
x x
0
0
C C
R le ong chm R le ngt chm



62



* Cac mach lt(Flip-Flop) Trigo
Mach lt la cac phn t co kha nng nh 1 trong 2 trang thai 0 hoc 1. No
gm co mt hoc mt s u vao iu khin va hai u ra trang thai n nh Q va
/Q.
- Mach lt SR
Mach SR Flip -Flop co th c thc hin theo kiu cng NAND vi phn t
tri la cng SET hoc kiu NOR vi phn t tri la cng RESET.
T s mach iu khin, ta co:




Biu din theo mach s va bin i, ta co:










S = SET t gia tr 1(ON)
R = RESET Tr v 0 (OFF)
Ta co bang trang thai va biu xung cua loai Flip- Flop SR co SET tri:







Mach lt SR theo liu cng NOR vi RESET tri
Ta co s iu khin nh sau:
Q = S + (R. Q)
&
1
S
R
Q
Q
&
&
S
R
Q
Q
&
1
1
&
S
R
Q
Q
Q
Q
S
R
1 1
1 0
S1 Q

R /Q
Ky hiu EU Ky hiu US
S R Q
n
0 0 Q
n-1
1 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 1
S
R
Q
Q S
R Q



63








Biu din bng mach s va bin i, ta co










Ta co bang trang thai va biu xung SR Flip- Flop RESET tri nh sau:







-. Mach lt kieu T.
Tn hiu vao la tn hiu xung, no c s dung trong cac b m va b ghi.
Mach logic cua no c biu din nh sau:








Q
Q
R S
Q = (S+Q).R
Q
&
1
R
S
Q
Q
Q
1
1
R
S
Q
Q
S
R
1 0
1 1
S Q

R1 /Q
Ky hiu EU Ky hiu US
S R Q
n
0 0 Q
n-1
1 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 0
S

R

Q
Q
T
&
1
1
&
1
&
1
Biu xung:




Ky hiu


EU US

T

Q
T
Q
Q
Q
Q
T
/Q



64





-. Mach lt JK
Flip -Flop kiu JK gm co 2 cng vao J,K tng ng vi SET, RESET va 1
xung C, 2 cng ra Q va /Q. iu khac nhau gia JK va SR la ch co th kt hp
vi moi tn hiu cng vao u cho phep.
S mach logic cua JK:







Bang trang thai va biu xung cua JK:







Chu y: Thay aoi trang thai Thay aoi TT o suon tang
Thay aoi TT o suon giam
- Mach lt D
Mach lt kiu D co 1 tn hiu iu khin la D, tn hiu T va 2 u ra Q va /Q.
No c s dung trong cac thanh ghi dch trong ky thut iu khin.
Ky hiu:


EU US
Bang trang thai va biu xung mach lt kiu D:



Q

/Q
&
&
1S
C1
1R
J
C
K
Ky hiu:




EU US
S
J Q
CKL
K /Q
R
1J
C1
1K
Q

Q
C J K Q
n

0 0 Q
n-1

0 1 0

1 0 1

1 1

Q
Q
D
T
S
D Q
CLK /Q
R
T D Q
n

1 1

0 0
Q
n-1

C

J

K

Q
C

J

K

Q
T

D

Q



65






e. Cac toan tu logic ung aung vao bo aem va bo ghi
- Nguyen tac aem.
S dung mt mach lt JK trong trng hp cho J.K =1, Khi o trang thai u ra se
thay i theo gia tr cua xung T. Nh vy co th coi mi mach JK la mt b chia
i.





- Bo aem khong aong bo














- Bo aem aong bo





- Thanh ghi aich (Shift Register)
Q
/Q
J

K
1
Q2 Q4 Q3 Q1
J

K
T
1
Q2 Q4 Q3 Q1
J

K
T
Q
T

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4



66



Thanh ghi dch la 1 b nh rt quan trong trong cac h chui k tip ng b,
bao gm 1 loat cac b nh c s ni tip nhau. Ni dung tin cha trong thanh ghi se
c dch chuyn tng bc 1 sang trai hay phai theo chu trnh khi co 1 xung ra
lnh dch chuyn. Co th biu din s lam vic cua thanh ghi dch nh sau :
Ta goi : bi la b nh th i va bi+1 la b nh k tip.
Mi la b nh phu gia 2 b nh bi va bi+1.
; : thng tin nh phn cn dch chuyn.
Qua trnh xay ra sau 4 bc :
1. Chuyn tin trong b nh th bi sang Mi.
2. Xoa ni dung tin cha trong bi
3. Xoa ni dung tin t Mi sang Mi+1.
4. Xoa ni dung tin cha trong Mi.
Cac chu ky trn lai c tip tuc. Nh b nh phu Mi ma cac thng tin nh
phn thc hin c vic dch chuyn ng thi va khng dm ln nhau :















Hinh 3.1 . So ao hoat aong cua thanh ghi aich

V du v b ghi s dung 4 mach lt kiu D vi 2 trang thai 4 bit




T M
i-1
T M
i-1
xoa
xoa
xoa
xoa
B
i
M
i
b
i+1
M
i+1

T
D Q1

Q2

Q3 Q4



67














3.3.6. Mot so v au ung aung
a. Cac bai toan logic to hop
Bai toan 1. Thit lp phng trnh logic iu
khin thang may theo nguyn tc hoat ng nh sau:
Khi ca thang may ong kn (c =1) va khng co
ngi trong thang may (a=0) th tac ng ln nut goi
thang may bn ngoai (d) mi co tac dung. Khi co
ngi vao bn trong thang may th tip im (a) mi
ong (a=1) va khi o nu tac ng vao nut goi tng cn
n (b) va ca a ong kn (c=1) th mi co tac dung.
Moi tac ng ln cac nut n bn ngoai hay bn trong
thang may se khng co tac dung khi ca cha c ong
kn.
Xac nh phng trnh logic trong trng hp khi cha co ngi trong
thang may ma nut n goi tng (b) vn co tac dung va ca trong trng hp khng co
tac dung.
M
D
T
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
c b
d
a



68



Ta lp ma trn Cacno
T ma trn ta thy, y la bai toan logic
t hp va vic giai bai toan c tin hanh
theo cac nguyn tc ti thiu ham.
Trng hp khi khng co ngi trong
thang may th nut n goi tng b khng co tac
dung:
M= a.b.c.d +a.b.c.d + a.b.c.d + a.b.c.d
Ti thiu mach logic, ta co:
M= c(.d + a.b)
Ta co s tip im va mach s:






Trng hp th 2 khi khng co ngi trong thang may ta n nut goi tng vn
co tac dung.
Taco phng trnh logic:
M = a.b.c.d + a.b.c.d + a.b.c.d + a.b.c.d + a.b.c.d
S dung cac phng phap ti thiu, ta co:
M = c(.d +b)
S tip im va s mach s c biu din nh sau:






bd



0 0 0


1 0 0


1 1 0


x 1 0
00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
ac
bd
0
0
0
0
a b
M
c
d
&
&
1
&
a
b

d
c
M
b
M
c
d
&
1
a
d
b
c
M
1



69



Bai toan 2. Dy chuyn phn loai t ng cac san
phm co dang thanh (co 1 canh dai va 2 canh
ngn), dang tm (co 2 canh dai va 1 canh ngn)
va dang khi (co 3 canh dai). Cac canh c b
tr cac cam bin theo gioi va ng thi phat
hin cac chi tit dang tm co b t tnh hoc
khng.
Hay thit lp cac TT logic cho h thng.
Ta co th b tr h thng phn loai theo nguyn tc sau y:
Ta co cac ky hiu sau:
- Chiu dai l: l = 1 canh dai l = 0 canh ngn
- Chiu rng b: b = 1 canh dai b = 0 canh ngn
- Chiu cao h: h = 1 canh dai h = 0 canh ng n
- T tnh t(N -S): t =1 co t tnh t = 0 khng co t tnh
Cac chi tit sau khi qua b cam bin theo doi se i qua b phn chia X, Y, Z
va i vao cac thung cha tng ng.
Gia s cac chi tit dang thanh (co mt canh dai va 2 canh ngn) c cha
vao thung cha s 1.
Cac chi tit dang khi (co 3 canh dai) cha vao thung cha s 4.
Cac chi tit dang thanh (co 2 canh dai) va khng co t tnh cha vao thung 6.

