. . , . .

1-31 03 01

2009

 517 (075.08)
22.11 73
644

:
. . , , - ;
. . , , - .

644

, . .
: :
1-31 03 01 / . .
, . . ; - ,
. . . : . . , 2009. 60 .

1-31 03
01 . .

517 517 (075.08)

22.11 73
. . , . . , 2009
. . , 2009



.

.
.
5 , [3],
. :
4 6 (
). ,
( ) ;
, , 2 3
;
,
;

.

:
;

.

 1
.


1 , xn
X a.

1
2
1 xn = n

n 4t 2 + 1 , a = |t| , X = C[-4;4].

. C(xn , a)= tmax

[ 4,4] | xn(t) a(t) |.
t [4, 4]
1
1
t2
4
1
1
1
n
n4
2
t
+

4 2
2
4
n t + 1 |t| =
n |t| = 2 1
1 = n2
|xn(t) a(t)| = n
t + 4 +t
n4
n
n , C(xn,a) 0 (n ) . , xn a C[-4;4].
t2 +

2 xn(t) = t n - t n+1 + t, a(t) = t, X = C[0;1].

. C(xn , a) = max
|t n - t n+1|. tn - tn+1 n(t)
0 t 1
|n(t)| = n(t) = tn - tn+1 [0,1] .
n
'n (t ) = nt n-1 - (n+1)t n , 'n (t ) =0, t = 0 t =
[0,1] ,
n +1
1
1
n
n +1
n
n n n
n
n
n

=
=
1
= 1 n +1 .
n + 1 n + 1
n +1
n + 1 n + 1 1 +
n
n(0) = 0, n(1) =0.
( ),
1
1
1
n
C(xn,a) = 1 n + 1 0 = 0,
e
1 +
n
xn a C[0;1].

,...,
, 0, 0,...
1 n4 2 43n

2
n

, a = (0,0,0,), X = l3.
3 xn =
.
1

3
1
3 n2 3

3 2 1
3(xn , a) = xni ai = n
0 = 3 = n 6 n .

n
i =1

n 2

3(xn , a) , xn a l3.

sin n

sin n
,...,
, 0, 0,... , a = (0,0,0,), X = l2.
4 xn =
1 n44 2 4 n43

.
1

3 2
sin 2 n 2 sin 2 n 2 sin n

2(xn , a) = xni ai = n 2 =
0 n .
=
n
n
n
i =1

, xn a l2.

5 xn= n

t+ 1 t ,a= 1
n
2 t , X=L1[0;1] .

.
1

L1 (xn , a) = | xn (t ) a (t ) | dt =
0

=
0

n(
1

t+ 1 t 1
dt =
n
2 t

1
1

dt

dt =

.
02 t
t+ 1 + t 2 t
t+ 1 + t
n
n

.
1
1

fn(t) = 2 t
. fn(t) [0;1]
t+ 1 + t
n
n N , 0 f1(x) f2(x) fn(t) . , f n (t ) 0 (n ) . ,
.
lim L (xn , a) = lim
1
n
n
, xn a L1[0;1].

f
0

(t )dt dt = 0.

 6 xn (t)= n sin t n , a(t) = t , X = L1[0;1] .

.

L1 (xn , a) =

n sin t t dt =
n

n sin t

t
t =
n

( t n sin t n ) dt =
1

2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
0
= t 2 + n cos t n = 1 2 + n cos 1 n n = 1 2 + n cos 1 n 1 = 2n sin
2
2n
0
n ( , sin x ~ x x 0 ). , xn a
L1[0;1].

2 : ) , ) ,
) xn
X ?
1 X = CL[a;b]
b

L(x , y) =

x( t) y( t)

dt. : xn(t)

a(t).
. , , a=0, b=1. ,
, .
xn, [0;1] :

xn a 0 [0;1] (?),
2

L(xn , ) =

x ( t ) 0 dt = x ( t ) dt =
n

1 2
n = 1,
2 n

L(xn , a) . ,
xn CL[a;b].
1

, xn a CL[0;1],

x ( t ) a ( t ) dt 0 n .
n

, xn a.
xn(t) = tn a(t) 0.

1
t n +1
0 n .
=
n
+
1
n
+
1
0
0
, xn a=0 CL[0;1]. tn a= 0 , tn 1 t = 1.
, xn
CL[a;b].
.
n
L(xn , ) = t dt =

xn ( k ) a (k ) = 0, a = (a1, a2,..., ak ,...) .

2 X = l2. : lim

n
k =1

. n := xn (k ) a (k ) . ,
k =1

n 0 n . ,
xn l2. n
<1 n, n k xn ( k ) a (k ) < 1 .
2

xn ( k ) a (k ) xn (k ) a(k ) n k. , 2(xn , a)2

n 0 ( n ) ,
, 2(xn , a) 0. , xn a l2. .
, .
1
1 1
1

,... l2.
xn = 1, ,..., , 0, 0, 0,... a = 1, ,..., ,
n
n n +1
2

2
1

1 2
2(xn , a) = 2 0 ( n ) . , xn a l2 .
k =n +1 k
n = ( ),
.
3 xn X,
.
1 4

n2
1 X = l1, xn = , ,..., 2 , 0, 0,... .
n +1
2 5

.1 . , xn a l1. k
xn ( k ) a (k ) 1(xn , a) 0 (n ) ,
xn a. xn
2

1 4

n + 1)
(
n2
n2
,...
, ,..., 2 ,

, l1 ( 2
2 5
n + 1 ( n + 1) 2 + 1
n =1 n + 1

). . , xn
l1.

( n + 1)
1
2
( n + 1) + 1
2

2 . 1(xn , xn+1) =

n , xn

. , xn l1.

3
n
2 X = l , xn = 1, 2, 3,..., n , 0, 0,... .

. 1 . , xn a l .
xn ( k ) a (k ) (xn , a) 0 (n ) k,
xn a. xn

3
n
n +1
= 1, 2, 3,..., n , n + 1,... l , (xn , a) = sup

k n +1

k = n +1 n + 1 1 (?)

n . , xn a l , - .
2 . , xn l .

3
n
n +1
, xn+1 = 1, 2, 3,..., n , n + 1, 0, 0,... , (xn , xn+1) =

n +1

n + 1 1 n .

xn l , l .

1 , xn
X a, .
)

1.1.
1
1.1.
2
1.1.
3
1.1.
4
1.1.
5
1.1.
6

X
C[0;2]
C[0;5]

( tn
( nt

C[-3;3]
C[0;8]

+ 1)

a
t

( n +t)
+ n t ) ( n t + 1)
2

( t8) ( t8)
n

|t|

t 2 + 1 n3

C[0;1]
C[1;2]

xn

2n

+t

t 2 n t n +1 + t
n

1 +t t
n

2 t

xn

1.2.
1

1.2.
2

l8

1.2.
3

l1

1.2.
4

l3

1.2.
5

l3

1.2.
6

l2

n
4n + 1 n

4
n
+
1

,...,
, 0, 0,...
n +4344
+ 343
2 4 44n 4
144

( )

( )

1
cos 1
cos n

n
,...,
, 0, 0,...

1 4n4 4 2 4 4 n4 3

1
1
sin n ,...,sin n , 0, 0,...
2
1 424 22 4 43

1 + 1 n , sin n 2 / n, sin n3 / n 2 ,..., sin n k / n k 1 ,...

) (
)
(
)

n (

n2

n2
n ,..., n , 0, 0,...
2 2 43
2
14

n2

1
2 ,..., 2 , n, 0, 0,...
n 2 43
n
14

2
n

(e

,e

( 0, 0, 0,...)
( 0, 0, 0,...)
( e, 0, 0,...)
( 0, 0, 0,...)

( 0, 0, 0,...)

1.3.
1
1.3.
2
1.3.
3
1.3.
4
1.3.
5
1.3.
6

X
L2[0;2]

xn
1 ( 1 + nt )

a
0

L4[0;3]

( t 3)

+ 2t

2t

+ sin t

sin t

L4 [-1;2]
3

( t 2)

L1[0;1]

e n( t 1)

L3 [-2;0]
2

sin ( t n ) + 2t 2

2t2

( sin nt )

t3

L2[0;3]

n2 + t 3

2 : ) , ) ,
) xn
X ?

