Assignment No.

Advance Operating System

Represented to: Miss. Sumaira Sajjad. Represented By: Akhtar Abbas. MS (CS)

Advanced Operating System

Q-1 What are the two main functions of an operating system?

The two main functions of an OS are.. *-Resource management, *-Data management,

Resource Management
The resource management function of an OS allocates computer resources such as CPU time, main memory, secondary storage, and input and output devices for use.

Data management
The data management functions of an OS govern the input and output of the data and their location, storage, and retrieval. Q-2 What is multiprogramming? Multiprogramming allows for the execution of multiple processes but only one process active at any time. Multiprogramming is a rudimentary form of parallel processing in which several programs are run at the same time on a uniprocessor. Since there is only one processor, there can be no true simultaneous execution of different programs. Instead, the operating system executes part of one program, then part of another, and so on. To the user it appears that all programs are executing at the same time. Q-3 What is spooling?

Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily held to be used and executed by a device, program or the system. Data is sent to and stored in memory or other volatile storage until the program or computer requests it for execution. "Spool" is technically an acronym for simultaneous peripheral operations online. Spooling works like a typical request queue or spool where data, instructions and processes from multiple sources are accumulated for execution later on. Generally, the spool is maintained on the computers physical memory, buffers or the I/O device-specific interrupts. The spool is processed in ascending order, working on the basis of a FIFO (first in, first out) algorithm. The most common implementation of spooling can be found in typical input/output devices such as the keyboard, mouse and printer. For example, in printer spooling, the

documents/files that are sent to the printer are first stored in the memory or printer spooler. Once the printer is ready, it fetches the data from that spool and prints it. Do you think that advanced personal computers will have spooling as a standard feature in the future? With technology advancing at an incredible pace it's hard to determine what features will be on future computers but here are a few i think will occur... 1. Cybernetic Processors: No Hard Drive, No Motherboard, Just millions of inter-connected pathways for electricity to flow through, similar to our brain. 2. 3-D Screens: Self-Explanatory 3. DNA Security: Quickly Analyzes Your DNA to Access. I may be wrong but one day these features will be there. Q-4 On early computers, every byte of data read and write was directly handled by the On early computers, every byte of data read or written was directly handled by the CPU (there was no DMA). The CPU allowed multiple programs to run however they had to run all in sequence which could cause the programs to become backed up since they would have to wait for one process to end before another one could be initiated.

Q-5

Why was timesharing not widespread on second generation computers? Batch Processing was still preferred. However, timesharing did not really become

popular until the necessary protection hardware became widespread during the third generation.

Q-6

The family of computers idea was introduced in the 1960s with the IBM system/360

mainframes. Is this idea now dead or does it alive on?

IBM's first family of computer systems introduced in 1964. It was the first time in history that a complete line of computers was announced at one time. Although considerable enhancements have been made, much of the 360 architecture is still carried over in current-day IBM mainframes. Since its inception, trillions of dollars worth of information systems have been developed for this platform.

The 360, which took four years to develop and cost $5 billion ($24 billion today) was a risky undertaking. Thomas Watson, Jr. literally "bet his company" on the project. The 360 has been ranked as one of the major business accomplishments in American history alongside Ford's Model T and Boeing's 707.

The System/360 was a bold move for IBM, because it was the first time in history a family of computers was developed and introduced. (Image courtesy of The Computer History Museum,

Idea dead or alive? The idea of having families of computers is still very alive. Multiple systems run on compatible OSs, and this idea developed into multiprogramming possibilities, which are being used nowadays. Also, this idea has had the impact on development of many specialized OSs such as Distributed OS, Cloud Computing, and Parallel OS.

Q-7

List some differences between personal computers operating systems and

mainframe operating systems. Personal computers only allow one user at a time. There is no need for OS to handle with process scheduling and permission. No timesharing. For example, in DOS, the user can have as many processes as he wants but the work must be done one job at a time. If a parent process produces a child, the parent is suspended until its child finishes its job. No parallelism achieved.

While Mainframes, on the other hand, allow timesharing and many users can log on at the same time. The OS must be able to check process's owners and permission, to keep everything in order. Parallelism can be achieved. Through process switching, the parents and the children can work together simultaneously

Q-8

Every nanoseconds one instruction emerges from the pipeline. How many instructions the machine will execute in one second? Every nanosecond one instruction emerges from the pipeline. This means the machine is

executing 1 billion instructions per second. It does not matter at all how many stages the pipeline has. A 10-stage pipeline with 1 n-sec per stage would also execute 1 billion instructions per second. All that matters is how often a nished instruction pops out the end of the pipeline.

Q- 9

How many KB are there in 3-TB?

1 Byte 1 Kilobyte 1 Megabyte 1 Gigabyte 1 Terabyte also 1 Terabyte So 3 Terabyte

= = = = =

8 bits 1024 bytes 1024 Kilobytes = 1,048,576 bytes 1024 Megabytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes 1024 Gigabytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

1,073,741,824 Kilobytes

3,221,225,478 Kilobytes