THANH TM KHI
l b h t Thung cha X Y Z
0 0 0 0 7 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 7 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 6 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 7 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 6 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 7 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 6 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 7 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 4 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 4 0 1 1
Z=1
Z=1
Y=1
Y=1
X=1
B
phn
chia
Z
0 - 1
B
phn
chia
Y
0 - 1
B
phn
chia
X
0 - 1
SAN
PHM Cam bin
l
b
h
t (N -S)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8



70



Cac chi tit con lai se cha vao thung s 7
Cac thung 2,3,5,8 trng
Lp ma trn Cacno cho ham X, Y, Z:











Ti thiu ham logic cua X, Y, Z ta co:
X = l.b.h + l.b.h + l.b.h + l.b.h
= b(l.h +l.h) +b(l.h +l.h) =b(lh) +b(lh) = b(lh)
Y= l.b.h +b.h.t + l.b.t + l.b.h +l.b.t
=l.b ( t+h) +h.t (b+l) + l.b.h
Z = l.b.t +l.b.h +l.h.t +b.h.t =l.b(t+h) +h.t(l+b)
Biu din mach tip im hay mach s cac ham X, Y,Z.

b.Cac bai toan logic tun tu
Bai toan 1: Co mt may ct tole iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc sau:
trang thai ban u th u ct trang thai treo ( v tr trn cung). Khi tac
ng vao nut n m th ly hp in t E se ong va truyn chuyn ng quay sang
truc khuyu va lam cho u mang dao ct chuyn ng i xung. Trn truc khuyu,
ngi ta gn mt cam va no quay ng thi vi truc. Khi truc mang cam quay c
hn mt na vong th cam trn truc tac ng ln cng tc b va truc tip tuc quay
nng u dao ln trn mc cho luc o m a tr v 0 (m=0). Khi cam quay n v tr
ban u th cng tc b tr v 0 (b=0) va truc dng lai im trn cung.
Nu trong khi truc quay ma cam cha tac ng vao cng tc b va m a tr v
0 (m=0) th truc se dng lai. cho truc tip tuc quay th cn tac dung vao m.
Truc vn dng lai tai v tr trn cung khi b chuyn t 1 sang 0 mc cho m khi
o vn bng 1.
00

01

11

10
00 01 11 10










1

0 1 0
1

0 1 0
0

1 0 1
0
1 0 1
lb
ht
00

01

11

10
00 01 11 10










1

0 0 0
1

0 1 0
0

1 1 1
0
0 1 0
lb
ht
00

01

11

10
00 01 11 10










0

0 1 0
0

0 0 0
0

0 1 0
0

1 1 1
lb
ht
X Y
Z



71



Giai theo phuong phap bien trang thai











Ma trn rut gon:








Giai theo phuog phap truc tiep su aung truc tiep ma trn Karnaugh.






Trng hp th 2:






X = b + m.x E = b + m.x
mb 00 01 11 10 E





0
1
1
1
0

2
3
4
3 1
1
1
5
x
0

1



1
3 4


1
3 4
0.
1 1


x
0

1
0.
1 1

mb 00 01 11 10 X mb 00 01 11 10 E
Ti thiu, ta co : X = b + m.x E = b + m. x
b
0

1
b
0

1
m 0 1 1 0 X m 0 1 1 0 E
b
0

1


m 0 1

b
0

1
b
0

1
m 0 1 1 0 X m 0 1 1 0 E
b
0

1


m 0 1

X = m(b +x) E = b + m.x
b
m n



72





S tip im




Bai toan 2: Co mt xi lanh thuy lc c iu khin bng van in E. trang
thai ngh, ta co a =1; b= 0; m=0 va E=0.
ong tip im m th E=1 va lam cho Piston chuyn ng sang phai (a=0)
va cui cung se tac ng ln b (b=1), khi b=1 th se tac ng n E vaE=0 se lam
cho Piston chuyn ng v bn trai va cui hanh trnh tac ng vao a (a=1). Nu khi
o m vn ang ong (m=1) th qua trnh chuyn ng cua Piston lai tip tuc.
Nu tip im m a m (m=0) trc khi Piston chuyn ng sang trai va tac
ng ln a th Piston se dng lai va kt thuc chu trnh.
Chu y: Tip im m co th m (m=0) trc khi Piston chuyn ng sang
phai va tac ng vao b.
Giai:











S tip im





b
x
b m x
m x
b
X
E
m x
m
X
E

0
x
1

1
x
0
ab 00 01 11 10
m



0
x
1

1
x
0
ab 00 01 11 10 X
m
0
x
1

1
x
0
ab 00 01 11 10 E
m


X = a.m+x.b E = x
x
b
a m
X
E



73



IV. GRAFCET- CNG CU M TA MACH LOGIC TUN TU

4.1. Khai nim v GRAFCET:
GRAFCE vit tt cua cac dong ch bng ting Phap : Graphe Fonctionel ae
Commanae Etapes - Trasition (chui chc nng iu khin cac giai oan - chuyn
tip) do 2 c quan AFCET (lin hip Phap v tin hoc kinh t va ky thut) va
ADEPA (t chc nha nc v s phat trin nn san xut t ng hoa) hp tac soan
thao ra vao thang 11/1982 va a ng ky t chc tiu chun hoa Phap di ma
hiu NFCO 3190.
Trn c s nay, mt tiu chun CEI a c soan thao.
4.1.1. Hoat aong theo trinh tu logic cua thiet bi cong nghiep
Khi thit k mt h thng san xut t ng hay khi vn hanh, khai thac hoc
bao tr, sa cha th iu quan trong nht la cn phai nm c chc nng hoat ng
chung cua h thng va hiu ky c tnh nng cua tng phn t trong h thng cung
nh mt s vn lin quan n trnh t hoat ng cua cac phn t o.
Co th co mt cach m ta chung bng li, noi cach khac la ngi ta se lit k
s hoat ng cua h thng va chu dn v s hoat ng cua cac phn t theo trnh t
cua thi gian. Nu ngi vit din at c mt cach ro rang va suc tch th ngi
vn hanh, bao tr ... co th nm bt c mt cach d dang i vi nhng h thng
khng co qua nhiu giai oan hay qua nhiu phn t. Con nu h thng phc tap th
ro rang iu nay se rt kho co th hnh dung c.
Ngn ng GRAFCET a h tr cho chung ta rt nhiu trong vic m ta s
hoat ng cua cac thit b va cac phn t cua h thng mt cach ro rang va cht che.
4.1.2. Mot so ky hieu auoc su aung trong GRAFCET:
a. Trang thai : la biu th mt s hoat ng nao o cua phn t iu khin va
trong 1 trang thai, cac hanh vi iu khin la khng thay i. Mt trang thai co th la
hoat ng hay khng hoat ng va iu khin la thc hin cac mnh logic cha
cac bin vao va cac bin ra h thng co c 1 trang thai n nh trong h.
Trang thai ban u : 2 vung lng vao nhau va co anh s 0 hay 1.
Trang thai : 1 vung va co anh s. Nu la trang thai ang hoat ng co
thm du . bn canh.




74









b. Chuyen tiep.
Vic chuyn tip t trang thai nay sang trang thai khac c thc hin khi
cac iu kin c thoa man. No c biu din bng tuyn thc hin va 1bin hay
mt s bin c biu din bng net ngang gia 2 trang thai.
Bnh thng vic chuyn t trang thai nay sang trang thai khac c thc
hin theo trnh t t trn xung qua cac trang thai khi cac chuyn tip gia chung
c thoa man. Tuy nhin vic chuyn trang thai nay ch c thc hin khi trang
thai trc o a kt thuc va no se c thc hin pha sn tng hay giam cua bin
chuyn tip hay sau 1 s giy k t khi tac ng cui cung cua trang thai trc o
c thc hin. Vic la chon chu trnh hoat ng trong nhiu chu trnh c thc
hin bng cac chuyn tip khi phn nhanh. Co th co loai phn nhanh n va phn
nhanh kep.








c. ieu kien phn nhanh.








1 0
5
3
Trang thai ban u Trang thai Trang thai ang thc hin
m
5
6
t/7/3s
7
8
8
9
c n
6
7
Thay i sn tng Thay i sn giam Sau 3s t khi TT th 7 kt thuc
c b
a
3
4 5 6
c
b a
7
4 5 6
Trang thai 3 se chuyn sang TT 4 khi Trang thai 4 ang thc hin va se chuyn sang TT 7
iu kin a thoa man khi iu kin a thoa man



75









*Nhay giai aoan hay tro lai 1 tun tu.
