2.1
2.2

X
C[a;b]
l1

,...

t [a;b] xn(t)
k N xn(k)

2.3

l4

2.4

2.5

c0

lim sup xn (k ) a (k ) = 0, a= ( a (1), a (2),..., a(k ),...) l4

n kN

k N xn(k)

lim xn (k ) a (k ) = 0, a= ( a (1), a (2),..., a(k ),...)

n
k =1

2.6
l1

2
lim xn (k ) a (k ) = 0, a= ( a (1), a (2),..., a(k ),...)
n
k =1

3 xn X,
.

3.1

3.2

l3

3.3

l2

3.4
c0
3.5

3.6

l
l1

xn

n
1 n

1
tg 1 + ,..., tg 1 + , 0, 0,...
n
1 4 4 n44 2 4 4 4 43

1
,...,
, 0, 0,...

1 n4 2 43n

1
1
sin ,...,sin , 0, 0,...
n 2 4 43n
1 44

n2

2
n + 2 2

n
+
2

,...,
, 0, 0,...
1 4n 4 4 2 4 4n4 3

( tg ( 1n ) , tg ( 1n ) ,..., tg ( 1n ) ,...)
2

sin 3n
sin 3n

n 2 ,..., n 2 , 0, 0,...
1 4 4 2 4 43

 2


1 M , ,
C[ a; b] . , .
1 M = { x

x ( a ) =0} .

. M , ,
. , x 0 M B ( x 0 , )

x = x0 + / 2 B( x0 , ) , x M , x(a) = x0 (a) + = 0 .
2

M ,
. , x n (t ) x0 (t ) C[ a; b] ,
xn ( a ) = 0 , x 0 (a ) = 0 . , x 0 M .
M M ,
M = M \ IntM .
M ,
x n (t ) = n (t a ) M ,
( xn , 0) = n (b a ) ( n ) .
b

M
=
x
2
x(t )dt < 1 .

. ,

x0 M , ..

(t )dt <1 .

> 0 : x 0 (t )dt < 1 .

B( x0 , /(b a )) M .

y B ( x 0 , /(b a )) .

x 0 (t ) y (t ) <
, max
a t b
b

b a

y (t )dt = x0 (t )dt + ( y (t ) x0 (t ))dt

a

x
a

(t )dt + y (t ) x 0 (t ) dt < 1 +
a

, y M .
, IntM = M .

b a

(b a ) = 1 .

 ,
. , x n (t ) =
x n (t )

1
,
ba

dt

b a = 1 , ..
a

n
1

n +1 b a

1
M .
b a

. X ,
tx + (1 t ) y , t [0,1] , X,
.
b

M = x x (t ) dt 1 . , x0 M ,

x n M x 0 [a,b].
b

x0 (t )dt = limxn (t )dt = lim x n (t )dt 1 .

n

x (t )dt 1 ,
0

xn = n /(n + 1) x0

0 (!), 0 M .

M = M \ IntM = M \ M = x x(t )dt = 1 .

a

,
,

x n (t ) = n M ,

( x n ,0) = n .

3 M = { x

}.

max x (t ) <1

. , . x 0 M . max x0 (t ) <1 ,
> 0 : max x0 (t ) <1 . B ( x 0 , ) . y B ( x0 , )
max y (t ) x 0 (t ) < , max y (t ) max y (t ) x 0 (t ) + max x 0 (t ) < +1 =1 .
a t b

, M ={x max x(t ) 1}.

, x0 M , x n M
x 0 [a,b]. x0 (t ) = lim xn (t ) 1 . ,
max | x (t ) | 1 , xn = n /(n + 1) x0 x 0
[a,b] (), x 0 M .
,

M = M \ IntM = M \ M = { x

}.

max x (t ) =1

, .
2 , B = A l p ( p 1)
, , l p .

1
k

1 p = 3 2 , A = x x(k ) .

. B = A l 3 2 ,
x n (k ) x0 (k )

. , x n x0 , x n A, k N
(?). x n (k ) 1 , x0 ( k ) 1 . , x0 .

, , p 1
l p (. 2 1),
. , e1=(1,0,0,) , > 0
(1 + , 0, 0,...) B , - e1 .

x(k )

, , x B 3 ( x,0) =
2

k =1

1
3
k =1 k 2

3
.

0 < x ( k ) <1} .

2 p = , A = { x

B = A l

, x0 = (1, 1 , 1 ,...) B .

> 0

N,

1
< .
N 2

1
1
1
,...,
,
,...) B ( x 0 , ) , x B , x ( N ) < 0 .
2
N 2 N +1
1
1
,
,...) B .
. , x n = (
n +1 n + 2
1
0 n ,
x n 0 = (0,0,...) , ( x n ,0) =
n +1
(0,0,...) B .
, ( x,0) 1 x B .
x = (1,

k =1

3 p =1, A = x x (k ) <1.
2

B = A l1

. ,

0 < < 1,

| x (k ) | < (1 )
k =1

x (k ) x
k =1

(k )

l1 ),

x( k ) x

k =1

x B ( x 0 , 2 ) (

(k ) < 2 .

k =1

k =1

k =1

x (k ) x 0 ( k ) < 2 .

x(k )
,

. x0 B .

2
k

x(k ) x
k =1

(k )

x
k =1

(k )

< +1 = 1 .

< 1 , .. x B . , B ( x0 , 2 ) B .

, 2
2
2
1. . xn = c(1,1/ 2 ,...,1/ n , 0, 0,...),

c=

1/ n 4
n =1

1/ 2

, , . , x n l1

c (1,1 / 2 2 ,1 / 3 2 ,...) B .

, B .
6

6 1
6 1
x n =
1,
,...,
,0,0,... .
2
2
2
2
n

x n B ,

k =1

6 1
6 1

<

= 1,
2
k 2 2 k =1 k 2
k =1
n

xn (k ) =
2

6 1

2 K =1 k

1 ( x n ,0) =

k =1

n .

4 p = 2, A = x x k k < 1 .
, B = A l 2 .
x 0 = (0,0,...) B > 0 . N , N / 2 > 1 .
.

x( ) = (0,0,...,0,
/ 2,0,0,...) B ( x 0 , )
N e

, x ( ) B .

.
6 1
1

x n = 2 1, 3 ,..., 3 ,0,0,... B .

2
n

x0 =

1
1
1, 3 ,..., 3 ,
,... ,
3
2
n (n +1)

6 1
| xk | k = 2 2 = 1 .

k =1 k
k =1
1

, | xk |<

2 ( x,0) = x k
k =1

1
2
k =1 k

1 , ,
C[ a; b] ? , .

1.1

{x C

1.2

{x

(1)

[a; b] x(a ) = 0

x ( a ) = x (b)}

{x

1.5

x x(t )dt = 0
a

1.3

{x

1.4

{x C

1.6

(1)

x ( a ) > 0}

x (t ) = const}

[ a; b] x (a ) = x`( a )

2 , B = A l p ( p 1)
, , l p .

2.1

{x x k

2.2

2.3

{x
{x

x k > 0}

xk <

k2

2.4

{x

2.5

3/2

{x

2.6

n:
k >n

x k = 0}

x (1) =... = x ( n) = 0}

{x x
k =1

< 1

 3


1 x n
X? lim xn , .
n

3/5
X = L3 / 5 [0;1], ( x, y ) = 1 x (t ) y (t )
dt
0

(n + t) 1, t [0;1] \ K
, x (t ) =
,
n
2
exp(n t), t K [0,1]

K .
. , K [0;1] 1
. , x n (t ) = (n + t ) ..
, x n 0 L 3 5 [0,1] .
3

5
1
5( n + t ) 2 / 5 1 5
5
1
( xn , 0) =
0 dt =
= ((n + 1)5 / 2 n 2 / 5 ) = n 2 / 5 ((1 + ) 2 / 5 1)
|
0
0 n+t
2
2
2
n
:
( 1) 2
(1 + x ) 1 = x +
x + o( x 2 ) x 0 .
2
:
5
2 1 2 3 1
1
1
3
1
( xn , 0) = n 2 / 5 ( 2 + o( 2 )) = 3 / 5
+ o( 8 / 5 ) 0 n .
8/5
2
5 n 5 5 n
n
n
5 n
n
,
.
, x n 0, .
1

cos nt , t [0,1] \ K
2 X = L5 / 3 [0,1] , xn (t ) =
,
n
exp( t ), t K [0,1]
. K [0,1] - , xn (t ) = cos nt .. [0;1].
, :
1

55//33 ( xn + 2 , xn ) = xn + 2 (t ) xn (t )

5/3

5/3

sin(n + 1)t

5/3

dt

25 / 3 sin 2 t sin 2 ( n + 1)tdt = 25 / 3 sin 2 t

0

dt = 25 / 3 sin t

1 cos 2(n + 1)t

dt =
2

= 22 / 3 ( sin 2 tdt sin 2 t sin 2( n + 1)tdt ) 2 2 / 3 sin 2 tdt 0 ( n )

( ,
1

sin

t sin 2(n + 1)tdt 0 , ).

2 ( X , ) ?
1 =B[0,1] [0,1],

( x, y ) = sup x(t ) y (t ) .
t[0,1]

. , ( xn ) B[0,1]
. , > 0 n : n, m > n

sup x (t ) x (t ) <
(1)
n
m
t[0,1]
t [0;1] . ( xn (t ) )
(1) R. R
xn (t ) , t [0,1]. [0;1]
xn (t ) . x0 (t ) = lim
n
x0 , xn . ,
1) x0 B[0;1] 2) ( xn , x0 ) 0 n .
(1) ( , xn (t ) xm (t ) < ,
t [0,1]) m . ,
n > n sup x (t ) x (t )
(2)

t[0,1]

, N = n t [0;1] :
sup xN (t ) x0 (t ) sup xN (t ) + ,
t[0,1]
t[0,1]
x0 . , x0 B[0;1] . , (2)
, n > n ( xn , x0 ) . ( xn , x0 ) 0 n .
.
2 X = l p , ( p 1 )
x = ( x (1), x (2),..., x( n),...) , :

x ( n)

( n) < ,

n =1

= ( (1), (2),..., (n), ...) , (n) > 0 ) ;

1

p
p
( x , y ) = x ( n) y ( n ) ( n ) .
n =1

. , . ( xn ) -
l p , . ,

p
> 0 n : n, m > n xn (i ) xm (i ) (i )
i =1

< .

(1)

i n, m > n xn (i ) xm (i ) (i ) < p , . .
xn (i ) xm (i ) < / (i )1/ p . , i
( x n (i ))
n =1 , .
x0 (i ) = lim xn (i ) x = ( x (1), x (2),..., x (n),...) . ,
0

1) x0 l p ,
2) ( xn , x0 ) 0 n .
M

(1) ,

x (i) x
i =1

x (i) x (i)
i =1

x (i) x (i)
i =1

(i ) (i ) < p M ,

m M
M ,

(i ) p .

(i ) p , ..

> 0 n : n > n

x (i) x (i)
i =1

(i ) p

(2)

- > 0 N > n
1/ p

p
( xN , 0) = xN (i) x0 (i) (i)
i =1

( x0 (i ) (i ))
p

i =1

( x0 (i ) xN (i) (i ))
i =1

=C.

+ ( xN (i) (i ))
p

i =1

+C < ,

, x0 l p , . (2) , ( xn , x0 ) 0 n , (
xn ) x0 .

(1)

3 = C[ 1;1] [-1,1]
1

( x, y ) = x(t ) y (t ) dt .
1

. xn (t ) = arctgnt ,
, . ,
x0 (t ) = / 2sgn t L1 [1,1] \ .,
1, t (0;1],

sgn t = 0, t = 0,
.
1, t [1;0)

t xn (t ) x0 (t ) 1 + / 2 , ( xn , x0 ) = xn (t ) x0 (t ) dt 0
1

n . , L1 [1,1] xn
x0 . , . , ,
(1)
xn C[ 1;1] ,

 , xn L1 [1,1] x0 , . ,
.


1 x n
X? lim xn , .
n

1.1

xn

sin nt , t Q [1; 2],

xn (t ) = 2 1
1.4
L1 [1; 2]
t + 3 , t [1; 2] \ Q
n

1.2

L3

1.3

L4[ 2;0]

[0;1]

ne nt , t K ,

xn (t ) = t 3
, t [0;1] \ K
n

1.5

nt , t Q [2, 0],
xn (t ) = nt
ne , t [2, 0] \ Q

1.6

xn

L2[ 1;1]

L4[0;3]

2 1
t + 4 , t [ 1;1] \ K ,
xn (t ) =
n
cos(n + t ), t K [1;1]

sin nt , t Q [0;3]

xn (t ) = t n
3 , t [0;3] \ Q

sin(t / n), t [0; /] \ Q,

L2 [0; / 2]xn (t ) =
2
exp(n t ), t Q [0; / 2]

2 , ( X , ) .
(1)
2.1 ) C[ a ;b ] [a;b]

x(t ) y(t ) + max x ' (t ) y ' (t ) .

( x; y ) = max
a t b
a t b
) [a;b]
( x; y ) = max x(t ) y (t ) .
a t b

2.2 ) l p ( p 1) x = ( x (1), x (2),..., x( k ),...) ,

k =1

x(k ) < , ( x, y ) = ( x(k ) y (k ) )

p

k =1

) [a;b]

( x; y ) =

x(t ) y (t ) dt

2.3 ) l
x = ( x (1), x (2),..., x( k ),...) ( x; y ) = sup x(k ) y (k ) .
k

) X = C[0;1] ( x; y ) = y (t ) x(t ) dt .
0

2.4 ) c0 x = ( x (1), x (2),..., x( k ),...)

( x; y ) = sup x(k ) y (k )

.
k

x(t ) y (t ) .
) X = x C[0;1] | 0 x(t ) dt < 1 ( x; y ) = max
0 t 1
2.5 ) x = ( x (1), x (2),..., x( k ),...)
( x; y) = sup x( k ) y( k )

.
k
1

1
2
) X = C[0;1] , ( x, y ) = x(t ) y (t ) 2 dt .
0

CB
2.6 )
[ a ,b ] (a;b)
x ( t ) y (t ) .
( x; y ) = asup
t b

( x; y ) = sup x(k ) y (k )
) X = l1
.
k

 4


1 F : X Y
x0?
2

2
1 F : C[0; 2] L1[0;1] , ( Fx)(t ) = x (1) tx ( s )ds , x0(t) = t.
0

. , C[0;2].
2

2
: Fx = F1x F2x, F1x = x(1), F2 x(t ) = tx ( s )ds , , F1
0

F2 x0 C[0;2]. (xn) x0
C[0;2].
1

0 ( n ) .
L1(F1xn, F1x0)= xn (1) x0 (1) dt max
t[0;1] |xn(t) - x0(t)| = c(xn, x0)
0

, F1 .
F2. x0 C[0;2],
[0;2], . . M R: |x0(s)| M s [0;2]. xn x0 [0;2], ,
|xn(s)| 2M [0;2] (?).
1

2
2
L1(F2xn, F2x0) = t x ( s)ds x ( s )ds dt = tdt xn ( s) x0 ( s ) ds =
2
n

2
0

1
1
= xn ( s ) x0 ( s ) xn ( s) + x0 ( s) ds 3M max xn ( s ) x0 ( s ) 2 =
s[0;2]
2 0
2
=3M c(xn, x0) 0 (n ) .
, F2 xn F2 x0 L1[0;1]. 0
F C[0;2].
2 F: L2[0;1] L1[0;1], (Fx)(t) = tx(t3), x0 = 0.
. (xn) x0 L2[0;1]. ,
1

2
2
1
2 1
2
x
L2(xn, 0 ) = xn (t ) x0 (t ) dt = xn (t ) dt .
0

-
1
3

1
t = s dt = s 2 3 ds 1 1 xn (t )
3

tx
(
t
)
3
L1(Fxn, Fx0)= n
dt =
= 3 s1 3 dt
0
3
0
s [0;1]
t = s
1

2
1
2 1 ds 2
1
3
xn ( s) ds 2 3 =
L2 (xn, x 0 ) 0 (n )
0 s
3 0
3

( , F L1[0;1] L2[0;1];
F L1[0;1]). , F
x 0 .
1

2
3 F: L1[0;1] L2[0;1], (Fx)(t) = t sx ( s )ds , x0 = 0.
0

. , .
3
xn = n 4 . [0;1/n], 0 L1[0;1] (,
1

n 4
1
L1(xn,0)= n dt =
= 1 0 n ).
n
n 4
0

3

( Fxn , Fx0 ) = ( Fxn , 0) =

2
L2

2
L2

1
1

2
2
Fxn (t ) dt = t sxn ( s )ds dt = = t dt sxn2 ( s )ds
00
0

2
1
1

3
n

2
3
3
1 n
1
2
s

= 4 .
2
2

sn ds =
==
n

27

3 0
3
3

, L2(Fxn, Fx0) n ,
Fxn Fx0.

tx 2 ( s )
ds , x0 = 0.
4 F: L2[0;1] L1[0;1], (Fx)(t) = 4
s
0
. , . ,
1
1
1 2
1 xn2 ( s )
txn2 ( s)
xn ( s)
dt
=
=
( Fxn , Fx0 ) = ( Fxn , 0) = 4
ds
tdt 4 ds
0 4 s ds.