4.1.3. J au ve ung aung Grafcet.
Bai toan 1: Khoan 2 l trn chi tit.
Chi tit gia cng c ga ln ga. Nu tac ng ln m (m=1) th piston N
se tin hanh kep cht chi tit. S kep cht se c kt thuc cho n khi cam bin a
tac ng : a=1.
Khi a=1, M
1
se quay va u khoan i xung (piston D i xung). Khi at
c chiu su khoan se tac ng ln d va d=1. Sau 1 thi gian dng D lam bong
l (t=2s) u khoan i ln va kt thuc hanh trnh khi tac ng vao e (e=1).
Khi e=1, P y ga v pha trc cho n khi cham b (b=1). Khi b=1, D lai
i xung va chu trnh lai c tip tuc khoan l 2 cho n khi e=1.
b
3
4 5 6
b
7
4 5 6
Trang thai 3 se chuyn sang TT 4,5,6 Trang thai 4,5,6 se chuyn sang TT 7 khi
ng thi khi iu kin b thoa man iu kin b tho man
c
d
e
c
2
3
4
5
Kep cht chi tit
Khoan l th nht
u khoan i ln
Dch chuyn ban
e
d
e
c
2
3
4
5
Kep cht chi tit
Khoan l th nht
u khoan i ln
Dch chuyn ban
Nu c thoa man th chu trnh se c thc
hin theo 2-5 (bo qua cac giai oan 3,4).
Ngc lai nu c thoa man th chu trnh se thc
hin theo 2,3,4,5
Nu e thoa man th chu trnh se c thc
hin theo 2,3,4,3,4 (tr lai giai oan 3,4.)
Ngc lai nu e thoa man th chu trnh se thc
hin theo 2,3,4,5



76



Khi e=1, P lai y ga lui v cho n khi cham c (c=1). Khi c=1, N lui v
thao chi tit cho n khi tac ng f (f=1) th kt thuc chu trnh. M
1
se dng va
thao lp chi tit gia cng.
Va chu trnh se lai c tip tuc nu ta lai tac ng vao m.
Chu y : Sau giai oan 5, chng trnh co th se chuyn sang giai oan 6 hay giai
oan 7 tuy thuc vao iu kin chuyn tip b, c, e c thoa man.
Nu b. e=1, co ngha la b=1 va e=1. iu o tng ng vi qua trnh khoan
xong l th 2 va trang thai 5 se chuyn sang 7 va 8 ri kt thuc chu trnh.
Nu c.e=1 th co ngha no va khoan xong l 1 va cn phai dch chuyn ban
n v tr s 2, tc la cho n khi b=1.




















Bai toan 2: H thng nh lng, phi liu va trn t ng:
Co 3 phu cha 3 loai bt khac nhau A, B, C. Cac phu nh lng tng
ng vi 3 loai bt o. Khi u khi lng theo yu cu no se tac ng ln cac cam
bin d
1
, e
1
, f
1

f
c
b
b.e c.e
T/4/2s
d
a
m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ga chi tit
Kep BL+
Khoan M, D+
Lam bong T,D0
Lui u khoan D -
Di chuyn ban P+ Luiban v P -
Thao kep BL -



77
















Khi cac cam bin
nay tac ng (=1), tng
ng co cac van in AE,
BE, CE ong ca phu
cha tng ng A, B, C.
Khi van phu cha
ong se tac ng ln cac
cam bin tng ng a, b, c
va cac cam bin nay se tac
ng n van in DE, EE
va FE tng ng m
ca phu nh lng D, E,
F cho liu xung thung
khuy G. Khi m ca cac
phu nh lng se tac
ng n d
2
, e
2
, d
2
va se
ong in ng c khuy
M (khi ca 3 cam bin u
tac ng). ng c M se
quay va sau khoang thi
gian t
1
trn bt u, se
chuyn sang trang thai ra liu bng cach tac ng vao van in GE m ca ra

GE
g
d2
DE
d1
a
AE
A
D
e2
EE
e1
b
BE
B
E
f2
FE
f1
c
CE
C
F
M1
m
d2.e2.f2
g
1
a
d1
2
3
4
AE
AE
DE
b
e1
5
6
7
BE
BE
EE
c
f1
8
9
10
CE
CE
FE
t2/12/35s
t1/11/30
11
12
13
T
T
GE



78



liu. ng c M tip tuc quay tip trong khoang thi gian t
2
y ht liu ra ngoai
ri sau o van GE se ong lai va ong ca thung trn. Khi ong, no tac ng ln g
va chu trnh trn kt thuc.
Mun tip tuc, ta khi ng lai chu trnh bng cach bm m.
4.1.4. ieu kien phn nhanh
a. Phn nhanh aong thoi (vo aieu kien)
Cho mt oan GRAFCET biu din qua trnh hoat ng cua mt h thng
cng nghip theo nguy tc sau: Trong qua trnh h thng ang thc hin trang thai
hoat ng n-1 vi lnh thc hin la S
n-1
va nu co chuyn tip t
n-1
kha tip se chuyn
sang thc hin trang thai n
11
, n
21
,n
31
ng thi.
Trn mi nhanh c lp se thc hin ln lt cac trang thai trong nhanh o
cho n trang thai cui cung cua tng nhanh. Sau o nhp v lam mt nh chuyn
tip t
n
ti trang thai chung n+1.
t
n+1
t
n
t
n31
t
n32
t
n22
t
n21
t
n11
t
n-1
n-1
n
11
n
12
n
33
n
22
n
23
n
21 n
31
n
32
S
n11
S
n12
S
n21 S
n31
S
n22
S
n23
S
n32
S
n33
n+1
S
n+1
S
n-1



79





m ta trng hp trn, chung ta co s GRAFCET trn. Trong s
nay cn chu y la khi re thanh cac nhanh u t mt chuyn tip chung la t
n-1
.
Khi nhp v lam mt phai co iu kin la tt ca nhanh a thc hin xong
trang thai cui cua mnh, cho du trang thai cui cua tng nhanh co th ti khng
cung luc (tuy thuc vao s lng cac trang thai cua mi nhanh) ri mi qua chuyn
tip t
n
v chung trang thai k la n+1.
Nh vy, t
n-1
la chuyn tip re cac nhanh va t
n
la chuyn tip cac nhanh
nhp v lam mt, va u nm ngoai pham vi cac nhanh (trn s , chung ngoai
min gii han bi cac ng gach kep).
b. Truong hop re nhanh lua chon (co aieu kien)
Khac vi trn, cac nhanh c re ng thi vi cung mt chuyn tip t
n-1
, con
y vic re vao nhanh nao c chon la theo iu kin tng ng bng cac
chuyn tip ring re cho tng nhanh.

t
n+1
t
n32
t
n3k
t
n2i
t
n21 t
n11
t
n12
k
1
t
n-1
k
3
t
n-1
k
2
t
n-1
t
n-2
n
21
n-1
n
2i

n
11
n
12
n
3k

n
31
S
n11
S
n12
S
n21
S
n2i
S
n3k
S
n31
n+1 S
n+1
S
n-1



80



S cho thy mun re vao nhanh nao th phai co iu kin tng ng, th
hin bng cac chuyn tip u mi nhanh. Chung iu khin vic re vao nhanh
mong mun. T mt nhanh, khi tr v dong chnh sau khi a thc hin xong trang
thai cui cung cua mnh th dung chuyn tip cui mi nhanh. Nh vy, chuyn
tip re vao tng nhanh va tr v dong chnh u trong pham vi cua nhanh. Trn
s , chung u trong min gii han bi cac ng gach n. y, dung vach
n vi y khng re song song ng thi vao cac nhanh ma ch re vao mt trong cac
nhanh tuy iu kin chon la, o la cac k
i
.

4.1.5. ieu khien he thong
Sau khi m ta hoat ng cua h thng bng s GRAFCET, ta thy ro vic
iu khin h thng la thc hin ln lt cac trang thai, ma thc cht la tao ra cac
lnh iu hanh si tng trang thai, ln lt t trang thai nay n trang thai k tip.
S GRAFCET con cho thy ro mt trang thai n mun thc hin , xut ra
lnh iu hanh sn, th phai co 2 iu kin bt buc la :
- Co trang thai n-1 vi lnh sn-1.
- Co chuyn tip tn-1 t trang thai n-1 sang trang tha i n.
Khi co sn, iu khin thc hin trang thai n, th ti phin mnh sn se cung vi
chuyn tip tn, tao ra sn+1 thc hin trang thai n+1. Lnh iu hanh sn+1 ng
thi con dung xoa lnh iu hanh sn cua trang thai n k trc.
Hnh di m ta cach thc iu khin o cho trang thai n, goi la mt mouyn
qua trnh.

ng dung cac phn t logic c ban ta d dang thc hin mt mouyn nh th.
S
n
VA Module qua trnh
(trang thai n)
S
n-1
t
n-1
Ly t S
n+1
xoa S
n
n trang thai n+1
n c cu chp hanh
S
n+1
t
n-1
S
n-1
& S
n
Module n



81




Mt h thng gm nhiu trang thai se c iu khin bi mt day ni tip
cac mouyn qua trnh. Di y la mt cach m ta mach iu khin h thng n
trang thai theo phng phap GRAFCET bi mt day ni tip cua cac moduyn.

Mt h thng cac ng nm ngang, anh s t 1 n n, m ta ng tn hiu
cac u ra tng ng S1 n Sn cua cac trang thai 1 n n. Pha trn cac ng nay
la cac lnh Si hng v b phn chp hanh thc hin cac trang thai, con pha di
m ta cac mouyn qua trnh, c anh s t 1 n n, ng vi cac trang thai 1 n n.
Hoat ng cua cac moun nh sau :
Tn hiu khi ng m se cung vi chuyn tip to la chuyn tip t trang thai
ngh sang trang thai 1, i qua phn t VA, kch thch b nh xut ra tn hiu gi v
ng tn hiu 1 a ra lnh chp hanh S1.
Khi a co S1, no se cung vi chuyn tip t1 (t trang thai 1 --> 2) i qua
phn t VA mouyn th 2, xut ra tn hiu gi v ng tn hiu 2. T o, mt
mt a ra lnh chp hanh S2, mt khac quay lai mouyn 1 xoa tn hiu S1 b
nh 1. Tng t S2 se c xoa bi S3 y t ng tn hiu 3.
Tai mouyn cui cung, Sn-1 cung vi tn-1 qua phn t VA kch thch b
nh, xut ra tn hiu v ng tn hiu n a ra lnh chp hanh Sn. Trang thai n
la trang thai cui, do o khng co lnh Sn+1 xoa Sn ma dung trc tip tn - la
chuyn tip t trang thai n tr v trang thai ngh.
a. Truong hop re nhanh song song

S
n-1
t
1
S
3
S
n+1
t
n-1
2 1
n
S
n
S
2
S
1
& & &
1
2
3

n-1
n

m
t
o




82




T trang thai n-1 qua chuyn tip t
n-1
re thanh 2 nhanh hoat ng ring re.
Nhanh th nht co k trang thai t n(11) n n(1k), nhanh th 2 co m trang thai t
n(21) n n(2m). Sau khi mi nhanh thc hin xong trang thai cui cua mnh th qua
chuyn tip tn nhp lai v trang thai n+1 ri tr v trang thai ngh qua chuyn
t
n
t
n-1
n-1 S
n-1
t
n11
n
12
n
1k
S
n11
S
n12
S
n1k
n
11
t
n11
n
22
S
n21
S
n22
n
21
n
2m
S
n2m
n+1 S
n+1
t
n+1
t
n
t
n+1
t
n-1
t
n-1
t
n-2
n+1
n-1
n
21
n
22

n
2m

n
11
n
12

n
1k

n-2
n-1
S
n2m
S
n22
S
n21 S
n1k
S
n12
S
n11
S
n+1
S
n-1

&
& &
&
&
&
n+1



83



tip tn+1. Vi trng hp nay ta co mach iu khin sau : iu cn quan tm y
la vic iu khin khi re nhanh va khi nhp v.
Tai ch re nhanh, ta dung tn hiu s
n-1
cung vi chuyn tip t
n-1
re nhanh,
qua phn t VA cua hai mouyn n(11), n(21) ri vao b nh tao ra S
n(11)
va S
n(21)
.
Tip ngay sau o ta dung chung qua phn t VA v xoa S
n-1
tai b nh thuc
mouyn n-1. Co ngha la sau khi xut hin trang thai u cua ca hai nhanh mi xoa
lnh S
n-1
cua trang thai k trc.
Tai ch nhp t cac nhanh n+1, ta cung ng thi ca hai trang thai cui S
n(1K)

, S
n(2m)
cua hai nhanh, qua phn t VA

ri cung vi chuyn tip tn qua mt phn t
VA khac, kch thch b nh xut ra S
n+1
trang thai n+1. Ngha la ch sau khi ca 2
nhanh a thc hin xong trang thai cui th mi chuyn tip n n+1 thng qua
chuyn tip t
n
.
xoa S
n+1
nhm tr v trang thai ngh, ta dung trc tip chuyn tip t
n+1
.
b. Truong hop re nhanh lua chon
Chng han bt u t trang thai n-1 re nhanh : - khi co k1t
n-1
: sang nhanh 1 :
-khi co k
2
t
n-1
sang nhanh 2 : ri v trang thai n+1 dong chnh va tr lai trang thai
ngh qua chuyn tip t
n+1
. Mach iu khin h thng nay c trnh bay di y,
ch khac trng hp trc ch re nhanh va nhp v. Mun re sang nhanh nao th
dung chuyn tip kit
n-1
cua nhanh
o bng cach dung tn hiu chon la
k1.t
1-n
hoc k2. t
n=1
(logic VA)
cung vi lnh S
n-1
thng qua phn
t VA tng nhanh vao b nh
va xut ra S
n(11)
hoc S
n(21)
tuy theo
iu kin chon.
xoa lnh S
n-1
sau khi re
nhanh, ma y co th la nhanh 1
hoc nhanh 2, cho nn phai dung
cach a S
n(11)
, S
n(21)
thng qua
phn t HOC a v xoa S
n-1
.
Khi t nhanh nhp v dong
chnh, tc la v trang thai n+1 phai
tnh n kha nng co th la t
nhanh 1 hoc t nhanh 2.
Nu t nhanh 1, th phai
t
n2m t
n1k
t
n-1
t
n-2
k
2
t
n-1
n-1 S
n-1
t
n11
n
12
n
1k
S
n11
S
n12
S
n1k
n
11
t
n21
n
22
S
n21
S
n22
n
21
n
2m
S
n2m
n+1 S
n+1
t
n+1



84



dung lnh iu hanh S
n(1k)
cua trang thai cui nhanh 1, cung vi chuyn tip t
n(1k)

thng qua phn t VA . Nu t nhanh 2 nhp v th dung S
n(2m)
va t
n(2m)
thng qua
phn t VA th 2 . u ra cua 2 phn t VA nay i vao phn t HOC kch
thch b nh, xut ra lnh S
n+1
tr v dong chnh.

4.1.6. ieu khien he thong bang so ghi tun tu
Theo phng phap GRAFCET, mt h thng t ng tun t c m ta
bng mt day ni tip cua cac trang thai. Mi trang thai c m ta bng mt
mouyn va co th dung cac phn t logic co ban iu khin.
Chng han iu khin mt trang thai n ta dung mt mouyn co s sau :

Tao ra lnh iu khin S
n
cua trang thai n bng logic VA cua S
n+1
va t
n-1
. Sau
o, khi bc sang trang thai sau la n+1, th dung lnh S
n+1
tr v xoa S
n
.
Bng cach o, nhiu hang trn th gii a ch tao s ghi tun t thc hin vic iu
khin cac trang thai cua h thng.


n
21
n
22

n
2m
S
n-1
S
n21
S
n11
S
n+1
n+1
n
11
n
12

n
1k
n-2
n-1
t
n-1
t
n2m
t
n1k
t
n-2
&
1
k
2
t
n-1
&
&
&
&
1
k
2
t
n-1
&
&
S
n
S
n+1
S
n-1
t
n-1
&



85



Di y la v du s logic cua s ghi :
y trnh bay 3 s ghi ni tip iu khin 3 trang thai theo cac bc 1,
2, 3. u va cui cua cum 3 s ghi co ch ni vao ra giao tip vi bn ngoai. Mi
s ghi co cac phn t VA, HOC, NH, (u tin xoa, du ca 4 co tn hiu), hoat
ng nh sau :
- Lnh khi ng qua trnh i vao ca 4, kch thch b nh cua s ghi u
tin cho ra lnh iu khin s1, ca 3 thc hin trang thai 1, ng thi dn n
mt trong hai u vao cua phn t VA ri ch o.
- Khi co tn hiu chuyne tip t
1
i vao ca 1, phn t VA, do a co S1 ch
sn se xut tn hiu ra ca 6, i vao ca 4 cua s ghi k sau va kch thch b nh cho
ra lnh iu khin S
2
va no c dn ti phn t VA ch khi co chuyn tip r
2
se
xut t hiu vao ca 4 cua s ghi tip theo.
- Tn hiu S2 con quay v phn t HOC, xut ra ca 5, i vao ca 7 cua
s ghi k trc ri v xoa S
1
. xoa S
2
th dung S
3
theo cach tng t.
- xoa S
3
s ghi cui cung, ta dung chuyn tip t
3
i vao phn t VA,
xut ra ca 6 ri ni mach v ca 7.
- Ca s 2 dung ni vi ngun mi cho cac b nh.
5 5
7
7
7
3 3
4
4
6
6
3
S
3
S
2
t
3
t
2
t
1
S
1
Bc 1
&
1
&
1
&
1
4

2

5
5


2
7
Bc 2 Bc 3



86



Thi gian ap ng cua s ghi khoang 6 ap lam vic 4 bar. S ghi tun t
c ch tao thanh tng khi va co th ghep vi nhau thanh mt day k tip ma
khng cn co ng ni ngoai. S ghi tun t c ly hiu n gian nh hnh sau :
Trng hp ch co 1 s ghi th 1 la ky hiu ca vao s 1 cua chuyn tip, va 3
la ca ra s 3 cua lnh iu khin si tng s ghi.
Trng hp mt say s ghi th co thm s th t cho cac s ghi 1,2 ... n va
hai u giao tip. Ca 2 ni ngun con ca 4 la khi ng qua trnh. Khi s dung
s ghi, co 2 ca quan trong nht la ca s 1 ni vi chuyn tip ti, va ca s 3 dn
lnh iu khin si ti b chp hanh.
Do o, qua trnh lp t, bao dng, sa cha h thng iu khin rt n
gian, thun tin, kho sai sot.
.1.7. Ung aung so ghi tun tu cho cac truong hop co ban.
Sau y xem xet cac h thng t ng c ban va vic ng dung s ghi tun t
iu khin chung.
a. Truong hop khong re nhanh (nhanh aon)
Mt h thng co hai pittong kh nen hoat ng theo s GRAFCET nh
hnh bn di
n s ghi
3 1
1
n
7 6
3 1
3 1