2
s
s
0 0
0
0
7

8
xn = n . [0;1/ n-2], 0 L2[0;1],
1 1

2
L2

2
L2

2
7
n 7 2 n 4 2
1
4
n dt = 2 = 8 0 n .
0

n
n

1
L1 (Fxn,0) =
2

n 2

n 4 4s 4
ds =

2
3
s
4

n2

2 n 4
= 3 n ,
3 n 2

Fxn Fx0.
2 F : X Y : ) ; )
; ) ?
1 X = Y = C[-4;2], (Fx)(t) = x(t)sin x(t).

. ) F ,
max
(Fx,Fx0) = tmax
[ 4;2] |x(t)sin x(t) - x0(t)sin x0(t)| t[ 4;2] |x(t)sin x(t) - x0(t)sin x(t)| +
+ |x0(t)sin x(t) - x0(t)sin x0(t)| tmax
[ 4;2] |x(t) - x0(t)| +
x(t ) x(t0 )
x(t ) + x(t0 )

max
+ tmax
cos
)| tmax
[ 4;2] |x0(t) 2sin
[ 4;2] |x(t) - x0(t)| + M t[ 4;2] |x(t) - x0(t)| =
2
2
= (M+1)(x,x0)
sin x x ).
( M = tmax
[ 4;2] | x0(t) |;
) , F .
2
xn(t) = 2 n + 1 n , yn(t)= 2 n . (xn,yn)=
0 n ,
n
2
2 2
2
(Fxn, Fyn)= 2 n + 1 n sin
- 2 n sin 2 n = 2 n sin
+
sin
==
n
n
n
n
2
sin
n + 2 sin 2 4 2
4 2
,
2
n
n
n
, (Fxn, Fyn) n .
().
) F ,
(?).

x12

, x1 , x2 ,... .
2 X = l2, Y = l , Fx =
2
1 + x1

. , F L=1.
,
x12
y12
sup

l(Fx, Fy) = k {
; | x1 - y1 |; | x1 - y1 |; }.
1 + x12 1 + y12
x2
f(x) =
.
1 + x2
| f (x)| =

2 x ( 1 + x 2 ) x 2 2 x

(1+ x )

2 2

2x

( 1+ x )

2 2

1.

, | f(x1) - f(y1) | | x1 - y1 |, ,
x2
y2
l(Fx, Fy) = sup { 1 2 1 2 ; | x1 - y1 |; | x1 - y1 |; } sup
| xk - yk | l2(x,y).
k
1 + x1 1 + y1
F , ,
.

3 X = L1[0;1], Y = L2[-1;1], (Fx)(t)= e arctgx(s)ds.

t

. , F . ,
1

2
1
1
2
L2(Fx, Fy) = Fx (t ) Fy (t ) dt = e 2t
1

2
0 arctgx(s)ds 0 arctg y (s)ds dt =

ch 2 arctgx ( s) arctgy ( s ) ds.

(arctgx) =
,

1
1 , arctgx arctgy x y .
1 + x2
L2(Fx, Fy) ch 2 L1(x,y).

F , .

4 X=l2

Y=l1 , Fx= 0, 0,

3
x21
, 0, 0,... .

. ) , F . , xn x0 l2, xn(21) x0(21).

l2(Fxn, Fx0) =

xn3 (21)

x03 (21) 0 n .

) , F .
2
1

xn(21) = n + , yn(21) = n, xn (k) = yn (k) = 0 k 21 .

n

1
2
1

l2(xn,yn) = n + n =
+ 2 0 n ,
n
n n

1
3
1

l1(Fxn,Fyn) = n + n3 = 3 +
+ 3 3 n .
n
n n n

) F ,
.

1 , F : X Y
x0?

x0(t)

1.1

L2[0;1]

L1[0;1]

(Fx)(t) = t 1 4 sin x(t)

t2

1.2

C[0;1]

L1[0;1]

(Fx)(t) =sin x2(t)

1.3

L2[0;1]

L2[0;1]

(Fx)(t) = x( t )

1.4

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

1
(Fx)(t) = t|x(s)|/

t
s

ds

1.5

C[0;1]

C[0;2]

(Fx)(t) = 2x3(t/2)

1.6

L1[0;1]

L2[0;1]

(Fx)(t) = x(t)

2 F : X Y : ) ; )
; ) ?

2.1

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

2.2

C[-1;1]

C[-1;1]

(Fx)(t) =x2( t )et

(Fx)(t) =x(t)/(1+x2(t))

L2[-1;0]

L1[-1;0]

(Fx)(t) =

2.4

C[-1;2]

L1[-1;2]

2.5

l1

l1

2.6

C[-5;2]

L1[-5;2]

2.3

tx( s )
ds
2
1 1 + x ( s )

e x(t)
1+e x(t)
Fx = (cosx (1), x (2), x (3),, x(k),)
(Fx)(t) =

Fx(t) = t x( s )
0

2/3

ds

 5


1 , ,
C[0;1].
1 ) = { ae t +b | a,b, [0;1]};
) 1 = { ae t + b | a,b [0;1], (0;1)}.
. -.
f(t,a,b,) = ae t + b . = [0;1]3. f [0;1]
= { f (, s ) | s K } . [0;1] . f
[0;1] , .. t [0;1] (a,b,) [0;1]3
ae t +b c. , (,
t +b
1).
, ae
. f
[0;1] . s = (a,b,)
, f , >0 >0 t1 , t2 [0;1], ,
|t1 - t2| < , s1,s2 , , (s1,s2) < ( ),

f ( t1 , s1 ) f ( t2 , s2 ) < .
(. ). ,
- .

C[0;1]. f. ,
, f (, sn )
, C[0;1]. -
sn snl ,
s K . f (t , snl ) f (t , s) ,
x = f (, s) M . , .
, 1 , 1 . 1
t
, C[0;1]. , n(t) = e n 1,
0(t) = 1 1.
2 = {tn | n N}.
. ,
. , = 1/4. >0
n, t1=1 t2 =1/ n 2 [0;1] |t1 - t2| =
n
n
= | 1 1/ 2 | > . , | 1 1/ n 2 | < , t1 t2
, .

 3 = { sin ( t + a ) | a R}.
. ,
t a sin ( t + a ) 1.
, >0 a R t1, t2 [0;1],
, |t1 - t2| < ,
t t
t + t + 2n
|t1 - t2| < .
| sin ( t1 + a ) sin ( t2 + a ) | = 2sin 1 2 cos 1 2
2
2
, - .
, .
, sin(t + ak ) x(t ) [0;1].
, ak [0; 2 ) . [0; 2 )
R/ 2 Z, . . ,
, . ( ,
ak [0; 2 ) R 2 , 0). ,
lim ak = a [0; 2 ) . ,
k

, ak ak ,
a a [0; 2 ) . x(t ) = sin(t + a ) = sin(t + a ) , a
= a, . , x(t ) = sin(t + a ) M . ,
, , .
2 l1?
1 M = {x l1 | | x2k | <

1
1
x
x1 | = 1}.
k , | 2 k +1 | < 2 k , |
2
3

. l1
1). , n 2 |xn | <

2)

(
n=2

x
n =1

<1+

2
n=2

n /2

=2

1
,
2n /2

2
.
2

1
, , ..
2) n

>0 N :

n < .
n = N +1 ( 2)

n < .
n = N +1 ( 2)
n = N +1
, .

>0 N:

|x

| <


1 , , C[0;1].

1.1

{at | 1 10, |a| 10}

1.4

{ a sin ( t + b ) ) | 0 a, b 1}

1.2

{at | 0 1, 0 < a < 1}

1.5

1.3

{cos at | -1 a 1}

1.6

t+a
| 1 a, b 2}
t +b
{ arctg ( at + b ) | a 1, b>1}
{

2 lp?

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

1
, k N}
k
1
2
{x | 2 < | xk | < 2 , k N }
k
k
1
{x | | xk | k , k N }
2
1
1
{x | k | xk | k +1 , k N }
2
2
1
{x | x2k = 0, 0 < x2k+1 k , k N }
2
1 3
5
{x | | xk | < a , }
k 2
2
{x| | xk | <

 6


1 F X ?
3, +1 = F(), 0 = 0. 3
, F .
t
1 X = C[1;1], ( Fx )(t ) = 1 sin x(t ) + e .

1;1]
. C[
1
1
1
sin x (t ) sin y (t ) = max sin x (t ) sin y (t ) =
1t 1 3
1t 1 3
3
1
x (t ) y (t )
x (t ) + y (t )
1
1
= max 2 sin
cos
max x (t ) y (t ) = ( x, y )
1t 1 3

1
2
2
3
3

( Fx, Fy ) = max

sin x x ). , F
1
= .
3
xk +1 = F ( xk ) . x0 = 0,
(

x1 = F ( x0 ) = et ,
1
1
1
x 2 = F ( x1 ) = sin e t + e t , x3 = F ( x 2 ) = sin( sin e t + e t ) + e t .
3
3
3

( xn ; x*)
x * - ,

( x3 ; x*)
2 X = l4 , f ( x) = (1,

n
( x1 ; x0 ) ,
1

(1 3)3
e 1 27 e 2, 72
.max et =
= <
0,1511.
1 1 3 1t 1
23
18 18

x3 x4 x5
, , ,...)
5 6 7

. l4
1

4
xk
yk 4 1
( f ( x), f ( y )) =

( x; y ).
k =3 k + 2 k + 2 5

1
, f = .
5
, x0 = (0, 0, 0,...) . x1 = (1, 0, 0,...) , x2 = x3 = (1, 0, 0,...) ,

(1 5)3
( x3 ; x*)
. ( x1 ; x0 ) = 0, 01
11 5
( , , x3 ).
3 X = L4 [1;1], ( Fx)(t ) = 3 t x(t ) + ln(t + 2) .

, F , ..
[0;1) : x, y X ( Fx, Fy ) ( x, y ) .

y=0 , x X
4

4
t 3 x(t ) dt x(t ) dt .
4

(1)

4
x(t ) = n [1 1 ;1] (t ) (1),
n

1
n

ndt =

3nt
7

1
1
1
n

3n
1 7
3n 7
(1 (1 ) 3 ) ~
= 1 n
7
n
7 3n

( (1 + x) 1 ~ x x 0 ).
(1), ,
4
4
. , (1) x, y n : 1 ,
. , F . (
x= 1

[1 ;1] ).
n

2
1
1
1 = , 2 = , 3 = 2? = 1
6
3

0,01 .
1

X = C[0;1], x(t ) = ts x ( s ) ds +1
0

(1)
. f : C[0;1] C[0;1]
1

( f ( x ))(t ) = ts x (s )ds + 1

(2)

x = f ( x),
f . C[0;1] ,
, f C[0;1] ,
. , f
[0;1] , (
, ). ,
f . ,
b

( Ax)(t ) = K ( s, t ) x( s )ds + g (t )

(3)

C[a;b],

<

1
, M = max K ( s, t ) .
s ,t[0,1]
M ( b a)

= M (b a) . (,
ts =1 .
). K ( s, t ) = ts , M = smax
,t[ 0;1]

, f
= 2 .

< 1, .., , = 1

, f 3 = 2 . , f
, x, y X [0;1)
1

max 2 ts( x( s ) y ( s))d s max x (t ) y (t ) .

a t 1
a t 1
0

nt , t [0;1 / n]
2 sx( s)ds .
1, t [1 / n;1]
0

y (t ) = 0 , x (t ) =

1n

1n

2
2 sx( s)ds = 2 2 ns ds + 2 sds = 1

1
,
6n 2

1
, 1 .
6n 2
, f 3 = 2 .
(1) = 1/ 6 . f - ,

( ). (1) ,

, n N 1

x(t ) = c t + 1, c = sx( s) ds.

(4)

x0 , x0 (t ) = t + 1 .
x1 = f ( x0 ) , x2 = f ( x1 ), K , xn +1 = f ( xn ),... .
k, xk
0,01. ( - )
n
( xn , x)
( x0 , x1 ) 0, 01 .
1
1
1
= 1 (1 0) = .
6
6
1
1
5
x1 (t ) = f ( x0 )(t ) = t s ( s + 1)ds + 1 = t + 1 .
6 0
36

( x0 ; x1 ) max t + 1
0 t 1

5
31
t 1 = .
36
36

,
n

1
1 6 31
,
( xn , x)
6 5 36 100
k

3
1
k :
. k=3
6 310
, x3 0,01.
x3 :
1

1
59
5

x2 (t ) = f ( x1 )(t ) = t s s + 1ds + 1 =
t +1,
6 0 36
648

t 59
1031

s
s + 1ds + 1 =
t +1.

6 0 648
11664

1031
t + 1.
, x3 (t ) =
11664
c
x(t ) = t + 1 (. (4)). x(t ) (1),
6
:
1
1
c
t c

c 1
9
t + 1 = s s + 1ds + 1 . c = s 2 + s ds , c = + , c = . ,
6
6 0 6
6
18 2
17

0

9
x(t ) =
t + 1.
102
:
9
1031
182
1
( x3 ; x) = max
t +1
t 1 =
<
.
0t 1 102
11664
102 11664 100
x3 (t ) = f ( x2 )(t ) =

. , ,

b

( A1 x)(t ) = k ( s, t ) x( s )ds
a

C[0;1]
b

A1 = max k (t , s ) ds .
t[ a ;b ]

, 1
, A1 < 1.
f ( x) = A1 x + g (?).

1 F X ?
3, +1 = F(), 0 = 0. 3
, F .

1.1

l8 3

1.2

1.3

C[-1;1]

( Fx)(t ) = tx (t ) + exp(sin t )

1.4

l21

F ( x ) = (sin( ) x1 + 1,..., (sin( )) k x(k ) + 1 ,...)

6
6
k

x
1
x 1 x 1

F ( x) = 0, 1 + , 2 + ,..., kk +
,...
2 k +1
2 2 4 3
x
x
1 x
1
1
F ( x) = ( 2 + , 3 + ,..., k + k 1 ,...)
2 2 3 4
k 2

1.5

C[-1;1]

1.6

L2 [0;1]

( Fx)(t ) = 1 x(t 2 ) + t
2
( Fx)(t ) = 1 x( t ) + 1
8

2
= 1 , = 2 , = 3 ? = 1
0,01 .

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

C[0;1]

1
2

3
2

x(t ) = t 4 sx( s )ds + t 2

C[-1;1]
C[-2;2]
C[-1;1]
C[0;1]
C[-1;1]

1
3

1
36

1
10

1
2

3
2

x(t ) = (t 2 1)s 2 x( s )ds + t

1

1
25

2
15

x(t ) = (1 + s )(1 t ) x( s )ds + t

1
8

x(t ) = tsx( s )ds + 2

1
2

1
3

2
3

1
2

5
2

x(t ) = t (1 + s ) x ( s)ds 5
0

x(t ) = t 2 s 2 x( s )ds + t 3
1

 7


1 ?

}.

X = c0 , A = x c0 x1 + x2 1
1
. . x, y A, [ 0;1]
, x + (1 ) y A . , x1 + x2 1 y1 + y2 1 ,

x1 + (1 ) y1 + x2 + (1 ) y2 x1 + (1 ) y1 + x2 + (1 ) y2 =
= ( x1 + x2 ) + (1 )( y1 + y2 ) + 1 = 1.
, .
2 , ( xk )
.
k
1 X = C[a; b], xk (t ) = (t a ) , k = 0,1, 2,...n.

. , 1, t a, (t a ) 2 ,..., (t a ) n
.
0 1 + 1 (t a ) + 2 (t a ) 2 + ... + n (t a ) n = 0 t [ a; b ]
.
(1)

=
0
t=a, 0
,
2
1 (t a ) + 2 (t a ) + ... + n (t a ) n = 0 .
t a t=a, 1 = 0 . ,
0 = 1 = ... = n = 0 .
: (1) n ,
(?).
1
1
1
1
t , x2 ( t ) = t + t , x3 ( t ) = 2t 1 3t 1 .
2
3
2
3
. , x1 + x2 = 2t 1 ,3 ( x2 x1 ) = 2 3t 1 .
1
5
1
x3 = x1 + x2 3 ( x2 x1 ) = x1 x2 , , .
2
2
2

2 X = C[0;1], x1 (t ) = t

3 ( xn ) X Y , ,
Y, Y .
1 X = c0 , Y = l1 .
.

xn = ( 1,1/ 2,...,1/ n, 0, 0,...) X Y .

c0 x0 = ( 1,1/ 2,...,1/ n,1/( n + 1),...) ,

X ( xn , x0 ) := max xn (k ) x0 (k ) = 1/(n + 1) 0
k

 n . , l1 : Y ( xn , a ) 0, n .