87




Co hai pittong A, B hoat ng vi 3 trang thai 1, 2 va 3. Tai im u va
cui hanh trnh pittong, t cac cam bin a
0
, a
1
va b
0
, b
1
tao ra cac chuyn tip.
Chu y rng, trang thai 1 yu cu khi kt thuc trang thai, phai keo dai mt
thi gian t = 7s mi chuyn sang trang thai 2. trang thai 2, lnh iu khin A- va
B+ c thc hin ng thi.
Hnh bn phai la mach iu khin. iu khin hai pittong A, B hoat ng,
dung 2 van phn phi loai 5/2 co cac u vao iu khin A+, A- va B+, B-.
tao ra cac lnh van phn phi, dung ba s ghi tun t 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi 3
trang thai cua h. T trang thai ngh, nhn van m cung vi chuyn tip a
0
qua phn
t VA i vao ca 4 th s ghi 1 xut ra lnh A
+

ti van phn phi pittong A i
xung. cui hanh trnh cua no, chuyn tip a1 xut tn hiu i qua phn t tr -
c iu chnh t= 7s theo yu cu - ri mi tac ng vao s ghi 1 s ghi 2 xut
ra lnh ng thi i n u iu khin A-, B
+
cua cac van phn phi. Khi pittong B
i xung, chuyn tip b1 se a v s ghi 2 lam cho s ghi 3 xut ra lnh iu khin
B- a pittong B v v tr ban u.
b1
b0
a1
a0
B+
B-
A-
A+
B-
A+
A+ B-
b0
b1
a1
m

0
1
2
3
A+ t=7s
A- B+
B-
m
4
7 6
b0
b1
a1

1

2

3
&



88



a toan b h thng v trang thai ngh, ta dung cam bin bo a vao s
ghi 3 xut tn hiu ra ca 6 ri ni v ca 7 xoa lnh B- cua s ghi 3.
b. Truong hop re nhanh song song
Mt h thng co hoat ng re hai nhanh song song c m ta trn s
GRAFCET bn trai, con bn phai la mach iu khin dung cac s ghi tun t.

Sau khi thc hin trang thai 2 vi lnh S
2
, chuyn tip t
2
se lam h re thanh 2
nhanh, con chuyn tip t
3
lam 2 nhanh nhp v lam mt va thc hin trang thai 4.
Cn chu y ch re nhanh va nhp v.
Tai ch re, khi co chuyn tip t
2
a vao s ghi 2 th ca ra 6 cua no se
ng thi tac ng vao ca 4 cua s ghi u tin cua ca hai nhanh xut ra cac
lnh S
11
va S
31
thc hin vic re nhanh.
nhp v trang thai 4, dung chuyn tip t3 tac ng vao s ghi cui cua ca
2 nhanh chung cut tn hiu ra ca 6 ri cung dn ti phn t VA, t o xut ra
lnh tac ng vao ca 4 cua s ghi 4 co lnh S4. Ta phai dung phn t VA la
t
4
t
3
t
22
t
11
t
21
t
2
t
1
m.t
0

0
1
2
11 21
12 22
23
4
S
11
S
12
S
21
S
22
S
23
S4
S
1
S
2
4
5
4
4
4
5
7 6
6
6
7 7
6
7
5
2
2
2
2
m
t
0
t
4
S
4
S
23
S
22
S
21
S
12
S
11
S
2
S
1
t
3
t
11
(t
12
)
t
3
(t
23
)
t
22
t
21
t
2
t
1
4
1
2
1
2
21
22
23
&
&
&



89



am bao rng ca hai nhanh u thc hin xong trang th ai cui tng nhanh, du
chung co th so le v thi gian.

xoa lnh S1 s ghi 2 sau khi a thc hin vic re nhanh, th dung tn
hiu xut ra ca 5 cua 2 s ghi u cua ca 2 nhanh, a v phn t VA ri t o xut
tn hiu vao ca 7 cua s ghi 2 xoa S
2
. y dung phn t VA cung mt muc
ch nh trn la am bao ch khi 2 nhanh cung thc hin trang thai u cua mnh th
mi xoa lnh S
2
.
Khi nhp v, co lnh S
4
th s ghi 4 xut ra ca 5 tn hiu ng thi i vao
ca 7 cua hai s ghi cui tng nhanh xoa lnh S
12
va S
23
.
tr v trang thai ngh cho toan b h thng, dung chuyn tip t
4
kch thch
s ghi 4 cho ra tn hiu ca 6 ri a v ca 7 xoa S
4
.
c. Truong hop re nhanh co lua chon
Hnh bn trai di y m ta GARFCET hoat ng cua mt h thng t ng
co re nhanh la chon. Tuy theo iu kin la chon K
1
hoc K
2
ma t trang thai 2 re
sang nhanh 1 hoc 2, ri sau o v dong chnh.
k
1
k
2
k
2
k
1
t
23
t
12
4
5
4
4
4
5
7 6
6
6
7 7
6
7
5
2
2
2
2
m
t
0
t
4
S
4
S
23
S
22
S
21
S
12
S
11
S
2
S
1
t
11
t
12
t
23

t
22
t
21
t
2
t
1
4
1
2
1
2
21
22
23
&
t
4
t
22
t
11
t
21
t
2
t
1
m.t
0

0
1
2
11 21
12 22
23
4
S
11
S
12
S
21
S
22
S
23
S4
S
1
S
2
1
&
&
1



90



Hnh bn phai la mach iu khin. Khi re nhanh, ly tn hiu ly tn hiu chuyn
tip t2 luc thc hin xong trang thai 2 lam tn hiu kch s ghi 2 xut ra ca 6 i v 2
phn t va 2 nhanh. Tai mi phn t va nay nu co K
1
th re vao nhanh 1, nu co
K
2
- re vao nhanh 2. xoa S
2
th dung tn hiu xut ra ca 5 cua hai s ghi


































91



V. MANG PETRI (PETRI NETS)

5.1. Khai quat chung
i vi mt h thng san xut t ng CIM (Computer Integrated
Manufacturing) th vn t chc san xut va quan l sao cho co hiu qua la mot
trong nhng muc tiu c ban nht. Trong thc t a co mt s giai phap cung nh
co nhiu nghin cu trong lnh vc nay, trong s o mang Petri c xem la mt
ngn ng mang tnh tng trng cao va d dang giao tip gia cac nha thit k khac
nhau trn th gii cung nh rt thut li va d dang cho ngi s dung. Hn th na,
mang Petri lai rt c a dung i vi cac h thng san xut c kh t ng ma
trong o co robot tham gia vao qua trnh cp phi liu cho cac may va thu nhn san
phm gia cng cung vi mt nha kho kiu hin ai.
Mang petri cho phep ngi thit k c suy ngh va la chon trong cac kha
nng rng ln cac phng an vi mt m hnh gn gui nht vi qua trnh cng
nghip. Ngn ng Petri mang ban cht t nhin va co th d dang biu din c
tnh cht hoat ng cua h thng san xut bng m hnh hoa.
Trong dy chuyn san xut cng nghip, cac thit b, may moc thng hoat
ng theo mt trnh t logic cht che nhm am bao cht lng san phm va hiu
qua cua qua trnh san xut cung nh an toan cho ngi s dung va thit b. Cu truc
lam vic tun t cua dy chuyn a a ra yu cu cho iu khin la iu khin s
hoat ng thng nht va ng b cua cac thit b trong dy chuyn. Trang thai va
cac hoat ng cua cac thiet b trong h thng c thc hin k tip nhau, co ngha
la trang thai hoat ng tip sau ch c thc hin khi trang thai hoat ng trc o
a kt thuc. Vic m hnh hoa va tng hp cac trang thai hoat ng cua mach tun
t thng c s dung bng cac h thng iu khin nh phng phap hnh
trang thai Mealy hoc Moore, bang chuyn trang thai, Grafcet va mang Petri. Trong
o Grafcet va mang Petri c s dung rng rai nht trong cac h thng san xut
cng nghip noi chung va lnh vc ch tao c kh noi ring.
i vi mang Petri, biu din s hoat ng cua h thng san xut cng
nghip, ngi ta thng s dung phng phap mang Petri din dch hoc mang Petri
nhum mau phn tch va iu khin h thng. Cac cng cu toan hoc nh ma trn
ngu nhin va cac phng phap biu phn nhanh va cac lu kn co phan hi ...
cung c s dung mt cach rng rai.



92



co th nm bt c nhng vn c ban ma t o co th tin hanh phn
tch, tnh toan va thit k h thng, cn phai a ra mt s khai nim va nh ngha
c ban nht cung nh giai phap tng quat phn tch h thng mt cach toan din.
5.2. Cac djnh ngha va phuong phap phn tich tng quat
5.2.1 Cac ainh ngha co ban
Mang Petri (Petri Nets) la mt kiu biu c phn chia thanh 2 tp hp :
- V tr (Places) : biu din cac trang thai hoat ng co th co cua mt thit b
trong h thng san xut. No dc k hiu bng mt vong tron va trong o co th
cha mt s du chm () ma c trng cho s hoat ng cua h thng.
- Chuyn tip (Transition) : biu din cac thao tac hay hanh ng theo trnh
t hoat ng cua cac thit b trong h thng. No c k hiu bng 1 hnh ch nht
hay co th la 1 hnh vach ngang.
- Cac cung ni (Arc) : Ch hng hoat ng cua h thng bng s lin kt
gia v tr va chuyn tip cung nh gia chuyn tip va v tr. Mt cung khng bao
gi lin kt gia 2 tp hp mang cung ban cht v du nh khng th lin kt gia v
tr va v tr dc. Trn cac cung ngi ta co th anh du bng cac ch s c trng
cho kha nng v trong lng c chuyn trn cac cung theo hng xac nh. Nu
khng co ch s i kem theo cac cung th ngi ta qui nh la trong lng c
truyn la 1.
- Ham anh gia cua 1 mang Petri la 1 vect hp thanh co gia tr nguyn
dng hoc bng khng (0) vi s thanh phn bng s v tr.
co th khai quat cac nh ngha trn y chung ta co th khao sat 1 mang
Petri n gian nh biu din hnh 1-1
Mang nay cha 4 v tr c anh du bng p
1
, p
2
, p
3
, p
4
va 5 chuyn tip
c anh du t
1
, t
2
, t
3
, t
4
.
Ham anh gia cua no la vect M
o
= {1,2,4,3}
Mang Petri trn co th c biu din bng 1 ham PN = (P,T,A,W,M
o
) Trong
o :
P={p
1
,p
2
, ... , p
n
} la 1 hu han cac v tr (Places)
T={t
1
, t
2
, ... , t
n
} la 1 tp hp hu han cac chuyn tip (Transition)
A(PxT) (TxP) la 1 tp hp hu han cac cung (Arc)
W:{1,2,3, ...} la ham trong lng c gn vao cac cung (Weigh)
M
0
:{0,1,2 ...} la ham anh gia ban u (Marcking)
Chu y : PT=



93



Nu 1 mang Petri khng cha ham anh gia ban u N = (P,T,A,W) th
ngi ta goi la mang Petri thng thng va khi o ta xem ham trong lng c gn
vi cac cung bng n v, trong cac vong tron biu din v tr khng co du chm
hoc ch co ti a la 1. Khi o PN=(N,M
o
) va c goi la mang Petri m rng EPNs
(Extended Petri Nets).













5.2.2 Hoat aong cua mang Petri
Nh a noi trn, cac chuyn tip la kha nng chuyn cac trang thai hoat
ng t cac v tr n cac chuyn tip va t chuyn tip sang v tr.Do vy s hoat
ng cua mang Petri co th c biu din nh sau :
0
t la tp hp cac v tr i vao chuyn tip t, (p,t) A
t
0
la tp hp cac v tr i ra khoi chuyn tip t, (p,t) A
0
p la tp hp cac chuyn tip i vao v tr p, (t,p) A
0
t la tp hp cac chuyn tip i ra khoi v tr t, (t,p) A
1 chuyn tip t c goi la kha tip (co th vt qua) Nu hoc la p
0
t , M(p)
w(p t) hoc theo cach khac, nu tt ca v tr di vao p t t cha s du () t hn ham
trong lng cung lin kt t p ti t. Do o trong trng hp cua 1 mang Petri
thng thng, ch cn tt ca cac v tr i vao cha t hn 1 du () th no co kha nng
chuyn tip.
Trong phn nay, chung ta i su vao vic phn tch va thit k mang Petri
cho 1 h thng SXT CIM bao gm 1 nha kho phi liu va san phm, 1 robot va
P4
t5
t4
P3
t3
P2
t2
P1
t1
Hinh 5.1. Mang Petri



94



ban dn hng cung cp phi liu cho may tin CNC va may phay CNC cung nh
ly cac chi tit gia cng xong tra lai kho... v th chung ta ch gii han trong pham vi
Petri thng thng co ngha la cac cung ch mang ham trong lng n v va
cac v tr ti a co 1 du ().
Gii thiu h thng thit b trong mang iu khin CIM.
H thng SXT c lp t tai phong th nghim SXT khoa c kh do
hang ALECOP Ty Ban Nha cung cp theo chng trnh d an vi muc ch xy
dng 1 m hnh san xut cng nghip t ng hoa phuc vu cho cng tac ao tao
va nghin cu. Mang Petri c cung cp bng phn mm Edifac cung vi mang
quan l h thng va cac phn mm iu khin ma y tin, may phay, robot va nha kho
c kt ni qua may tnh vi giao din RS232 va RS485.
S thit b c b tr nh hnh di.



Hinh 5-2. So ao bo tr he thong tu aong CIM




95



1. May tin
2.May phay
3. Robot 5 bc t do va ray dn hng
4. Nha kho
5. Tu in
6. B quet
7. B la chon chay tay - t ng iu khin robot
8. May vi tnh
Gii thiu chc nng hoat ng cua mang Petri
Cac may CNC tin va phay c lp trnh di dang trc tip bng tay trn
cum CNC hoc trong phn mm CAD/CAM VERO INTERNATIONAL. Trc khi
hoat ng chnh thc, ngi ta phai qua giai oan chay m phong va kim tra s
hoat ng cua chng trnh c thit lp, va xac nh chu k thi gian gia cng
cac chi tit lam c s d liu cho vic thit k mang Petri sau nay.
Ban cha phi va chi tit gia cng (carrusel magazin) la m hnh cu a 1 nha kho hin
ai ma trong o cac chung loai phi liu cho tng loai chi tit va cac loai ban thanh
phm va san phm cui cung c ma hoa va xp theo loai di s quan l cua 1 h
thng may tnh va c hoat ng bng cac bng tai va tay may cung cp, thu
nhn hay di chuyn cac phi liu c goi hay xp vao kho cac ban thanh phm hay
san phm noi trn.
thc hin vic cung cp cac phi cho may gia cng CNC, ngi ta s
dung 1 robot 5 bc t do va 1 ray dn n cac may chu s cung cp phi liu va ly
san phm. Hoat ng cua robot c lp trnh bng ngn ng ring cua no hay co
th lp trnh theo phng phap day hoc. S hoat ng cua no la hoat toan phu hp
vi kch thc, khun kh va khi lng, hnh dang phi liu cn cung cp, am
bao chnh xac v nh v trong qua trnh dch chuyn va cp phi vao cac vu
kep cua mm cp hay cac ga trn may phay cung nh khi nhn no t cac c cu
trn cua may.
Cung nh vi cac may CNC, trc khi a robot vao h thng hoat ng cp
phi t ng cn thit phai chay m phong kim tra tnh hp l va ung n cua
chng trnh va xac nh thi gian chu trnh hoat ng cua chung lam c s d liu
khi lp chng trnh iu khin h thng.
Vn con lai la lam th nao cho chung hoat ng trn cac thit b khac
nhau 1 cach c lp trong khi phai am bao tnh ng b trong h thng. iu nay
co ngha la moi s hoat ng phai n khp nhau va ng thi phai thi gian cht



96



cua cac may la ti thiu. V lnh vc nay th mang Petri co th hoan toan am bao 1
cach chc chn va chnh xac. V c ban, mang Petri cung ging nh GRAFCET
(Graphe Fonctionnel de commande etape transition) la cng cu m ta hoat ng cac
mach logic tun t nh a gii thiu trn. Do vy ma vn chng cheo s hoat
ng cua cac thit b trong thi gian thc cua h thng la khng th xay ra. V th
vn con lai la lam th nao giam thiu thi gian cht (thi gian dng ch i,
khng hoat ng) cua cac may va thi gian hoat ng cua robot la ngn nht.
co th hnh dung s hoat ng cua h thng, chung ta co th quan sat s
hoat ng cua robot cp phi nh hnh ve di y.



Hinh 5-3 . So ao hoat aong cua he thong

5.3. Lp chuong trinh diu khin h thng diu khin tu dng CIM
Chung ta se thit lp chng trnh iu khin s hoat ng cua h thng san
xut t ng CIM bng phn mm EDIFAC c cung cp bi hang ALECOP cua
Ty Ban Nha.
Sau y la 1 s v du v lp chng trnh iu khin h thng CIM bng
mang Petri.