X ( xn , a ) = max xn (k ) a (k ) xn (k ) a (k ) = Y ( xn , a )
k

k =1

( xn ) X = c0 .
, a = 1,1/ 2,...,1/ n,... . a l . , l
(
)
1
1
.
2 X = L [0;1], Y = L [0;1].
1
2
.

n, 0 t 1/ n 2
xn ( t ) =
,
2
0,1/ n < t 1

X Y .
1

L1 [0;1] L ( xn , 0 ) =
1

n2

ndt = 1/ n 0 n , . . xn 0 L1 [0;1] .

, ( xn ) L2 [0;1] a .
1

1
2
2
L1 ( xn , a ) = xn ( t ) a ( t ) dt xn ( t ) a ( t ) dt = L2 ( xn , a ) .
0
0

a
x

a
L
[
0
;
1
]
, n
2
, n
L1 [0;1] .
, =0. , , L2 ( xn , 0 ) = 1 ,
1

. , L2 [0;1] .
3 X = C[0;1], Y = C (2) [0;1].
tn
. xn ( t ) = X Y . C[0;1]
n
1
x n 0 , C ( 2 ) [0;1] Y ( xn , 0 ) = + 1 + ( n 1)
0 ( n ). , xn 0 C ( 2 ) [0;1] .
n
: C [ a ;b ] ( xn , a ) C ( 2) [ a ;b ] ( xn , a ) ,
, , ( xn ) C ( 2 ) [0;1] .

4 , p q X.

1 X = l1 , p ( x ) = sup xn , q ( x ) = xn .
n

n =1

. , x l1 p ( x ) q ( x ) . ,

a > 0 : x l1 q ( x ) a p ( x ) , ..

x
n =1

a sup xn , x l1 .
n

l1
x = 1,1,...,1,0,0,...
1 n23

, p q .

n a n N .

X = C[0;1], p ( x ) = max x ( t ) , q ( x ) = x ( t ) dt .
0t 1

x ( t ) = p ( x ) . ,
. , x C[0;1] q ( x ) = x ( t ) dt max
0 t 1
0

max x ( t ) x ( t ) dt ,
0 t 1

> 0 : x C[0;1] p ( x ) a q ( x ) , ..

1
x ( t ) = t n , n N . 1 a , . . n a n N .
n
, p q .
n

X = R , p ( x) =
n

k =1

n
2
xk , q ( x ) = xk2 .
k =1
1

k = 1,..., n,

n
2
xk xk2 ,
k =1

p ( x ) n q ( x ) . ,

k =1

n
2
xk n xk2 , ..
k =1

x1 + x2 + ... + xn ( x1 + x2 + ... + xn
2

n
n
n 2 2
x

xk , .. q ( x ) p ( x ) x R . , , p q

k
k =1
k =1
.
1

2
2
X = L2 [0;1], p ( x ) = x ( t ) dt , q ( x ) = x ( t ) dt
[ 0;1]

[ 0;1]

.
4
. - x X p ( x ) q ( x ) . ,

> 0 : x X q ( x ) a p ( x ) .

n, t [ 0;1/ n ]
x ( t ) =
. q ( x ) = n , p ( x ) = 1 ,
0, t ( 1/ n;1] .
: n n a , a. , p q .
5
L/M
.
1 L = c, M = { x c | x1 = x2 = 0} .
. x c .

[ x] = { y c | x y M } = { y c | x1 y1 = x2 y2 = 0} = { y c | x1 = y1 , x2 = y2 }

.
2
f
:
L
/
M

R
,
f
[
x
]
=
x
x
(
)
,
( 1; 2 ) .
, (). , f
.


1 , p X.
( X , ) , ( x, y ) = p ( x y ) , ?

X
C

(n)

p(x)
n

[0;1]

max x( ) ( t )

1.1

0t 1

k =0

1.2

1.3

B ( R)

1.4

[0;1]

sup { x( n) | n N }

sup x ( t ) | t R
1

x ( t ) dt
0

l1

1.5
1.6

n
n =1

(1) [a; b]

x ( n)

x ( a ) + max x ' ( t ) | t [ a; b ]

2 X?

2.
1
2.
2
2.
3
2.
4
2.
5
2.
6

X
[0;1]
l2

{ xl

| x(n) |< 2 n , n N

[ a; b ]

l1

x l1 | x (n) 2 , n N
n

C (1) [0;1]
(1) [ a; b]

{x C

(1)

[ a; b] x(t ) + x ' (t ) 1, t [ a; b]

( xk )

3
,
X .

3.1

xk

l3

1
xk =
,...,
,...
, k = 1,.., p
k
k +1

k
+
1
(
)

1
xk =
,...,
,...
, k = 1,.., p
k
k +1

k
+
1
(
)

k
xk ( t ) = t , k = 0,1,..., p

3.2
3.3

[ a; b ]

3.4

[ a; b ]

xk ( t ) = eitk , k = 0,1,..., p

xk ( t ) = ( 1 + D ( t ) ) t k , k = 0,1,..., p, D
1
x1 ( t ) = 2t 1 2t , x2 ( t ) = 4t 2 + 4t 1 , x3 ( t ) = 4t 1 +
2

L 2 [ a; b ]

3.5

C[0;1]

3.6

4 ( xn ) X Y , X,
Y, X Y .

X
Y

4.1
l

4.2
l

l1

l2

4.3

4.4

4.5

C[0;1]

L1 [0;1]

4.6
l2

C[0;1]

l1

l4

(1)

[0;1]

5 p q E?

q
n

5.1

l2

sup xn
n

k =1

2
xk xn 2
n =1

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

max x ( t )

C[0;1]

t[ 0;1]

(1)

[0;1]

max x ( t ) + max x ' ( t )

t[ 0;1]

t[ 0;1]

2
1
2
x( t)
0

x ( t ) dt
0

sup xn
n

sup xk

1 k n

sup
n

n xn
n +1

x
k =1

5.6

C (1) [0;1]

max x ( t )

x ( 0 ) + max x ' ( t )

t[ 0;1]

t[ 0;1]

6
L/M
.

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

L
[
1;1]
C[0;1]
C [0;1]

l1
C (1) [ a; b]

{x C[1;1] x(t ) =0, t [0;1] }

{x C[0;1] x(0) =0 }
{x C [0;1] x(0) = x' (0) =0 }

{ x l1 | x1 + x2 = 0}

{x C [a; b] x(a) = x(b) }

{ x l | x1 = x3 = 0}
(1)

1 X,Y . ,
D ( A) = {x X Ax Y } . ,
D(A) Y?
1 X = L2 [0;1], Y = L1 [0;1], ( Ax)(t ) = x(t ) .
1

. x L2 [0;1] ,

:= x(t ) dt < + .
2
2

-
2

1
1
1

x(t ) dt x(t ) 2 dt dt = x

0
0
0

, Ax L1 [0;1] . D(A)=X.

< + .

(1)

(, , A( x) ).
. a X
Ax Aa

= x a

= x(t ) a (t ) dt x (t ) a(t ) dt x a

( x a x a , (1)).
> 0 = ,
A X .

x X x a

< Ax Aa

< .

x( 2) x(3)
x(k )
,
,...,
,...) .
2
3
k
1
1
l 2 , Ax =
l1 (
. D(a)X, x =
n ln n
n ln n

2 X = l 2 , Y = l1 , Ax = ( x(1),

;
). , A ,
. , A
. , R : x X Ax Y c x X .
x = (1,

1
1
,...,
,0,0,...) l 2
2
n

1
n 1

k =1 k
k =1 k
n

, .. n N

k =1

k x
k =2

3
k

. , A .
3 X = l 3 , Y = C , Ax =

k =1

k c

. D(A)X, (1 / k ) X , Ax = . ,
A ( 1). ,
. , x n l 3 2 :
1

,1 k 2n
x n (k ) = n + k
.

0, k > 2n

xn 0 l 3 2 ,
2n

xn 0 3 / 2 =
3/ 2

k =1

1
(n + k )

<

2n
n

0 n .