97



5.3.1 ieu khien he thong cp phoi cho may tien va may phay CNC P-T1.RPG























Hinh 5-4. Mang Petri cung aieu khien cp phoi cho may phay va may tien CNC
P
1
: Trang thai ban u cua h thng CIM
P
2
: La chon phi cp cho may phay 1.PA1 a001
P
3
: Cp phi cho may phay. PR1
P
4
: La chon phi cp cho may tin 2. PA1 a002
P
5
: May phay gia cng chit theo chng trnh. PT1
P
6
: Cp phi cho may tin. PR1
P
7
: May tin gia cng chi tit theo chng trnh. PT1
P
8
: Ly chi tit gia cng xong ra khoi may phay. PR1
P
10
: Chon Pallet phay. PA1 pa001
P
9
: Ly chi tit tin. PR1
T8
P5
P1
T1
P2
T2
P3
T3
P4
T4
P5
T5
P8
P7
T6
P10
P9
T7



98



T
1
: Khi ng chng trnh
T
2
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
3
: Dng robot. LR+
T
4
: Dng Pallet. LA+
T
5
: Dng robot va dng may phay. LR1 & LF1
T
6
: Dng Robot va dng tin. LR1 & LT1
T
8
: Dng Pallet. LA+
T
7
: Dng Robot. LR+

5.3.2 Chuong trinh aieu khien cp phoi cho ay phay va may tien P-T2.RPG

P
1
: Chon phi phay. PA1 p2
P
2
: Lp phi phay. PR1_cap_foi_fay-0002
P
4
: Chon Pallet tin. PA1 p1
P
3
: Chay may phay theo chng trnh. PF1 0000016-0000
P
5
: Cp phi tin. PR1_cap_foi_tien-001
P
6
: Chay may tin theo chng trnh. PT1 0000011-0000
P
9
: Chay may tin theo chng trnh. PT1 0000011-0000
P
10
: May tin gia cng chi tit theo chng trnh. PT1
P
11
: Chon Pallet phay. PA1 p2
P
12
: Ly chi tit phay. PR1 - 0001
P
8
: Chon Pallet tin. PA1 p1
P
7
: Ly chi tit tin. PR1-0001
T
1
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
2
: Dng robot. LR1+
T
3
: Dng may phay. LF1+
T
4
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
11
: Dng Robot. LR1+
T
5
: Dng may tin. LT1+
T
10
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
6
: Dng Robot. LR1+
T
8
: Dng Pallet va dng may tin LA1+ & LT1+
T
7
: Dng Robot. LR1+





99































5.3.3 Chuong trinh aieu khien he thong P-T3.PRG
P
1
: Trang thai ban u
P
2
: Chon Pallet phay. PA1 p2-0000
P
3
: Cp phi phay. PR1-0001
P
4
: Chon Pallet tin. PA1 p1
P
5
: Chon may phay. PF1 000003-0000
P
6
: Cp phi tin. PR1-0001
T8
P11
P7
T7
P1
T1
P2
T2
P3
T3
P4
T4
P5
P12
T6
P80
P8
T8
T10
T11
P6
T6
P9
Hinh 5.5 . Mang Petri P-T2. RPG



100



P
7
: Chay may tin. PT1 000007-0000
P
8
: Chon Pallet phay. PA1-0000
P
9
: Ly chi tit phay. PR1-0001
P
12
: Chay may tin. PT1 000007-0000
P
10
: Chon Pallet tin. PA1 p1
P
11
: Ly chi tit tin. PR1-0001
T
2
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
3
: Dng Robot. LR1+
T
4
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
5
: Dng may phay. LF1+
T
6
: Dng Robot. LR1+
T
7
: Dng may tin. LR1+
T
8
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
9
: Dng may tin. LR1+
T
10
: Dng Pallet. LA1+
T
11
: Dng Robot. LR1+






















101



VI. DIU KHIN LOGIC KHA LP TRINH PLC
(Programmable Logic Control)

6. 1. Khai nim
iu khin logic kha lp trnh cho phep thc hin linh hoat cac thut toan
iu khin s thng qua mt ngn ng c lp thay v vic th hin thut toan o
bng mach logic s nh a trnh bay trc y. Nh vy, vi chng trnh iu
khin trong mnh. PLC a tr thanh mt b iu khin s NC (Numeric Control)
nho gon va co tnh linh hoat cao, d thay i thut toan thch ng vi s thay i
cng ngh. c bit hn la d dang trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh
(vi cac PLC khac va may tnh). Toan b chng trnh iu khin c lu tr trong
b nh cua PLC di dang cac khi chng trnh (OB, FC hay FB) va c thc
hin lp theo chu trnh theo cac vong quet (scan).
M hnh tng quat cua mt b iu khin PLC c m ta nh hnh di y
















Hinh 6-1. So ao cu truc bo PLC

co th thc hin c 1 chng trnh iu khin, PLC cn phai co tnh
nng ging nh 1 may tnh, ngha la phai co 1 b vi x ly CPU va 1 h iu hanh,
b nh lu chng trnh iu khin, d liu va tt nhin phai co cac cng vao/ra

B NH CHNG TRNH
B thi gian T
B m
B c (Flag)
B m vao/ra
(I/Q)
Khi vi x ly
trung tm va h
iu hanh
Bus thng tin PLC
Quan ly ghep ni
Cng vao/ra I/Q
Cng ngt va m tc
cao



102



giao tip c vi i tng iu khin va mi trng xung quanh (ngoai vi).
Ngoai ra, giai quyt c bai toan iu khin s, PLC con phai c trang b
thm cac khi chc nng c bit nh b m, b thi gian, ng h ...
6.2. Cac khi chu yu trong PLC
6.2.1. Khoi to chuc OB (Organi:ation Block)
Muc ch : Hnh thanh giao din (interface) gia h iu hanh va chng
trnh iu khin.
Tuy thuc tng s hiu cua khi, cac khi t chc c vn hanh theo nhng
cach thc khac nhau.
V du : khi OB1 c h iu hanh goi theo chu ky thc hin chng
trnh iu khin.
Khi OB2 va OB3 x ly chng trnh ong ngt ...
6.2.2. Khoi chuong trinh .PB (Program Block).
Khi chng trnh vi nhng chc nng ring ging nh mt chng trnh
con hay 1 ham. Cac chc nng iu khin co th c biu din bng 1 s trong
cac khi chng trnh.
6.2.3.. Khoi chuc nang . FB (Function Block)
Cac khi chc nng
co th trao i c mt
lng d liu ln vi cac
khi chng trnh khac. No
co th c gan cac tham s
v thng thng khi lp
trnh, ngi ta gan 1 tham s
hnh thc va tng ng vi
no se co 1 tham s thc. Khi
khi c goi ln th cac
tham s thc se thay th cac
tham s hnh thc.
Chu y: Chng trnh trong khi chc nng ch c vit bng phng phap
biu din bng kiu lnh STL ma thi (Statement list) .
Tng t nh khi OB, khi FB c chia lam 2 loai la FB c lp trnh sn
trong h iu hanh va loai FB c lp di dang cac phn mm.
Chng
trnh
h thng

OB1
PB1
FB1
PB2
FB2
Chng trnh iu khin
Hinh 6-2 . J au ve cac khoi xu
ly khi lp trinh co cu truc



103



6.2.4. Khoi DB (Data Block) khoi au lieu.
Khi DB cha cac d liu cn thit lp chng trnh. Cac tham s cua
khi do ngi lp trnh t t va mt chng trnh ng dung co th co nhiu khi va
c phn bit vi nhau bng cac ch s nguyn ghi ngay sau khi DB1, DB2 ...
6.3. Nguyn tc hoat dng co ban
B iu khin PLC hoat ng theo nguyn tc chu trnh kn va c goi la
chu trnh quet (scan). No hoat ng theo 4 giai oan nh sau :
6.3.1. Mo au chuong trinh . Nhp au lieu.
Luc bt u chng trnh, PLC
nhp d liu t cac cng vao s ti vung
b m ao I.(Input)
6.3.2. Thuc hien chuong trinh.
Sau khi a nhp xong d liu,
PLC goi chng trnh iu khin ct gi
trong b nh chng trnh theo tng lnh
ln lt thc hin theo cac th t k
tip nhau. Trong qua trnh quet, chng
trnh c thc hin t lnh u tin n
lnh kt thuc cua khi OB1.
6.3.3. Giai aoan truyen thong tin ra va tu sua chua loi.
Cac kt qua x ly se c kim tra va sa cha li ri chuyn sang b m
ao cng ra s Q.
6.3.4.Giai aoan ket thuc chuong trinh.
Chuyn cac ni dung iu khin n u ra va chuyn sang c cu chp
hanh.
Sau o lai bt u 1 chu trnh mi: Ngi ta goi la vong lp
6..4 Ngn ngu lp trinh
Cac loai PLC noi chung co nhiu ngn ng lp trnh nhm phuc vu cho cac
i tng s dung khac nhau. V c ban th cac ngn ng c cac nha ch tao quy
nh va theo tng verson cu th. V vy khi s dung cn phai co thi gian tm hiu -
lam quen.

Kt thuc Bt u
Chuyn d
liu vao I
Thc hin
chng trnh
Truyn
thng tin va
sa cha li
Chuyn d
liu ra Q
Vong quet
(SCAN)



104



V c ban, cac ngn ng lp trnh PLC gn co 3 loai c ban :
6.4.1. Ngon ngu liet ke lenh STL (Statement List)
Loai nay ging nh cac ngn ng thng c dung trn may tnh _ Lp
trnh bng cac lnh. Mt chng trnh c ghep bng nhiu cu lnh theo 1 thut
toan nht nh. Mi lnh chim 1 hang va u co cu truc chung la tn lnh + toan
hang
V du :
...
004 A I 0.2
005 O I 0.3
... Tn va loai i tng lnh (VAO), tham s 0.3
Tn lnh
Nhan
6.4.2.Ngon ngu bc thang . (Bieu ao bc thang . LAD Laaaer logic)
y la dang ngn ng kiu hoa va rt thch hp vi mach logic tip im.
Vi nhng ngi thit k mach logic tip im th ngn ng nay rt thch hp v tnh
trc quan va tng minh cua no.
6.4.3. Ngon ngu So ao khoi FBD (Function Block Diagram).
(Nguoi ta con goi la luu ao aieu khien CSF - Control System Flov)
y la dang ngn ng s mach s
va cung rt thch hp cho ngi thit k cac
mach in t s.
Mt chng trnh c vit trn LAD
hay FBD u co th chuyn c sang STL.
Nhng chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng
STL cha hn a chuyn sang c kiu
LAD va FBD v trong STL co cha nhiu
lnh ma trong LAD hay FBD khng co hay
khng th biu din c.
Co th thy rng, trong ngn ng lp trnh PLC, cac lnh thng c chia
thanh 3 nhom sau :
+Nhom lnh c ban : c dung cho tt ca cac loai khi va co th biu din
c bng ca 3 phng phap.







Hinh 6-3 . Quan he giua cac ngon
ngu lp trinh PLC
LAD FBD
STL



105



+Nhom lnh b tr.
+Nhom cac lnh h thng.
Vi 2 nhom lnh sau, chung c dung trong cac khi chc nng va ch co
th biu din c bng ngn ng lp trnh STL. c bit vi cac lnh h thng th
tnh cht cua no la rt ngn gon va manh nhng ch nhng ngi co kin thc
chuyn su v PLC, v cng ngh iu khin va nhiu kinh nghim lp trnh mi co
th s dung c.
V du cac kiu ngn ng lp trnh.
J au 1
LAD STL CSF(FBD)





J au 2

LAD STL CSF(FBD)








3.5.5 Mot so v au ap aung .
Bai toan 1:
V du v iu khin cho thung trn
S thung trn va b tr cac cam bin:
Nguyn ly hoat ng:Qua trnh trn cht long ch c thc hin khi cht long
trong bnh a ht va ta tac ng vao nut n khi ng chu trnh (I8.0=1) (khng biu
din trn hnh ve)
I 0.2 I 0.3
I 0.0 I 0.1 Q 4.1
&
&
1
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
!0.3
Q4.1
A I 0.0
A I 0.1
O
A I 0.2
A I 0.3
= Q 4.1
Q1.0
I 0.3
I 0.1 I 0.2
I 0.0 Q 1.0
&
1
O I 0.0
O
A I 0.1
A (
O I 0.2
O I 0.3
)
= Q 1.0
1
I0.0

I0.1
I0.2

!0.3



106



.
Cac cht long se
c bm vao bnh sau khi
m van cht long A va B
c 2 giy. Q5.0=1 va
Q6.0=1.
Nu sau khi ng
c bm a khi ng c
5 giy ma khng co tn
hiu thng bao co cht
long chay vao bnh th
dng tt ca cac qua trnh
lai va thng bao ra panel
iu khin co s c.
I2.0=0, I3.0=0.













Khi bnh a c bm y : I1.0=1 th dng ca 2 ng c bm. Qua trnh
dng may bm c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau: Dng may bm trc: Q5.0=0
va Q6.0=0 ri sau 2 giy se khoa van Q5.1=0 va Q6.1=0.
ng c trn hoat ng Q4.0=1 khi bt u co tn hiu t cam bin bao mc
di I1.1=1 cho n khi cam bin bao u bnh I1.0=1 va tip tuc trn thm 10 giy
ri kt thuc.


10s
<5s
5s
2s
2s
2s
Nut khoi aong I1.0
Mo van bom Q5.1
ong co bom Q5.0
Co cht long vao thung I2.0
Muc cht long auoi I1.1
Muc cht long tren I1.0
ong co tron Q4.0
Jan xa Q4.1
Kiet binh I1.2
Cam bin bao
bnh ht: I1.2
Cam bin bao
mc di: I1.1
Cam bin bao
u bnh: I1.0
Cam bin bao
co cht A: I2.0
Van cht A: Q5.1
Cam bin bao
co cht B: I3.0
ng c khuy Q4.0
ng c bm
cht A: Q5.0
ng c bm
cht B: Q6.0
Van cht B: Q6.1
Van xa cht c
trn ra: Q4.1
Hinh . So ao binh tron cht



107



Sau khi a c trn u th cht long c thao ra khoi bnh nh van xa
Q4.1=1 va cho ti khi van bao kit bnh I1.2=0 th kt thuc.
Nu trong luc nay nut khi ng vn con tac dung (I8.0 =1) th chu trnh lai
c tip tuc cho n giai oan xa kit nc trong bnh mc du khi o nut khi
ng a ht tac dung (I8.0 =0) va sau o la kt thuc.
Bai toan 2:
Mt ngi may hoat ng nh sau:
Ban u Piston A nm v tr cui cung bn trai (I0.1=1) va Piston B v tr
trn cung (I0.3=1). Khi co san phm n th cam bin quang I0.0 tac ng va chu
trnh bt u.















Piston B i xung va khi tac ng ln I0.4 th nam chm in t Q5.0 se tac
ng va kep san phm, sau thi gian 3 sec th Piston B dch chuyn ln trn va
mang san phm i ln cho n khi I0.3 tac ng th Piston A se dch chuyn sang
phaicho n khi tac ng ln I2.0 th Piston B se i xung. Khi tac ng ln I4.0 th
Nam chm in t Q5.0 se m nha san phm. Sau thi gian m 5sec am bao
la san phm a hoan toan ri khoi tay kep th Piston B dch chuyn ln trn, khi tac
ng ln I0.3 th Piston A lui v bn trai cho n khi tac ng ln I1.0 th kt thuc
chu trnh.
Nu cam bin I0.0 phat hin co san phm n th chu trnh lam vic lai dc
tip tuc.
A
B
Q5.0
Q2.0
Q1.0
Q4.0 Q3.0
I0.4
I0.3
I0.2
I0.1
I0.0



108



Thiet lp GRAFCET
































Chuong trinh

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
B
-
, Q4.0 (Ln ln 1)
Q5.0, T1 (Kep san phm)
B

, Q3.0 (Xung ln 1)
A

, Q3.0 (Sang phai)

B

, Q3.0 (Xung ln 2)
Q5.0, T2 (Nha kep)
B
-
, Q4.0 (Ln ln 2)
A
-
, Q2.0 (Lui v trai)
I0.0AND I0.1(Co san phm va k ban u)
I0.4 (n v tr)
t/2/3s (Thi gian kep)
I0.3 (n v tr)
I0.4 (n v tr)
t/6/5s (u thi gian an toan)
I0.3 (n v tr)
I0.1(n v tr)
I0.2 (n v tr)
Ban u



109




































LADDER


I0.4 Q3.0 B

I0.4 Q5.0 Kep




I0.3 Q4.0 B
-





I0.2 Q1.0 A

I0.4 Q3.0 B

Q5.0 Nha



I0.3 Q4.0 B
-





I0.1 Q2.0 A
-





CSF
I0.0 I0.1
S
R Q
I0.2 I0.4
S
R Q
I0.1 I0.4
T
1
S
R Q
I0.1 I0.3
S
R Q
I0.2 I0.3
S
R Q
I0.2 I0.3
S
R Q
I0.2 I0.4
R
S Q
T
2
S
R Q
BE
S
R
&
I0.0
I0.1
I0.4
Q3.0
T1 S
R
&
I0.4
I0.1
I0.3
Q4.0
S
R
&
I0.1
I0.3
I0.2
Q1.0
S
R
Q5.0
I0.4
S
R
&
I0.2
I0.3
I0.4
Q3.0
R
S
&
I0.4
I0.2

Q5.0
S
R
&
I0.4
I0.2
I0.3
Q4.0
S
R
&
I0.3
I0.3
I0.1
Q2.0
BE