Axn A0 >

2n

k = n +1

2n

k
(n + k )

k
1
>
= 3/ 2
3/ 2
2
k = n +1 ( 2k )

2n

k = n +1

1
k

1/ 2

>

1
2

3/ 2

1
.
( 2n)1 / 2

, , xn 0 , , . ,
, , A D(A).
4 X =C[0;1], Y = R, ( Ax )(t ) = x (0) + x(0) .
. , D(A) X A - . , A
. x n (t ) = (1 t ) n / n C[0;1].
0, xn X =1 / n 0 n.
Ax n A0 = ( 1) n +

1
1
n

n.

.. , x n 0 , , , A D(A).
2 , A : X Y ,
.
) , X Y.
t
x(t ) .
1 X = Y = C[0;1], ( Ax)(t ) =
1+t2
. , A .

t
t
1
x (t ) max
max x (t ) = x ,
2
2
t[ 0 ;1] 1 + t
t[ 0 ;1] 1 + t
t[ 0 ;1]
2

Ax = max

(2)
A 1/2.
, A 1 / 2 .
, .. A 1 / 2 .
0, (2)
. x 0 (t ) =1 . , ,
t
x 0 = 1, Ax 0 (t ) =
, Ax 0 = 1 / 2 . A =sup{ Ax | x 1} , A 1 / 2 .
1+ t2
, , A =1 / 2 .
) , l p l p .

x (1) x (2)
x(k )
, 2 ,..., k ,...) .
2
2
2
. , A - .

1 A : l 7 l 7 , Ax = (0,0,

x(k )
Ax =
k =1 2 k

A ,
x0 =1, Ax0 =
A =

1
. ,
2

1
x ( k )
2
k =1

1
.
2

1
x
2

x 0 = e3 = (0,0,1,0,0,...) .

1
(?). ,
2

1
.
2

2 A : l 5 l 5 , Ax = (0,
4

x(2) 3x 4
1
,0,
,0,..., (1 ) x (2k ),0,...) .
2
4
2k

. A - . :
4

5 5
5 5

1 5

(3)
Ax = (1 ) 4 x(2k ) 4 x( 2k ) 4 x .
2k
k =1

k =1

, , A 1 .
, ,
(3) (, ).
, (3) .
x 0 = e2 k = (0,...,0,1,0,0,...) ( 2k- ).

x0 = 1, Ax0 = (1

1
1
) , k N A 1
(. 1).
2k
2k

k ,

A
1.

, .

) .
1 A = C[0;1] C[0;1], ( Ax )(t ) = (t 4 t 8 ) x (t 3 ) .
. O, A . :
8
1
4
1
Ax = max t 4 t 8 x(t 3 ) = t 3 = s, t = s 3 = max s 3 s 3 x( s ) x ,

s[ 0;1]
t[ 0;1]
4

(4)
, , max s
s[ 0;1]

=1/4. ,

A 1 / 4 .

x (t ) =1 (4) ,
). , A =1 / 4 .

A 1 / 4

(.

2 A : L2 [0;1] L2 [0;1], ( Ax)(t ) = x(8 t ) .

. O, A . :
1 2 8

Ax =
x ( t ) dt
0

t = z , t = z , dt = 8 z dt = 8 z 7 x 2 ( z )dz
0

2 2 x 2 ( z )dz
0

=2 2 x

(5)

( , z 1 ). , A 2 2 .
2 ,
(5) (, ).

 , (5) .
x n = n [11 ;1] , ,
n

z=1 ,
Ax n

7
= 8 z ndz
11

8

1

A n 1 1

=1 .

xn
1

2
8
=
nz

1
1 1

8

1

= n 1 1

, n N

n . ,

(1 + x) 1 ~ x x 0 , :

8
A lim n
n
n

A =2

=2 2 .

) , X Y.
1

5
1 A : C[ 1;3] C[ 2;0], ( Ax )(t ) = (1 t ) s x( s )ds .
1

. , .
,
1

(1 t ) s 5 x ( s ) ds max 1 t s 5 x ( s ) ds 3 2 s 5 ds x = x .
t[ 2 ; 0 ]
t[ 2 ; 0 ]

Ax = max

(6)
A
1 . , (6)
, ,
x(t)=sgn(t), C[-1;3].
C[-1;3], sgn(t)
n ( ):

1, t [ 1; 1 ]
n

x n (t ) = nt , t [ 1 ; 1 ] .
n n

1, t [ 1 n ;3]
, xn = 1 C[1;3] .

Ax n

C[2;0] .

s x n ( s ) - [-1;1],
5

Ax n = max 1 t
t[ 2; 0 ]

, A 1
3

1
1n

1 .

6
5
5
= 3 2 s x 0 ( s )ds = 6 ns ds + s ds = 1
7n 6

0
1
0
n

x 0 ( s ) ds

1
, n N ,
7n 6

A LB ( X , Y )

A
1.

( An ) LB ( X , Y ),

A =1 .

X,Y Norm

: 1) ( An ) () ; 2)
( An ) .

 1 An x = ( x(1),..., x(n),0,0,...), A = 1l1 , X = Y = l1

. 1) , x l1 .
An x Ax = (0,...0, x ( n +1), x ( n + 2),...) =

x ( k )

k =n +1

. , ( An ) (..
) .
2) , A Ax 0 , x 0 : x 0 1 .
x 0 = en +1 = (0,...,0,1,0,...) ( (n +1) - ).
An A An x 0 Ax 0 = (0,...,0,0,0,...) (0,...,0,1,0,...) = (0,...,0,1,0,...) =1 .
An A 1 , ( An ) .

1 X,Y . ,
D ( A) = {x X Ax Y } . ,
D(A) Y?

1.1

C[
3;
1]

C[
3;
1]

( Ax)(t ) = 3 x (t )

1.2

L2 [0;1]

L2 [0;1]

1.3

L8 [0;1]

( Ax)(t ) =
1

1
x (t )
t

Ax = x (t ) dt
8

C[
1;2]

C[
1;2]

1.5

l3

1.6

l3

l3

1.4

( Ax )(t ) = x 2 ( s ) ds
0

Ax = x k

k =1

Ax = ( x (1),2 x ( 2),...kx( k ),...)

2 , : Y ,
.
) , Y.

2.1.
1

L 3 [1;1]

L 3 [ 1;1]

( Ax )(t ) = 3 1 + t x (t )

2.1.
2

C[
2;1]

C[
2;1]

( Ax )(t ) = (t 3 1) 2 x(t )

2.1.
3
2.1.
4

L 5 [1;2]

L 5 [1;2]

( Ax)(t ) = (t 2 t 4 ) x(t )

L3 [0;1]

L3 [0;1]

( Ax )(t ) = (t 4 t 5 ) x(t )

2.1.
5

L1 [ 1;1]

L1 [ 1;1]

( Ax )(t ) = cos tx (t )

2.1.
6

C[
1;1]

C[0;1]

( Ax)(t ) = (t 4 t 2 ) x(t )

) , l p .

Y
2.2.
1

l7

2.2.
2

l5

2.2.
3
2.2.
4
2.2.
5

l3

l1

l1

2.2.
6

l5

l5

l5

l7
l5
l3
l5

Ax = ( 2 x (1), 3 3 x ( 2),..., k +1 k +1x ( k ),...)

Ax = (

x (1) x (2)
x(k )
,
,..., k
,...)
2
2
k

Ax = ((1 + 1) x(1),..., (1 + 1 ) x(k ),...)

k
x (1) x ( 2)
x(k )
, 2 ,..., k ,...)
5
5
5
x(3) x (4)
x(k )
Ax = (0,0,
, 2 ,..., k 2 ,...)
2
2
2
Ax = (

Ax = (0, x (1), 1 x (2),..., (1 1 ) x(k ),...)

2
k

) .

2.3.
1

C[
1;1]

C[
1;1]

( Ax )(t ) = (sin 2 t ) x (3 t )

2.3.
2

C[
1;1]

C[
1;1]

( Ax)(t ) = sin t x (7 t )

2.3.
3
2.3.
4
2.3.
5

C[1;0]

C[1;0]

( Ax)(t ) = t 2 sin t x(t 3 )

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

( Ax )(t ) = t 2 x ( t )

C[
1;1]

C[0;1]

( Ax)(t ) = (t 2 t ) x(t 2 )

2.3.
6

L4 [0;1]

L4 [0;1]

( Ax )(t ) = tx(t 2 )

) , X Y.

2.4.1

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

( Ax )(t ) = sin (t s ) x ( s )ds

0

2.4.2

C[
2;1]

C[1;3]

2.4.3

C[
3;2]

C[
3;1]

2.4.4

C[
1;1]

C[0;2]

2.4.5

C[0;1]

C[
1;2]

( Ax )(t ) = e t +s sx ( s ) ds
2

( Ax)(t ) = s 4 signs cos t x( s )ds

3

( Ax )(t ) = s 3 ln(1 + t ) x ( s )ds

1

( Ax )(t ) = ( s 1 ) cos t x( s )ds

2
0

2.4.6

C[0;1]

C[
1;2]

( Ax )(t ) = (1 + t 3s ) x( s )ds
0

( An ) LB ( X , Y ),

A LB ( X , Y )

X,Y Norm

: 1) ( An ) () ; 2)
( An ) .

3.1

l2

l2

An x = (1 + 1 ) x(1),..., (1 + 1 ) x(n),...
n
n

1l2

3.2

c0

c0

An x = (0,...0, x( n),0,0,...)

3.3

l2

l2

An x = (0,...,0, x( n +1), x( n + 2),...)

3.4

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

( An x )(t ) = (t n t 2 n ) x (t )

3.5

C (1) [0;1]

C[0;1]

( An x )(t ) = (t n t 2 n ) x (t )

3.6

L2 [0;1]

L1 [0;1]

( An x)(t ) = (1 t n ) x (t )

Ax=x

 9


1 A : X Y . ,
A 1 , .
2
3
4
1 A : l1 l1 , Ax = ((1 1 ) x1 , (1 1 ) x 2 , (1 1 ) x3 ,...).

. , . , .
Ax = y ,
(1 1 /(k + 1)) k +1 x k = y k , k =1,2,... .

yk
xk =
1 k +1 .
(1
)
k +1
(1)

x
k =1

4 y k
k =1

< + ,

(2)

x l1 . , y l1 Ax = y
l1 . , . , (1) , A 1

y3
y1
y2
A y =
,
,
,... .
2
3
4
1 1

1 1
1 1
2
3
4

( (2))
1

) (

) (

A y 4 | yk | = 4 || y || .
1

k =1

t +s
2 A : C[0;1] C[0;1], ( Ax )(t ) = x (t ) + e x ( s ) ds.
0

. , .

1

( Ax)(t ) = x(t ) + e

x( s )ds

Ax = y , . .
1

x (t ) + e t e s x ( s )ds = y (t )

(3)

e
0

x ( s ) ds = c .

(4)

 (3) x(t ) + c e t = y (t ) , x(t ) = y (t ) c e t .

(3) . (4),
,
c=

2
1 + e2

y ( s ) ds .

,
1

2
x(t ) = y (t )
1+ e2

y ( s ) ds = A 1 y (t ) .

(5)

, y C[0;1] (2) C[0;1] . ,

, (5).
.
,
A 1 y (t ) y (t ) +

2
max y ( s ) e s ds C y ,
2 s[ 0 ;1]
1 +e
0

1
A y C y (
(5)
).

2 A : X Y .
1) R(A) ?
2) R(A) ?
3) B : R ( A) X , ?
4) A 1 ?
1 A : l 2 l 2 , Ax = (0, x1 , x 2 ,..., x k ,...) .
. 1) ,

R ( A) = {(0, x1 , x2 , K , xk , K ) | ( xk ) l2 } = { y l2 | y1 = 0}
l 2 ,
(). , R ( A) l 2 .
2) Ax = 0 , KerA = {0} . ,
, , .
,
Bx = ( x2 , x3 , x4 ,K ) .
, l 2 BAx = B (0, x1 , x 2 ,...) = ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ,...) .
3) , Bx = x .
4) Ax = y (,
y = (1, 0, 0,K ) ), . ,
. , .
t

2 A : C[0;1] C[0;1], ( Ax )(t ) = x ( s )ds .

0

. 1)

y (t ) = x( s )ds
0

y (t ) = x (t ) . , y C (1) [0;1] . , , (0)=0. ,

y C (1) [0;1] (0)=0, - y (t ) =

y ( s) ds .

R(A) = { x(s)ds x C[0;1]} = {y C (1)[0; ]1 y(0) = 0}.

0

2) Bx =
) ( BAx )(t ) =

d
dt

x( s )ds = x(t )
0

dx
. (
dt

x C[0;1] ,

.
3) , . ,
..

c R : Bx = max x (t ) c max x(t ) = c x .

0 t 1
0 t 1

x(t ) = t n (n N ) . n N n c .
.
4) R ( A) C[0;1] , . ,
. , A 1 .
3 A LB( X , Y ) , - , - .
, A , .
A ?
d
+ 2I .
dt
. X A
x=y, . .
x + 2 x = y .
(6)
, y C[0;1]
x X . , y C[0;1]
x (0) = x(1)
(7)
(6) .

, (1):
t

2 t
x(t ) = e y ( s )e 2 s ds + C .
(8)
0

, y C[0;1] ,
(8) (7). (8) (7),
(1)
1 X = { x C [0;1] | x (0) = x(1)} , Y = C[0;1], A =

( e2 + 2 ) C = y(0) y(s)e2 s2 ds
0

.
) 2e 2 . (9)

(9)

y
(0)

y ( s )e 2 s 2 ds

y C[0;1] . , ,
, (8):
1
t

1
A1 y (t ) = e2 t y ( s )e2 s ds +
y
(0)

y ( s )e2 s 2 ds .

2 + e
0

0

A x = x + 2 x .
. , xn 0 C (1) [0;1] , ,
'
xn 0 xn 0 [0;1]. A xn = xn + 2 xn 0
[0;1].
) = 2e 2 . (9)

C=

1
2 + e 2

0 = 0 C = y (0) + 2e

y ( s )e

2 s2

ds .

(,
y (t ) = 1) 0, (9) (
), A .
, A ,
2e 2 . A .

1 A : X Y . ,
A1 , .

A
1

1.1

(2)

[0;1]

(2)

[0;1]

( Ax)(t ) = x(t ) + e t +s x( s )ds

0

1.2

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

( Ax)(t ) = x (t ) + (1 st ) x ( s ) ds
0

1.3

(1)

[0;1]

(1)

[0;1]

( Ax)(t ) = x (t ) + (t + s ) x ( s )ds
0

1.4

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

1.5

l2

l2

1.6

l2

l2

( Ax)(t ) = x (t ) + t 2 sx ( s ) ds
0

Ax = ((1 + 1 ) x(1), (1 + 1 ) x(2), (1 + 1 ) x(3),...)

2
3
4
Ax = (1(sin 1 ) x(1),2(sin 1 ) x(2),3(sin 1 ) x(3),...)
1
2
3

 2 A : X Y .
1) R(A) ?
2) R(A) ?
3) B : R ( A) X , ?
4) A 1 ?

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

l5

l5

l2
l2
l1
(2)
C [0;1]

l2
l2
l2
C[0;1]

C[0;1]

C[0;1]

A
1
1
1
Ax = ( x (1), 2 x( 2),..., k x (k ),...)
2
2
2
Ax = ( x ( 2), x (3),..., x ( k ),...)

Ax = ( x ( 2), x (1), x ( 4), x (3),..., x ( 2k ), x ( 2k 1),...)

Ax = ( x(1), 0, x (2), x(3),K , x(k ),K )

( Ax )(t ) = x (t )
t

( Ax )(t ) = t x ( s ) ds
0

3 A LB ( X , Y ) , - , X - .
, A , .
A ?

3.1

x C (1) [0;1] :

x (0) = x (1)
x C (1) [0;1] :

x(0) = 0

C[0;1]

d
+ tI
dt

C[0;1]

d
+ 4tI
dt

3.3

x C (1) [0;1] :

x (0) = x (1)

C[0;1]

d
2tI
dt

3.4

x C (1) [0;1] :

x(0) = 0

(1)
x C [0;1] :

x(0) = 0

(1)
x C [0;1] :

x (0) + x(1) = 0

C[0;1]

d
+ I
dt

C[0;1]

d
+ a (t ) I , a C[0;1]
dt

C[0;1]

d
3t 2 I
dt

3.2

3.5
3.6

1 , . . / . .
, . . . . : , 2003. 430 .
2 , . . / . .
, . . . . : , 1972. 496 .
3 , . . :
/ .. [ .]. . : , 2003. 179 .

4 , . . / . . , . .
. . : , 1979. 381 .









1-31 03 01

. .09 (141). 6084 1/16. 1.
. . . . .
.-. . . 100 .

246019, . , . , 104